2011 Firefighter Examination

Study Guide

Table of Contents

Introduction Overview of Test Phases Important Notes About the Exam Map to Citywide Training and Testing Center Directions to Citywide Training and Testing Center Scoring Phase IMultiple-Choice Examination General Test Taking Strategies for Phase I A Quick Overview of the Answer Sheet Multiple-Choice Subtests Subtest 1: Information Gathering Subtest 2: Mathematics, Logic, and Reasoning Subtest 3: Gears, Levers and Pulleys Subtest 4: Map Reading and Following Directions Subtest 5: Reading Comprehension Subtest 6: Tool Identification and Uses Phase IIPhysical Capability Test (PCT) Important Notes Regarding the PCT Stair Climb (Stairmaster StepmillTM) Victim Rescue Hose Advance Ceiling Breach and Pull Muscle Groups Tested Preparing for the PCT Aerobic Training Program Guidelines for Resistance Training Stretching Exercises Phase III-Firefighter Oral Assessment Mechanism (FOAM) Important Notes Regarding FOAM Scoring Dimensions for FOAM Problem Sensing and Resolution Interpersonal Relations FOAM Preparation Tips Confidentiality Final Firefighter Examination Results

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Introduction
The Entry-Level Firefighter Examination for the City of Columbus is designed to test the knowledge, skills, and abilities that are important to the job of firefighter with the City of Columbus, Ohio. This study guide is designed to help candidates perform at their best in the Firefighter Entry-Level Examination process. It contains information about the test, sample questions, and information on test-taking strategies that may improve your score. Reading this guide and studying pertinent content may assist you in preparing for the Firefighter examination. It is recommended that you read the information contained in this study guide and attend one of the Information Sessions to acquaint yourself with the testing process. Overview of Test Phases The Firefighter Entry-Level Examination is a multi-phase test. The entire examination process consists of three phases. The three phases are as follows: Phase IMultiple-Choice Exam Subtests Information Gathering Mathematics, Logic and Reasoning Gears, Pulleys, Levers Map Reading and Following Directions Reading Comprehension Tool Identification and Uses Phase IIPhysical Capabilities Test (PCT) Events Stair Climb Victim Rescue Hose Drag Ceiling Breach and Pull Phase IIIFire Oral Assessment Mechanism (FOAM) Scored Abilities Problem Sensing & Resolution Interpersonal Relations Later sections of this study guide will provide more specific descriptions of the phases.

Important Notes About the Exam Late candidates WILL NOT be admitted into the exam, so arrive early to avoid disappointment. Once the exam instructions begin, no additional candidates will be admitted to the testing room. Please bring your admission letter and your drivers license to the test site. All phases of the examination process including the Information Sessions will take place at the City of Columbus Citywide Training Facility, 750 Piedmont Road, Columbus, OH 43224. Questions call (614) 645-0879. Map to the Citywide Training and Testing Center

*Map is not drawn to scale

Directions to the Citywide Training and Testing Facility The Citywide Training and Testing Facility is located off of Interstate 71, approximately 4.5 miles north of downtown. From 71, take the N. Broadway exit (exit # 114) and head east 0.2 miles to Maize Road. Turn left (north) on Maize Road and proceed 0.5 miles to Carolyn Avenue. Turn left (west) on Carolyn Avenue and continue 0.3 miles to the main gate. The Carolyn Avenue gate should be open weekdays 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. On evenings and weekends, the Carolyn Avenue gate may be closed. If so, please head south on Beulah Road, and enter through the gate located on Piedmont Road. There are two buildings in the City of Columbus North Complex. The Training and Testing Facility is the southernmost building. Parking is available to the north, east, and south of the building. Follow the signs to enter the building.

Scoring The entry-level firefighter exam will be scored as follows: Phase I Phase II Phase III Pass/Fail Pass/Fail Band/Fail

The Multiple-Choice and Physical Capabilities Test phases of the examination process will be scored on a pass/fail basis. Your oral exam score will be weighted as 100% of the final score for those who pass. Only those who receive passing scores on all phases of the examination process will be placed on the eligible list.

Phase I Multiple-Choice Exam

This section of the study guide provides information on the Multiple-Choice Examination. It is designed 1) to provide you with strategies for taking the test; and 2) to give you a better understanding of the content of the examination. Calculators and dictionaries are prohibited during this phase of the examination process. General Test Taking Strategies for Phase I Try to get a good night's sleep before the test. It is important that you are well rested so you can do your best. Eat appropriately prior to the test. Too little or too much food can hurt, rather than help. Be sure you know where the test center is located. It is recommended that you arrive before your scheduled time. Refer to your admission letter for the exact date and time. Driving by the exam location on a date prior to your exam may be helpful. Business attire is not required. Dress comfortably. We recommend that you bring a sweatshirt or sweater and dress in layers so that you can adjust your comfort to fit the temperature of the room. When you arrive at the test site you are to check in and you will then be assigned a seat. Try to relax and get comfortably settled as quickly as possible. Be sure to listen and follow all directions. Do not waste time on problems that are too hard. Skip them and go to the next question. If time permits, you may go back later. There is no penalty for guessing.

A Quick Overview of the Answer Sheet There are some important things you will need to know about the booklet and answer sheet: When you have chosen your answer to a test question, find the number of that question on the answer sheet. Fill in the lettered rectangle that matches the answer you have picked. Blacken the rectangle you have picked with a heavy pencil mark. Be certain to darken the rectangle completely. Erase completely any answers you wish to change. Do not cross them out. Do not make any unnecessary marks on your answer sheet. You should not mark more than one answer to any question. In all test sections, multiple answers will be scored as wrong answers. Multiple-Choice Subtests The multiple choice exam includes many types of test items which are divided into six subtests: 1) Information Gathering; 2) Mathematics, Logic, Reasoning; 3) Gears, Pulleys, Levers; 4) Map Reading; 5) Reading Comprehension; and 6) Tool Identification, Tool Uses. The test will cover each of these six subtests; although the subtests are numbered in this guide, the subtests may appear in any order on the examination. Subtest 1Information Gathering This portion of the exam is designed to test your ability to distinguish between important and unimportant information, and your ability to recall events accurately, with the use of aids such as notes or reports. You will watch simulated versions of typical runs which Firefighters may encounter. These simulations will be presented as a video presentation in the form of a series of still pictures with audio. You will be permitted to take notes while viewing the scenarios. You will be shown all of the scenarios before beginning the examination. After completing all other sections of the examination, you will be asked specific questions pertaining to the scenarios. You will be permitted to use your notes while answering the questions. You will not be tested on fire policies, or procedures, etc. Information Gathering Study Areas: To prepare for this portion of the examination, you may practice note taking skills while listening to and watching others or while viewing segments of information provided on television or other media. It is important to be able to take notes of critical information that may be asked later. The critical information that may be asked during the examination includes: Name(s) and address(es) of victim(s) Nature of injury Medical history of victim Care given to victim Any unusual occurrences

