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Linguistic Rights: An Imperative for Indigenous Language Development towards Rural Entrepreneurial Enhancement
Ndubuisi &gbonna ,-amefula1. &/o0e) 1-inen0e 2o0ce2) 3arcellus &. &nwuegbuc-unam2 1.Department of 2inguistics) Igbo and &t-er Nigerian 2anguages) 4niversit0 of Nigeria) Nsu//a 2.Department of 2inguistics) Nnamdi ,5i/iwe 4niversit0) ,w/a .email of corresponding aut-orndubuisi.a-amefula6unn.edu.ng Abstract 2inguistic rig-ts) especiall0 for t-e indigenous people t-at are mostl0 found in t-e rural areas) are relevant to t-eir development. Ever0 race and languages s-ould -ave t-e freedom and rig-t to develop in t-eir communities using t-eir native languages and not -ave e7traneous languages imposed on t-em wit-out t-eir consent. Some people -ave been disenfranc-ised and isolated from development and also alienated from national development) participator0 governance8politics because t-e0 are onl0 /nowledgeable in t-eir indigenous languages. 9ence) t-e0 do not -ave access to t-e so called official language and t-ereb0 isolated. :e need to recogni5e t-eir rig-t to national discourse) education t-roug- t-eir indigenous languages as bona fide citi5ens of t-e state t-e0 belong to. ;-ere is t-e need for capacit0 building towards en-ancing indigenous language s/ills of t-e ,dult83ass 2iterac0 educators w-o will be saddled wit- t-e responsibilit0 of teac-ing and enlig-tening t-em in areas suc- as s/ills ac<uisition and s/ills en-ancement) entrepreneurial development and subse<uent utili5ation for economic transformation. :e -ave to loo/ towards t-e rural populace w-o -as a lot of traditional s/ills and ingenuit0 to s-owcase bot- to Nigeria and t-e world. ;-e <uest for sustainable econom0 s-ould ta/e us to t-e rural people to -arness t-eir untapped potentials for t-e muc- desired national growt- and economic transformation. ;-e paper advocates t-at suc- a programme be done in t-e indigenous languages. ;-us) t-e rural educators need to be abreast wit- indigenous languages to properl0 -arness t-e entrepreneurial potentials t-at abound in t-e rural people and t-e unsc-ooled. ;-e paper calls for a concerted effort and s0nerg0 among all sta/e-olders for capacit0 building in t-e indigenous Nigerian languages towards co-coordinating and -arnessing t-e enormous talents and potentials embedded wit- t-e rural populace w-o are mostl0 unsc-ooled. ;-is can be done effectivel0 w-en we identif0 t-e indigenous languages needs for training and retraining purposes. Key words= 2inguistic rig-ts) rural development) rural education) adult8mass literac0) entrepreneurial development) national and economic growt1 ! Introduction ;-ere are enormous talents) s/ills) ingenuit0 t-at are bound in t-e rural populace and t-e among t-e unsc-ooled in Nigeria. 3ost of t-ese indigenous resources are fast being lost or eroded because t-ere is no coordination towards t-eir preservation or passing t-em to generations 0et to come. :e -ardl0 /now of an0 agenc0 t-at is saddled wit- t-e responsibilit0 of t-e education of t-ese rural and unsc-ooled people on -ow to improve t-eir trades and s/ills) develop a framewor/ and modules for t-em to train ot-ers in t-eir various areas of speciali5ation. :e are of t-e position t-at instead of wasting government resources in running adult education towards ma/ing t-ese special set of people educated in Englis- and t-e :-iteman>s wa0 of life) get t-em s-arpened in t-eir indigenous languages) t-at is t-e languages of t-eir immediate environment. ;-e0 -ave t-e alienable rig-t to spea/ t-eir languages) transact businesses in t-eir language) develop t-eir various trades and be empowered to use same language to ac-ieve several feats t-at t-e imported language can ac-ieve for t-ose t-at /now and use t-em. ?esides t-e fear of loss) is t-e issue of -arnessing t-em towards rural economic development and national economic development. 1.1 Language rights issues in Nigeria ;-e use of Englis-) a second language as a common language -as denied man0 t-eir linguistic rig-ts in Nigeria. ,s regards t-is ?an@o !1A$%=A7# asserts= ;-e case for Englis- -as alwa0s been overstated. It is true t-at Englis- in Nigeria is a common language) but onl0 for t-e educated elites. "er-aps as man0 as A percent of our people in bott-e urban and rural areas are untouc-ed b0 its communicative role ,rising from t-e recognition of t-ree indigenous languages Igbo) 9ausa) Boruba as t-e ma@or languages and tagging some minorit0 languages was a tumult and revolt b0 t-e so called minorit0 languages t-at led to t-e downpla0 of t-e term minorit0 w-enever Nigerian national languages are being discussed. "eople suc- as ?ini would argue t-at giving t-e t-ree aforementioned languages t-e tag of ma@or definite means t-at all ot-er Nigerian languages are minor w-ereas t-e0 are in no wa0 minor in w-en issues of et-nicit0 and race is being considered in Nigeria. Cecentl0) I@aw is claiming to be t-e fourt- largest linguistic group in Nigeria and would want t-eir linguistic rig-ts recogni5ed and respected. &ne would wonder w-at t-e fuss about own languages. ;-e

