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2) What is the ratio of videocassettes to the total number of items

Ratio in the bag?


There are 3 videocassettes, and 3 + 4 + 7 + 1 = 15 items total.
A ratio is a comparison of two or more quantities of the same 3
The answer can be expressed as , 3 is to 15, or 3 :15.
kind. It is expressed in the form of a:b. We generally separate the 15
two numbers in the ratio with a colon (:). Suppose we want to
write the ratio of 8 and 12. Comparing Ratios
8
We can write this as 8:12 or as a fraction , and we read it as
12 To compare ratios, write them as fractions. The ratios are equal if
eight is to twelve. they are equal when written as fractions.
1:5 Example:
↙ ↘ Are the ratios 3 is to 4 and 6:8 equal?
3 6
1 parts : 5 parts The ratios are equal as = .
4 8
□ : □□□□□
1 5 Examples:
or
5 1
Are the ratios 7 : 1 and 4 : 81 equal?
Examples of Problems involving Ratios:
Jeannine has a bag with 3 videocassettes, 4 marbles, 7 books, and
1 orange.
1) What is the ratio of books to marbles?
Expressed as a fraction, with the numerator equal to the first
quantity and the denominator equal to the second, the answer
7
would be . Two other ways of writing the ratio are 7 is to 4,
4
and 7:4.

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Ratios and Proportion Example: Ratio Method
A piece of string , 26 cm long, is cut in the ratio 4 : 9. What is the
A proportion is an equation with a ratio on each side. It is a length of the longer piece?
statement that two ratios are equivalent. It is expressed as
shorter piece □□□□
a
= or a : b = c : d. 26 cm
b
In direct proportion , when one quantity increases, the other longer piece □□□□□□□□□
quantity increases in the same ratio. Likewise, when one quantity
4 + 9 = 13 parts → 26 cm
decreases, the other quantity decreases in the same ratio.
Examples  Equivalent ratio method 9 parts → ( 26 I 13 ) x 9 = 18 cm
Find the answer  18 : 27 = ____ : 3 = 8 : 12
The ratio of the length of A to the length of B is 4 : 9. If the Therefore, the length of the longer piece is 18 cm.
length of A is 8 cm , find the length of B. In indirect proportion, when one quantity increases , the other
A:B quantity decreases in the same ratio and vice versa.
4:9 Example : A worker takes 4 hours to paint one room. How long will
4 workers take to paint the same room? How long will 4 workers
x 2 ↙ ↘ x 2
take to paint 5 such rooms ?
8 : __
1 worker : 1 room : 4 hours
Therefore, the length of B is ______.
åx4 I 4æ

4 workers :1 room : _________


↙ x 5 x 5 ↘
4 workers : 5 rooms : _________

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Rate Method 2 è We can find the quantity for one unit before finding
for the given units.
Rate is used to expresse how long it takes to do something,
30 min è 4 km
such as traveling a certain distance.
One unit Ú 1 min è 30 ¸ 4 = 7.5 km
To walk 3 kilometers in one hour is to walk at the rate of 3 km/h.
The fraction expressing Rate has units of distance as the 45 min Ú ( 45 ¸ 7.5 )km = 6 km

numerator and units of time as the denominator. Converting rates


3 km 6 km
That is = and so on. We compare rates just as we compare ratios,
1 hour  2 hours
by cross multiplying. When comparing rates, always check to see
Problems involving rates typically involve setting two ratios equal which units of measurement are being used.
to each other and solving for an unknown quantity, For instance, 3 kilometers per hour is very different from 3 meters
that is, solving a proportion. In other words rate can be used to per hour! Look at the conversion below.
compare any two quantities. 3 km/ hour = 3×1000 metres / hour = 3000 m/ hour
As you can clearly see 3000 metres/hr is not the same as
Example: 3 metres/hr.
Juan runs 4 km in 30 minutes.
At that rate, how far could he run in 45 minutes?
Method 1 è We can represent the data as fractions.
4 km 2 km 6 km
= =
30 min 15 min 45 min

Therefore our answer is 6 km.

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Important: Average Rate of Speed
One of the most useful tips in solving any math problem is to
always write out the units when multiplying, dividing, or The average rate of speed for a trip is the total distance traveled
converting from one unit to another. divided by the total time taken for the trip.
Remember this triangle when calculating speed, distance or time.

Example: Formulas :

If Juan runs 4 km in 30 minutes, how many hours will it take him Distance = Speed x Time
to run 1 km?  Distance 
Be careful not to confuse the units of measurement. While Juan's Speed = Distance ÷ Time or
Time
rate of speed is given in terms of minutes, the question is posed in
 Distance
terms of hours. Only one of these units may be used in setting up Time = Distance ÷ Speed or
 Speed 
a proportion. Convert 30 minutes to hours.
4 km Ú 30 min = ½ hr

Ô ÷ 4 ÷4 Ô
1
1 km Ú hr
8
1
The answer is hr.
8

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On a vacation, Linda's family traveled 495 miles at 55 mph. How Example:
long did the trip take? A dog walks 8 km at 4 km per hour, then chases a rabbit for 2 km
at 20 km per hour. What is the dog's average rate of speed for the
distance he traveled?

4 km Ò 1 hours 20 km Ò 1 hour
Ôx2 Ôx2 ¯ ¸ 10 ¯ ¸ 10
8 km Ò 2 hours 2 km Ò 0.1 hours
Total Distance travelled  8 km + 2 km = 10 km
Total time taken  2 h + 0.1 h = 2.1 hours
Average Speed  10 km ¸ 2.1 h » 4.761 km/h

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