While viewing the scenario(s), record or make notes regarding the important information listed above. Subtest 2Mathematics, Logic, and Reasoning The purpose of this section is to test your ability to add, subtract, multiply and divide whole numbers, fractions, and decimals, and your ability to apply formulas/math principles to practical situations. This section will also test your logic and reasoning skills. Mathematics, Logic, and Reasoning Study Areas: 1. 2. 3. 4. Basic arithmetic (adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing) Word/story problems Mathematics involving fractions and decimals Conversion Problems (inches/feet/yards, ounces/pounds, ounces/pints/quarts/gallons, and seconds/minutes/hours) 5. Simple geometry such as finding the area or perimeter of a rectangle 6. Mathematical reasoning and logic The following conversions and formulas are available to you in this study guide. This information, however, will not be provided to you during the test. You should study and gain a good understanding of this information prior to taking the test. 12 inches = 1 foot; 3 feet = 1 yard; 1,760 yards = 1 mile; 100 centimeters = 1 meter; 1000 meters = 1 kilometer 1 acre = 4,840 square yards 16 ounces = 1 pound; 2 cups = 1 pint; 16 ounces = 1 pint; 2 pints = 1 quart; 4 quarts = 1 gallon; 60 seconds = 1 minute; 60 minutes = 1 hour; 24 hours = 1 day; 52 weeks = 1 year; 365 days = 1 year area of a rectangle = width x length perimeter of a rectangle = 2(width) + 2(length)

NOTE: Candidates will NOT be allowed to use calculators during the exam. Mathematics, Logic, and Reasoning Sample Questions 1. 2/3 +3/4+5/8=? A. B. C. D. 2 1/24 10/24 10/15 1 23/24

The answer is A. To complete this problem you must first find the lowest common denominator. In this case 24 is the lowest common denominator. Each fraction must be converted to have the denominator of 24 before adding the fractions. The problem then looks like this 16/24 + 18/24 + 15/24=? Now the numerators may be added, this totals 49/24. This should be reduced to the mixed number of 2 1/24 (Answer A).

2. 2.6 200 =? A. B. C. D. E. 13 1.3 0.13 0.013 0.0013

The answer is D. See solution below. .013 200 2.600 2 00 600 600 0 3. Which of the numbers below best completes the series: 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, _____ A. B. C. D. 256 265 274 283

The answer is A. The difference between each number in the progression increases by two, as shown below. 144 121= 23 169 144= 25 196 169= 27 225 196= 29 225 + 31= 256 (Answer A) Also, the sequence is 112, 122, 132, 142, 4. What is 20% of 650? A. B. C. D. E. 120 130 150 520 1300

The answer is B. To calculate the answer, transform 20% into a decimal. (.20) Then multiply .20 and 650. Place the decimal two digits from the right to account for the decimal places in the problem. 650 x.20 000 1300 130.00

5. You are fighting a fire at a plastics manufacturing company. The entire building sits on a city block that is a rectangle consisting of exactly one acre. You know that the length of the block is 121 yards, but you need additional hose to cover the width of the block. If you need exactly the same length hose as the width of the block, how may yards of additional hose do you need, if one acre is equal to 4,840 square yards? A. B. C. D. 40 121 2,420 4,719

The answer is A. To calculate square yards, you multiply length by width. Since one acre is 4,840 square yards, you divide 4,840 by 121 (length) to get the width, which is 40 yards. This is equal to the amount of additional hose that is needed. 6. A G B J C E D X E K F T G W H A I L J P K C L I M R N U O Q P Z Q B R O S H T Y U F V D W N X V Y M Z S

For this item, there is a message written is a secret code. For this example, in order to break the secret code, you must use the table above. The letters in the second row represent the letters in the first row. Therefore, the letter S in the second row actually represents Z, and Q in the second row represents O. The letters SQQ are equivalent to ZOO. Use the table above to break the code and answer the following question. Rgyyh tgyako gingmh xoluch eqttkk lu yak rqouluw, jfy ak quim okgxh yak uknhzgzko gtyko kgyluw g jqni qt qgyrkgi. When does Matts father read the paper? A. B. C. D. after drinking a morning cup of coffee just before getting in the shower after eating a bowl of oatmeal while listening to music on the radio

The sentence reads: Matts father always drinks coffee in the morning, but he only reads the newspaper after eating a bowl of oatmeal. Therefore, the answer is C after eating a bowl of oatmeal. 7. VVWWVWVWWVV is to 66996969966 as WVWVWWVWWVWWVW is to A. B. C. D. 69696696696696 96969969969969 96969669969969 69696996696969

See solution on next page. The answer is B, because V=6 and W=9 and the sequences are as follows:

V 6 W 9

V 6 V 6

W 9 W 9

W 9 V 6

V 6 W 9

W 9 W 9

V 6 V 6

W 9

W 9 W 9

V 6 W 9

V 6 V 6 W 9 W 9 V 6 W 9

Subtest 3Gears, Levers, and Pulleys This portion of the exam is designed to test your knowledge of basic mechanical equipment and its operation. Test questions will focus on the identification of basic working principles of gears, levers, and pulleys. Illustrations may be used as part of the questions. Gears, Levers, and Pulleys Study Areas: Questions regarding some of the following facts and terms may be asked on this portion of the multiple-choice phase of the examination. General Terms and Facts counterweight: a weight of equal size or force to balance a weight pulling in the opposite direction. complicated machines: machines that have many moving parts. force: strength or power, such as a push or a pull, applied to an object to cause movement. friction: the force created when two objects touch or rub each other resisting movement between them. gravity: the natural force that pulls all things toward the center of the earth. load: an object you want to move. simple machines: machines that have few moving parts. torque: a twisting force that causes turning or a rotating movement. work: moving an object from one place to another. Gears