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reasons ma0 be political as suggested b0 ,gbedo !2 7# or spiritual as muted b0 1oo/ !2 *#. 1oo/ believes t-at for one to understand culture and language of a people) t-ere is need to use t-e original language and not translations w-ic- -e said is motivated b0 a vague belief Din t-e spirit of language>. 9ence) we can allude t-at language is a spirit or t-at t-ere is a spirit be-ind language. 3adu/a !2 7=1 # -arps on ?ambose !1AA1=22# vertical integration w-ic- focuses on Et-e adoption of one or more indigenous languages as tools for integrating t-e marginali5ed masses into t-e prevailing political s0stemF. 3adu/a rig-tl0 observes t-at t-e use of languages not common to t-e people e7cludes man0 from participating activel0 in t-e political terrain. ,gbedo !2 7# e7amines language as an instrument of e7clusion in Nigeria. In -is words !p.1*+#) Ewe s-all see/ to e7amine t-e concept of e7clusion and -ow t-e efficacit0 of language as instrument of e7clusion -as been used b0 t-e millieu7 dirigeants to e7clude t-e vast ma@orit0 of Nigerians from participating in t-e overall national development processF. 9e posits furt-er t-at linguistic capabilities are being used indirectl0 b0 t-e minorit0 ruling class to den0 t-e vast ma@orit0 of Nigerians t-eir rig-ts of participation in t-e socio economic and political activities. 9e sums up t-ese tendencies b0 t-e privileged ruling class as in@ustice and marginali5ation. ;-ere is a level of linguistic ine<ualit0 pla0ing out in various areas of national e7istence being graduall0 institutionali5ed b0 t-e privileged few rat-er t-an addressing t-e linguistic imbalance t-roug- mass literac0 programmes. ,gbedo !2 7=1(7# notes= So far) realities on ground point ominousl0 to t-e fact t-at t-e vast ma@orit0 of Nigerian populace is becoming increasingl0 e7cluded from participating in t-e management of t-e nation>s affairs given t-e tenacit0 wit- w-ic- t-e millieu7 dirgeants -old on to t-e primac0 of language. In t-e lig-t of t-is) we are inclined to argue t-at one effective wa0 to turn t-ings around in favour of us all and redress t-e obvious oddities and absurdities t-at c-aracteri5e our national polit0 is to defree5e t-e enslaving fog of ignorance and illiterac0 t-at -as warped t-e collective ps0c-e of t-e masses for too long and mobili5e t-em for active participation in t-e da0 to da0 management of t-e nation>s affairs. ;-e issue of language rig-ts pervades all areas of -uman e7istence bot- at national and individual levels. ;-e concept of linguicism furt-er gives us an idea of linguistic rig-ts and denial of same. ,gbedo !2 7# cites S/utnabb-Gangas !1A$$=1*# w-o defines it as Et-e ideologies and structures w-ic- are used to legitimate) effectuate) and reproduce an une<ual division of power and resources !bot- material and non-material# between groups w-ic- are defined on t-e basis of language !on t-e basis of t-eir mot-er-tongues#. ,gbedo !2 7=11$# notes t-at Elinguicism is also defined as t-e absence of language rig-ts including t-e following= !i# ever0 c-ild s-ould -ave t-e rig-t to identif0 positivel0 wit- -er original mot-er tongue!s# and -ave -er identification accepted and respected b0 ot-ersH !ii# ever0 c-ild s-ould -ave t-e rig-t to learn t-e mot-er tongue!s# full0H !iii# ever0 c-ild s-ould -ave t-e rig-t to c-oose w-en s8-e wants to use t-e mot-er tongue!s# in official situations. Irom t-e foregoing) we can sa0 t-at t-e Nigerian c-ild !and t-e adult local populace w-o grew from c-ild-ood# is t-e worst -it in denial of linguistic rig-ts. ;-e second language -as inadvertentl0 been imposed on t-e Nigerian c-ild in sc-ools and even at -omes. 1-umbow !1AA # listed man0 advantages in using mot-ertongue in education noting t-e success of suc- programmes in several countries of t-e world. ;-e indigenous entrepreneurs are not left out. ;-e0 are forced to use Englis- w-en t-e0 go to ban/s and ot-er financial institutions for transactions t-at will improve t-eir businesses. ?esides) manuals and instructions t-at will add value to t-eir s/ills and trades are stored in strange languages. ;-e rural entrepreneur w-o is -ig-l0 /nowdgeable in -is indigenous language ma0 boldl0 