Beginner Level

Autumn
Autumn is the season that falls between summer and winter. There are many changes that begin in this fascinating season. Days become shorter. Leaves of trees turn from green to vibrant red, yellow and orange. Trees need sunlight to keep their leaves a lively green. Without sunlight leaves turn colors. The grass is no longer blanketed with dew but with frost, almost every morning, as temperatures reach the freezing point. Animals start storing up a food supply to last through the long winter months. These changes occur as we ad ust from the heat of the summer to the chill of the winter. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. Autumn occurs et!een summer "n# !$ic$ ot$er se"son% a. !anuary c. winter b. spring d. solstice

&. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing c$"nges m"( occur #uring Autumn% a. days become shorter c. days become longer b. it becomes very hot d. there is more sunlight

). W$( #o le"ves c$"nge color #uring Autumn% a. they don"t get enough o#ygen c. they don"t get enough water b. they don"t get enough light d. they get too much o#ygen

*. W$"t #o "nim"ls egin to #o to +re+"re 'or t$e en# o' Autumn% a. store e#tra body fat c. shed fur b. eat less d. turn colors

Bo

(,s Big Birt$#"( -"rt(

When $obby turned si#, his mom and dad had a birthday party for him. Twenty of his closest friends oined in the party. %veryone wore birthday hats and had 1

birthday cake. The birthday cake was colored blue and white, which are $obby"s favorite colors.As the day went on, the children played kickball in the back yard. $obby played first base, &ally played outfield, and $obby"s dad was the pitcher. At the end of the party, $obby asked his parents if he could have ne#t year"s birthday at the zoo. 'is parents agreed and everyone cheered. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. Ho! ol# is Bo a. three c. si# ( to#"(% b. five d. ten (,s irt$#"( +"rt(%

&. A out $o! m"n( +eo+le c"me to Bo a. five b. seven c. ten d. twenty

). W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is " color t$"t Bo a. blue b. green c. yellow d. brown

( re"ll( li.es%

*. W$"t g"me #i# t$e +"rt( mem ers +l"(% a. pin(the(tail b. hide and go seek c. baseball /. W$"t +osition #i# Bo a. first base c. shortstop d. kickball (,s #"# +l"( in t$e g"me% b. pitcher d. outfield

0. W$ere coul# (ou go to 'in# Bo (,s ne1t irt$#"( +"rt(% a. school b. the elk"s hall c. the kickball stadium d. the zoo

2"r+enters

*arpenters are involved in the construction of many different types of structures such as bridges or large buildings. &ome carpenters change employers each time they finish a construction ob. The duties of a carpenter differ ust about each time the accept employment. +n most cases, carpenters work in many different locations hundred miles away each year. *arpentry is a very strenuous outdoor profession. *arpenters endure climbing, bending, and heavy laborious work. ,ften they put themselves at risk of in ury working with sharp tools and they work in areas where it is all too easy to fall or slip.

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. W$ic$ o' 'ollo!ing m"( " c"r+enter #o in " norm"l #"( o' !or.% a. type letters c. answer phones b. package and ship mail d. help build a bridge

&. W$"t is uni3ue " out " 2"r+enters 4o % a. They do the same thing all day. b. They something different each new ob they receive. c. They always work for the same person throughout their career. d. They wear sandals. ). W$"t is one s.ill t$"t !oul# $"n#( to $"ve i' (ou !ere " 2"r+enter% a. typing c. wood working b. cooking d. sewing

2$ic"go

*hicago is the third largest city in the -nited &tates. ,ver three million people live in the two hundred and twenty five mile area of *hicago. The world"s first skyscraper was constructed in *hicago in /001. Today, some of the world"s tallest and most famous skyscrapers are found in the city. Located in the heart of the city is the one hundred and ten story &ears Tower, which is among the most famous skyscrapers ever built. *hicago is often called 2The Windy *ity2. +t is assumed that this is due to the *ity"s weather, but in the /334s // ma or -.&. cities outranked *hicago for average annual wind speed. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. Ho! m"n( cities in t$e Unite# St"tes "re l"rger t$"n 2$ic"go% a. one c. three &. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is true% a. *hicago is the largest city in the world b. *hicago is home to some of the world"s tallest skyscrapers c. *hicago is the windiest city in the -nited &tates d. .one of the above ). Ho! m"n( o' +eo+le 5in millions6 live in 2$ic"go% a. one c. three b. two d. four b. two d. four

*. W$"t is one o' 2$ic"go,s most '"mous s.(scr"+ers% a. The &ears Tower b. The &ienna Tower c. The Times Tower

d. The %mpire &tate $uilding

7"ncers
Dating back to ancient times, humans have e#pressed emotions, stories, and sounds through the movement of their bodies. They use a variety of dance movements that allow for self(e#pression. 5any dances string several movements together. Dancers perform in a variety of productions, such as musicals, folk, ethnic, tap, and pop culture. They also perform in a variety of venues such as theaters, television, movies, music videos, opera, and commercials. 6or the most part, dancers perform in groups. Top dancers do perform solos as well. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. A out $o! ol# is t$e "rt o' 7"nce% a. a few decades c. hundreds of years old

b. a few centuries d. thousands of years old

&. W$"t is " goo# 3u"lit( to $"ve "s " #"ncer% a. a high level of fle#ibility b. a low level of fle#ibility c. a loud voice d. a soft voice

). I' (ou !ere " #"ncer8 !$"t television +rogr"m !oul# (ou e li.el( to 'in# !or. on% a. golf television b. news television c. business television d. music television

*. 9ost #"ncers +er'orm in ::::::::::. a. department stores b. solos c. offices d. groups

;ire'ig$ters

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 6ire is to blame for countless lives and billions of dollars each and every year. 6irefighters help protect people and their property from in ury and damage. 6irefighters put their life on the line every time they respond to a call. While on duty, firefighters must be ready to respond in a matter of minutes to ust about any disaster that may occur. At every fire scene, a superior fire officer takes command and dictates the obs of all the personnel at the scene. &ome personnel man hose lines to hydrants. ,thers manually operate the pumps to send water to the 5 hoses. Teams of firefighters also operate ladders used to reach distances high in the air.

1. Ho! m"n( #oll"rs "re s+ent e"c$ (e"r to re+"ir t$e #"m"ge o' 'ire% a. thousands c. millions b. hundred(thousands d. billions

&. W$ic$ is not true " out 'ire'ig$ters% a. they are brave b. they put their life danger often c. they never put their life danger d. they are highly trained

). Ho! long #oes " 'ire'ig$ter $"ve to +re+"re 'or " 'ire% a. minutes b. hours c. days d. weeks

*. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is not o+er"te# ( " 'ire'ig$ter "t t$e scene o' " 'ire% a. hoses c. pumps b. cars d. ladders

<oing On A -icnic
&avannah and *harlotte worked real hard all summer to prepare for the end of summer picnic. &avannah grew tomatoes and green peppers in her garden. *harlotte lives on a farm and since the spring has been growing corn, lettuce, and grapes. A week before the picnic both girls harvested and packed their produce. They decided that all of their hard work deserved a reward. They charged others for their produce. &avannah charged one dollar for one tomato or green pepper. *harlotte charged one dollar for a head of lettuce, fifty cents for an ear of corn, and five cents for a grape. ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1. S"v"nn"$ gre! :::::::: 'or t$e en# o' summer +icnic. a. tomatoes b. corn c. lettuce d. apples

&. 2$"rlotte gre! :::::::: 'or t$e en# o' summer +icnic. a. tomatoes b. corn c. lettuce ). W$ere #oes 2$"rlotte live% a. 5attydale c. in the circus d. both b 7 c

b. on a farm d. on a boat

*. I' (ou !ere to go to t$e +icnic "n# +urc$"se ) tom"toes "n# ) e"rs o' corn 'rom t$e girls8 $o! muc$ !oul# it cost% a. 8/.14 b. 8).14 c. 89.44 d. 89.14

/. I' (ou !ere to go to t$e +icnic "n# +urc$"se 1 tom"to8 1 +e++er8 & e"rs o' corn8 "n# * gr"+es 'rom t$e girls8 $o! muc$ !oul# it cost% a. 8:.:4 b. 8:.14 c. 8).:4 d. 8).14

9"rtin T$e 9on.e(

5artin The 5onkey lives in an oak tree at *ragmore ;ark in $ananaville. 'e works for the $anana telephone company. 'e is the best employee they have because he can climb the telephone poles twice as fast as everyone else. ,n &aturdays, 5artin pitches for *ragmore *raters $aseball team. The *aters are a semiprofessional team. 5artin has become e#tremely famous for what he calls his 2;rimate ;itch.2 The 2;rimate ;itch2 is thrown straight up. The pitch then comes straight down and travels directly over home plate at over one hundred miles per hour. ,n Wednesday nights, 5artin takes painting lessons with &arah Able. &he is a famous oil painter who lives in the same town as 5artin. 5artin is one of the only artists in the area that paints with his tail. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. In !$"t to!n #oes 9"rtin live in% a. *ragmore c. ;rimate b. $ananaville d. Able

&. In !$"t to!n #oes S"r"$ A le live in% a. *ragmore c. ;rimate ). W$ere #oes 9"rtin !or.% a. the banana factory c. the telephone company b. $ananaville d. Able

b. the paint factory d. the oil company

*. W$"t semi+ro'ession"l "se "ll te"m #oes m"rtin +l"( 'or% a. *raters b. *ardinals c. Drains d. Drabs

/. W$"t +osition #oes 9"rtin +l"( on $is "se "ll te"m% a. catcher b. outfield c. second base d. pitcher

0. W$ere c"n (ou 'in# 9"rtin on We#nes#"( nig$ts% a. $anana telephony company b. a baseball game c. painting d. tail fishing

Lon#on

London, is the largest city in %urope. +t has held this title for over four hundred years. ,ver seven million people call London, the capital of the -nited <ingdom, home. ,ne in ten people, who live in the -nited <ingdom, live in London. Three hundred fifty thousand people travel each day into London to work. Due to London"s location, it is a very dry all year. Although it is dry, London is often very cloudy. ,n average it rains mildly ust about every other day. 5ore than a hundred of the world"s ma or companies have their head=uarters in London, making the city a ma or world influence. 5ost people from London work in a ob that involves printing or publishing. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. Ho! long $"s Lon#on een t$e l"rgest cit( in Euro+e% a. /44 years b. :44 years c. )44 years d. 944 years &. Lon#on is t$e c"+it"l cit( o' !$"t countr(% a. -nited &tates c. -nited <ingdom b. 6rance d. &pain

). W$"t o' t$e 'ollo!ing is true " out Lon#on% a. it"s very wet b. it"s very cold

c. it"s very dry

d. it"s very hot

*. 9ost o' t$e +eo+le t$"t !or. in Lon#on !or. in !$ic$ in#ustr(% a. construction b. law enforcement c. professional soccer d. publishing

9( Roc.et S$i+
When + fall asleep, + dream about what it would be like to have a rocket ship. +f + had a rocket ship, my first destination would be the %arth"s moon, which is called Luna. When + got to Luna + would ump all around. $ecause there is little gravity + would be able to ump very high. After + finished umping all over the moon, + would fly to &aturn and travel around &aturn"s beautiful rings. ,n my way to &aturn, + would try to avoid a number of Asteroids. Asteroids are large pieces of rocks and minerals. +n my science class + learned that would take me almost my entire life to travel to ;luto. ;luto is the last ;lanet in our solar system. $ecause it"s so far from our &un that it is super cold. + wish + could see ;luto up close. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. W$"t is t$e n"me o' E"rt$,s 9oon% a. moona c. mooon &. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing IS true% a. >ou wouldn"t be able to ump on the moon. b. The moon"s gravity would allow you to ump high. c. The %arth has less gravity than it"s moon. d. .one of the above. ). W$"t is " uni3ue 'e"ture o' S"turn% a. it"s a moon c. it bright pink in color *. W$"t "re "steroi#s m"#e o'% a. vitamins c. plastic b. ice d. rock 9 b. it has lots of water d. it has rings b. muna d. luna

/. W$( is -luto " col# +l"net% a. it is too close to our &un c. it"s outside our solar system b. it"s far away from our &un d. has no moons

0. !$ic$ +l"net #o t$in. is 'urt$est 'rom our Sun% a. Luna c. %arth b. ;luto d. &aturn

Ne! =or.

.ew >ork is the largest city in the -nited &tates. 5ore than eight million people live in the $ig Apple. .ew >ork *ity is also home of the -nited .ations. .ew >ork city is located in the state of .ew >ork. .ew >ork *ity is home to two hundred and fifty museums, four hundred art galleries, and the world famous $roadway for entertainment. .ew >ork *ity is the business capital of the world and many national and international corporations have their head=uarters in .ew >ork *ity. Wall &treet, the world"s leading center of finance and the home of the American &tock %#change and the .ew >ork &tock %#change. As far as professional sports go, this city has two of everything. Two professional baseball, basketball, hockey, and football teams are located in the city.

10

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. Ne! =or. is t$e l"rgest :::::: in t$e Unite# St"tes. a. city c. county b. country d. school

&. Ne! =or. is $ome to more t$"n ::::::: million +eo+le. a. two c. eight b. five d. ten

). W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is " true st"tement% a. .ew >ork is a small city. b. .ew >ork has a large number of arts galleries. c. .ew >ork has little impact on the world"s economy. d. .one of the above. *. Ho! m"n( stoc. e1c$"nges resi#e in Ne! =or.% a. none c. two b. one d. three

/. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is NOT true% a. *hicago is smaller than .ew >ork. b. *hicago is larger than .ew >ork. c. Little athletics takes place in .ew >ork because it is a city. d. All of the above are true.

Out To Lunc$
All morning, all that Ted could think about was eating lunch. 'e got up late and did not get a chance to eat breakfast before the school bus arrived. Ted was hoping to have a 'am sandwich. 'am is Ted"s favorite lunchmeat. Ted also en oys apples, but doesn"t like the yellow or green ones. At lunchtime Ted ran to the cafeteria. When he got in line he asked for 'am sandwich, but they only had Tuna and Turkey. Ted is allergic to Tuna, so he asked for the Turkey. 'e ate the sandwich so fast that he gave himself the hiccups. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. W$( is Te# so $ungr( 'or lunc$% a. 'e hasn"t eaten in days

b. 'e didn"t eat breakfast today

11

c. 'e didn"t eat lunch yesterday &. W$"t is Te#,s '"vorite lunc$ me"t% a. ham b. turkey c. salami

d. 'e didn"t eat dinner yesterday

d. bologna

). W$"t color "++le mig$t (ou 'in# in Te#,s lunc$ o1% a. yellow b. green c. red d. Ted doesn"t like apples

*. W$ic$ lunc$ item s$oul# Te# never e"t% a. ham b. turkey c. apples d. tuna

S(#ne(
!ust over four million people call &ydney, Australia home. *itizens of &ydney call themselves &ydneysiders. ,ver thirty thousand native people of Australia called Aborigines live in &ydney. +n the late /?44s $ritain sent ships of convicted prisoners to &ydney to help free up space in overcrowded ails. When released, many prisoners stayed in &ydney adding to the city"s diverse population. The $ritish colonization of Australia also consisted of free settlers, soldiers, and administrative staff. The &ydney ,pera 'ouse is the centerpiece of the city. 5any live performances of ballet, opera, and classical music take place there. The beautiful architecture seen in the ,pera 'ouse has helped it gain international fame. $ecause &ydney is found in the &outhern 'emisphere, its seasonal pattern is opposite the .orthern 'emisphere. &ydney"s coldest month of the year is !uly. &now is e#tremely rare in the city, but it does happen occasionally. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. S(#ne( is " cit( in !$ic$ countr(% a. Austria b. Australia c. Africa d. Antarctica

&. W$"t is t$e n"me given to e"rl( n"tives o' Austr"li"% a. Aborigines b. Australians c. &ydneysiders d. Austrians

). W$ic$ countr( outsi#e o' Austr"li" contri ute# to l"rge +o+ul"tion o' S(#ne(% a. !apan b. 6rance

12

c. @reat $ritain

d. &pain

*. W$"t #o (ou t$in. t$e +icture "t t$e to+ o' t$e +"ss"ge re+resents% Hint: It,s t$e center+iece o' t$e cit(. a. The &ydney ,pera 'ouse b. The &ydney $oat 'ouse c. The &ydney 'emisphere d. The &ydney $allet

/. W$en its t$e Summer se"son in Nort$ Americ"8 !$"t se"son is it in S(#ne(% a. 6all b. Winter c. &pring d. &ummer

T$e Big Run

5ary likes to run. %ver since she was in third grade she has been training to run long distances. .ow that she was in eighth grade, her parents agreed to let her run in the $anana *lassic. The $anana *lassic is a ten kilometer run. +t takes place every year in 5attydale. The winners get a lifetime supply of peanuts and fruit uice from ;aul"s ;eanut &tand. 5ary practiced by running for ten kilometers twice a day. ,n the average run, she would finish in thirty minutes. Last year"s winner finished the race in twenty(si# minutes and ten seconds. ,n the day of the race, 5ary ran faster then she ever had in past. As she came across the last kilometer she was in fourth place. &he picked up the pace and =uickly leaped into second place, ust as she could see the finish line. &he ran fast as should in a mad dash to the finish line, but she ust wasn"t fast enough to get ahead of leader. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. A out $o! m"n( (e"rs $"ve +"st since 9"r( eg"n tr"ining 'or long runs "n# !$en s$e r"n in t$e B"n"n" 2l"ssic% a. one year b. three years c. five years d. eight years

&. Ho! long o' " run is t$e B"n"n" 2l"ssic% a. one kilometer b. five kilometers c. seven kilometers d. ten kilometers

