PSY 102: Psychology in the Modern World Marciano Instructor: Bob Melara Fall 2013

Your Name: Daniel Your Section: HNRS Your TAs Name: Anjali George

Homewor !" (Consciousness) Describe the unique characteristics of each of the 4 stages of sleep. a) REM b) NREM-1 c) NREM-2 d) NREM-3 NREM stage 1 !his is a stage bet"een sleep and "a#efulness. !he $uscles are acti%e& and the e'es roll slo"l'& opening and closing $oderatel'. NREM stage 2 theta acti%it' (n this stage& it graduall' beco$es harder to a"a#en the sleeper) in this stage the alpha "a%es of the pre%ious stage are interrupted b' abrupt acti%it' called sleep spindles and *-co$ple+es NREM stage 3 ,or$erl' di%ided into stages 3 and 4& this stage is called slo""a%e sleep -./.). ./. is initiated in the preoptic area and consists of delta acti%it'& high a$plitude "a%es at less than 3.0 12. !he sleeper is less responsi%e to the en%iron$ent) $an' en%iron$ental sti$uli no longer produce an' reactions. REM !he sleeper no" enters rapid e'e $o%e$ent -REM) "here $ost $uscles are paral'2ed. REM sleep is turned on b' acet'lcholine secretion and is inhibited b' neurons that secrete serotonin. !his le%el is also referred to as parado+ical sleep because the sleeper& although e+hibiting EE3 "a%es si$ilar to a "a#ing state& is harder to arouse than at an' other sleep stage. 4ital signs indicate arousal and o+'gen consu$ption b' the brain is higher than "hen the sleeper is a"a#e. 5n adult reaches REM appro+i$atel' e%er' 67 $inutes& "ith the latter half of sleep being $ore do$inated b' this stage. !he function of REM sleep is uncertain but a lac# of it "ill i$pair the abilit' to learn co$ple+ tas#s. 8ne approach to understanding the role of sleep is to stud' the depri%ation of it.96: During this period& the EE3 pattern returns to high frequenc' "a%es "hich loo# si$ilar to the "a%es produced "hile the person is a"a#e 3i%e a description of the follo"ing sleep disorders. a) Narcoleps'. b) .leep 5pnea. Narcoleps' is a sleep disorder that causes e+cessi%e sleepiness and frequent da'ti$e sleep attac#s. .leep 5pnea- a co$$on disorder in "hich 'ou ha%e one or $ore pauses in breathing or shallo" breaths "hile 'ou sleep. 5s a result& the qualit' of 'our sleep is poor& "hich $a#es 'ou tired during the da'. .leep apnea is a leading cause of e+cessi%e da'ti$e sleepiness. a) Describe the brain structures in%ol%ed in ;ircadian Rh'th$s and b) ho" the' are affected b' light hitting the retina our biological cloc#s are greatl' influenced b' real cloc#s and sunlight - the' help to set the biological cloc#s -.uprachias$atic Nucleus -.;R) - attached to optic ner%e - recei%es light input to calibrate the internal cloc# -group of cells in

1'pothal$us) -if 'ou ha%e absolutel' no idea "hat ti$e it is -no cloc#s or light) "hat does the internal cloc# do< -people "ith free-running cloc#s are on a 20-hour da' -e+plains "h' =et lag is "orse in a direction "hich $a#es the da' shorter -tra%el east) rather than longer -tra%el "est)

.leep depri%ation stimulates the production of bod' fat b' increasing le%els of the stress hor$one cortisol !raffic accident rates ha%e been found to increase after the spring change to da'light sa%ings ti$e and to decrease after the fall change bac# to standard ti$e. 5s (nge recalled her drea$& she "as dancing "ith a tall& dar#& and handso$e gentle$an "hen suddenl' the $usic shifted to loud roc# and the $an disappeared. 5ccording to ,reud& (nge>s account represents the manifest content of her drea$. ?nderstanding h'pnosis in ter$s of focused attention& distincti%e brain acti%it'& and the presence of an authoritati%e presence in a legiti$ate conte+t& requires an integrated Biopsychosocial approach. 5lcohol and sleeping pills decrease REM sleep.