as/= :-0 must I learn Englis-J :-0 must I transact and operate m0 ban/ account or ,;3 in Englis-J :-0 must I be attended to in some basic t-ings of life li/e driving lessons) -ealtcare in Englis-J :-0 can>t we -ave local products b0 local people pac/aged and mar/eted in t-eir local languageJ " ! #igerian indigenous languages and entrepreneurship E5i/eo@ia/u !2 7=11(# observe t-at people t-in/ more productivel0 in t-eir indigenous languages and posits t-at= , scientific impetus or tec-nolog0 ac<uired in a learner>s indigenous language becomes second nature to t-e person. Nigeria and indeed ,frica can onl0 ac-ieve mass scientific literac0 needed for -er tec-nological and scientific development t-roug- t-e medium of t-e indigenous language!s# 4guru !2 7# observes t-at t-e best wa0 to stud0 and transfer indigenous tec-nolog0 is t-roug- t-e indigenous languages in w-ic- t-e0 e7ist. 4guru !2 7=1 +-1 7# furt-er posits= Since most e7perts in our indigenous tec-nologies cannot spea/ Englis-) onl0 an improved stud0 of t-ese languages embod0ing t-em can ensure t-e sustenance and survival of suctec-nologies. &ur problem does not lie in t-e non-e7istence of an indigenous national language)

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rat-er it stems from t-e relegation of our indigenous languages) w-ic- embod0 our local tec-nologiesK. It is a grave error to t-in/ t-at science and tec-nolog0 can onl0 learnt in t-e w-ite man>s language. Irom t-e foregoing) we can understand t-at indigenous languages -as been lin/ed to national development but Nigeria -as been pa0ing lip service to use and development of Nigerian indigenous languages w-ile developing and ma/ing full and practical use of t-e second language) Englis-) in all sp-eres of national e7istence. If Nigeria continues to develop few Nigerians in t-e language of t-e w-ite man and neglect t-e greater number of tec-nologicall0 s/illed masses) two t-ings -appen. ;-e indigenous tec-nologists suffer denials and t-e muc- desired scientific and tec-nological development will continue to be elusive. In line wit- t-e foregoing) according to E5i/eo@ia/u !2 7=11(# Eit is instructive to observe t-at all tec-nologicall0 advanced countries develop t-eir scientific impetuses and tec-nologies in t-eir respective languages. 9e furt-er stresses t-at t-e efforts at t-e scientific process in Nigeria will wor/ better b0 imparting of science literac0 in t-e indigenous languages w-ic- are obviousl0 understood b0 t-e ma@orit0 of t-e masses. ;-e following captures t-e language situation in Nigeria. It is said t-at t-e world -as s-run/. "eople spea/ of a global village. ?0 attaining t-e capacit0 to travel 2 ) miles per -our and b0 our accent on speed) we -ave made t-e distant familiar) but we -ave made t-e neig-bour a stranger. :e -ave ac<uired a language to communicate witt-e distant) across nations) but we -ave no language to communicate wit- t-e neig-bour. !Source - -ttp=88www.ciil-eboo/s.net8-tml8educulture8lLlnd.-tm :e -ave a situation w-ere t-e masses t-at cannot spea/ nor understand Englis- are disenfranc-ised from -aving access to certain rig-ts and privileges because Englis- -as become t-e order of t-e da0. ,gbedo !2 %# aptl0 e7poses t-e incapacitation of non-Englis- spea/ing Nigerians w-o -as great potentials in participating full0 in t-e Nigerian democratic process. ?ut t-ese fol/s are great political ac-ievers in t-eir various communities w-ere t-e0 can use t-eir indigenous languages. ,gbedo ma/es us to understand t-at it is a blatant denial of linguistic rig-ts to entrenc- Englis- as t-e language of participator0 democrac0 in Nigeria. ;-is situation -e believes process -as denied t-e masses) w-ic- are versed in t-e indigenous languages t-e contributor0 rig-ts and access to development politicall0. ;-is trend ma0 -ave to continue perpetuall0 and t-e masses linguistic rig-ts /ept in waiting until ade<uate arrangements -ave been made to accommodate t-e indigenous languages as proposed b0 t-e Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. ;-e same goes in t-e area of entrepreneurs-ip. ,-amefula !2 11=1+# favours t-e development and use of indigenous Nigerian languages in an effort to empower rural entrepreneurs towards national development and comments= It is believed t-at t-ere are lots of traditional or indigenous science and tec-nolog0 t-at -ave been bottled up wit- t-e rural populace w-o -ave little or no contact wit- t-e w-ite man>s education) -ence) could not grapple wit- t-e mec-anics of Englis-. Suc- indigenous potential w-ic- are sometimes dismissed as local or crude are in essence t-e livewire or t-e nucleus of an0 rig-t t-in/ing nation and if