). W$ere is t$e B"n"n" 2l"ssic $el#%

13

a. .ew >ork c. Billdiale

b. Aosendale d. 5attydale

*. W$ile tr"ining8 !$"t !"s t$e "ver"ge "mount o' time it too. 9"r( to com+lete " run t$e s"me #ist"nce "s t$e B"n"n" 2l"ssic% a. fifteen minutes b. thirty minutes c. forty minutes d. one hour

/. W$"t +l"ce #i# 9"r( 'inis$ in t$e B"n"n" 2l"ssic% a. first b. second c. fourth d. si#th

T$e Hottest 7"( Ever

+ woke up one August morning in a warm sweat. + ran to the refrigerator to get a cold drink, but the refrigerator was broken and all the drinks were as hot as me. + walked over to my electric fan, but it wasn"t working either. + then turned on the television and finally realized that the electricity in my house was out. Later that day, + went to the pool to cool off. + dived right inC + swam eight laps before + tired out. 5y friend !eremy then bought me an ice cream cone. + got a vanilla ice cream cone with rainbow sprinkles. %ven though it was really hot, + did have a lot of fun. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. W$"t #i# t$e n"rr"tor !"nt 'rom t$e re'riger"tor% a. a ham sandwich c. a drink b. a fan d. an apple

&. W$( #oes t$e electric '"n not !or.% a. it was broken c. the power was out b. it needed batteries d. it wasn"t oiled

). Ho! m"n( l"+s #i# it t".e 'or t$e n"rr"tor to tire o' t$e +ool% a. two c. si# b. four d. eight

*. W$o oug$t t$e n"rr"tor "n ice cre"m cone% a. &arah c. !oe b. &amantha d. !eremy

14

/. W$"t !"s t$e 'l"vor o' t$e ice cre"m% a. vanilla c. chocolate b. rainbow d. strawberry

T$e -l"(
&arah was hoping to get the lead role in the upcoming school play. Last year she played the role of Darma in the school"s production of 25y 6avorite Day.2 The audience loved her performance. &he received a huge round of applause at the end of every performance. This year the school will be putting on a production called 25y *razy Week.2 &arah began to practice her lines three times a day for four weeks before auditions. The week before the audition she began to practice with two friends. &arah practiced the part of !ane, 5ike practiced the part of !ames, and Amanda practiced the part of Teresa. When the auditions started &arah did an e#cellent obC 'er outstanding performance won her the role of !ane. As soon as she learned that she won the part, she ran home to practice for opening night. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. W$"t +l"( #i# S"r"$ +l"( t$e role o' 7"rm" in% a. 5y 6avorite Day c. 5y Worst Day b. 5y *razy &ummer d. 5y *razy Week

&. W$"t is t$e le"# role in t$e u+coming +l"(% a. !ames b. 5ike c. Teresa d. !ane

). Ho! long e'ore t$e +l"( #i# S"r"$ egin +r"cticing $er lines% a. one week b. three weeks c. four weeks d. five weeks

*. W$"t +"rt in t$e u+coming +l"( #i# 9i.e +r"tice 'or% a. !ames b. 5ike c. Teresa d. !ane

/. W$"t +"rt in t$e u+coming +l"( #i# Am"n#" +r"tice 'or% a. &arah b. Amanda c. Teresa d. !ane

15

T$e -ost O''ice

The colony of 5assachusetts established the first post office within the -nited &tates in /D)3. +n /?03 *ongress authorized the postal service under the -.&. *onstitution. At the time, the nation had ?1 local post offices and delivered mail over an area of /0?1 mi. Today, the postal service is an independent agency responsible for postal regulation and delivery. The ;ostal &ervices main responsibilities are the collection and delivery of printed material and hard goods. The ;ostal &ervice also issues domestic and foreign money orders. +n a single year, the ;ostal &ervice handles more than /D4 billion pieces of mail. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: 1. W$"t U.S. St"te is cre#ite# !it$ t$e Invention o' t$e +ost o''ice% a. .ew 'ampshire c. 5assachusetts b. 5aine d. .ew !ersey

&. A out $o! long !"s it et!een !$en t$e 'irst +ost o''ice !"s in o+er"tion "n# !$en t$e U.S. congress "ut$ori>e# t$e +ost"l service% a. 14 years c. /44 years b. ?1 years d. /14 years

). Ho! c"n (ou sen# "n# receive mone( t$roug$ t$e +ost o''ice% a. with a postal money order c. with a postal check b. with postal crazy bucks d. with a postal decoder ring

*. T$e +ost o''ice $"n#les 4ust over 10? ::::::::: +ieces o' m"il " (e"r. a. thousand c. billion b. million d. trillion

Ti''"n(,s 2oo.ies
Tiffany started baking cookies when she was in fifth grade. $y the time she reached seventh grade, her cookies were locally famous. All of her friends would beg her to make her famous chocolate chip cookies almost every week. Then one day a local reporter wrote a story about her and her famous cookies. The story was later picked up by .ational Television news. The story talked about the number of different recipes tiffany could make and how tasty her cookies were. -pon seeing the story, *oco *ookie *ompany called Tiffany to see if she would sell them her famous cookie recipe.

16

Tiffany sold them her oatmeal raisin recipe for twenty thousand dollars and her pudding cookie recipe for fifty thousand dollars, but she refused to sell them her chocolate chip recipe. &he decided to keep this recipe and start her own company. ,n August :44:, she started Tiffany $oom *ookies +nc. ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1. W$en #i# ti''"n( eg"n to ".e coo.ies% a. third grade b. fifth grade c. seventh grade d. eighth grade

&. W$"t coo.ie reci+e !"s Ti''"n(,s most '"mous 'or% a. sugar cookies b. oatmeal cookies c. raisin cookies d. chocolate chip cookies

). W$"t ne!s stor( re"ll( le"# to $er ig success% a. local news b. county news c. state news d. school news

*. W$"t com+"n( +urc$"se# some o' Ti''"n(,s reci+es% a. Alpo cookies b. $obo *ookies c. *oco cookies d. none of these

/. Ho! muc$ mone( #i# Ti''"n( m".e 'rom selling t!o o' $er reci+es% a. 8:4,444 b. 894,444 c. 8D1,444 d. 8?1,444

N"tion"l B"se "ll H"ll o' ;"me "n# 9useum Re"#ing -"ss"ge
5ore than )14,444 fans visit the .ational $aseball 'all of 6ame and 5useum located in *ooperstown, .ew >ork, every year. The museum, established in /3)3 is located in the very town where Abner Doubleday was said to have designed the game appro#imately /44 years prior. @reat baseball players, such as $abe Auth and Ted William"s, are honored in life size woodcarvings in the 'all of 6ame @allery. The *ooperstown Aoom traces the history and development of baseball. Displays of women in baseball, the All &tar @ame, and world tours can be found on the museums second floor. A newly constructed wing houses a :44(seat movie theatre and interactive e#hibits that make the trip, from anywhere, worthwhileC ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1. W$ere is t$e N"tion"l B"se "ll H"ll o' ;"me loc"te#% A. .ew 5e#ico *. .ew >ork

17

$. .ew !ersey

D. *anada

&. W$o #esigne# t$e g"me o' "se "ll% A. Abner Doubleday *. $abe Auth $. Derek !eter D. Ted Williams

). W$"t 'loor c"n #is+l"(s o' !omen in "se "ll e 'oun# on% A. first floor *. second floor $. third floor D. fourth floor

*. Ho! m"n( se"ts "re in t$e ne! movie t$e"tre% A. :444 $. :44 *. )44 D. )4

/. T$e g"me o' "se "ll !"s #esigne# in " out or "roun# t$is (e"r. A. /?)3 $. /0)3 *. /3)3 D. /D)3

N"sre##in "n# t$e -ot

,ne day .asreddin borrowed a pot from his neighbour Ali. The ne#t day he brought it back with another little pot inside. 2That"s not mine,2 said Ali. 2>es, it is,2 said .asreddin. 2While your pot was staying with me, it had a baby.2 &ome time later .asreddin asked Ali to lend him a pot again. Ali agreed, hoping that he would once again receive two pots in return. 'owever, days passed and .asreddin had still not returned the pot. 6inally Ali lost patience and went to demand his property. 2+ am sorry,2 said .asreddin. 2+ can"t give you back your pot, since it has died.2 2DiedC2 screamed Ali, 2how can a pot dieE2 2Well,2 said .asreddin, 2you believed me when + told you that your pot had had a baby.2

18

1 W$o !"s t$e o!ner o' t$e +ot% .asreddin Ali the baby & Ho! m"n( times #i# N"sre##in orro! t$e +ot% once twice three times ) Ho! m"n( +ots #i# $e give "c. t$e 'irst time% none one two * W$( !"s t$e neig$ our $"++( to len# $is +ot " secon# time% 'e was greedy. 'e was a good neighbour. 'e had lots of spare pots. / Ho! m"n( +ots #i# N"sre##in return t$e secon# time% none one two 0 W$"t +ro " l( $"++ene# to t$e +ot% +t died. The neighbour took it back. .asreddin kept it.

N"sre##in <oes S$o++ing

,ne day .asreddin went to town to buy new clothes. 6irst he tried on a pair of trousers. 'e didn"t like the trousers, so he gave them back to the shopkeeper. Then he tried a robe which had the same price as the trousers. .asreddin was pleased with the robe, and he left the shop. $efore he climbed on his donkey to ride home, the shopkeeper and the shop(assistant ran out. 2>ou didn"t pay for the robeC2 said the shopkeeper. 2$ut + gave you the trousers in e#change for the robe, didn"t +E2 replied .asreddin. 2>es, but you didn"t pay for the trousers, eitherC2 said the shopkeeper. 2$ut + didn"t buy the trousers,2 replied .asreddin. 2+ am not so stupid as to pay for something which + never bought.2 1 Ho! #i# N"sre##in get to t$e s$o+% 19

on foot by camel by donkey the story doesn"t say & W$"t #i# N"sre##in #o 'irst in t$e s$o+% 'e tried on some trousers. 'e tried on a robe. 'e tried on a hat. 'e greeted the shopkeeper. ) W$"t #i# N"sre##in tr( on ne1t% a robe a pair of trousers a hat * W$ic$ item #i# N"sre##in li.e est% the robe the hat the trousers

/ Ho! m"n( +eo+le !ere !or.ing in t$e s$o+% four three two 0 W$( !"s t$e s$o+.ee+er "ngr( !$en N"sre##in le't% 'e didn"t take the trousers. 'e didn"t pay for the robe. 'e didn"t say goodbye. @ W$"t #i# N"sre##in "ctu"ll( +"( 'or% nothing the robe the trousers

N"sre##in "n# t$e Begg"r

,ne day, .asreddin was up on the roof of his house, mending a hole in the tiles. 'e had nearly finished, and he was pleased with his work. &uddenly, he heard a voice below call 2'elloC2 When he looked down, .asreddin saw an old man in dirty clothes standing below. 2What do you wantE2 asked .asreddin. 2*ome down and +"ll tell you,2 called the man. .asreddin was annoyed, but he was a polite man, so he put down his tools. *arefully, he climbed all the way down to the ground. 2What do you wantE2 he asked, when he reached the ground. 2*ould you spare a little money for an old beggarE2 asked the old man. .asreddin thought for a minute. Then he said, 2*ome 20

with me.2 'e began climbing the ladder again. The old man followed him all the way to the top. When they were both sitting on the roof, .asreddin turned to the beggar. 2.o,2 he said. 1 W$( !"s N"sre##in on t$e roo' o' $is $ouse% 'e was looking at the view. 'e was waiting for the old man. 'e was fi#ing the roof. W$o !"s t$e ol# m"n% a beggar .asreddin"s friend a roof(mender W$( !"s N"sre##in "ngr(% +t was a hot day. 'e knew the beggar only wanted money. +t was a long way to go down the ladder. W$( #i# N"sre##in go #o!n t$e l"##er% 'e wanted to get away from his work. $ecause the beggar asked him to. 'e wanted to speak to the beggar. W$( #i# N"sre##in m".e t$e egg"r clim u+ t$e l"##er% 'e wanted to show him the view from the roof. 'e wanted to get his revenge on the beggar. 'e wanted the beggar to help him fi# the roof.

&

N"sre##in "n# t$e Smell o' Sou+

,ne day, a poor man, who had only one piece of bread to eat, was walking past a restaurant. There was a large pot of soup on the table. The poor man held his bread over the soup, so the steam from the soup went into the bread, and gave it a good smell. Then he ate the bread. The restaurant owner was very angry at this, and he asked the man for money, in e#change for the steam from the soup. The poor man had no money, so the restaurant owner took him to .asreddin, who was a udge at that time. .asreddin thought about the case for a little while. Then he took some money from his pocket. 'e held the coins ne#t to the restaurant owner"s ear, and shook them, so that they made a ingling noise. 2What was thatE2 asked the restaurant owner. 2That was payment for you,2 answered .asreddin. 2What do you meanE That was ust the sound of coinsC2 protested the restaurant owner.2The sound of the coins is payment for the smell of the soup,2 answered .asreddin. 2.ow go back to your restaurant.2 21

W$"t 'oo# #i# t$e +oor m"n $"ve% soup bread nothing W$"t .in# o' 'oo# #i# $e see in t$e rest"ur"nt% bread meat soup W$( #i# $e $ol# t$e re"# over t$e sou+% &o the steam from the soup would go into the bread. &o he could warm his hand. &o the restaurant owner would get angry. W$( #i# t$e rest"ur"nt o!ner t".e t$e +oor m"n to N"sre##in% $ecause .asreddin was a udge. &o that .asreddin could pay for the soup. $ecause .asreddin was the man"s relative. W$"t #i# N"sre##in #o !it$ t$e coins% 'e gave them to the restaurant owner. 'e made a noise with them. 'e gave them to the poor man. W$"t !"s t$e +"(ment 'or t$e smell o' t$e sou+% the sound of money a few coins there was no payment

&

N"sre##in,s Aisitors
,ne day a visitor came to .asreddin"s house. 2+ am your cousin from <onya,2 he said, 2and + have brought you a duck to celebrate the visit.2 .asreddin was delighted. 'e asked his wife to cook the duck, and served the visitor a fine dinner. The ne#t day another visitor arrived. 2+ am the friend of the man who brought you the duck,2 he said. .asreddin invited him in and gave him a good meal. The ne#t day another visitor arrived, and said he was the friend of the friend of the man who had brought the duck. Again .asreddin invited him in for a meal. 'owever, he was getting annoyed. Fisitors seemed to be using his house as a restaurant.

22

Then another visitor came, and said he was the friend of the friend of the friend of the man who had brought the duck. .asreddin invited him to eat dinner with him. 'is wife brought some soup to the table and the visitor tasted it. 2What kind of soup is thisE2 asked the visitor. 2+t tastes ust like warm water.2 2AhC2 said .asreddin, 2That is the soup of the soup of the soup of the duck.2 1 Ho! m"n( visitors c"me to see N"sre##in% : ) 9 & Ho! m"n( o' t$e visitors roug$t " #uc.% / : ) ) 7i# N"sre##in .no! t$e 'irst visitor% >es .o

* W$( #i# N"sre##in get "ngr(% 'e did not like eating duck. 'is cousin didn"t bring him a duck. The first visitor brought a duck, but the others didn"t bring anything. / Ho! #i# N"sre##in solve t$e +ro lem% 'e served soup which tasted of nothing, so that no more visitors would want to come to his house. 'e served e#cellent soup, so that everyone would want to eat at his house. 'e opened a restaurant.