spur gears

bevel gears

worm gear

rack and pinion

Gears gearwheel (gear): a wheel with teeth around its edge that interlock with the teeth of another gearwheel to create movement. bevel gears have toothed wheels with sloping faces that mesh at a particular angle. spur gears have toothed wheels that mesh to connect parallel shafts. worm gears have a shaft with a screw thread. If gearwheels are the same size, they turn at the same speed. If one gear is bigger than the other they can be used to speed up or slow down movement or to increase or decrease force. Two spur gears interlocking will turn in the opposite direction of one another. A larger spur gear turns with less speed but with greater force than a smaller spur gear. Levers
Load (the box) Lever (the bar)

lever in the human body: elbow

load fulcrum force force load

pair of levers lever: a simple machine that consists of a rigid bar that pivots on a supporting piece to pry up or lift a weight on one end by means of pushing or pulling force on the other end. fulcrum or pivot: the point or support on which a lever pivots. inclined plane: a simple machine that consists of a flat surface, such as a plank or a ramp, set at an angle that is less than 90 degrees. A pair of levers, like scissors or pliers, has two lever arms joined at a pivot. A small effort pushing down on the longer end of the bar can raise a large weight on the shorter end nearer the pivot. When the pivot of a lever is further away from the load the force needed to lift the load is greater. When the pivot of a lever is in the middle of the lever the force needed to lift the load is equal to the weight of the load. When the pivot of a lever is moved closer to the load the force needed to lift the load is less than the weight of the load.

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Pulleys

simple pulley

moveable pulley

compound pulley

block and tackle pulley

pulley: a wheel that has a rope looped around it, the rope fits a groove that runs around the edge of the wheel compound pulley: two or more pulleys working together to decrease the effort needed to lift the load. block and tackle: a compound pulley system that has more than one pulley wheel. The top pulley wheel, the block, is attached to a set point. The bottom pulley wheel, the tackle, is suspended on a rope passing through the block. double pulley: this compound pulley system has two pulley wheels; pulling the rope raises the lower wheel and the load. With two wheels, only half the effort is needed to lift the load, but the rope has to be pulled twice as far. fixed pulley: a pulley that stays attached in one place. moveable pulley: a pulley that is attached to a load. simple pulley: changes the direction of the effort on a load. You pull up instead of down or vice versa. It consists of one wheel and rope. The amount of force required to raise the load is equal to its weight. Running the rope around more pulley wheels enable less effort to be usedtwo wheels require half the effort, three wheels, a third, and so on. Subtest 4Map Reading and Following Directions This section of the exam is designed to test your ability to follow directions and read maps. For this section of the exam you will answer questions regarding a map. You should have familiarity with directions, north, east, south, and west when reading a map and be able to follow written directions related to the map.

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Map Reading and Following Directions Sample Questions The following pages contain a map followed by the type of questions that may be asked on this portion of the firefighters test.

1. What direction is the intersection of Arc Street and Worf Street from the intersection of Alan Street and Lisa Street A. B. C. D. Northeast Northwest Southeast Southwest

2. Which of the following streets is the southernmost street on the map? A. B. C. D. Filter Palin Maggie Sid

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3. You are traveling west on Simpson street approaching Gilliam Street and need to take the shortest route to reach W. Moulder Street. Assuming all streets are two-way streets, what direction would you turn on to Gilliam Street? A. B. C. D. north south east west

Answers for map reading questions: C/C/B Subtest 5Reading Comprehension This section of the exam is designed to test your ability to read a passage and then answer questions based on that passage. In this section you will be given a passage to read and questions to answer based on that passage. Please select the best answer based on the passage. When answering the questions, you may refer back to the passage if necessary. Do not try to memorize the text as you read. It is more useful to try to understand the events and relationships described. You can always go back to the text to check for descriptions and actions after you read the questions. Reading Comprehension Sample Questions The following pages contain two sample reading passages along with examples of the types of questions that may be asked. Reading Passage 1Physical Demands of Firefighting Fighting fires is tough business, and firefighters need to make sure they are physically fit. Even though firefighters today make more emergency medical runs than fire runs, fires still occur. At the fire scene, firefighters work as a team with each team member contributing to the total effort. Typical tasks include extending hose lines that may be charged or dry, carrying and climbing ladders, using saws or axes to make holes in roofs, or using a pike pole to tear down plaster and drywall. Uncommon, but important tasks, include removing victims from the fire structure or pulling oneself or another firefighter out of a burning building. To see how demanding the job is, consider the task of extending a fire hose. The fire hose is neatly folded on the bed of the fire truck in 100-foot sections, and each section weighs close to 50 pounds. A single firefighter may have to pull the hose off the truck, and drag it into the building. Before advancing the fire hose into the fire, the hose will be filled with water. When filled with water, the hose is said to be charged. Now, when the firefighter drags a hose, each ten-foot section can weigh close to 50 pounds! Few would argue that the firefighter needs to be in good physical condition to perform this task quickly. Firefighting is so physically intense that demands made of the cardiovascular system have been studied. In one of these studies, firefighters wore a Holter electronic cardiographic monitor that allowed their heart rates to be monitored while they fought fires. Researchers found that during their peak work effort, their hearts worked at near maximum capacity. In one case, a firefighter worked so hard that his heart beat at a rate of 180 beats per minute for one hour and 56 minutesa truly remarkable feat that few can match!

