First settlements about 5000 BC

To the Egyptians there are only 2 types of people in the world

Those with souls and those without Those who are Egyptian and those who are not

Nubia to the South They copy Egyptian culture/technology, but are a more violent and a

more warlike people. Content to raid and pillage small settlements and occasionally the Egyptians

Two Kingdoms: Upper Nile and Lower Nile: most cities are right on the border

Very different cultures very different gods

As Egypt grows many gods combine, change, or disappear

Chief god (eventually Amen-Ra)

Know

Anubis = god of the after life, priests took on role of Anubis when preparing mummies Isis = queen of the gods, Osiris loving wife Osiris = god of after life and of rebirth (spring)

Horus = son of Osiris and Isis, protector of the world of the living, Pharaohs role on earth Ra = brother to Osiris, ruler of the sun and life Amun = king of the gods, relationship seems to be separate to others, later combines with Ra Set = brother of Osiris, god of chaos and change (not necessarily bad)

King Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt

Works to create unified society about 3100 BC Create the concept of Dynasty monarchy (family inherits right to rule)

Built a new Capital city Memphis today is Cairo

Within 400 years the concept of Pharaoh is in place (though not the name) This first period is called the Old Kingdom 27002200 BC

Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom rule as gods most powerful rulers in all of Egyptian history

Because of their power the people WANT to do things to honor and please their god (Horus/Osiris)

Begin to build elaborate tombs eventually grow to become pyramids all large pyramids come from the Old Kingdom

Great Pyramid built for King Khufu 2600 BC Took 20 years to build all volunteer labor

No hieroglyphs in the Pyramids some on the tombs

As the pharaohs grow in power and expand territory, they need more help Start giving jobs to priests local rulers

These helpers start to become nobility More money, more power, more recognition (minor gods)

Eventually southern nobles decide why give anything to pharaoh?

Civil war for 200 years life is horrible for the common people

Enter the Middle Kingdon City of Thebes comes into power (City of Amun) Thebes is in the middle of the Nile Lasts from 2000-1800 BC Called the Middle Kingdom Temples grow religion develops to what we think of today Society becomes homogenous

Egyptian people act, dress, and live relatively similar lives Begin to interact with other cultures Still do not have a concept of trade No Egyptian would give up something Egyptian for something foreign Hyksos Princes from other lands from somewhere in Asian regions (Middle East today) but not from Mesopotamia Invade Egypt and eventually rule it causing the collapse of the Middle Kingdom No evidence of their homeland yet somehow had chariots, war horses, bronze swords, advanced bows, and superior military training

About half of Egyptian cities are ruled by nobles of Egypt, the other by the Hyksos who slowly gain power over 100 years Egyptians use and learn the Hyksos weapons to overthrow their rule And then kill every Hyksos The Egyptians go back and erase everything Hyksos from all records The Hyksos have given the Egyptians a military Old Kingdom 2700-2200 BC 1st Intermediate Period Farmers Suffer Middle Kingdom 2000-1800 BC Hyksos Invade

2nd Intermediate Period New Kingdom 1600-1100 BC Pharaohs power greatly decreased still called a god but most people just see him as holy However with new military might Pharaohs do something theyve never done before conquer Regions that they conquer = regions that they had traded with (know of) Push their borders right up against Mesopotamia Hittites other great military power Egypt goes to war Very bloody, very close, fairly long wars

Ramses II who fights for 20 years straight, decides to marry a Hittite Princess creating peace a prosperity Builds many temples huge statues but does not use volunteer labor: slave labor conquered people in the Empire (among them the Israelites) Later rulers of the Egyptian are weak some are crazy Why? Maybe because of incest For next 1000 years the Nile region stays under Egyptian power, but foreign rulers occasionally take control

Egyptian innovations: Irrigation Astronomy used in pyramid buildings

Cash economy Sails Hieroglyphs Papyrus dont have clay tablets first people to have paper Architecture Medicine Mummification preservation of bodies for all time Saved all organs for burial except brain Believed heart was the thinking center of body Makeup Men and women eyeliner, blush, plucking facial hair Base coat of set color