A S+eci"l 2$ristm"s -resent

David wants to buy a *hristmas present for a very special person, his mother. David"s father gives him 81.44 a week pocket money and David puts 8:.44 a week into his bank account. After three months David takes 8:4.44 out of his bank account and goes to the shopping mall. 'e looks and looks for a perfect gift. &uddenly he sees a beautiful brooch in the shape of his favourite pet. 'e says to himself, 25y mother loves ewelry, and the brooch costs only 8/?.44.2 'e buys the brooch and takes it home. 'e wraps the present in *hristmas paper and places it under the tree. 'e is very e#cited and he is looking forward to *hristmas morning to 23

see the oy on his mother"s face.$ut when his mother opens the present she screams with fright because she sees a spider 1. W$"t #oes 7"vi# !"nt to u( $is 9ot$er% a. a special birthday present b. a *hristmas present c. a spider ring &. W$o #oes 7"vi# get $is mone( 'rom% a. his pet b. his mother c. his father ). Ho! muc$ mone( #oes 7"vi# t".e to t$e m"ll% a. 8:4.44 b. 81.44 c. 8/?.44 *. W$"t #oes 7"vi# u( $is mot$er% a. a ring b. a brooch c. a spider /. W$"t #oes 7"vi# #o !it$ t$e +resent !$en $e t".es it $ome% a. he gives it to his mother b. he wraps it in *hristmas paper c. he is very e#cited 0. W$( #oes 7"vi#,s mot$er scre"m% a. because the present is beautiful b. because she doesn"t like *hristmas presents c. because she thinks she sees a real spider @. W$( #oes 7"vi# u( " s+i#er rooc$% a. spiders are his favourite pet b. he loves *hristmas c. to scare his mother B. W$ere #oes 7"vi# +ut t$e +resent on 2$ristm"s Eve% a. under his pillow b. under a spider c. under the *hristmas tree

T!o sisters "n# t$e c"t

5rs. Wilson and 5rs. &mith are sisters. 5rs. Wilson lives in a house in Duncan and 5rs. &mith lives in a condominium in Fictoria. ,ne day 5rs. Wilson visited her sister. When her sister answered the door, 5rs. Wilson saw tears in her eyes. 2What"s the matterE2 she asked. 5rs. &mith said 25y cat &ammy died last night 24

and + have no place to bury him2. &he began to cry again. 5rs. Wilson was very sad because she knew her sister loved the cat very much. &uddenly 5rs.. Wilson said 2+ can bury your cat in my garden in Duncan and you can come and visit him sometimes.2 5rs.. &mith stopped crying and the two sisters had tea together and a nice visit. +t was now five o"clock and 5rs. Wilson said it was time for her to go home. &he put on her hat, coat and gloves and 5rs. &mith put the dead &ammy into a shopping bag. 5rs. Wilson took the shopping bag and walked to the bus stop. &he waited a long time for the bus so she bought a newspaper. When the bus arrived, she got on the bus, sat down and put the shopping bag on the floor beside her feet. &he then began to read the newspaper. When the bus arrived at her bus stop, she got off the bus and walked for about two minutes. &uddenly she remembered she had left the shopping bag on the bus. 1. W$ere #oes 9rs. Smit$ live% a. in a condominium in Duncan b. in a condominium in Fictoria c. in a house in Duncan &. W$( is 9rs. Smit$ u+set% a. because her sister came to see her cat b. because her cat died c. because 5rs. Wilson was sad ). W$"t #i# 9rs. Wilson #o% a. take the cat with her on the bus b. put her gloves in the shopping bag c. prepare dinner for her sister *. W$o #i# S"mm( t$e c"t live !it$% a. 5rs. Wilson b. 5rs. &mith c. 5rs. Wilson and 5rs. &mith /. W$"t time #i# 9rs. Wilson go $ome% a. when the bus arrived b. at 1 p.m. c. after she walked for two minutes 0. Ho! #i# 9rs. Wilson go $ome% a. walked for two minutes before she caught the bus b. read a newspaper on the bus c. took a bus @. W$"t #i# 9rs. Wilson 'orget% a. the newspaper b. her handbag c. the shopping bag B. W$ere #i# S"mm( #ie% a. in 5rs. &mith"s house in Duncan

25

b. in 5rs. Wilson"s garden c. in Fictoria

Romulus "n# Remus

The early history of the city of Aome involves Aomulus and Aemus, two orphan boys who, legend says, were raised by a she(wolf. The boys" mother had been murdered by an evil king and the two babies tossed into the river Tiber. When the wolf found them they had washed up on the shore. &he perhaps took pity on the crying of the babies and, gently picking them up in her teeth, she carried them back to her cave and fed them on her milk. The boys grew bigger and stronger and, eventually, were found by a herdsman who took them home. 'e and his wife raised the boys like their own children. When they reached manhood they sought revenge on the king who had killed their mother and driven them from their home. They decided to build a city. -nfortunately, they argued over the appropriate site and Aomulus killed his brother Aemus. Aomulus ruled this city (( called Aoma (( for thirty( seven years.The city of Aome is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. +f you travel there you can see a statue of the two baby boys feeding from their mother ( the wolf. 1. W$"t is t$e gist 5t$e m"in i#e"6 t$"t t$is +iece o' !riting conve(s% aG Wolves like to take care of human children. bG The city of Aome had many wolves in the old days. cG The city of Aome was founded by a wolf. dG Aomulus established the city of Aome. &. W$"t is " $er#sm"n% aG someone who builds cities bG someone who cares for children cG someone who cares for domestic animals dG someone who can hear very well ). C...t$e( soug$t revenge on t$e .ing !$o $"# .ille# t$eir mot$er...C me"ns... aG They attacked the king who had harmed their mother and made them orphans. bG They went to court to sue the king for his crime against their mother. cG They hired some gangsters to take care of their problem with the king. dG They went to talk to the king about his crime against their mother.

26

Interme#i"te Level
T$e -ositive E''ects on 2$il#ren o' O!ning " 7og
$rendan"s best friend is Tip. Tip and $rendan are inseparable. They teach each other things and they look after each other. Tip has helped $rendan become more responsible, more caring, and a better friend. $rendan is a nine(year(old boy, and Tip is a ten(year(old dog. $rendan and Tip are an e#ample of how owning a dog can have a positive effect on a child"s development. 'aving a dog develops a child"s sense of responsibility, broadens his capacity for empathy, and teaches the nature of friendship. 'aving a dog helps a child learn how to act responsibly. As a dog owner, the child must take care of the animal"s daily needs. The dog must be fed and e#ercised every day. A dog is completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for good health and a safe environment. Therefore, being responsible for a dog also means taking care of the dog so that it stays healthy. 6urthermore, the owner must take responsibility for the safety of the dog and the safety of the people it comes into contact with. +f the child forgets any of these duties and responsibilities, or ignores any of the dog"s needs, the dog will suffer. This teaches the child that his responsibility to the dog is more important than his desire to play with his toys, talk on the phone, or watch TF. This is true not only for the care of a dog, but also for the care of oneself, another person, or one"s ob. Learning how to take responsibility for the health and welfare of a dog leads to learning how to take responsibility for oneself. Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. %mpathy is the ability to put oneself in another person"s, or in this case another creature"s, situation and imagine that person"s or creature"s feelings or

27

problems. A dog cannot e#press itself with speech, so its owner must learn how to interpret its behaviour. The child must learn to understand what the dog"s behaviour means. +s the dog frightened, aggressive, or sickE The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog"s mind. -nderstanding a situation from the dog"s perspective helps the child understand why the dog is behaving in a certain way and what the dog needs. The result of learning to read a dog"s behaviour is that the child develops empathy. $y learning how to empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person. $eing considerate and caring are important characteristics in a good friend. ,ne of the most significant benefits of owning a dog is the e#ample of true friendship that a dog provides. A dog gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog will not stop loving its owner because of a little anger, indifference, or neglect. The dog will wait patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words. This acceptance of the negative =ualities and appreciation for the positive =ualities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. A child soon realizes that his dog will always listen to him, will always be ready to play with him, will always protect him, and will always forgive him. A child who has learned to be even half as good a friend to others as his dog is to him will have learned one of the most valuable lessons in life. These are some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits of owning a dog will last the child"s entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility, empathy, and friendship that a child develops from the e#perience of having a dog will help him or her grow into a reliable, caring, and mature adult. ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< SENTEN2ES: 1. A. $. *. D. T$e #og,s n"me is :::::::::. <ip $rennan Tip $rendan

&. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing $"ve " +ositive e''ect on " c$il#,s #evelo+ment% A. feeling responsible $. *. D. ). A. $. *. all of the above feeling empathy building friendships A c$il# le"rns $o! to e res+onsi le 'or " #og ( :::::::::. feeding the dog weekly becoming dependent on the dog taking away a safe environment

28

D. *. A. $. *. D. /. A. $. *. D.

taking care of the dog"s daily needs Le"rning $o! to c"re 'or " #og c"n $el+ c$il#ren :::::::::. to take of themselves to choose the dog over playing to ignore the dog"s needs to get welfare 2$il#ren c"n le"rn $o! to :::::::::. only care about themselves, and not others be irresponsible get rid of the dog they don"t want to take care of it understand the dog"s needs

0. T$e #og,s o!ner must inter+ret !$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing 'rom t$eir #og,s e$"viour% A. illness $. *. D. fear happiness all of the above

@. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is " +ositive result o' le"rning $o! to inter+ret " #og,s e$"viour% A. being thoughtless $. *. D. B. A. $. *. D. becoming selfish becoming arrogant becoming empathetic W$"t .in# o' love #oes " #og +rovi#e% one(sided conditional unconditional shallow

29

D. A. $. *. D. 1?.

W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is NOT " ene'it o' " c$il# o!ning " #og% reliability friendship neglect companionship In !$"t !"(s is " #og lo("l% A. +t will protect people. $. +t offers unconditional love. *. +t is able to tolerate the negative =ualities of humans. D. +t neglects its owner

;rom 2"rrots to Renov"tions: Ho! I S+ent E1?8??? !it$out Re"ll( Tr(ing

Do you believe that a kilogram of carrots could cost 8/4,444E 5y carrots cost me that much last year. Last summer + had to completely renovate my kitchen and it was all because of a bunch of carrots. The story begins with my picking twelve carrots from my vegetable garden and ends with my getting a new kitchen. + have a vegetable garden and every summer + en oy eating my own vegetables. ,ne day last summer + picked a dozen carrots. -sually, as soon as + have picked the carrots, + clean the dirt off them by rinsing them in a bucket of water. + keep a full bucket of water beside the garden ust for this purpose. $ut this day, as + was getting up from the ground with my twelve carrots, + tripped and fell over the bucket. The water spilled out of the bucket and went all over my feet. + ran into the house to change my shoes and socks. When + was finally dry and clean, + realized that + had very little time to make dinner. The carrots were part of dinner, so + decided to wash the carrots =uickly in the kitchen sink. The carrots were covered in a large amount of dirt from the garden. + put the carrots in the sink, rinsed them with water, and watched all the dirt wash away down the drain. The ne#t day, when + was washing dishes, + noticed that the water drained out of the sink much more slowly than usual. +t drained so slowly that + went to the store and bought a bottle of special drain cleaner. + used the drain cleaner and the water seemed to drain a little faster.

30

'owever, the following day the drain worked even more slowly. + spent 8/44 on different kinds of drain cleaner. .one of them worked. &oon the water did not drain at all. At this point + called a plumber to come and fi# my drain. The plumber tried a lot of different cleaners and e=uipment, but nothing worked. 'e tried to go under the house to check the pipes, but he couldn"t reach them. 'e had to cut a hole in the floor where the drain pipe was in order to try to find the problem. While he was cutting the small hole, he accidentally cut the hot(water pipe. 'ot water sprayed over the plumber, onto the floor, behind the counters, under the refrigeratorH water went everywhere. Two hours later we finally finished cleaning up all the water. $ut the water had caused a lot of damage. 5y refrigerator stopped working because the water had affected the electrical wires. + called an electrician to come and fi# the refrigerator. The electrician had to move the refrigerator to work on the wires. +n order to move the refrigerator, she had to balance it on an angle and pull it away from the wall. As the electrician was balancing it, she tripped over the plumber"s tools. &he fell down and the refrigerator tipped over. +t crashed into the wall, resulting in a huge hole in the wall. + called a carpenter to come and fi# the wall. +n order to repair the hole in the wall, the carpenter had to tear down half of the entire wall. When the wall was half gone, the electrician found more electrical problems caused by the water damage. This resulted in the other half of the wall being removed to replace the damaged wiring. 5eanwhile, the plumber was still looking for the source of the drain problem. &ince the kitchen was in a terrible mess anyway, the plumber decided to remove part of the floor to look at the pipe there. +n the middle of the floor, he found the problemI the dirt from the carrots was stuck in the pipe and nothing could go through or past the clump of dirt. .ow + had a sink that did not drain, a refrigerator that did not work, a wall that was gone, and part of a floor that was missing. + looked at this disaster and decided that what + really needed was a new kitchen. 6inally, + called a house builder to come and fi# my kitchen. Three weeks later + had a new sink, a new refrigerator, new cupboards on a new wall, new tiles on a new floor, and 8/4,444 less in my bank. + have learned my lesson, + never wash carrots in the kitchen sinkH + get them, clean and ready to eat, from the store. ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1. Ho! #i# " .ilogr"m o' c"rrots cost E1?8???% A. the kitchen needed a more modern look $. the dirt from the carrots blocked the drain which led to other problems *. carrots can be very e#pensive D. the carrots caused water to spill everywhere 2. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is not " re"son !$( t$e c"rrots !ere !"s$e# in t$e sin. "n# not in t$e uc.et. A. the bucket of water fell over

31

$. dinner needed to be made soon *. the carrots were always washed in the kitchen sink D. the carrots were dirty because they were fresh from the garden 3. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing ste+s !ere t".en to m".e t$e sin. #r"in more 3uic.l(% A. 8/4,444 was spent to repair the sink $.a plumber came to repair the drain *. 8/44 was spent on different kinds of drain cleaners D. a new sink and drain pipe were installed 4. W$"t c"use# t$e most #"m"ge to t$e .itc$en% % A.the drain $. the plumber *. the water damage D. the electrical problem 1. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing items !"s not #"m"ge#% A. the wall $. the hot water pipe *. the oven D. the floor

T$e E''ects o' Stress

There is a famous e#pression in %nglishI 2&top the world, + want to get offC2 This e#pression refers to a feeling of panic, or stress, that makes a person want to stop whatever they are doing, try to rela#, and become calm again. "&tress" means pressure or tension. +t is one of the most common causes of health problems in modern life. Too much stress results in physical, emotional, and mental health problems. There are numerous physical effects of stress. &tress can affect the heart. +t can increase the pulse rate, make the heart miss beats, and can cause high blood pressure. &tress can affect the respiratory system. +t can lead to asthma. +t can cause a person to breathe too fast, resulting in a loss of important carbon dio#ide. &tress can affect the stomach. +t can cause stomach aches and problems digesting 32

food. These are only a few e#amples of the wide range of illnesses and symptoms resulting from stress. %motions are also easily affected by stress. ;eople suffering from stress often feel an#ious. They may have panic attacks. They may feel tired all the time. When people are under stress, they often overreact to little problems. 6or e#ample, a normally gentle parent under a lot of stress at work may yell at a child for dropping a glass of uice. &tress can make people angry, moody, or nervous. Long(term stress can lead to a variety of serious mental illnesses. Depression, an e#treme feeling of sadness and hopelessness, can be the result of continued and increasing stress. Alcoholism and other addictions often develop as a result of overuse of alcohol or drugs to try to relieve stress. %ating disorders, such as anore#ia, are sometimes caused by stress and are often made worse by stress. +f stress is allowed to continue, then one"s mental health is put at risk. +t is obvious that stress is a serious problem. +t attacks the body. +t affects the emotions. -ntreated, it may eventually result in mental illness. &tress has a great influence on the health and well(being of our bodies, our feelings, and our minds. &o, reduce stressI stop the world and rest for a while.

ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is not " common +ro lem c"use# ( stress% A. physical problems $. anecdotal problems *. mental problems D. emotional problems 2. Accor#ing to t$e ess"(8 !$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing +"rts o' t$e o#( #oes not $"ve +$(sic"l +ro lems c"use# ( stress. A. the arms $. the stomach *. the lungs D. the heart 3. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing s$o! $o! stress c"n "''ect t$e emotions% A. it can make people feel nervous

33

$. it can cause panic attacks *. it can make people feel elated D. it can make people feel angry 4. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing c"n result 'rom longFterm stress% A. bliss $. depression *. alcoholism D. whimsy /. 2$oose t$e est "ns!er to e1+l"in $o! "lco$olism is c"use# ( stress. A. alcohol is used to relieve stress $. alcohol is popular *. alcohol is a chemical D. alcohol is similar to medicine

1.

W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is not c"use# ( longFterm stress% A. bloating $.addiction *. anore#ia D.alcoholism

&. 2$oose "ll o' t$e "ns!ers t$"t c"n com+lete t$is sentence: Stress c"n "''ect t$e res+ir"tor( s(stem ( ::::::::::. A.causing stomach problems

34

$. causing asthma *. a loss of carbon dio#ide D. causing breathing problems ). Stress c"n "''ect t$e $e"rt ( ::::::::::. A. decreasing the pulse rate $. causing asthma *. a loss of carbon dio#ide D. causing breathing problems 1. S(m+toms o' emotion"l stress inclu#e ::::::::::. A. feeling oyous $. feeling hungry *. feeling thirsty D. feeling tired

-ul+ ;riction
%very second, / hectare of the world"s rainforest is destroyed. That"s e=uivalent to two football fields. An area the size of .ew >ork *ity is lost every day. +n a year, that adds up to )/ million hectares (( more than the land area of ;oland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious conse=uences for the environmentH scientists estimate, for e#ample, that /)? species of plant, insect or animal become e#tinct every day due to logging. +n $ritish *olumbia, where, since /334, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clearcut, /9: species of salmon have already become e#tinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides obs, profits, ta#es for the govenment and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it. 5uch of *anada"s forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper. According to the *anadian ;ulp and ;aper Association, *anada supplies )9J of the world"s wood pulp and 93J of its newsprint paper. +f these paper products 35

could be produced in some other way, *anadian forests could be preserved. Aecently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalistsI a plant called hemp. 'emp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years. +t produces fibre which can be made into paper, fuel, oils, te#tiles, food, and rope. 6or many centuries, it was essential to the economies of many countries because it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing shipsH colonial e#pansion and the establishment of a world(wide trading network would not have been possible without hemp. .owadays, ships" cables are usually made from wire or synthetic fibres, but scientists are now suggesting that the cultivation of hemp should be revived for the production of paper and pulp. According to its proponents, four times as much paper can be produced from land using hemp rather than trees, and many environmentalists believe that the large(scale cultivation of hemp could reduce the pressure on *anada"s forests. 'owever, there is a problemI hemp is illegal in many countries of the world. This plant, so useful for fibre, rope, oil, fuel and te#tiles, is a species of cannabis, related to the plant from which mari uana is produced. +n the late /3)4s, a movement to ban the drug mari uana began to gather force, resulting in the eventual banning of the cultivation not only of the plant used to produce the drug, but also of the commercial fibre(producing hemp plant. Although both @eorge Washington and Thomas !efferson grew hemp in large =uantities on their own land, any American growing the plant today would soon find himself in prison (( despite the fact that mari uana cannot be produced from the hemp plant, since it contains almost no T'* Kthe active ingredient in the drugG. +n recent years, two ma or movements for legalization have been gathering strength. ,ne group of activists believes that ALL cannabis should be legal (( both the hemp plant and the mari uana plant (( and that the use of the drug mari uana should not be an offense. They argue that mari uana is not dangerous or addictive, and that it is used by large numbers of people who are not criminals but productive members of society. They also point out that mari uana is less to#ic than alcohol or tobacco. The other legalization movement is concerned only with the hemp plant used to produce fibreH this group wants to make it legal to cultivate the plant and sell the fibre for paper and pulp production. This second group has had a ma or triumph recentlyI in /33?, *anada legalized the farming of hemp for fibre. 6or the first time since /3)0, hundreds of farmers are planting this crop, and soon we can e#pect to see pulp and paper produced from this new source. ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1. Ho! long #oes it t".e 'or 1?? $ect"res o' r"in'orest to e #estro(e#% aG less than two minutes bG about an hour cG two hours dG a day &. W$( is +ul+ "n# +"+er +ro#uction im+ort"nt to 2"n"#"% aG *anada needs to find a way to use all its spare wood. bG *anada publishes a lot of newspapers and books. cG ;ulp and paper e#port is a ma or source of income for *anada. ). W$o is suggesting t$"t +ul+ "n# +"+er coul# e +ro#uce# !it$out cutting

36

#o!n trees% aG the logging industry bG the government cG the environmental lobby *. W$( !"s t$e +l"nt $em+ essenti"l to !orl#F!i#e tr"#e in t$e +"st% aG &hips" ropes were made from it. bG 'emp was a very profitable e#port. cG 'emp was used as fuel for ships. dG 'emp was used as food for sailors.