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To make sure they are ready to respond at the fire scene, men and women, who are Columbus Firefighters must take time to stay in shape. Staying in shape commonly has three components: strength, aerobic, and flexibility training. Strength training requires the individual to develop the muscular capacity of the arms, legs, and torso. Good exercises for developing strength include push-ups, sit-ups, pull-ups, and 40-yard sprints. Aerobic training focuses on keeping the heart and lungs fit. Good exercises for aerobic training include running or swimming for more than 12 minutes at a time. Many firefighters can run a mile and a half in twelve minutes. Finally, flexibility is concerned with being able to reach and twist and is obtained by doing stretching exercises. Clearly, firefighters must commit to be fit! 1. The main point made in this passage is that A. B. C. D. adding water to a fire hose increases its weight doing push-ups will help one drag fire hoses firefighters must maintain their physical abilities firefighting involves physical competition among the firefighters

The answer is C. This passage gives examples of how physically demanding the job of firefighter is, provides results of studies that have been completed about the physical demand of the job, and provides examples of techniques firefighters can do to maintain their physical fitness. Answers A and B are simply examples which support the main theme of this passage, but are not comprehensive enough to be considered the main point. Answer D is not mentioned in the passage and is therefore incorrect. 2. According to the passage, which task is performed least frequently? A. B. C. D. carrying ladders climbing ladders dragging victims making holes in roofs

The answer is C. In the first paragraph examples of typical tasks performed by firefighters are given, among these carrying ladders, climbing ladders, and making holes in roofs are listed. The last sentence in the paragraph gives examples of uncommon tasks, dragging victims is listed as an uncommon task. The word uncommon indicates tasks that would be performed less frequently than typical tasks. 3. The word cardiographic is unusual. Based on the context of the paragraph, it most nearly means A. B. C. D. a 12-lead EKG a device showing heart rate a diagram showing the cardiovascular system a snapshot of the heart at a given moment

The answer is B. In the third paragraph it is stated, firefighters wore a Holter electronic cardiographic monitor that allowed their heart rates to be monitored while they fought fires. Answer A is incorrect because not enough information was given in the passage to indicate that this monitor was a 12-lead EKG. Answers C and D are also incorrect because no mention was made of a diagram as mentioned in C or snapshot as mentioned in D.

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Reading Passage 2Test Taker I am the worlds worst test taker. My test scores never reflect how much I know. Every time I take a test, its the same. It starts the day before. I become anxious, worried, terrified; I cant eat, I cant sleep. Why do I have to take this test? Dont they know how much information I have in my head? On the way to the test I cant concentrate on anything. All I can think about is how bad my score will be, and what theyll think of me when they see that score. I know I will miss most of the answers, but not because I didnt know them. I will miss them because I cant take tests. But you try telling that to someone, that you understand everything even though it doesnt look like it on paper. They wont listen. They think they know everything from one little number; 42 out of 100 means youre nothing. It means everyone will label you, and overlook you for anything meaningful. This is not what we expected from you! Well, its what I expected. That test doesnt know who I am at all! I know who I am, let me pick the score I deserve. Then you would better understand who I am. Im not a 42, Im a 98! Walking into the room it gets worse, I start to sweat, my nerves are shot, and I can barely find my seat. The directions are a blur. Did someone call my name? By the time I hear, You may begin, Im so far gone, nothing can bring me back. For what seems like an eternity, I struggle to maintain my sanity. I try to read the words on the page, but they start swimming, and I cant catch them. The entire world wants me to fail this test. How can I compete? Why should I even try? They have their mind made up that I am nothing, and they dont care what I have to say about it. I feel lower than low. I look around the room for support, but no one even sees me. Everyone else is well on their way to a good score. I see them racing to the finish line and laughing at me all the way. They hate me. Suddenly I hear the words, Stop. Put your pencils down. What? What do you mean? Im not done, this isnt fair! Im still working! Of course by then its too late. By then the damage has been done. Whats the use anyway? Now its time to get confirmation that the test was a disaster. As the papers are passed out, again I feel sick to my stomach. The Grim Reaper himself is walking toward my desk. I dont want to turn the paper over, but I know I must. Just do it quick, like ripping off a band-aid. OK, 1..2..3..GO! What? Can this be right? I got a 94? Oh, a 94, OK, a 94. I can live with a 94. I mean, Im really a 98, but this is good too. Ok, maybe they do know what theyre talking about. Hum, maybe I can do this after all. What? Whats that? We have a test tomorrow? Oh no, I dont feel so good.. 1. The author of this passage feels the most pressure from: A. B. C. D. himself the test administrator fellow test takers his parents

2. The author feels that a bad score will mean A. B. C. D. he will have to take the test again he doesnt understand the material he is a worthless person others in the class are smarter

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3. The author may miss some of the test directions because A. B. C. D. the test administrator is not clear enough a fellow test taker is disturbing him he is too distraught to listen someone wants him to do poorly on the test

4. At the end of the passage, the author doesnt feel good because he A. B. C. D. had a bad lunch feels defeated about his score is a pessimist still has test anxiety

5. The author likens the Test Administrator to the Grim Reaper because he feels the Test Administrator A. B. C. D. hates him is delivering his fate has a glamorous job is excited about his score

Answers for second reading passage: A/C/C/D/B

Subtest 6Tool Identification and Use This section of the exam is designed to test your knowledge of common hand tools and their uses. You will be asked to identify tools and their uses from the following list of tools. Tool Identification The following pages contain the pictures and list of tools that you should be able to identify during the examination. The tool identification questions on the firefighter test will come from the following listed and pictured tools.

Flat Head Screwdriver

Phillips Head Screwdriver

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Hex Head Screwdriver

Scraper

Hole Cutter

Center Punch

Fish Tape

Measuring Tape

C Clamp

Workshop Vise

Ratchet or Socket Wrench (with adapters and sockets)

