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After you ingest L(-)-Carnitine, it travels to your gut, and intestinal bacteria converts the L(-)-Carnitine into a substance called TMA, which then gets processed by the liver. The liver converts TMA into a compound that has been linked to plaque build-up in the arteries and heart disease.
Red meat is one of the highest sources of L(-)-Carnitine, at about 56-162 mg per serving. L(-)-Carnitine can also be found in foods like pork, seafood, and chicken, but at much lower levels, between 3 and 7 mg per serving. Dairy, like ice cream, milk and cheese, has between 3 and 8 mg per serving.
( 1 ) Extraction. Naturally present in meat and dairy , so they can contain L- carnitine from beef and milk extracted directly . Reported in the literature , from 450g beef extract 0.6g crystals can be extracted L(-)-Carnitine, can be extracted from 56kg milk containing 2% L- carnitine lactose powder 100g. However, the cost of extraction is better economically not reasonable.
( 2 ) by microbial fermentation . Research shows that there are also many microorganisms Lcarnitine, using yeast , Aspergillus , Penicillium , Rhizopus and other microorganisms in submerged culture or solid state fermentation , can accumulate L- carnitine. However, more complex screening of bacteria , the current is still relatively low level of fermentation . It is reported in 2% DL- carnitine as the raw material , 25 fermentation 44h, the accumulation of Lcarnitine 0.4%.
( 3 ) synthesis. Alone in a foreign country in 1953 patented DL- carnitine synthesis reports, the 1960s have industrial production. As in 1982, there are domestic production and application of
stomach . Directly from the DL- carnitine starting with camphor acid , N-acetyl -D- glutamic acid or ethylbenzene -L-(+) tartaric acid salt for chemical splitting get L- carnitine. However, Dcarnitine racemic difficult can not be recycled , industrial production still need a breakthrough.
( 4 ) enzymatic conversion . This is the most studied , but also the final promising approach . Enzymes from microbial sources can be used for selective hydrolysis splits. Qing Zhongshan, Pseudomonas bacteria with amidase microorganism selective hydrolysis L(-)-Carnitine DLcarnitine amide or nitrile can be obtained an optical purity of 99 % or more of L- carnitine. In addition , you can also - dehydrogenation L(-)-Carnitine enzymatic conversion of trans crotonobetaine enzymatic hydrolysis and - butyl betaine enzymatic hydroxylation and other prepared L- carnitine.
At present, only Switzerland, Italy, Japan and other countries students . Jiangsu Institute of Microbiology of enzymatic conversion is also carried out research .