/. W$( #o "gricultur"lists t$in. t$"t $em+ !oul# e etter 'or +"+er +ro#uction t$"n trees% aG +t is cheaper to grow hemp than to cut down trees. bG 5ore paper can be produced from the same area of land. cG 'emp produces higher =uality paper. 0. W$en !"s $em+ +ro#uction "nne# in 2"n"#"% aG /3)4 bG /3D4 cG /33D dG /3)0 @. W$( !"s $em+ "nne#% aG +t is related to the mari uana plant. bG +t can be used to produce mari uana. cG +t was no longer a useful crop. dG +t was destructive to the land. B. W$"t c$emic"l ingre#ient o' c"nn" is +l"nts is " +o!er'ul #rug% aG 6ibre bG 5ari uana cG T'* D. True or '"lse: Some "ctivists elieve t$"t ot$ m"ri4u"n" "n# $em+ s$oul# e leg"l. aG True bG 6alse 1?. True or '"lse: 2"n"#" $"s 4ust leg"li>e# m"ri4u"n". aG True bG 6alse

Aobin 'ood

37

Aobin 'ood is the archetypal %nglish folk hero, an outlaw who, in modern versions of the legend, stole from the rich to give to the poor. This redistributionist form of philosophy(in(action anticipates the work of writers such as ;roudhon and <arl 5ar# by many hundreds of years. Although most noted for his material egalitarianism, in the stories he also pursues other types of e=uality and ustice. 'owever, as mentioned below, Aobin 'ood was not originally so generous. The stories relating to Aobin 'ood are apocryphal, verging on the mythological. 'is first appearance in a manuscript is in William Langland"s ;iers ;lowman K/)??G in which &loth, the lazy priest boasts 2+ ken Ki.e. "know"G "rimes of Aobin 'ood.2 Three years later the &cottish chronicler !ohn 6ordun wrote that, in ballads, 2Aobin 'ood delights above all others2. ;rinted versions of Aobin 'ood ballads appear in the early /Dth century L shortly after the advent of printing in %ngland. +n these ballads, Aobin 'ood is a yeoman which, by that time, meant an independent tradesman or farmer. +t is only in the late /Dth century that he becomes a nobleman, the %arl of 'untington, Aobert of Locksley, or later still, Aobert 6itz ,oth. 'is romantic attachment to 5aid 5arian Kor 25arion2G Koriginally known as 5athildaG is also a product of this later period and probably has something to do with the 6rench pastoral play of about /:04, the !eu de Aobin et 5arion. Aside from the names there is no recognizable Aobin 'ood connection to the play. The late /Dth century is also the period when the Aobin 'ood story is moved back in time to the //34s, when <ing Aichard is away at the crusades. ,ne of the original Aobin 'ood ballads refers to <ing %dward K%dward +, ++, and +++ ruled %ngland from /:?: to /)??G. The idea of Aobin 'ood as a high(minded &a#on fighting .orman Lords originates in the /3th century, most notably in the part Aobin 'ood plays in &ir Walter &cott"s +vanhoe K/0/3G, chapters 94 ( 9/, where the familiar modern Aobin 'oodL2<ing of ,utlaws and prince of good fellowsC2 Aichard the Lionheart calls himLmakes his debut. The folkloric Aobin 'ood was deprived of his lands by the villainous &heriff of .ottingham and became an outlaw. The &heriff does indeed appear in the early ballads KAobin kills and beheads himG, but there is nothing as specific as this allegation. Aobin"s other enemies include the rich abbots of the *atholic *hurch and a bounty hunter named @uy of @isbourne. Aobin kills and beheads him as well. The early ballads contain nothing about giving to the poor, although Aobin does make a large loan to an unfortunate knight. +n the ballads, the original 25erry 5en2 Kthough not called thatG includedI 6riar Tuck, Will &carlet Kor &cathlockG, 5uch the 5iller"s &on, and Little !ohn L who was called 2little2 because he wasn"t. Alan(a(Dale is a later invention in Aobin 'ood plays. Questions " out t$e te1t 1. Ro in Hoo# "++e"re# in +rint in t$e eginning o' t$e 10t$ centur(. True. 6alse. We don"t know. &. T$e stories rel"ting to Ro in Hoo# "re o' 3uestion" le "ut$enticit(. True. 6alse. We don"t know.

38

). T$e 'ol.loric Ro in Hoo# !"s consi#ere# " crimin"l. True. 6alse. We don"t know. *. Accor#ing to "n e"rl( "ll"#8 Ro in Hoo# .ills t$e S$eri''. True. 6alse. We don"t know. /. T$e legen# o' Ro in Hoo# !"s "ssoci"te# to Ging Ric$"r# "n# t$e crus"#es. True. 6alse. We don"t know. 0. Iv"n$oe !"s !ritten ( Sir W"lter Scott. True. 6alse. We don"t know. @. Little Ho$n !"s c"lle# li.e t$"t ec"use he was little. he was tall. he was young.

OIONE
+n /3:0, Thomas 5idgley, a scientist and engineer in America, found a way to use chlorofluorcarbons K*6*sG as a refrigerant. They proved to be a valuable compound, stable, non(poisonous, non(corrosive, non(flammable. Their low thermal conductivity made them ideal for coolants in refrigerators and air(conditioners. +n the &econd World War, *6*s were widely used as cleaning solvents and in plastic foam for food and drink containers, and the insulation of buildings. These are the products which, doubling in output every ten years, have contributed to the destruction of the ozone layer, the thin veil in the stratosphere which protects animals and plants from disease and, possibly, e#tinction. ,ther man(made chemicals, apart from *6*s, are eating ozone molecules. Among them are halon gases used in fire e#tinguishers, aerosols, and refrigerators, and two compounds widely used as solventsI methyl chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Their combined reaction on the ozone layer is devastating, allowing ultraviolet rays from the sun, known as -F($s, to bombard the earth. -F($s cause skin cancer. 5edical ournals in Australia say two(thirds of the population alive today will develop some form of skin cancer. 5ore than :14,444 of the continent"s /D million inhabitants will develop the deadliest of all, malignant melanoma. -F($s can damage the immune system and leave you open to infectious diseases. They damage your eyes, burning the cornea, in uring the retina and 39

generating cataracts. +n southern *hile, blindness has begun to strike humans, sheep, rabbits and horses. The radiation kills off the plankton on which larger sea creatures depend, and in southern *hile a /: per cent reduction in plankton has been measured. The scientists who know about the ozone layer are worried. They give three reasons for their pessimismI /. ozone depletion is now general over the globe, and occurring twice as fast as had been predictedI according to reports, in the first two months of this year, parts of the ozone layer shrank by :4 per cent, and levels of chlorine, the ozone(eating chemical, were ?4 times higher than normalH :. depletion is now being caused by the *6*s released in the mid(/3?4s, and so the chemicals being released now will endanger our childrenH ). no one knows what the cumulative effects of the depletion of the ozone layer will be, but they do know that things from now on are going to change very =uickly indeed. ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1. W$ic$ title !oul# est suit t$e +"ss"ge% A. *6*sI from *oolers to *ancers $. The ,zone Layer *. -F($ and &kin *ancer D. Worries about the ,zone Layer &. As 2;2s "re nonFcorrosive8 t$e( #on,t A. poison food. $. cause e#plosions. *. eat metals. D. damage plastics. ). 2;2s !ere use# in #rin. cont"iners ec"use t$e( A. are easily moulded. $. are light(weight *. don"t conduct heat. D. are stable compounds. *. Ho! r"+i#l( !"s t$e use o' 2;2s incre"sing% A. Doubling every decade. $. Doubling every year. *. Twice as much each year. D. Ten per cent every year. /. A solvent is use# in A. cooking. $. lubricating. *. cleaning. D. sterilising. 0. CBom "r#C is " !or# norm"ll( use# !it$ re'erence to A. artillery fire.

40

$. heavyweight bo#ing. *. solar radiation. D. laser technology. @. T$e o++osite o' Cm"lign"ntC is A. neutral. $. benevolent. *. healthy. D. salubrious. B. Accor#ing to t$e te1t8 in sout$ern 2$ile8 "s " result o' UAFB A. fish stocks are falling. $. fish are going blind. *. fish are sub ect to disease. D. fish food has been depleted. D. Our c$il#ren "re in #"nger ec"use A. *6*s take time to attack the ozone layer. $. *6*s are used more than ever. *. *6*s are cumulative. D. chlorine levels are rising.

2$e"ting "n# -l"gi"rism

&tudents are responsible for familiarising themselves with the -niversity *ode of &tudent *onduct, as on enrollment with the -niversity the student has placed themselves under the policies and regulations of the -niversity and all of its duly constituted bodies. Disciplinary authority is e#ercised through the &tudent *onduct *ommittee. The *ommittee has procedures in place for hearing allegations of misconduct. *opies of the student conduct code are available at the &tudent &ervices ,ffice. Academic dishonesty is never condoned by the -niversity. This includes cheating and plagiarism, which violate the &tudent *onduct *ode and could result in e#pulsion or failing the course. *heating includes but is not limited to obtaining or giving unauthorized help during an e#amination, getting unauthorized information about the contents of an e#amination before it is administered, using unauthorised sources of information during an e#amination, altering or falsifying the record of any grades, altering or supplying answers after an e#amination has been handed in, falsifying any official -niversity record, and misrepresenting the facts to get e#emptions from or e#tensions to course re=uirements. ;lagiarism includes but is not limited to submitting any paper or other document, to satisfy an academic re=uirement, which has been copied either in whole or in part from someone elseMs work without identifying that personH failing to identify as a =uotation a documented idea that has not been thoroughly assimilated into the student"s language and style, or paraphrasing a passage so closely that the reader could be misled as to the sourceH submitting the same written or oral material in different courses without obtaining authorisation from the lecturers involvedH or "dry(labbing", which includes obtaining and using e#perimental data from fellow students without the e#press consent of the lecturer, utilizing e#perimental data and 41

laboratory write(ups from other parts of the course or from previous terms during which the course was conducted, and fabricating data to fit the e#pected results.

ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: Q1 F T$e Stu#ent Services O''ice '"mili"rises stu#ents !it$ t$e stu#ent co#e. True 6alse .ot given Q& F 2$e"ts !ill "utom"tic"ll( e e1+elle# ec"use t$eir e$"viour c"nnot e con#one#. True 6alse .ot given

Q) F T$e te1t lists "ll "ctivities t$"t "re consi#ere# to e c$e"ting. True 6alse .ot given Q* F Accor#ing to t$e te1t8 c$e"ting is " more serious o''ence t$"n +l"gi"rism. True 6alse .ot given Q/ F It is never "cce+t" le to +"r"+$r"se closel(. True 6alse .ot given Q0 F Stu#ents c"n su mit t$e s"me !or. in #i''erent courses "s long "s t$e( "s. t$eir lecturer "n# it is not t$eir o!n. True 6alse .ot given

Q@ F I' stu#ents !"nt to use ot$er stu#ents, l" or"tor( #"t"8 t$e( must "s. t$em "n# t$e lecturer 'irst.

42

True 6alse .ot given QB F 7"t" must 'it t$e e1+ecte# results. True 6alse .ot given

A#v"nce# Level
2ulture S$oc.
43

>ou have read about Aomulus and Aemus whose culture shock came when they went back to the world of human beings after being raised by a wolf. Tarzan"s culture shock came when he discovered that he was not a 2white ape2 but a human being. %mily *arr preferred the culture of the 6irst .ations people and the life she led on her e#plorations to the dresses and polite conversations of her own culture. >ou now know that 6irst .ations culture did not include school or even business activity, people spent most of their time in nature or around the fire of their home talking, telling stories and making the things they needed to survive. ;sychologists tell us that there are four basic stages that human beings pass through when they enter and live in a new culture. This process, which helps us to deal with culture shock, is the way our brain and our personality reacts to the strange new things we encounter when we move from one culture to another. +f our culture involves bowing when we greet someone, we may feel very uncomfortable in a culture that does not involve bowing. +f the language we use when talking to someone in our own culture is influenced by levels of formality based on the other person"s age and status, it may be difficult for us to feel comfortable communicating with people in the new culture. *ulture begins with the 2honeymoon stage2. This is the period of time when we first arrive in which everything about the new culture is strange and e#citing. We may be suffering from 2 et lag2 but we are thrilled to be in the new environment, seeing new sights, hearing new sounds and language, eating new kinds of food. This honeymoon stage can last for =uite a long time because we feel we are involved in some kind of great adventure. -nfortunately, the second stage of culture shock can be more difficult. After we have settled down into our new life, working or studying, buying groceries, doing laundry, or living with a home(stay family, we can become very tired and begin to miss our homeland and our family, girlfriendNboyfriend, pets. All the little problems that everybody in life has seem to be much bigger and more disturbing when you face them in a foreign culture. This period of cultural ad ustment can be very difficult and lead to the new arrival re ecting or pulling away from the new culture. This 2re ection stage2 can be =uite dangerous because the visitor may develop unhealthy habits Ksmoking and drinking too much, being too concerned over food or contact with people from the new cultureG. This can, unfortunately lead to the person getting sick or developing skin infections or rashes which then makes the person feel even more scared and confused and helpless. This stage is considered a crisis in the process of cultural ad ustment and many people choose to go back to their homeland or spend all their time with people from their own culture speaking their native language. The third stage of culture shock is called the 2ad ustment stage2. This is when you begin to realize that things are not so bad in the host culture. >our sense of humour usually becomes stronger and you realize that you are becoming stronger by learning to take care of yourself in the new place. Things are still difficult, but you are now a survivorC The fourth stage can be called 2at ease at last2. .ow you feel =uite comfortable in your new surroundings. >ou can cope with most problems that occur. >ou may still have problems with the language, but you know you are strong enough to deal with them. +f you meet someone from your country who has ust arrived, you can be the e#pert on life in the new culture and help them to deal with their culture shock.

44

There is a fifth stage of culture shock which many people don"t know about. This is called 2reverse culture shock2. &urprisingly, this occurs when you go back to your native culture and find that you have changed and that things there have changed while you have been away. .ow you feel a little uncomfortable back home. Life is a struggleC ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1. W$en #oes culture s$oc. $"++en% when you reach your teens when you move to a big city when you meet foreign people for the first time when you go to live in a foreign culture Ho! #o (ou 'eel #uring t$e 'irst st"ge o' culture s$oc.% lonely and depressed bored and homesick happy and e#cited angry and frustrated Ho! #o (ou 'eel #uring t$e secon# st"ge% homesick and afraid interested and amused stressed, but positive you have no particular feelings *. Ho! coul# t$e t$ir# st"ge e #escri e#% ad ustment re ection enthusiasm anger /. Ho! #o (ou 'eel #uring t$e 'ourt$ st"ge o' culture s$oc.% tense, but positive rela#ed negative and stressed afraid 0. W$( mig$t reverse culture s$oc. e " +ro lem% +t hardly ever happens. +t is e#tremely stressful. 5ost people do not e#pect it. +t only happens to young people. 45

&.

).

Immigr"nts Su''er 'rom Losing T$eir I#entit(

( Ho!"r# Gim Language is a way to communicate with each other. We started to learn language when we were born. 'owever, people are used to speaking their native language, so immigrants are having many problems between the first generation and the second generation because they don"t have the same native language. Also, the second generation is losing their identity. %specially in America, there are many immigrants that came from different countries to succeed in the &tates. $ecause they suffer in lots of areas such as getting a ob and trying to speak %nglish, they want their children to speak %nglish, not only at school, but also at home in order to be more successful. $ecause of this situation, their children are losing their ethnic identity and, even more, they are ignoring their parents whose %nglish is not very good. 6or e#ample, my aunt, who has been living in *hicago for fifteen years, has three children and they were all born in the &tates. The eighteen year old daughter speaks %nglish as a native language and she speaks <orean very well too. &he has no problems talking with her parents, but she still doesn"t understand <orean okes, and there are sometimes misunderstandings. The second daughter is fourteen years old, and she doesn"t want to speak <orean. 5y aunt often gets upset with her because she is very Americanized and they cannot understand each other. %ven when my aunt punishes her, this daughter does not understand what my aunt is talking about. + felt sympathy for my aunt whenever my fourteen year old cousin said, 25om, what is your problemE2 The third child is a twelve year old son. 'e speaks %nglish to his parents and my aunt speaks <orean to him as she does to the second daughter. 'e also has a problem communicating with his parents. 5y aunt is trying to teach him to speak both languages very well, but it is very hard for him because he speaks %nglish all day and does not understand why he should learn to speak <orean. + think most immigrants are trying to preserve their native language in their new country, but this doesn"t help very much in getting a good ob. 5y aunt didn"t teach <orean to her children in order to help them succeed in the -.&.H she did so, hopefully, to help them establish a <orean identity. Though the second generation is born in the new country, they often get confused about their identity because they look different from others, and also, if they visit their parent"s country, they will probably feel different from other people there too. 5y cousins told me that when they visited <orea a few years ago, they felt different from other <oreans. They could even feel it ust strolling around the street because they wore different clothes and walked differently. We must realize that language is important and valuable for many reasons. +mmigrants should make an effort not to be ignored by their children and to make their children understand their heritage by teaching them the parents" language. This is very important, not only for the harmony of the family, but also in helping the second generation establish their identity. ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1 Loo. "t t$e title "n# sc"n t$e "rticle 3uic.l(. W$"t #o (ou t$in. t$is "rticle !ill e " out% Learning a second language. 46

+mmigrants who become sick in the -.&. Language and its effect on the identity of immigrants. &chools attended by immigrants to the -.&. & W$ic$ o' t$ese st"tements is NOT true "ccor#ing to t$e 'irst +"r"gr"+$ o' t$e "rticle% &econd generation immigrants are usually eager to learn their parents" native language. +t is often hard for first and second generation family members to communicate with each other. $ecause second generation immigrant children often speak only %nglish, they may lose their ethnic identity. &ometimes second generation immigrant children ignore their parents because of language differences. ) W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is NOT true " out t$e 1B (e"r ol# #"ug$ter% &he was born in the -.&. &he speaks only %nglish very wellH her <orean is poor. &he gets along better with her parents than her brother and other sister do. &he doesn"t understand <orean okes well. * W$ic$ is NOT " re"son t$"t t$e 1* (e"r ol# sister $"s +ro lems !it$ $er mot$er% &he doesn"t want to speak <orean. &he doesn"t love her mother. &he is very Americanized. &he does not understand her mother when she gets punished. / To !$om #oes t$e mot$er s+e". Gore"n% 'er oldest daughter only. All of her children. 'er two daughters only. ,nly to her son.