Crowbar

Pike Poles

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Claw Hammer

Rubber Mallet

Sledge Hammer

Ball Peen Hammer

Box End Wrench

Double-Handled Tap Wrench

Pipe Wrench

Crimping Tool

Combination Wrench

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Open End Wrench

Adjustable Wrench

Cutting Pliers

Locking Clamp Pliers

Wire Stripper/Cutter

Tongue and Groove Pliers

Long Nose Pliers

Slip Joint Pliers

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Tin Snips

Utility Snips

Bolt Cutter

Hacksaw

Crosscut Saw

Rip Saw

Keyhole Saw

Halligan Tool

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Tool Identification The following pages contain descriptions and/or uses of the tools pictured above. The tool use questions on the firefighter test will come from the information provided in this study guide. Screw Driver: This is a device designed to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove screws. A screw has a head with a contour such that an appropriate screwdriver tip can be engaged in it in such a way that the application of sufficient torque to the screw driver will cause the screw to rotate. The types of screwdrivers include Phillips, flat and hex (or Allen). The right size and type of screwdriver to fit the screw should be used or it is likely the screw will be damaged in the process of tightening or loosening. Scraper: A single-edged tool used to scrape metal or a finish from a surface. This may be required where a surface needs to be trued (aligned), a part needs to be corrected to fit to a mating part, needs to retain oil, or even give a decorative finish. Hole Cutter: This is a type of saw used to cut out a hole. Hole cutters or circle cutters are available in many sizes, up to a foot or larger and can be used to accurately cut circles. Center Punch: This is typically used as an aid to drilling operations. A drill when brought into contact with a flat surface has a tendency to wander on the surface. A center punch forms a small dimple in which the tip of the drill will fit, the dimple helps to keep the drill in the proper place. Fish Tape: This item helps thread cables and wires through drywall, conduit or insulation. Measuring Tape: A ribbon of cloth, metal, or plastic with linear-measure markings, often in both imperial and metric unit type. For carpentry or construction, it consists of a stiff, curved metallic ribbon that can remain stiff and straight when extended, but retracts into a coil for storage. C Clamp: This is a type of clamp devise used to hold a wood or metal work piece. Vise: A mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a work piece to allow work to be performed on it using other tools, such as saws, drills, and screwdrivers. Ratchet or Socket Wrench: A type of wrench, or tightening tool, that uses separate, removable sockets to fit many different sizes of nuts. It generally includes a ratcheting mechanism that allows the nut to be tightened or loosened with a continuous motion, rather than requiring that the wrench be removed and refitted after each turn. The ratchet has a locking mechanism that allows movement in only one direction. Crowbar: This is a tool consisting of a metal bar with one curved end and flattened points, often with a small fissure on the curved end for removing nails. It is used as a lever to either force apart two objects or to remove nails. Crowbars are used to open nailed wooden boxes, remove nails, pry apart boards, and generally smash things up. Pike Poles: These are tools often used by firefighters to search for fires hidden behind the sheetrock in the walls and ceiling. It is used by pushing through the sheetrock, twisting and pulling back to open the area. Claw Hammer: It is used for finish carpentry and light duty nailing jobs. It features two sharp, beveled edges for gripping and drawing out nails on one end. Rubber Mallet: It is used to avoid marring a surface. It may be used to form sheet metal, force tight fitting parts together, shift plasterboard in place, in finishing wood furniture, and in upholstery. Sledge Hammer: Along with the mallet, it shares the ability to distribute force over a wide area, in contrast to other types of hammers which concentrate force in a relatively small area. It is used to breakthrough drywall or masonry walls and to apply a lot of force to dislodge a stuck object. Ball Peen Hammer: This type of peening hammer used in metalworking, also known as an engineers hammer or a machinists hammer.

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Box End Wrench: It is a one piece wrench with enclosed openings that grip the faces of the bolt or nut. Double-Handled Tap Wrench: It is used to turn the square drive on taps. Pipe Wrench: It is an adjustable end wrench that securely grips soft iron pipe and pipe fittings. Crimping Tool: This is used to crimp electrical terminals and connectors, metal rings or tags on livestock, and metal security seals on cargo carriers. A notary seal is also a crimping tool. Combination Wrench: This is a double ended tool where one end is an open-ended wrench while the other end is a box-end wrench. Both ends generally fit the same size bolts. Open-End Wrench: This is a one piece wrench with a U-shaped opening that grips two opposite faces of the bolt or nut. It is often double ended, with a different sized opening at each end. Adjustable Wrench: Is an open-ended wrench with adjustable, usually smooth, jaws commonly used to tighten and loosen nuts and bolts. Cutting Pliers: Are used to sever or pinch off. Locking Clamp: Is a type of gripping pliers also called lock jaw pliers or vise grip and are used to improve grip. Wire Stripper/Cutter: The center notch makes it easier to cut the insulation without cutting the wire. A manual wire stripper is used by rotating it around the insulation while applying pressure in order to make a cut around the insulation. The insulation then pulls easily off the end. The wire cutter may have several notches of varying size, allowing the user to match the notch size to the wire size, and thereby eliminating the need for twisting. Once the device is clamped on, the remainder of the wire can simply be pulled out, leaving the insulation behind. Tongue and Groove Pliers (Channel Lock Pliers): Have adjustable jaw sizes, which are designed to grip various sizes of round, hexagon, flat, or similarly shaped objects. Long Nose Pliers (Needle Nose Pliers): Have long, narrow jaws for gripping in confined spaces. Slip Joint Pliers: Tighten/loosen nuts and bolts and cut small gauge wire; they have two size settings. Tin Snips: Are for cutting light sheet metal or corrugated galvanized iron. Utility Snips: Are multi-purpose snips for cutting sheet metal, vinyl, plastic, rubber, and more. Bolt Cutter: This is a scissors-like tool used for cutting heavy chains, bolts, and wire mesh. Hack Saw: Is a saw used for cutting metal or hard materials. The blade can be placed such that the sawing occurs on the push stroke or as a result of pulling. Crosscut Saw: It is designed to make crosscuts, such as cuts made in woodworking, a type of cut made approximately at a right angle to the direction of the grain of the wood. This type of saw would be used to cut across a trunk of a tree. Rip Saw: It is designed for making rip cuts; that is, a cut with the grain of the wood. This design allows each tooth to act like a chisel, which prevents the saw from following grain lines. Keyhole Saw: It is a long narrow saw that is used for cutting small features in building material such as drywall and plywood. Halligan Tool: It is commonly used in the fire and rescue service. It is useful in breaking through many types of locked doors, opening walls, and during vehicle rescue.

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Phase IIPhysical Capabilities Test (PCT)

The PCT consists of four events. These events require cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility. Each event will be timed. During all events, you will wear a forty-pound weighted vest, which approximates the weight of the clothing, equipment and breathing apparatus that a firefighter normally wears during these types of activities. Order 1 2 3 4 Event Stair Climb Victim Rescue Hose Advance Ceiling Breach and Pull Pass Point 220 secondsmust stay on machine 39 seconds or less 62 seconds or less 53 seconds or less

Important Notes Regarding the PCT Prior to this phase of the examination, all candidates who pass the multiple-choice phase of the exam will be notified of their PCT test dates, along with dates prior to the test in which candidates can practice the actual PCT events. Wear clothing appropriate for physically demanding work. Wear sneakers or rubber soled shoes. You will be provided with a forty-pound weighted vest during this phase of the exam. You must wear the forty-pound vest provided to you. You will also be provided gloves and a helmet. However, if you do not want to use the gloves provided, you may bring your own. Participants may not use any extraneous piece of equipment (e.g. harness, straps) that may help them in an event. You may use only the material and equipment provided for the test event. However, personal safety appliances (e.g. knee brace, ankle brace, back brace) will be allowed, but they will not be provided. Because the PCT is physically demanding, you are urged to drink plenty of fluids at the beginning of the day, before the test, and continuing up until the time you are tested. Avoid drinking caffeinated beverages. You are also advised to stretch and warm-up before participating in the test. You must complete all events of the Physical Capabilities Test within the required time periods. If you cannot complete the test for any reason, you will automatically fail the test. The events are described, in the sequence completed, in the next sections.