0 W$( #i# t$e "ut$or,s "unt tr( to te"c$ $er c$il#ren to s+e". Gore"n% To help them succeed in the -.&. To help them find a good ob. To help them establish a <orean identity. To help her improve her <orean language skills. .one of the above. @ T$ere "re m"n( re"sons t$"t secon# gener"tion immigr"nts m"( get con'use# " out t$eir i#entit(. W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is NOT 'oun# in t$e "rticle%

47

Their American friends may not see them as <orean (Americans They look different than most of their friends in the -.&. +f they travel to <orea they wear different clothes than the <oreans. +f they visit <orea, they even walk differently than the <oreans. B W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is closest to t$e m"in i#e" o' t$is "rticle% &econd generation <orean(Americans walk and dress differently than their parents. 5any immigrant families have problems with communication. The language spoken in immigrant households is often a mi#ture of two languages. &econd generation <orean immigrants often speak only %nglish. Teaching immigrant children the parents" native language helps them establish their ethnic identity.

I Will Never <et 9( Innocence B"c.

'ave you ever thought that within a single afternoon you could lose your sense of securityE 'ave you ever taken into consideration changing completely the way you look at the world around youE That happened to me, and +"m still paying for the conse=uences of somebody else"s action. The feeling of security and serenity, that everyone should have, is often taken away with brutality for the price of a few dollars. -nfortunately, this happens over and over throughout the world, and it is hard for the victims of criminal actions to recover from their deep wounds. +t was ust a day like any other, if possible, even better because it was a &aturday, the end of the working week, and one of the first nice and sunny days of Aome"s spring. 5y best friend and + were in the shop that she owns. +t was the middle of the afternoonH we were both pretty happy and making plans for the weekend, and the atmosphere was e#tremely rela#ed, almost lazy. &uddenly a man entered in the shop. We knew, somehow, that he didn"t look like one of our usual customers, but we welcomed him politely anyway. Without any hesitation he pulled something out of his coat that we did not recognize immediately, but when he ordered us to go into the back with him, there was no doubt that this 2something2 was a gun. We were so scared that we could barely understand what was going on. 5y heart was beating so franticly, that + thought everyone could hear it. &uddenly, while watching the entire scene in astonishment, a shiver ran down my spine. + had that kind of feeling like when you are not sure if you"re dreaming or not. +n the beginning, + thought it was a stupid oke by a similarly stupid friend of ours, but it took me half a second to realize that it was cruel reality. + still shudder at the thought of it. 'e seemed to me so calm and so used to this kind of action. 2Don"t you dare say a single word and come with me in the storage2 he said. +t was almost a whisper, a few simple words uttered nastily. 'e gave us precise orders and while doing this, he offended us and kept reminding us that he could shoot at any time. 'e looked for the money in the register, from our wallets, then he asked for our ewelry and we gave him all he wanted. 'e was imperturbable while bringing his 2 ob2 to conclusion. At that point,

48

he was supposed to leave, instead, he seemed not to have any intention to do so. &uddenly + remember his face becoming soaked in sweat. 5y friend and + had no chance to talk to each other and e#change our thoughts, but +"m sure we had the same horrible feeling. 6ortunately, after a few interminable minutes he left. >ou can never know where you can feel safeH growing up you learn that gradually. When you are a child, you feel safe with your parents in your home or wherever you are not alone. Then you begin to understand the news and you learn that horrible things are happening 2out there2, but you still keep thinking that those events are ust other people"s worries, not yours. Terrible things happen only to the people you read about in the newspaper, but you will soon start to e#plore the world on your own and little, insignificant, nasty things begin to happen to you too. >ou see a car accident, you look at ambulances, someone is mean to you and, somehow, you know that this is as the world goes. Then your conscience starts to make you realize that you are a person like any other. &o why couldn"t bad things happen to youE >ou are afraid that something could happen and, depending on your optimistic or pessimistic mood, you can deal or not with this thought. + think that from the precise moment the guy walked out of the shop, + completely changed my way of relating to the world. &omeone could say that + am e#aggerating, and maybe they are right, but this is how + feel. + always look around to see which kinds of people are possibly following me. .ow + usually double(check everythingI if +"ve locked myself in the car or in the house. + think about how to dress if + have to go out alone or in a particular part of the townH + am always careful not to wear any ewelry. Whenever an unknown guy is getting too close or is trying to get information from me, + tighten up. + know that it is wrong, that not everyone is looking to attack me again. After all, + consider myself lucky, since nothing really bad happened to me or to my friend, but what affects me is the thought of what could have happened. We could have died or he could have beaten or raped usC + know that + have to work on it because since that day + haven"t felt safe anymore, What + don"t know is where to start. .ow + am sure only of one fact, that + blame this guy, not for having taken my ewelry, but for having deprived me of my innocence. ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS:

1 Re"# onl( t$e title "n# t$e 'irst sentence in e"c$ +"r"gr"+$. W$ic$ o' t$ese #o (ou .no! "lre"#(% The writer met a man with a gun. The author was a visitor in Aome. +t was a hot summer day in Aome. The author gets hurt in this story. A man in a shop made a big difference in the life of the author. & Sc"n t$e stor( 3uic.l(. W$"t #o (ou t$in. t$e stor( !ill e " out% A day of shopping in Aome A oke that a stupid friend played on the writer. A car accident and other bad things that happen to people. $eing sure one locks the door to the car and house.

49

A robbery and its effect on the writers life. ) W$ic$ is true in -"r"gr"+$ &% The man in the shop was one of the usual customers. The writer was in the shop alone. %veryone knew immediately that the robber had a gun. The author and her friends discussed the situation. The thief took money and ewelry. * W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing $"++ene# 'irst% The robber ordered the women into the storage. 'e asked the women for their money and ewelry. 'e pulled out a gun. The robber left the store. 'is face became soaked with sweat. / W$ic$ +"r"gr"+$ #escri es !$en t$e !riter 'irst re"li>e# t$"t "# t$ings #on,t 4ust $"++en to Jot$erJ +eo+le% ;aragraph / ;aragraph : ;aragraph ) ;aragraph 9 0 W$( #oes t$e "ut$or consi#er $ersel' luc.(% &he did not lose all her money. &he has never been robbed again. &he was only in ured slightly. &he was able to fight off her attacker. &he could have been hurt or killed, but she wasn"t. @ W$"t !"s t$e most serious result o' t$e ro er(% The author doesn"t trust others or feel safe. The author was found guilty of a crime. The store that her friend owned was closed after the robbery. The author was raped. The robber was taken to ail. B W$ic$ is true " out t$e "ut$or% &he is pleased with her loss of innocence and trust. &he blames the robber for taking her innocence away. +t is years later, and she feels safe again now. &he no longer locks her car or house door. &he has not been able to travel out of the country after the robbery.

=ou 2"n Be " SingerK

To sing a song has been deeply related to human life from ancient times.

50

;eople en oy singing songs to babies and they en oy listening to them. +n recent years, there has been a boom in 2karaoke2 in !apan. <araoke includes disk players with voice mi#ing facilities and are used to provide musical accompaniment for solos or singalongs. The 2kara2 of kara(oke means empty, while the 2oke2 is a !apanese abbreviation of the %nglish word, 2orchestra.2 These two words coming together mean an orchestra without a vocalist. <araoke systems are widespread in many countries nowadays. + think 2karaoke bars2 are well known by Americans, so they imagine karaoke bars when they hear 2karaoke,2 but actually we have few karaoke bars in !apan. What we call 2karaoke bo#2 is more popular in !apan. >ou can see many buildings, which say 2karaoke bo#2 here and there in !apan. The karaoke bo# consists of a lot of isolated rooms on several floors and each of those rooms has a karaoke set in it. >ou can go there with friends or with your family to en oy singing. .o strangers can see you or listen to you singing. 5any people, no matter what their age or gender, go there often to en oy singing out loud, to seek relief from daily stress or ust for fun. %veryone can be a singer for that moment. To relish karaoke is not difficult at all. All you have to do is find some friends to go with you and then you will be ready to have fun. After that, maybe you want to go to &hin uku, one of the metropolitan parts of !apan, to find your karaoke bo#. &hin uku is a place where mainly fashionably dressed youths gather. There are huge shopping malls, video centers, various kinds of restaurants, movie theaters and many kinds of amusement around the &hin uku station. +t is very crowded, especially on weekends, and you can hardly walk through the area. >ou also see tons of karaoke bo#es there. $ut don"t worry if you don"t know where to go because people who work at those karaoke bo#es are on the street, too, and they will come up to you and talk to you. &ince all karaoke staff want to have as many customers as they can, they introduce you to the kinds of servicethey have in e#aggerated and cheerful voices, or they offer you a discount to visit their karaoke bo#. They usually wear uniforms with bright colors and are very trustworthy, so that you can decide on a place to visit without having difficulties. @enerally they charge you one or two dollars per person, per hour if it"s daytime and they show you the way and get a room for you. All <araoke bo#es are set up in a similar way. The room has some couches, two microphones, remote controls for the air conditioner, karaoke set, menus for snacks and drinks, thick song books on a table, and a big TF with karaoke system ust for you and your company. The room also has a telephone that is connected to the reception deskH therefore, you can order some food or drinks from that phone. They will also call you when your time is up. After you have settled into the room and gotten something to eat or drink, you are all ready to sing. >ou look up one of the songbooks and choose a song you wish to sing. >ou can look up the songs in two different ways. ,ne side of the book has the titles of the songs, names of singers and five or si#(digit code numbers following them. The other side of the book starts with singers" names, titles and numbers, &o that you can look up songs either by the singer"s name or title of the song. After you choose a song to sing, enter the code numbers of the song into the remote control by pushing the buttons on it to send information to the karaoke set. &oon your music will start. The remote control also has a section to change the key or tempo of the songs. +f you feel the key of the song is too high or low for you, or too fast or slow, you can ad ust them as you want. Also, if you want to have harmony, you can. &ome karaoke sets even have a voice change system. >ou can change your voice from a woman"s to a man"s, and a man"s to a woman"s. This is very interesting. When you finish singing, you can search for the ne#t song while another person is singing. This is how it 51

goes, but the important thing here is you should listen to other people singing at the same time. -sually people like to have audiences, and you want them to listen to you while you are singing, too. >ou can feel like a real singer if you have someone to listen to you, and that"s what people like when doing karaoke. &ince you will have your own room and there will be no unfamiliar people watching you, you will feel more comfortable singing in a karaoke bo# than singing in front of many people, like in karaoke bars. >ou can spend the time in a more rela#ed atmosphere, which is more en oyable. >ou can sing a duet with your friend if you want, and you can dance if you like, but this doesn"t mean that you can do whatever you want or misbehave in the room. There are several rules to protect your personal rights and to ensure that you en oy yourselves comfortably. >ou should not go look into other rooms. >ou can"t smoke or drink if you are under twenty. Though there are no specific people who patrol the bo#es because they don"t want to make their customers feel nervous, it is important to follow these rules for everyone to have a good time. ,nce you have e#perienced karaoke, you might want to go again and again, though some people would not like singing in front of people even if they were friends or family. $ut in my opinion, you can still have a lot of fun there, even if you don"t sing. We make okes and we talk as if we were at home. + personally like karaoke very much. + like singing and + have so much fun every time + go. + think we are seeking a way to e#press ourselves to people whom we like, and we want to say, 2Listen to meC + am hereC2 <araoke allows us to e#press who we are and what we like. + encourage you to try it once in your life. Let"s go singC +t is so e#citing. >ou can be a singerC ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1 In H"+"nese8 t$e !or# CG"r"o.eC come 'rom C."r"C "n# Co.e.C W$"t #o t$ese !or# +"rts me"n% sing and together empty and orchestra sing and alone speak and orchestra sing and have fun & W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is NOT true% +n !apan, there are <araoke bo#es. A ma#imum of two people are allowed in a <araoke bo# at one time. &trangers cannot see you when you do <araoke. <araoke relieves daily stress for many people. There are many buildings with <araoke bo#es in !apan. ) W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is NOT true " out S$in4u.u in H"+"n% There are tons of <araoke bo#es there. &hin uku is considered a metropolitan area of !apan.

52

,ther than <araoke, there is not much to do in &hin uku. Weekends are the most crowded time to be in &hin uku. %mployees of <araoko bo#es will help you find your way. * W$"t is NOT true " out G"r"o.e st"''% Dressed in bright colors They speak in e#aggerated and cheerful voices. They want to find as many customers as possible. They wear uniforms. They must be at least /0 years of age. / W$ic$ e3ui+ment is NOT inclu#e# in " G"r"o.e o1% A <araoke worker to serve you *ouches or other comfortable furniture A telephone connected to the reception desk Air conditioning with remote controls 5icrophones to amplify your voice

0 W$"t #oes t$e !riter s"( is t$e most im+ort"nt t$ing to #o to en4o( G"r"o.e% *hoose many different types of music. *hange your voice from a woman to a man or vice(versa. Listen to others sing so everyone has an audience. *hange the key of the music. Add harmony to the song. @ W$"t #oes t$e !riter s"( is t$e "#v"nt"ge o' " H"+"nese G"r"o.e o1 over " G"r"o.e "r. +t is cheaper. +t is more technologically advanced. There are no unfamiliar people watching you so you won"t feel nervous. The food is better. The employees are friendlier. B W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing is NOT true o' H"+"nese G"r"o.e o1es% %mployees will come to be sure you are following the rules of the <araoke bo#. >ou should not look into others" bo#es. >ou cannot drink if you are under :4. >ou cannot smoke if you are under :4.

53

Duets are allowed. D Ho! !oul# (ou #escri e t$e !riter,s "ttitu#e to!"r# G"r"o.e% &he has not tried it herself so has no attitude about it. &he would like to try it but is too shy. &he often goes, and likes it sometimes and sometimes not. &he feels it is a waste of time. &he thinks it is not only fun, but stress relieving as well. 1? W$ic$ o' t$e 'ollo!ing c"nnot e im+lie# 'rom t$e "rticle% The writer prefers <araoke bo#es to <araoke bars. The writer has been to a <araoke bo# with friends or family. The writer has spent time in &hin uku. The writer is a good singer. The writer would probably go to a <araoke bo# if asked by her friends.