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Stair Climb (Stairmaster Stepmill)

This event tests the ability to exert ones self for a long period of time without getting winded. This is a measure of strength or stamina. The muscles involved in this event include the following: hip flexors and extensors, knee flexors and extensors, and plantar flexors. Equipment required: forty-pound weighted vest. Wearing a forty-pound weighted vest you will be required to mount a stair climber and climb continuously at level 2 for 30 seconds, at level 4 for 30 seconds and at level 7 for 2 minutes and 40 seconds. The event ends when you request to stop, grab the handrails, you are no longer able to maintain the stepping cadence, or your time is called. Leaning or hooking hands on or underneath handrails may disqualify applicants. A 4minute rest period is given after completion of this event.

Victim Rescue
This event tests the ability to use the back and torso muscles to perform one or a series of tasks and the ability to maintain ones balance or remain stable while in a crouched position. The muscles involved in this event include the following: spinal extensors, shoulder extensors, and elbow flexors. Equipment required: forty-pound weighted vest, and a helmet. Optional: gloves. You will be required to drag a 150-pound dummy through an obstacle course. There is a ceiling over the course to prevent you from standing upright. The candidate must drag the dummy the full length of the obstacle course and across the finish line within 39 seconds. A 4minute rest period is given after completion of this event.

Hose Advance
This event tests the ability to exert continuous muscular resistance against an opposing force to perform a task over a short period of time. Equipment required: forty-pound weighted vest, and a helmet. Optional: gloves. You will be required to pull a 50-foot hose through an obstacle course with two turns. There is a ceiling over the course to prevent you from standing upright. For this event candidates must drag the nozzle through the maze and across the finish line within 62 seconds. A 4-minute rest period is given after completion of this event.

Ceiling Breach and Pull

This event tests the ability to perform a series of tasks requiring muscle force without rest. The muscles involved in this event include the following: shoulder flexors and extensors, and elbow flexors and extensors. Equipment required: forty-pound weighted vest, helmet. Optional: gloves. You will begin by moving a simulated pike pole attachment with both hands and use upward thrusts to move the weights. You will then move to the next simulated pike pole attachment and use downward pulls to raise the weights. You will be required to do two upward thrusts and one downward pull to complete a repetition. You will need to complete 4 repetitions within 53 seconds. Muscle Groups Tested The tasks a Columbus Firefighter performs require a variety of basic physical abilities. In order to adequately assess these abilities, the Physical Capabilities Test (PCT) will include a range of requirements. Most of the major muscle groups will be tested (see the listing of events and associated muscle groups) and the testing will require muscular strength, muscular endurance, and cardiovascular endurance. The demands on a muscle group to do work fall into one of the following three general categories:

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Short-Term Exercise Short-term exercise requires high intensity or high power output. This type of exercise lasts less than 30 seconds and relies on muscular strength. Moderate Duration Exercise Moderate duration exercise requires what is commonly known as muscular endurance. Although this type of exercise does require high power output, the extended duration of the exercise results in an ability to sustain relatively lower intensity than that in short-term exercise. This type of exercise usually lasts between 30 seconds and 2 minutes. Long Duration Exercise Long duration exercise requires cardiovascular endurance. Muscles working for more than 2 minutes continuously rely heavily on oxygen delivery from the cardiovascular system (heart, lungs and blood vessels) to enable them to complete the task. This type of exercise lasts longer than 2 minutes. During the PCT, one event is designed to require a person to work more than 2 minutes. Preparing for the PCT Events which constitute the PCT require the candidates to demonstrate their ability to perform exercises that require short-term and long-duration exercise (muscular strength and cardiovascular endurance). As noted previously, all major muscle groups are involved. This means that preparation for the PCT should be broad-based and should include all the major muscle groups to be most effective. Since the PCT is a test to determine your basic physical capabilities, an exercise training program that includes proper methods of training, appropriate frequency duration and intensity of exercise sessions conducted over an adequate time frame (minimum of 8 weeks) can be of significant value. In order to demonstrate your capability in each of the tested events, you must do exercise training (impose demands on the muscular and cardiovascular systems and cause them to adapt to that demand) to reach your potential. The potential for increase from the nontrained to the trained state will vary between individuals and will vary with your level of previous activity. There is no doubt, however, that exercise training can have a significant benefit. Guidelines for a Resistance Training Program that is designed to improve both muscular strength and endurance and an Aerobic Training Program that is designed to enhance cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance have been included in this study guide. These programs have been specifically developed to enhance all three of the categories and enhance performance. Please note that this is not the only way to adequately prepare for the PCT. There are many methods used to develop a good training program. An experienced professional with a background in exercise physiology, fitness, and training can be helpful in determining an appropriate training program. Aerobic Training Program This program is based on Interval Training. Interval training involves alternating periods of exercise and periods of rest or recovery. For example, a person may run 800 meters in 4 minutes (the exercise period) and then jog slowly for 4 minutes (the recovery period), repeating

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this sequence 4 times for a daily workout. This would be generally described as 4 x 800 meters with a 4 minute recovery between repetitions. Interval training has long been used by many interested in enhancing muscular endurance and cardiovascular endurance as we have defined these categories. This program is based on a running program, which is likely to be most effective in training to prepare for the PCT. However, you may use swimming or cycling as modes of exercise. To use swimming, divide the distance suggested for running by 4 using the same times and principles. To use cycling as a mode of exercise, multiply the distance suggested, by 2.5 and use the same times and principles. Principles to Follow Always warm up prior to beginning each days workout. The warm up should consist of lowlevel exercise similar to the mode of exercise used for training (e.g. easy jog) and should last 10-15 minutes. Complete what is generally called warm down or cool down after each days interval workout. This should be similar to the warm up exercise routine. Include stretching in your routine. Particularly stretch those muscle groups involved in the work done. See the Safe Stretching sheet for a guide. Start gradually as you initiate your training program. The guide below helps you to begin at a level of your present ability. However, it is easy to over-train early in your program so be conservative in the first 2-3 weeks. Insure that this training program is suitable for you by consulting your physician for advice regarding exercise. Program This program will consist of 2 types of interval workouts described below. They are Cardiovascular Endurance (CE) and Muscular Endurance (ME). You should complete 2 CE interval sessions per week and 2 ME interval sessions per week, for a total of 4 interval training sessions per week. The first step in the program is to determine your best time to complete a 1.5 mile run. This must be done on a measured track. Most tracks are 400 meters and 6 laps are essentially 1.5 miles. You are encouraged to put forth your best effort so that your time for the 1.5 mile is the best you can accomplish. Your pace for interval training (CE and ME) is based on this time. You will use the pace you were able to achieve and the chart below to determine your training program. Chart columns are defined as: Type: The type of interval workout, either Cardiovascular Endurance (CE) or Muscular Endurance (ME). Distance: The possible distances, in meters, you can use as the workout. Your workout may include repetitions of the same distance (e.g. 4 x 800m) or repetitions of varying distances (e.g. 1 x 800m, 1 x 1200m, 1 x 1600m). In other words, you can vary the distances in each training session as long as you stay within the parameters for the type of interval workout. You should in fact vary these distances, at least from workout to workout. Pace: This indicates the time in which you should complete each repetition, and is based on your initial 1.5 mile time. 100% refers to the pace of your 1.5 mile run time. For example, if you completed the 1.5 run in 12 minutes this would be a pace of 8 minutes per mile (1600 meters), 4 minutes for 800 meters, and 2 minutes for 400 meters, etc. 115% refers to 15% faster than your

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1.5 mile pace. (For example, the 12 minutes time for 1.5 mile run would result in a pace for 800 meters of 3:24 minutes, etc.). Rest/Relief: This refers to the type and duration of the non-work interval. A 1:1 ratio means that the relief interval is the same length as the exercise interval; 1:3 means that the rest interval is 3 times longer than the exercise interval. Interval Type CE ME Distance 800, 1200, 1600 200, 400, 600, 800 Pace 100% 115% Rest/Relief 1:1 slow jog 1:3 rest

As you begin the program, the total distance of the exercise interval should be approximately 2 miles and gradually increasing to 4 miles by the 4th week of training. Guidelines for Resistance Training Resistance training, also known as strength training or weight training, is any exercise where you work against some type of resistance. Sources of resistance include your own body weight (e.g. when you perform push-ups or sit-ups), weight-stack machines, free weights (e.g., dumbbells and barbells), as well as others. Terminology: There are some key terms that you should understand in order for these guidelines to be useful in developing a resistance-training program. These include the following terms: resistance, repetition, set, and rest interval. Resistance is the weight or load that the muscle or muscle group works against. A repetition is the single, complete action of an exercisefrom the starting position to the mid point and back to the starting position. A set consists of a specified number of successive repetitions of an exercise. The rest interval is the time taken to rest between successive sets of an exercise or between different exercises in a routine. For example, if you perform ten successive repetitions of an exercise, then you have performed one set of ten repetitions for that exercise. If you rest a minute and perform another ten successive repetitions, then you have performed two sets of ten repetitions with a rest interval of sixty seconds. The muscle group(s) for which the exercise is designed will benefit to the greatest extent only if the correct technique is utilized. Technique When performing resistance-training exercises, it is important that you use correct techniques. As a beginner, you should use light resistance and learn correct techniques. As you progress through your program, never sacrifice correct techniques for the sake of using heavier resistance.

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It is also important that you breathe regularly during the performance of resistance training exercises. Never hold your breath! Be sure to inhale and exhale during each repetition of an exerciseexhaling as you press, push or pull the weight and inhaling as you gradually return the weight to its starting position. Remember, do not hold your breath, and exhale on effort. Guidelines The following are general guidelines for the development of muscular strength: Resistance: Select a resistance that allows you to perform at least 8, but no more than12, repetitions per set for each exercise in your routine. When you can perform 12 or more repetitions per set, increase the resistance such that you perform only 8 repetitions per set. Repetitions: Perform 8 to 12 repetitions per set for each exercise in your routine. Sets: Perform 1 to 3 sets for each exercise in your routine. As you begin your resistance training program, perform only one set for each exercise. After a week or two, increase to two sets for each exercise. After a month, increase to three sets for each exercise. Rest Interval: Rest at least 30 seconds, but no more than 60 seconds, between successive sets of an exercise or between the different exercises in your routine. Frequency: Perform your resistance training routine 2 to 3 days per week with at least one day of rest between resistance training sessions. Sequence: A properly ordered exercise routine can increase the efficiency of your resistance training sessions. Exercises that target large muscles or muscle groups (e.g., the chest or back) should be performed before exercises that target smaller muscles or muscle groups (e.g., the biceps and triceps). You also should alternate upper-body exercises and lower-body exercises. Exercise Routine The following resistance exercise training routine is one that utilizes weight-stack machines and can be performed in a number of settings. This routine includes exercises for all the major muscle groups: legs, arms, chest, shoulders and back. The following exercises are recommended for each group:

Legs: Calf Press and Leg Press Arms: Biceps Curl and Triceps Press-Down Chest: Chest Press Shoulders: Shoulder Press Back: Lateral Pull-Down and Seated Row
Each of the recommended exercises is described and illustrated on the following pages. Please note that the weight-stack machines used for these exercises may differ between settings. Whenever you choose to implement your resistance training program, be sure to ask a qualified staff person to instruct you in proper technique for the designated weight-stack machines.

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Calf Press

Leg Press

Biceps Curl

Triceps Press-Down

Chest Press

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Shoulder Press

Seated Row

Lateral Pull-Down

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Stretching Exercises General Guidelines Hold each stretch approximately 20 to 30 seconds, do not bounce. Perform 3 to 5 repetitions of each stretch to achieve optimal improvements in flexibility. Perform the series of stretches at least 3 times per week. Regardless of whether you are stretching before or after a workout, muscles should always be warmed up before you stretch. After a workout is a great time to stretch; because your muscles are warm and are very pliable. Move until you feel the stretching sensation in the muscle not in the joint. Be conscious that you are not holding your breath while you hold your stretch. This is very common and you may not even notice that you are doing it at first. Specific Stretches The shaded area on the drawing is the place on your body where you should be feeling the stretch. Terminology: Quadriceps: the group of muscles that make up the front of your thigh Hamstrings: the group of muscles that make up the back of your thigh Achilles Tendon: the tendon located in your heel and attached to the muscles in your calf Hip Flexor: the muscle in the front of your hip

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1. Neck Half neck roll, move head slowly, do not roll your head back.