T$e 7e"t$ 2"r

+t was a cold night in &eptember. The rain was drumming on the car roof as @eorge and 5arie Winston drove through the empty country roads towards the house of their friends, the 'arrisons, where they were going to attend a party to celebrate the engagement of the 'arrisons" daughter, Lisa. As they drove, they listened to the local radio station, which was playing classical music. They were about five miles from their destination when the music on the radio was interrupted by a news announcementI 2The *heshire police have issued a serious warning after a man escaped from *olford 5ental 'ospital earlier this evening. The man, !ohn Downey, is a murderer who killed si# people before he was captured two years ago. 'e is described as large, very strong and e#tremely dangerous. ;eople in the *heshire area are warned to keep their doors and windows locked, and to call the police immediately if they see anyone acting strangely.2 5arie shivered. 2A crazy killer. And he"s out there somewhere. That"s scary.2 2Don"t worry about it,2 said her husband. 2We"re nearly there now. Anyway, we have more important things to worry about. This car is losing power for some reason (( it must be that old problem with the carburetor. +f it gets any worse, we"ll have to stay at the 'arrisons" tonight and get it fi#ed before we travel back tomorrow. As he spoke, the car began to slow down. @eorge pressed the accelerator, but the engine only coughed. 6inally they rolled to a halt, as the engine died completely. !ust as they stopped, @eorge pulled the car off the road, and it came to rest under a large tree. 2$lastC2 said @eorge angrily. 2.ow we"ll have to walk in the rain.2 2$ut that"ll take us an hour at least,2 said 5arie. 2And + have my high(heeled shoes and my nice clothes on. They"ll be ruinedC2 2Well, you"ll have to wait while + run to the nearest house and call the 'arrisons. &omeone can come out and pick us up,2 said @eorge. 2$ut @eorgeC 'ave you forgotten what the radio saidE There"s a homicidal maniac out thereC >ou can"t leave

54

me alone hereC2. 2>ou"ll have to hide in the back of the car. Lock all the doors and lie on the floor in the back, under this blanket. .o(one will see you. When + come back, +"ll knock three times on the door. Then you can get up and open it. Don"t open it unless you hear three knocks.2 @eorge opened the door and slipped out into the rain. 'e =uickly disappeared into the blackness. 5arie =uickly locked the doors and settled down under the blanket in the back for a long wait. &he was frightened and worried, but she was a strong(minded woman. &he had not been waiting long, however, when she heard a strange scratching noise. +t seemed to be coming from the roof of the car. 5arie was terrified. &he listened, holding her breath. Then she heard three slow knocks, one after the other, also on the roof of the car. Was it her husbandE &hould she open the doorE Then she heard another knock, and another. This was not her husband. +t was somebody (( or something (( else. &he was shaking with fear, but she forced herself to lie still. The knocking continued (( bump, bump, bump, bump. 5any hours later, as the sun rose, she was still lying there. &he had not slept for a moment. The knocking had never stopped, all night long. &he did not know what to do. Where was @eorgeE Why had he not come for herE &uddenly, she heard the sound of three or four vehicles, racing =uickly down the road. All of them pulled up around her, their tires screeching on the road. At lastC &omeone had comeC 5arie sat up =uickly and looked out of the window. The three vehicles were all police cars, and two still had their lights flashing. &everal policemen leapt out. ,ne of them rushed towards the car as 5arie opened the door. 'e took her by the hand. 2@et out of the car and walk with me to the police vehicle. miss. >ou"re safe now. Look straight ahead. <eep looking at the police car. Don"t look back. !ust don"t look back.2 &omething in the way he spoke filled 5arie with cold horror. &he could not help herself. About ten yards from the police car, she stopped, turned and looked back at the empty vehicle. @eorge was hanging from the tree above the car, a rope tied around his neck. As the wind blew his body back and forth, his feet were bumping gently on the roof of the car (( bump, bump, bump, bump. ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1. W$ere !ere t$e Winstons going !$en t$is inci#ent $"++ene#% aG bG cG dG home to *olford 5ental 'ospital to a party to the police station

&. W$"t !"s t$e re"son 'or t$e ne!s "nnouncement on t$e r"#io%

aG &i# people, including !ohn Downey, had been murdered. bG A dangerous prisoner had escaped. cG The police were warning of accidents on the roads in the bad weather. dG &ome people had been seen acting strangely in the *heshire area.

). W$"t #i# <eorge t$in. !"s c"using aG the carburetor t$e trou le !it$ t$e c"r% bG the rain drumming on the roof cG the accelerator dG he had no idea *. W$( #i# $e +ull t$e c"r o'' t$e aG to have a rest

55

ro"#%

bG to go for a walk cG to walk to the nearest house dG it broke down

/. W$( #i# 9"rie st"( in t$e c"r !$en aG &he was afraid to go out in the dark. <eorge le't% bG &o no(one would steal the car. cG 'er clothes weren"t suitable for the rain. dG &he wanted to get some sleep. 0. W$ere #i# <eorge set o'' to !"l. to% aG bG cG dG the 5ental 'ospital the nearest house the 'arrisons" house the police station

@. W$"t m"#e 9"rie so 'rig$tene# "s s$e !"ite# in t$e c"r%

aG There was a strange sound coming from the roof. bG &he could see a man acting strangely outside the car. cG &ome police cars came racing down the road. dG &he was afraid of the rain and the dark.

B. W$( #i# t$e +olicem"n tell $er not aG 'e didn"t want her to see the body of to loo. "c. !$en $e roug$t $er out her husband. o' t$e c"r% bG The killer was waiting behind her. cG 'e wanted her to forget everything that had happened during the night. dG 'e didn"t want her to see the damage done to the car. D. 9"rie s"(s8 CT$ere,s " $omici#"l m"ni"c out t$ereKC W$"t #oes C$omici#"l m"ni"cC me"n% 1?. In CSever"l +olicemen le"+t out8C Cle"+tC me"ns aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG terrible storm busy road crazy killer policeman threw umped shouted drove

T$e 2$o.ing 7og

2*ome on, come on, move it, idiotC2!oanne beat impatiently on the steering wheel of her 5ercedes sports car. 'ow stupid to get caught up in the rush hourC &he had planned to leave work early this afternoon, at three o"clock, to give herself a chance

56

to rela# and have a bath before going out to a meeting of her local tennis club. $ut ust at ten to three a client had arrived, and it was two hours before she had finished dealing with the man. When she came out of her office, all the other staff in the 'ighlight Advertising Agency had already left. .ow she was stuck in a traffic am in central $irmingham at 1I)4, and at DI)4 she was e#pected to be chairing a meeting of the tennis club. There would be no time for any hot bath. Ahead of her, the traffic was moving at last, and she swung =uickly out into the centre lane to turn right, and raced the last half(mile through the =uiet suburban streets to her house. ;ulling up on the driveway, she leapt out of the car and ran for the house. As she opened the door, she nearly tripped over &heba, who was standing behind it. 2'ey, &heba, hello,2 she said, bending down to stroke the large alsatian dog"s head, 2+"ve got no time for you now, but +"ll take you out as soon as + get back from the tennis club.2 +t was then that she noticed something worrying about the dog. &heba seemed to be coughing or choking, her stomach pumping repeatedly as if she was trying to vomit something up. &he was obviously in real discomfort and could hardly breatheH her sad eyes gazed up at !oanne helplessly. 2,h damn, this is all + need now,2 said !oanne to herself, dropping her briefcase and bending down to take a closer look, 2a sick dog, today of all daysC2 ,n closer e#amination, &heba did look very sick, and !oanne realised she would have to take her down to the vet immediately. Luckily, the vet"s surgery was only a few streets away, and !oanne =uickly loaded the dog, still coughing and choking, into her car for the short drive. When she got there, the surgery was ust about to close for the day. Luckily, Dr. &terne had not left yet, and when he saw the state of &heba, he brought her =uickly into his office. 2+t looks like something is stuck in her throat,2 said Dr. &terne. +t shouldn"t take me too long to get it out. 2Listen, doctor, +"m really in a rush to get to a meeting (( can + leave her with you, and go and get changedE +"ll be back in ten minutes to pick her up, then +"ll take her on to the meeting with me. +s that ,<E2 2&ure,2 said the doctor. 2>ou get going. +"ll see you in ten minutes.2 !oanne umped back into her car again, and made the =uick trip round to her house in a couple of minutes. As she was once more entering the hallway, the phone on the table by the door began to ring. &he picked it up, annoyed by this additional interruption to her plans.2This is Dr. &terne,2 said an an#ious voice. 2+s that you, !oanneE2 2,f course it"s me,2 said !oanne, surprised at the sound of his voice, 2no(one else lives here.22+ want you to get right out of that house immediately,2 said the doctor"s voice. 2Aight now. +"m coming round right away, and the police will be there any time now. Wait outside for us.2 The phone went dead. !oanne stared at it. &he was confused, but she was also a little frightened by the obvious fear in the voice of the doctor. &he replaced the receiver, then =uickly backed out of the door and ran into the street. At that moment, a police car with its lights flashing swung round the corner and screeched to a stop outside the house. Two policemen got out. After briefly checking that she was the owner of the house, they ran into the house through the still open door, without e#plaining anything. !oanne was by now completely confused and very frightened. Then the doctor arrived. 2Where"s &hebaE +s she ,<E2 shouted !oanne, running over to his car. 2&he"s fine, !oanne. + e#tracted the thing which was choking her, and she"s ,< now.2 2Well what"s this all aboutE Why are the police in my houseE2 !ust then, the two policemen reappeared from the house, half(carrying a white( faced figure, a man in a dark grey sweater and eans, who, it seemed, could hardly walk. There was blood all over him. 25y @od,2 said !oanne, 2how did he get in thereE And how did you know he was thereE2 2+ think he must be a burglar,2 said the doctor.

57

2+ knew he was there because when + finally removed what was stuck in &heba"s throat, it turned out to be three human fingers. + don"t think he"s a very happy burglar.2 ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< SENTEN2ES: 1. W$ere #i# Ho"nne !or.% aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG an advertising agency a vet"s surgery a 5ercedes dealer"s office the te#t does not say &he was lost. &he had lost a client at work. &he was stuck in a traffic am. 'er dog was sick. +t was time for &heba"s checkup. The dog couldn"t breathe properly. &he wanted to get her out of the house. The doctor had asked to see her.

&. W$( !"s s$e "ngr( "t t$e eginning o' t$e stor(%

). W$( #i# s$e t".e t$e #og to 7r. Sterne,s surger(%

*. W$( #i# s$e le"ve t$e #og "t t$e aG &he wanted to catch a burglar. surger( "n# #rive $ome "g"in% bG The dog was too sick to come home. cG The doctor wanted to keep her. dG !oanne wanted to change her clothes. /. Ho! long #i# it t".e Ho"nne to #rive $ome 'rom t$e surger(% aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG two minutes ten minutes an hour the te#t does not say The police arrived. The phone rang. The dog died. A burglar was ust escaping.

0. W$"t $"++ene# "s s$e "rrive# $ome 'or t$e secon# time%

@. W$( #i# t$e #octor tell $er to get aG There was a dangerous dog in there. out o' t$e $ouse% bG +t was on fire. cG 'e knew there was a burglar inside. dG 'e wanted to meet her outside. B. W$( #i# t$e urgl"r loo. ver( sic.% aG The police had caught him, and he would probably have to go to prison. bG 'e had caught a disease from the dog. cG 'e hadn"t found any valuable things to steal. dG The dog had bitten off his fingers. aG stared

D. T$e stor( s"(s t$"t t$e #og

58

Cg">e# u+ "t Ho"nne $el+lessl(C. C<">e#C me"ns 1?. A Cvet,s surger(C is +ro " l(

bG cried cG barked dG laughed aG bG cG dG a serious operation a minor operation an animal doctor"s office a police station

T$e 2"r+et ;itter

%ddie was a carpet fitter, and he hated it. 6or ten years he had spent his days sitting, s=uatting, kneeling or crawling on floors, in houses, offices, shops, factories and restaurants. Ten years of his life, cutting and fitting carpets for other people to walk on, without even seeing them. When his work was done, no(one ever appreciated it. .o( one ever said 2,h, that"s a beautiful ob, the carpet fits so neatly.2 They ust walked all over it. %ddie was sick of it. 'e was especially sick of it on this hot, humid day in August, as he worked to put the finishing touches to today"s ob. 'e was ust cutting and fi#ing the last edge on a huge red carpet which he had fitted in the living room of 5rs. Fanbrugh"s house. Aich 5rs. Fanbrugh, who changed her carpets every year, and always bought the best. Aich 5rs. Fanbrugh, who had never even given him a cup of tea all day, and who made him go outside when he wanted to smoke. Ah well, it was four o"clock and he had nearly finished. At least he would be able to get home early today. 'e began to day(dream about the weekend, about the &aturday football game he always played for the local team, where he was known as 2%d the 'ead2 for his skill in heading goals from corner kicks. %ddie sat back and sighed. The ob was done, and it was time for a last cigarette. 'e began tapping the pockets of his overalls, looking for the new packet of 5arlboro he had bought that morning. They were not there. +t was as he swung around to look in his toolbo# for the cigarettes that %ddie saw the lump. Aight in the middle of the brand new bright red carpet, there was a lump. A very visible lump. A lump the size of (( the size of a packet of cigarettes. 2$lastC2 said %ddie angrily. 2+"ve done it againC +"ve left the cigarettes under the blasted carpetC2.'e had done this once before, and taking up and refitting the carpet had taken him two hours. %ddie was determined that he was not going to spend another two hours in this house. 'e decided to get rid of the lump another way. +t would mean wasting a good packet of cigarettes, nearly full, but anything was better than taking up the whole carpet and fitting it again. 'e turned to his toolbo# for a large hammer. 'olding the hammer, %ddie approached the lump in the carpet. 'e didn"t want to damage the carpet itself, so he took a block of wood and placed it on top of the lump. Then he began to beat the block of wood as hard as he could. 'e kept beating, hoping 5rs. Fanbrugh wouldn"t hear the noise and come to see what he was doing. +t would be difficult to e#plain why he was hammering the middle of her beautiful new carpet. After three or four minutes, the lump was beginning to flatten out. %ddie imagined the cigarette bo# breaking up, and the crushed cigarettes spreading out under the carpet. &oon, he udged that the lump was almost invisible. *learing up his tools, he began to move the furniture back into the living room, and he was careful to place one of the coffee tables over the place where the lump had been, ust to make sure that no(one would see the spot where 59

his cigarettes had been lost. 6inally, the ob was finished, and he called 5rs. Fanbrugh from the dining room to inspect his work. 2>es, dear, very nice,2 said the lady, peering around the room briefly. 2>ou"ll be sending me a bill, thenE2 2>es madam, as soon as + report to the office tomorrow that the ob is done.2 %ddie picked up his tools, and began to walk out to the van. 5rs. Fanbrugh accompanied him. &he seemed a little worried about something. 2>oung man,2 she began, as he climbed into the cab of his van, laying his toolbo# on the passenger seat beside him, 2while you were working today, you didn"t by any chance see any sign of Armand, did youE Armand is my parakeet. A beautiful bird, ust beautiful, such colors in his feathers... + let him out of his cage, you see, this morning, and he"s disappeared. 'e likes to walk around the house, and he"s so good, he usually ust comes back to his cage after an hour or so and gets right in. ,nly today he didn"t come back. 'e"s never done such a thing before, it"s most peculiar...2 2.o, madam, + haven"t seen him anywhere,2 said %ddie, as he reached to start the van. And saw his packet of 5arlboro cigarettes on the dashboard, where he had left it at lunchtime...And remembered the lump in the carpet... And realised what the lump was....And remembered the hammering... And began to feel rather sick.... ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< SENTEN2ES: 1. W$( #i# E##ie $"te eing " c"r+etF 'itter% aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG The pay was too low. 'e didn"t like working alone. .o(one appreciated his work. 'e couldn"t smoke on the ob. &he was a kind, thoughtful lady. &he was rich and selfish. &he was always losing things. &he had good taste in furniture.

&. W$"t #i# E##ie t$in. o' 9rs. A"n rug$%

). W$( !"s E##ie c"lle# CE# t$e He"#C aG $ecause he was such an intelligent ( $is 'rien#s% carpet(fitter. bG $ecause he had a large head. cG $ecause he was very proud and self( important. dG $ecause of his footballing skills. *. W$"t #i# E##ie !"nt to #o !$en $e $"# 'inis$e# 'itting t$e c"r+et% aG bG cG dG have a cigarette hammer the carpet flat look for 5rs. Fanbrugh"s lost bird start work in the dining room

/. W$( #i#n,t E##ie remove t$e c"r+et aG 'e couldn"t take the carpet up once he to t".e out t$e t$ing t$"t !"s c"using had fitted it. t$e lum+% bG 'e didn"t need the cigarettes because he had some more in the van. cG +t would take too long to remove the carpet and re(fit it. dG 'e intended to come back and 60

remove the lump the ne#t day. 0. W$"t #i# E##ie #o !it$ t$e $"mmer% aG bG cG dG @. W$"t !"s 9rs. A"n rug$ !orrie# " out% hammered nails into the lump fi#ed the coffee table left it under the carpet flattened the carpet

aG 'er bird was missing. bG &he thought the carpet was going to be too e#pensive. cG &he thought %ddie had been smoking in the house. dG &he couldn"t find her husband Armand. aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG the cigarettes %ddie"s toolbo# nothing the missing bird had no idea decided for sure felt very angry couldn"t decide normal like a bird difficult strange

B. W$"t !"s re"ll( un#er t$e c"r+et%

D. CE##ie !"s #etermine#....C me"ns t$"t $e:

1?. C-eculi"rC in t$e sentence CHe,s never #one suc$ " t$ing e'ore8 it,s most +eculi"r...C me"ns:

T$e Hitc$$i.er
As Andrea turned off the motorway onto the road to $rockbourne, the small village in which she lived, it was four o"clock in the afternoon, but already the sun was falling behind the hills. At this time in December, it would be completely dark by five o"clock. Andrea shivered. The interior of the car was not cold, but the trees bending in the harsh wind and the patches of yesterday"s snow still heaped in the fields made her feel chilly inside. +t was another ten miles to the cottage where she lived with her husband 5ichael, and the dim light and wintry weather made her feel a little lonely. &he would have liked to listen to the radio, but it had been stolen from her car when it was parked outside her office in London about two weeks ago, and she had not got around to replacing it yet. &he was ust coming out of the little village of 5ickley when she saw the old lady, standing by the road, with a crude hand(written sign saying 2$rockbourne2 in her hand. Andrea was surprised. &he had never seen an old lady hitchhiking before. 'owever, the weather and the coming darkness made her feel sorry for the lady, waiting hopefully on a country road like this with little traffic.

61

.ormally, Andrea would never pick up a hitchhiker when she was alone, thinking it was too dangerous, but what was the harm in doing a favor for a little old lady like thisE Andrea pulled up a little way down the road, and the lady, holding a big shopping bag, hurried over to climb in the door which Andrea had opened for her. When she did get in, Andrea could see that she was not, in fact, so little. $road and fat, the old lady had some difficulty climbing in through the car door, with her big bag, and when she had got in, she more than filled the seat ne#t to Andrea. &he wore a long, shabby old dress, and she had a yellow hat pulled down low over her eyes. ;anting noisily from her effort, she pushed her big brown canvas shopping bag down onto the floor under her feet, and said in a voice which was almost a whisper, 2Thank you dearie (( +"m ust going to $rockbourne. 2Do you live thereE2 asked Andrea, thinking that she had never seen the old lady in the village in the four years she had lived there herself.2.o, dearie,2 answered the passenger, in her soft voice, 2+"m ust going to visit a friend. 'e was supposed to meet me back there at 5ickley, but his car won"t start, so + decided to hitchhike (( there isn"t a bus until seven, and + didn"t want to wait. + knew some kind soul would give me a lift.2 &omething in the way the lady spoke, and the way she never turned her head, but stared continuously into the darkness ahead from under her old yellow hat, made Andrea uneasy about this strange hitchhiker. &he didn"t know why, but she felt instinctively that there was something wrong, something odd, something....dangerous. $ut how could an old lady be dangerousE it was absurd. *areful not to turn her head, Andrea looked sideways at her passenger. &he studied the hat, the dirty collar of the dress, the shapeless body, the arms with their thick black hairs....Thick black hairsE'airy armsE Andrea"s blood froze.This wasn"t a woman. +t was a man. At first, she didn"t know what to do. Then suddenly, an idea came into her racing, terrified brain. &winging the wheel suddenly, she threw the car into a skid, and brought it to a halt. 25y @odC2 she shouted, 2A childC Did you see the childE + think + hit herC2. The 2old lady2 was clearly shaken by the sudden skid. 2+ didn"t see anything dearie,2 she said. 2+ don"t think you hit anything.2 2+"m sure it was a childC2 insisted Andrea. 2*ould you ust get out and have a lookE !ust see if there"s anything on the roadE2 &he held her breath. Would her plan workE +t did. The passenger slowly opened the car door, leaving her bag inside, and climbed out to investigate. As soon as she was out of the vehicle, Andrea gunned the engine and accelerated madly away. The car door swung shut as she rounded a bend, and soon she had put a good three miles between herself and the awful hitchhiker. +t was only then that she thought about the bag lying on the floor in front of her. 5aybe the bag would provide some information about the real identity about the old woman who was not an old woman. ;ulling into the side of the road, Andrea lifted the heavy bag onto her lap and opened it curiously. +t contained only one item (( a small hand a#e, with a razor(sharp blade. The a#e, and the inside of the bag, were covered with the dark red stains of dried blood. Andrea began to scream. ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< SENTEN2ES: 1. W$ere #i# An#re" !or.% aG bG cG dG $rockbourne 5ickley London the te#t doesn"t say

62

&. Ho! !"s An#re" 'eeling "s aG happy s$e #rove $ome% bG afraid cG lonely dG hot ). W$( #i#n,t s$e listen to t$e aG The radio had been stolen from her car. r"#io% bG &he liked peace and =uiet. cG The radio was broken. dG There was a strike at the radio station. *. W$( #i# s$e sto+ to give t$e ol# l"#( " ri#e% aG bG cG dG +t was a cold evening. Andrea felt lonely. &he felt sorry for the lady. All of the above.

/. W$ere #i# t$e l"#( !"nt to aG $rockbourne go% bG 5ickley cG London dG The te#t doesn"t say 0. W$"t m"#e An#re" "'r"i# !$en s$e loo.e# "t t$e ol# l"#(% @. W$( #i# An#re" su##enl( sto+ t$e c"r% aG bG cG dG &he had a moustache. &he had a hard voice like a man. &he had a shopping bag. &he had hairy arms.

aG &he thought she had hit a child in the road. bG &he skidded on some ice in the road. cG &he wanted to trick the passenger into getting out. dG &he was so afraid that she couldn"t concentrate, and she nearly had a crash. aG bG cG dG waited for her drove away =uickly opened her bag switched off the engine

B. W$"t #i# An#re" #o !$en t$e Col# l"#(C got out%

D. W$( #i# An#re" loo. in t$e aG &he wanted to steal what was in it. ol# l"#(,s "g% bG &he wanted to find her address so that she could send the bag back to her. cG &he wanted to borrow the old lady"s tools. dG &he wanted to find out who the strange passenger was. 1?. W$"t !"s t$e Col# l"#(C +ro " l( going to #o to An#re"% aG bG cG dG nothing kill her give her an a#e visit her in $rockbourne

63

T$e Americ"n -e++er

25ummyC 5ummyC2 shouted little 5urna racing from the front door through to the kitchen. 2There"s a parcel. The postman"s brought a parcelC2 'er mother, &avni, looked at her in surprise. &he had no idea who could have sent them a parcel. 5aybe it was a mistake. &he hurried to the door to find out. &ure enough, the postman was there, holding a parcel about the size of a small brick. 26rom America, madam,2 he said. 2&eeC American stamps.2 +t was true. +n the top right(hand corner of the brown paper parcel were three strange(looking stamps, showing a man"s head. The package was addressed to &avni, in big, clear black letters. 2Well, + suppose it must be from @reat(Aunt ;asni,2 said &avni to herself, as the postman went on his way down the street, whistling. 2Although it must be twenty years since we heard anything from her. + thought she would have been dead by now. &avni"s husband !ornas and her son Arinas were ust coming in from the garden, where 5urna had run to tell them about the parcel. 2Well, open it thenC2 said Arinas impatiently. 2Let"s see what"s insideC2 &etting the parcel down in the middle of the table, &avni carefully began to tear open the paper. +nside, there was a large silver container with a hinged lid, which was taped shut. There was also a letter. 2What is itE What is itE2 demanded 5urna impatiently. 2+s it a presentE2 .2+ have no idea,2 said &avni in confusion. 2+ think it must be from @reat(Aunt ;asni. &he went to America almost thirty years ago now. $ut we haven"t heard from her in twenty years. ;erhaps the letter will tell us.2 &he opened the folded page cautiously, then looked up in dismay. 2Well, this is no helpC2 she said in annoyance. 2+t"s written in %nglishC 'ow does she e#pect us to read %nglishE We"re poor people, we have no education. 5aybe ;asni has forgotten her native language, after thirty years in America.2.2Well, open the pot, anyway,2 said !ornas. 2Let"s see what"s inside.2*autiously, &avni pulled the tape from the neck of the silver pot, and opened the lid. 6our heads touched over the top of the container, as their owners stared down inside. 2&trange,2 said Arinas. 2All + see is powder.2 The pot was about one(third full of a kind of light(grey powder. 2What is itE2 asked 5urna, mystified. 2We don"t know, darling,2 said &avni, stroking her daughter"s hair. 2What do you thinkE2 5urna stared again into the pot. 2+ think it"s coffee,2 she announced, finally. 2American coffee.2 2+t"s the wrong colour for coffee, darling,2 said !ornas thoughtfully. 2$ut maybe she"s on the right track. +t must be some kind of food.2 5urna, by now, had her nose right down into the pot. &uddenly, she lifted her head and sneezed loudly.2+d god ub by doze,2 she e#plained. 2That"s itC2 said Arinas. 2+t must be pepperC Let me try some.2 Dipping a finger into the powder, he licked it. 2>es,2 he said, 2it"s pepper all right. 5ild, but =uite tasty. +t"s American pepper.2 2All right,2 said &avni, 2we"ll try it on the stew tonight. We"ll have American(style stewC2 That evening, the whole family agreed that the American pepper had added a special e#tra taste to their usual evening stew. They were delighted with it. $y the end of the week, there was only a teaspoonful of the grey powder left in the silver container. Then &avni called a halt. 2We"re saving the last bit for &unday. Dr. 'aret is coming to dinner, and we"ll let him have some as a special treat. Then it will be finished.2 The following &unday, the whole family put on their best clothes, ready for dinner with Dr. 'aret. 'e was the local doctor, and he had become a friend of the family many years before, when he had saved Arinas"s life after an accident. ,nce every couple of months, &avni invited the doctor for dinner, and they 64

all looked forward to his entertaining stories of his youth at the university in the capital. During dinner, &avni e#plained to the doctor about the mysterious American pepper, the last of which she had put in the stew they were eating, and the letter they could not read. 2Well, give it to me, give it to meC2 said the doctor briskly. 2+ speak %nglishC + can translate it for you.2 &avni brought the letter, and the family waited, fascinated, as the doctor began to translate. 2Dear &avniI you don"t know me, but + am the son of your old @reat(Aunt ;asni. &he never talked much to us about the old country, but in her final illness earlier this year, she told us that after her death, she wanted her ashes to be sent back home to you, so that you could scatter them on the hills of the country where she was born. 5y mother died two weeks ago, and her funeral and cremation took place last week. + am sending her ashes to you in a silver casket. ;lease do as she asked, and spread them over the ground near where she was born. >our cousin, @eorge Leary.2 K5D' /331 (( from a common urban legendG 9ULTI-LEF2HOI2E QUESTIONS 1. W$ere #oes t$is stor( t".e +l"ce% aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG America Arinas +ndia The te#t doesn"t say in brown paper in silver paper in grey paper in tape a little girl the @reat(Aunt the mother of the family the son of the family

&. Ho! !"s t$e +"rcel !r"++e#%

). W$o !"s S"vni%

*. W$( #on,t t$e '"mil( re"# t$e letter%

aG They are too impatient to look in the container. bG +t is addressed to the doctor. cG +t is in %nglish. dG +t is missing. aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG dust ashes coffee pepper +t tastes very hot. +t makes 5urna sneeze. +t is written on the pot. The letter says so.

/. W$"t #oes 9urn" t$in. is in t$e +ot%

0. W$( #oes Arin"s t$in. t$"t t$e +o!#er is +e++er%

65

@. W$"t #oes t$e '"mil( #o !it$ t$e aG They keep it to give to the doctor. +o!#er% bG They send it back to America. cG They make drinks with it. dG They put it on their food. B. W$( #oes S"vni s"ve t$e l"st it aG o' t$e +o!#er% bG cG dG D. Ho! #oes 7r. H"ret solve t$e m(ster(% aG bG cG dG aG bG cG dG as a souvenir for Dr. 'aret to analyse it to spread it on the hills 'e analyses the powder. 'e recognizes the powder. 'e is a friend of ;asni. 'e translates the letter. coffee @reat(Aunt ;asni dust special American pepper

1?. W$"t !"s re"ll( in t$e +ot%

7irt( Brit"in
$efore the grass has thickened on the roadside verges and leaves have started growing on the trees is a perfect time to look around and see ust how dirty $ritain has become. The pavements are stained with chewing gum that has been spat out and the gutters are full of discarded fast food cartons. >ears ago + remember travelling abroad and being saddened by the plastic bags, discarded bottles and soiled nappies at the edge of every road. .owadays, $ritain seems to look at least as bad. What has gone wrongEThe problem is that the rubbish created by our increasingly mobile lives lasts a lot longer than before. +f it is not cleared up and properly thrown away, it stays in the undergrowth for yearsH a semi(permanent reminder of what a tatty little country we have now. 6irstly, it is estimated that /4 billion plastic bags have been given to shoppers. These will take anything from /44 to /,444 years to rot. 'owever, it is not as if there is no solution to this. A few years ago, the +rish government introduced a ta# on non( recyclable carrier bags and in three months reduced their use by 34J. When he was a minister, 5ichael 5eacher attempted to introduce a similar arrangement in $ritain. The plastics industry protested, of course. 'owever, they need not have botheredH the idea was killed before it could draw breath, leaving supermarkets free to give away plastic bags.

66

What is clearly necessary right now is some sort of combined initiative, both individual and collective, before it is too late. The alternative is to continue sliding downhill until we have a country that looks like a vast municipal rubbish tip. We may well be at the tipping point. >et we know that people respond to their environment. +f things around them are clean and tidy, people behave cleanly and tidily. +f they are surrounded by s=ualor, they behave s=ualidly. .ow, much of $ritain looks pretty s=ualid. What will it look like in five yearsE QUESTIONS Q1 ( T$e !riter s"(s t$"t it is " goo# time to see Brit"in e'ore t$e trees $"ve le"ves ec"use $ritain looks perfect. you can see $ritain at its dirtiest. you can see how dirty $ritain is now. the grass has thickened on the verges. Q& F Accor#ing to t$e !riter8 t$ings use# to e worse abroad. the same abroad. better abroad. worse, but now things are better abroad.

Q) ( ;or t$e !riter8 t$e +ro lem is t$"t rubbish is not cleared up. rubbish last longer than it used to. our society is increasingly mobile. $ritain is a tatty country. Q* F 9ic$"el 9e"c$er followed the +rish e#ample with a ta# on plastic bags. tried to follow the +rish e#ample with a ta# on plastic bags. made no attempt to follow the +rish e#ample with a ta# on plastic bags. had problems with the plastics industry who weren"t bothered about the ta#. Q/ F T$e !riter t$in.s it is too late to do anything. we are at the tipping point. there is no alternative. we need to work together to solve the problem. Q0 F T$e !riter t$in.s t$"t people are s=ualid. people behave according to what they see around them. people are clean and tidy. people are like a vast municipal rubbish tip

67

Englis$ "s " N"tion"l ;oreign L"ngu"ge

+ndia has two national languages for central administrative purposesI 'indi and %nglish. 'indi is the national, official, and main link language of +ndia. %nglish is an associate official language. The +ndian *onstitution also officially approves twenty(two regional languages for official purposes.Dozens of distinctly different regional languages are spoken in +ndia, which share many characteristics such as grammatical structure and vocabulary. Apart from these languages, 'indi is used for communication in +ndia. The homeland of 'indi is mainly in the north of +ndia, but it is spoken and widely understood in all urban centers of +ndia. +n the southern states of +ndia, where people speak many different languages that are not much related to 'indi, there is more resistance to 'indi, which has allowed %nglish to remain a lingua franca to a greater degree. &ince the early /D44s, the %nglish language has had a toehold on the +ndian subcontinent, when the %ast +ndia *ompany established settlements in *hennai, <olkata, and 5umbai, formerly 5adras, *alcutta, and $ombay respectively. The historical background of +ndia is never far away from everyday usage of %nglish. +ndia has had a longer e#posure to %nglish than any other country which uses it as a second language, its distinctive words, idioms, grammar and rhetoric spreading gradually to affect all places, habits and culture. +n +ndia, %nglish serves two purposes. 6irst, it provides a linguistic tool for the administrative cohesiveness of the country, causing people who speak different languages to become united. &econdly, it serves as a language of wider communication, including a large variety of different people covering a vast area. +t overlaps with local languages in certain spheres of influence and in public domains. @enerally, %nglish is used among +ndians as a OlinkM language and it is the first language for many well(educated +ndians. +t is also the second language for many who speak more than one language in +ndia. The %nglish language is a tie that helps bind the many segments of our society together. Also, it is a linguistic bridge between the ma or countries of the world and +ndia. %nglish has special national status in +ndia. +t has a special place in the parliament, udiciary, broadcasting, ournalism, and in the education system. ,ne can see a 'indi(speaking teacher giving their students instructions during an educational tour about where to meet and when their bus would leave, but all in %nglish. +t means that the language permeates daily life. +t is unavoidable and is always e#pected, especially in the cities. The importance of the ability to speak or write %nglish has recently increased significantly because %nglish has become the de facto standard. Learning %nglish language has become popular for business, commerce and cultural reasons and especially for internet communications throughout the world. %nglish is a language that has become a standard not because it has been approved by any OstandardsM organization but because it is widely used by many information and technology industries and recognized as being standard. The call centre phenomenon has stimulated a huge e#pansion of internet(related activity, establishing the future of +ndia as a cyber( technological super(power. 5odern communications, videos, ournals and newspapers on the internet use %nglish and have made Oknowing %nglishM indispensable. The prevailing view seems to be that unless students learn %nglish, they can only work in limited obs. Those who do not have basic knowledge of %nglish cannot obtain good =uality obs. They cannot communicate efficiently with others, and cannot have the benefit of +ndiaMs rich social and cultural life. 5en and women who cannot comprehend and interpret instructions in %nglish, even if 68

educated, are unemployable. They cannot help with their childrenMs school homework everyday or decide their revenue options of the future. A positive attitude to %nglish as a national language is essential to the integration of people into +ndian society. There would appear to be virtually no disagreement in the community about the importance of %nglish language skills. -sing %nglish you will become a citizen of the world almost naturally. %nglish plays a dominant role in the media. +t has been used as a medium for inter(state communication and broadcasting both before and since +ndiaMs independence. +ndia is, without a doubt, committed to %nglish as a national language. The impact of %nglish is not only continuing but increasing. QUESTIONS Q1 F Accor#ing to t$e !riter8 t$e In#i"n constitution recognises :: official languages. 'indi as the national language. : national, official languages. : national languages. Q& ( Englis$,s st"tus "s " lingu" 'r"nc" is $el+e# ( its status in northern +ndia. the fact that it is widely understood in urban centres. the fact that people from the south speak languages not much related to 'indi. it shares many grammatical similarities with 'indi. Q) F In +"r"gr"+$ )8 ,toe$ol#, me"ns t$"t Englis$ dominated +ndia. changed the names of some cities in +ndia. has had a presence in +ndia. has been in +ndia longer than any other language. Q* F Hin#iFs+e".ing te"c$ers might well be heard using %nglish. only use %nglish. only use %nglish for instructions. do not use %nglish. Q/ ( In +"r"gr"+$ eig$t8 it s"(s ,t$e +rev"iling vie!,8 !$ic$ suggests t$"t the view is correct. the view is held by the ma ority. the view is incorrect. the view is held by the minority. Q0 F Englis$ in In#i" is going to decrease. has decreased since independence. causes disagreement. is going to have a greater importance.