2. Chest Pull your shoulder blades together (stretch should be felt in the front- chest area).

asdddFigure 1

3. Arms/Shoulders/Chest Slowly turn your elbows inward and then lift up your arms.

4. Arms/Shoulders/Upper Back Palms facing upward, push arms slightly back and up.

5. Shoulder/Middle Upper Back Gently pull your elbow across your chest toward your opposite shoulder.

6. Triceps/Top of Shoulder Gently and slowly pull on your elbow.

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7. Side of Waist Keep knees slightly bent and place one hand on your hip for support.

8. Upper and Lower Back/Side of Hip Look over your shoulder behind you.

9. Lower Back/Side of Hip Your leg should be bent at a 90 degree angle and down to one side, look to the opposite side from where your knee is pointed.

10. Lower Back/Hamstrings Bend one knee and pull it gently to your chest, keep your lower back flat against the floor.

11. Abdomen Reach with your arms and hands while you point your toes, gently pull in your lower abdominal muscles to make the middle of your body thin.

12. Hip Flexors The knee of your forward leg should be directly over your ankle. With your other knee resting on the floor, lower the front of your hip downward.

13. Upper Hamstring/Hip Gently pull your leg (both from the knee and ankle as a unit).

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14. Hamstring Bend forward at your hip not at your head and shoulders (improper form 14a); the foot of your straight leg should be pointed upright.

15. Hamstring Bend forward at the hip, heels should be no further than 6 inches apart and you feet should be pointed upright (improper 15a).

16. Hamstring Bend forward at the hip, again not head forward at the shoulder or head

17. Inner Thigh Pull your upper body forward at the hip not at the shoulder or head (improper 17a)

18. Inner Thigh Relax your hips and let gravity cause the stretch.

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19. Quadriceps Holding your foot with the opposite hand keep the knee bent in a natural angle.

20. Quadriceps Gently pull the knee toward the buttock.

21. Calf Your bent leg supports your body weight; your back leg should be straight, and the back foot should be flat on the floor and pointed straight forward.

22. Calf/Achilles Tendon Your bent leg supports your body weight; your back leg should be slightly bent at the knee and lower your hip downward, your back foot should be flat on the floor and pointed straight forward.

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Phase IIIFirefighter Oral Assessment Mechanism (FOAM)

The oral exam is a video-based test that examines a candidates problem sensing and resolution skills and interpersonal relations skills. This exam is not intended to test fire policies or procedures. A series of scenarios or situations will be presented in which you will be expected to respond as a firefighter. Important Notes Regarding FOAM Prior to taking this phase of the examination, you will be shown a sample scenario and given an opportunity to ask questions related to the structure and format of the examination. You will also be given an opportunity to respond to a practice scenario just prior to responding the scenarios that will be scored. During the oral exam you will be seated in front of a video monitor and video camera. After receiving instructions orally, and in writing, you will be presented with several scenarios. These scenarios are simulations of situations that a firefighter may encounter. These simulations will be presented as a video presentation in the form of a series of still pictures with audio. At the end of each scene, the words RESPOND NOW will appear on the monitor and you will then have to respond verbally, as if you are actually in that situation; responding to real people. You will have 40 seconds to respond to each scenario. You are not required to use the full time allotted for each response; however, you will not be allowed to exceed the set time limit. Your responses should be complete and concise. You should respond to the monitor as if you are actually responding to the person(s) in the scene. DO NOT respond in terms of what you would do. Successful applicants will place themselves in the situation and respond accordingly. When the allotted response time has expired, the next scene will begin. A video camera, placed next to the monitor, will record your responses. At a later date, a panel of raters will carefully assess each applicants responses.

Scoring Dimensions for FOAM Candidates will be scored on two dimensions. Each of these dimensions will be graded using a five-point scale, with a five being the highest score for each dimension. Problem Sensing and Resolution Ability to critically evaluate a situation and comprehend it in its proper perspective; to identify underlying as well as the obvious issues; to assess alternative solutions; and to consider the implications of problems and solutions. Interpersonal Relations Ability to establish and maintain cooperative and constructive relationships; to consider the feelings and needs of others; and to respect the views of others.

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FOAM Preparation Tips Do not present unnecessary, unrelated, or trivial information. Think about what you want to say before you begin to speak. Speak slowly and distinctly. Do not mumble or speak so softly that your response will be difficult to understand. When people are nervous they tend to speak quickly, so make an effort to slow down. Know your tendencies and adjust accordingly. Do not attempt to use words with which you are unfamiliar. Try not to ramble or repeat yourself. If you feel that the answer you have given to a scenario is complete, just stop and wait for the next scenario. Do not try to fill time. Try to address key issues and bring about a good resolution to the problem. Try to demonstrate the appropriate emotion for the given situation, show empathy where appropriate. Below is a picture of a sample of the set-up in the instruction room and the exam room.

Instruction Room

Test Room

Confidentiality
The content of the examination is confidential. DO NOT share information with other candidates. Sharing information about the content of this exam may give other candidates an advantage. Scores differing by one or two points may mean the difference between becoming a firefighter, and not becoming a firefighter. Additionally, giving information to other candidates may be grounds for disqualification. Also, there are a number of different versions of the same exam; the ones you receive may be different from those given to other candidates.

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Final Firefighter Examination Results

For Individuals who pass ALL THREE PHASES of the examination, the scores from FOAM will be used to band candidates into the 90, 80, or 70 bands. Veterans preference points will be added to passing scores of qualifying candidates prior to being placed within the respective bands.

References: Kindersley, D. (1995). How Things Work: 100 ways parents and kids can share the secrets of technology. London: Limited. Oxlade, C. (1998). Young Scientist Concepts and Projects. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens Publishing Walker, S., Feldman, R. (2002). Pulleys. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company

T:\teamd\11 Firefighter\Candidate Information\Study Guide.doc

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