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9"r. Rot$.o
5ark Aothko, one of the greatest painters of the twentieth century, was born in Daugavpils, Latvia in /34). 'is father emigrated to the -nited &tates, afraid that his sons would be drafted into the *zarist army. 5ark stayed in Aussia with his mother and older sisterH they oined the family later, arriving in the winter of /3/), after a /:( day voyage. 5ark moved to .ew >ork in the autumn of /3:) and found employment in the garment trade and took up residence on the -pper West &ide. +t was while he was visiting someone at the Art &tudents League that he saw students sketching a nude model. According to him, this was the start of his life as an artist. 'e was twenty years old and had taken some art lessons at school, so his initial e#perience was far from an immediate calling. +n /3)D, 5ark Aothko began writing a book, which he never completed, about the similarities in the children"s art and the work of modern painters. The work of modernists, which was influenced by primitive art, could, according to him, be compared to that of children in that 2child art transforms itself into primitivism, which is only the child producing a mimicry of himself.2 +n this same work, he said that 2the fact that one usually begins with drawing is already academic. We start with colour.2 +t was not long before his multiforms developed into the style he is remembered forH in /393 Aothko e#hibited these new works at the $etty ;arsons @allery. 6or critic 'arold Aosenberg, the paintings were a revelation. Aothko had, after painting his first multiform, secluded himself to his home in %ast 'ampton on Long +sland, only inviting a very few people, including Aosenberg, to view the new paintings. The discovery of his definitive form came at a period of great griefH his mother <ate died in ,ctober /390 and it was at some point during that winter that Aothko chanced upon the striking symmetrical rectangular blocks of two to three opposing or contrasting, yet complementary colours. As part of this new uniformity of artistic vision, his paintings and drawings no longer had individual titlesH from this point on they were simply untitled, numbered or dated. 'owever, to assist in distinguishing one work from another, dealers would sometimes add the primary colours to the name. Additionally, for the ne#t few years, Aothko painted in oil only on large vertical canvasses. This was done to overwhelm the viewer, or, in his words, to make the viewer feel enveloped within the picture. ,n 6ebruary :1, /3?4, ,liver &teindecker, AothkoMs assistant, found him in his kitchen, lying on the floor in front of the sink, covered in blood. 'is arms had been cut open with a razor. The emergency doctor arrived on the scene minutes later to pronounce him dead as the result of suicideH it was discovered during the autopsy that he had also overdosed on anti(depressants. 'e was ust DD years old. QUESTIONS Q1 ( 9"r. Rot$.o emigr"te# to t$e Unite# St"tes with his father and elder sister. with his mother and brothers.

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with his mother and elder sister. with all his family. Q& F Rot$.o !"nte# to e "n "rtist from his early childhood. when he oined the Art &tudents League. when he watched students drawing. when he moved to the -pper West &ide. Q) F Rot$.o t$oug$t t$"t mo#ern "rt was primitive. could be compared to children"s pictures. was already academic. was childish. Q* F Rot$.o,s #istinctive st(le was inspired by Aosenberg. resulted from moving to Long +sland. resulted from his grief. evolved in /390. Q/ F W$o n"me# +"intings ( t$eir colours% Aosenberg Aothko Dealers &teindecker

T$e <re"t W"ll o' 2$in"

Walls and wall building have played a very important role in *hinese culture. These people, from the dim mists of prehistory have been wall(consciousH from the .eolithic period P when ramparts of pounded earth were used ( to the *ommunist Aevolution, walls were an essential part of any village. .ot only towns and villagesH the houses and the temples within them were somehow walled, and the houses also had no windows overlooking the street, thus giving the feeling of wandering around a huge maze. The name for QcityR in *hinese KchMengG means wall, and over these walled cities, villages, houses and temples presides the god of walls and mounts, whose duties were, and still are, to protect and be responsible for the welfare of the inhabitants. Thus a great and e#tremely laborious task such as constructing a wall, which was supposed to run throughout the country, must not have seemed such an absurdity. 'owever, it is indeed a common mistake to perceive the @reat Wall as a single architectural structure, and it would also be erroneous to assume that it was built during a single dynasty. 6or the building of the wall spanned the various dynasties, and each of these dynasties somehow contributed to the refurbishing and the construction of a wall, whose foundations had been laid many centuries ago. +t was during the fourth and third century $.*. that each warring state started building walls to protect their kingdoms, both against one another and against the northern nomads. %specially three of these statesI the *hMin, the *hao and the >en, corresponding respectively to the modern provinces of &hensi, &hanzi and 'opei, 71

over and above building walls that surrounded their kingdoms, also laid the foundations on which *hMin &hih 'uang Di would build his first continuous @reat Wall. The role that the @reat Wall played in the growth of *hinese economy was an important one. Throughout the centuries many settlements were established along the new border. The garrison troops were instructed to reclaim wasteland and to plant crops on it, roads and canals were built, to mention ust a few of the works carried out. All these undertakings greatly helped to increase the countryMs trade and cultural e#changes with many remote areas and also with the southern, central and western parts of Asia P the formation of the &ilk Aoute. $uilders, garrisons, artisans, farmers and peasants left behind a trail of ob ects, including inscribed tablets, household articles, and written work, which have become e#tremely valuable archaeological evidence to the study of defence institutions of the @reat Wall and the everyday life of these people who lived and died along the wall. QUESTIONS Q1 F 2$inese cities resem le# " m">e because they were walled. because the houses has no e#ternal windows. because the name for cities means "wall". because walls have always been important there. Q& F 2onstructing " !"ll t$"t r"n t$e lengt$ o' t$e countr( honoured the god of walls and mounts. was an absurdly laborious task. may have made sense within *hinese culture. made the country look like a huge maze. Q) F T$e <re"t W"ll o' 2$in" was built in a single dynasty. was refurbished in the fourth and third centuries $*. used e#isting foundations. was built by the *hMin, the *hao and the >en. Q* ( 2ro+s !ere +l"nte# on wasteland. to reclaim wasteland. on reclaimed wasteland. along the canals. Q/ F T$e <re"t W"ll helped build trade only inside *hina. helped build trade in *hina and abroad. helped build trade only abroad. helped build trade only to remote areas

Air us crisis over

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Airbus says it has turned the corner after a crisis connected to production problems and turmoil in the boardroom at its A)04 super( umbo pro ect that has gone on for the past year. &peaking at the ;aris air show, Louis @allois, *%, of the %uropean planemaker, said, 2Airbus is back.2 Airbus, which announced a raft of orders on the first day of the show, is competing with $oeing, its American rival, for the title of the largest planemaker in the world. $oeing is e#pected to reveal the numbers of orders for its ?0? Dreamliner soon. Airbus orders unveiled on 5onday included Satar Airways confirming a 8/Dbn order for 04 A)14 Airbus planes and ordering three A)04 super( umbos for about 8?14m. $oeing and Airbus are also competing for orders from aircraft leasing firms. ,rders from these companies ( who rank highly among the biggest global buyers of aircraft ( are often regarded as an indication of how successful a model will be in the long term. Airbus also secured orders from -& Airways that are worth 8/4bn for :: of its A)14 ets, D4 A):4s and ten of its A))4(:44 wide(body planes. A few months ago, Airbus unveiled a ma or cost(cutting programme aiming to reduce the workforce in %urope by /4,444, as well as announcing a group restructuring. 2+ can tell you with full confidence that Airbus is back and fully back, as you have started noting yesterday as demonstrated by our first day announcements,2 said 5r @allois on the second day of the air show. 'owever, $oeing also announced a deal with @eneral %lectric K@%G on the show"s first day. @%"s commercial aviation services placed an order for si# ??? $oeing freighters valued at around 8/.9bn, to be delivered in the last =uarter of :440. A Wall &treet !ournal website report, =uoting the Delta operating chief yesterday said that Delta Air Lines were on the verge of ordering as many as /:1 $oeing ?0? etliners by the end of this year. 'owever, a spokesman for Delta later said that it had been having conversations 2with several aircraft makers2 and that 2no final decision2 had been made on future fleet purchases.

QUESTIONS Q1 ( T$e +ro lems "t Air us have been resolved completely. are well on their way to being sorted out. are far from resolved. Q& F Air us "nnounce# a large number of orders on the first day of the show. some orders on the first day of the show. a few orders on the first day of the show. Q) F Q"t"r Air!"(s or#ere#

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0) planes on 5onday. 04 planes on 5onday. ) planes on 5onday. Q* ( US Air!"(s placed an order for the new super( umbo. didn"t place an order for the new super( umbo. may have placed an order for the new super( umbo. Q/ F Boeing announced sales of the Dreamliner. may sell some Dreamliners to @eneral %lectric. may sell some Dreamliners to Delta Air Lines. Q0 F T$e W"ll Street Hourn"l !e site re+ort was definitely correct. was possibly correct. was definitely wrong .

Scottis$ In#e+en#ence
The ma ority of people in &cotland are in favour breaking away from the rest of the -< and becoming independent, according to a poll taken ust before the )44th anniversary of the Act of -nion, which united &cotland and %ngland. A pair of Acts of ;arliament, passed in /?4D and /?4? that came into effect on 5ay /, /?4?, created @reat $ritain. The parliaments of both countries were dissolved, and replaced by a new ;arliament of @reat $ritain in Westminster, London. he poll showed support for independence for &cotland is running at 1/J. This is the first time since /330 that support for separation has passed 14J, and the first time since devolution gave power to the country in /333. &i# months before elections for the &cottish ;arliament, these poll results come as good news to the &cottish .ationalist ;arty, who are hoping to make progress against Labour and further the cause of an independent &cotland. 5any people have become disillusioned with devolution, and believe that the &cottish ;arliament has failed to deliver what they had hoped it wouldH only a tenth have no opinion. +n fact, only )3J of those polled want to keep things as they are. QUESTIONS Q1 F Scotl"n# "n# Engl"n# have always been united. want to break up the union. have been united for a long time. were united by war. Q& ( <re"t Brit"in was formed by an Act of ;arliament in /?4D. was formed by two Acts of ;arliament in /?4?. 74

was formed by an Act of ;arliament that came into effect on 5ay /st /?4?. was formed by Acts of ;arliament that came into effect on 5ay /st /?4?. Q) F -eo+le !$o !"nt in#e+ence 'or Scotl"n# are the vast ma ority. are in the minority. are the slight ma ority. have decreased in number since devolution. Q* F T$e m"4orit( o' +eo+le !"nte# in#e+en#ence 'or t$e 'irst time before devolution. in /333. after devolution. before and after independence. Q/ F T$e results o' t$e +oll "re goo# ne!s for Labour. for both parties. for the &cottish .ationalist ;arty. for devolution. Q0 ( 9ost +eo+le,s o+inions o' #evolution have gone up. have gone down. are the same. make progress against Labour. Q@ F T$e num er o' +eo+le !$o !"nt to .ee+ t$ings "s t$e( "re is greater than those that don"t know. is smaller than those that don"t know. is increasing. is the ma ority

Neit$er " Borro!er Nor " Len#er Be

$oth borrowers and lenders in the sub(prime mortgage market are wishing they had listened to the old sayingI neither a borrower nor a lender be. Last year people with poor credit ratings borrowed 8D41 billion in mortgages, a figure that is about :4J of the home(loan market. +t includes people who cannot afford to meet the mortgage payments on e#pensive homes they have bought, and low(income buyers. +n some cases, the latter could not even meet the first payment. Lenders include banks like '&$*, which may have lost almost 8? billion. $oth sides can be blamed. Lenders, after the :() percentage point premium they could charge, offered loans, known as "liar loans", with no down payments and without any income verification to people with bad credit histories. They believed that rising house prices would cover them in the event of default. $orrowers ignored the fact that interest rates would rise after an initial period. ,ne result is that default rates on these sub(prime mortgages reached /9J last year( a record. The problems in this market also threaten to spread to the rest of

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the mortgage market, which would reduce the flow of credit available to the shrinking numbers of consumers still interested in buying property. &o, the housing market will remain weakH borrowers with weak credit histories will find the credit window closedH people with ad ustable(rate mortgages will have to spend less so they can meet their increased paymentsH tighter lending standards and falling home prices will reduce consumers" ability to tap the e=uity in their homes. $ut as long as the labour market remains strong, which it has done despite ob losses in housing(related industries, and as long as real incomes continue to go up, consumers might complain, but they are unlikely to go on a buyers" strike on a scale that will make this slowdown become a recession.Therefore, we should not be too worried, but, at the same time, we should be a bit cautious and watch closely how things develop. QUESTIONS Q1 F Su F+rime mortg"ge lo"ns !ere o''ere# only to low income families. to people who wanted to by very e#pensive houses. to people with poor credit histories. Q& F W$o elieve# t$"t rising $ouse +rices !oul# cover t$em in t$e event o' " #e'"ult% $orrowers Lenders $oth Q) F Borro!ers $"ve een c"ug$t out because they lied when applying for the loan. because house prices have risen. because interest rates rise after a while. Q* F Accor#ing to t$e te1t8 +eo+le !it$ "#4ust" leFr"te mortg"ges will not be able to get credit. will have to economise. have weak credit histories. Q/ F T$e $ousing m"r.et +ro lems could easily tip the counrty in recession. are unlikely to tip the country into recession. will cause a buyers" strike. Q0 F T$e !riter is a bit concerned about the housing market. very worried about the housing market. not worried about the housing market

Sic. uil#ings

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Like people, buildings get sick. When they do, the people inside them also get sick. They suffer from coughs, colds, wheezes, skin rashes, sickness, tiredness, headaches, eye troubles. They work slowly and inefficiently. They stay away from work. &ick buildings cause a 94 per cent drop in productivity and a )4 per cent rise in absenteeism. 5anagement in .orth America and %urope have been slow to respond to the need to maintain a healthy environment for office workers, ust as much as for blue collar workers. +n a typical case in a large London office block, about :1 years old, staff complained about constant lethargy and lack of natural light. The complaints dragged on for years. 5anagement were unwilling to admit to the problem because of the bad publicity which would result. They preferred to think that workers were malingerers or hypochondriacs. What would happen to rental values if a building were admitted to be sickEThe trouble is the difficulty of knowing whether it is the people who are sick, or suffering from hysteria, or whether something has gone seriously wrong with the place they work in. A professor of design analysis at *ornell -niversity gives the e#ample of a building in Anchorage, Alaska, where three women, all heavy smokers, developed bronchitis. ,ne of them was advised to wear a mask to work. The reaction of her colleagues led to an evacuation of the building, an investigation by consultants wearing full protective clothing, newspaper reports, and many lawyers. .o cause was ever found. ,n the other hand, he also cites the e#ample of the head=uarters of the -& %nvironmental ;rotection Agency where ?4 people fell ill. The outbreak was traced to 9;*, a chemical produced by the interaction between adhesive and foam backing on new carpets. A survey in /30? found that 04 per cent of $ritish office workers suffered sickness related to the buildings in which they worked. Lethargy was cited by 1? per cent, followed by stuffy nose, dry throat and headaches. The -nited &tates +nstitute for ,ccupational 'ealth investigates about 14 buildings a year. These are mainly energy(efficient 2tight2 buildings which save money by using recycled warmed air rather than cold air from outside. They are usually open(plan or 2deep2 offices, where daylight has been replaced by artificial lighting. Thirdly, they are offices dominated, of course, by the data processor. What goes wrongE 6or a start, the whole place can be at the wrong temperature, usually too warm. A four degree rise above a comfortable :4* can half productivity. +t is almost certainly too dry, with a relative humidity below 94 per cent, resulting in stuffy and stale air. %=ually certainly, the air is dirtyI too many people still smoke, and smoke containing ammonia, formaldehyde, phenols and hydrogen cyanide circulate is breathed by nonsmokers. @ases are given off by synthetic carpets and furniture. ,zone is produced by malfunctioning photocopiers. The lighting may be all wrong. Low(fre=uency fluorescent lights produce a flicker which the eye cannot see but the brain can. +t causes an#iety and headaches. 5edical studies have shown that headaches are less fre=uent on higher floors which receive more natural light. 'eadaches fall by half when high(fre=uency lights are introduced. The computer screen has been linked to illness and to pregnancy problems, but there is no definite proof of links between health and the FD-. +f you wanted a building not to work in, it would be air(conditioned, dusty, date from the mid(seventies, have tinted and sealed windows, and house batteries of clerical workers. The trouble may lie less in the building itself, and more in the design of the workplace and the obs that people are e#pected to do. The office worker has become more like a factory worker, tied to a work station in an assembly line. >ou can introduce full spectrum lighting and you can litter the office with spider plants to eat the carbon mono#ide, but the central problem remains. The modern office has been built to

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house machines, not people. There is something psychologically wrong with the high(tech office which makes people prefer polluted 2natural2 air to the air( conditioned 2pure2 air of the office block. +n one case, absenteeism through sickness increased by )4 per cent after the workforce moved from an old naturally(ventilated office into a new air(conditioned one, without any change in the nature of the work being carried out. The new technology creates a prison, and people go 2prison crazy2. An occupational health specialist saysI 2+f you are trying to get the best out of your e=uipment, then the easiest thing is to chain your operator to the chair. %verything in the worming environment is geared to keeping people working. Aestaurants care close by. >ou can carry out food, ;eople even come round selling sandwiches at the work station. $ut you are wringing the sponge dry, allowing it no time to recover. work becomes one(dimensional. 2>ou take away the opportunity for human contact, for simply walking around and feeling there are wider horizons. !ust because building technology and information technology have made it possible to e#tract /14 per cent out of people doesn"t mean that is what you ought to do. +t"s a bit like a new drug. We don"t know the long(term effects of what we are doing.2 ANSWER THE ;OLLOWIN< QUESTIONS: 1. Buil#ing m"n"gers ignore# com+l"ints 'rom o''ice !or.ers ec"use A.they thought the workers were lazy $.there was nothing really wrong *.their companies would lose money D.the workers were suffering from hysteria &. -eo+le ecome let$"rgic 'rom stu''( con#itions !$en A.too many people smoke $.air is recycled *.photocopiers don"t work properly D.the air is too dry ). O''ice !or.ers !orr( less "n# 'eel less stress A.in an ozone(free environment $.when there is less dust in the atmosphere *.in natural light D.in an open(plan office *. Wor.ers st"( "!"( 'rom !or. more o'ten !$en A.the office is air(conditioned $.they have to use a computer screen *.there are no plants in the office D.the office has polluted natural air /. Accor#ing to " $e"lt$ e1+ert8 o''ice !or.ers A.need more convenient working conditions $.shouldn"t be allowed to eat at their desks *.need to get more e#ercise D.are too isolated

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