properl0 -arnessed and developed s-all ultimatel0 contribute immensel0 to t-e Nigerian <uest for national development. Suc- great potentials -ave been discovered in various areas suc- as clot- ma/ing) /nitting) food delicacies and dis-es including varieties of food products li/e peanut butter !ose o@i#) blac/smit-ing) potter0) cane and ot-er traditional arts and craft) weaving) bas/et ma/ing) soap ma/ing) -erbal medicine) oral literature etc. ;-ese traditional -eritages s-ould be documented in t-e various indigenous languages t-e0 occur and also be translated into t-e ot-er indigenous languages wit-in t-e countr0 so t-ere would be cross cultural s-aring of ideas and transfer of tec-nolog0 from one culture to t-e ot-er. ;-e indigenous entrepreneurs -ave t-e rig-t to carr0 on wit- t-eir business and trade in t-eir native languages w-ic- t-e0 /now so well and need to be given t-e opportunit0 to contribute to t-e overall economic development of t-e nation. , well designed informal educational programme delivered in t-eir indigenous languages would serve t-is purpose. ;-is will also empower t-em to be better prepared to pass on t-ese s/ills to ot-er generations and also produce) pac/age mar/et t-eir products and services according to modern trends. ;-e0 -ave t-e rig-t to /now and participate in t-eir native languages and not be overburdened wit- t-e w-ite man>s language. 2.1 Nigerian indigenous languages and rural education Cesearc-ers -ave s-own t-at people are better educated in t-eir mot-er tongue or t-e language of t-eir immediate environment. 1oo/ !2 *=%7# asserts= ;-e corollar0 of t-is view is t-at if someone is to e7press t-emselves full0) t-e0 ma0 need to do so in t-eir own language. ;o preserve t-eir culture) t-e0 must -ave t-e rig-t to educate t-eir c-ildren in t-at language. ;-ese needs) w-ic- -ave been referred to as language rig-ts) -ave clear implications for language planning. ;-e0 are implicit in a good deal of national and

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international legislation) ensuring t-e possibilit0 of own use bot- in formal transactions and sc-ools. &n t-e ot-er -and) t-ere are man0 conte7ts w-ere language rig-ts are denied and linguistic ma@orities impose upon minorities) often t-roug- oppressive legislation. :itincreasing fre<uenc0 suc- conditions contribute to language d0ing out completel0 ;-e Nigerian polic0 ma/ers /now t-is so well but lac/ t-e political will to implement it. National "olic0 on Education !N"E# recogni5es and recommends t-e indigenous languages or languages of immediate environment as languages of instruction in earl0 or basic education. 9owever) it made a mess of t-e w-ole polic0 b0 stating t-at t-e use of indigenous languages is dependent on t-e availabilit0 of teac-ers. 9ence) t-e rig-ts of Nigerian citi5ens to receive good and <ualitative will continue to be denied as far as t-e education operators prove t-at t-ere are no enoug- teac-ers to teac- in t-e indigenous languages. E5i/eo@ia/u !2 7=11$# underscores t-e need for t-e educational development of indigenous Nigerian languages and stresses t-e Eneed for t-e use of Nigerian language in mass scientific education K because t-e number of t-ose literate in t-e Englis- language will continue to be negligible in t-e societ0) t-e development of t-e indigenous language is imperativeK. , traditional medical doctor w-o -as attended onl0 adult education classes can write a traditional medical treatise in -is local language) a tas/ t-at will be impossible for -im to accomplis- in a foreign language. ;-e same applies to all locall0 s/illed people in various areas of speciali5ations. ;-ere is t-e need for capacit0 building towards en-ancing t-e indigenous language s/ills of t-e ,dult educators w-o will be speciall0 prepared for teac-ing and enlig-ten t-e rural dwellers or unsc-ooled adults in s/ills ac<uisition) s/ills en-ancement and ot-er relevant s/ills needed for t-eir entrepreneurial development and subse<uent utili5ation for economic transformation of t-e countr0. :e -ave to loo/ towards t-e rural populace and t-e unsc-ooled w-o -ave a lot of traditional s/ills in areas of medicine) agriculture) tec-nolog0) arts8crafts) coo/er0 e.t.c to -arness and s-owcase t-em bot- to Nigeria and t-e rest of t-e world. ;-e searc-lig-t s-ould beam towards t-eir local e7pertise and ingenuit0 for national economic development. ;-ese fol/s -ave to educated and trained in t-eir various s/ills t-roug- t-eir indigenous languages to ma/e t-em relevant in t-e global village t-at is fast enclosing us all. $ ! Indigenous languages needs for specific purposes ;-e imperativeness for t-e capacit0 building of t-e indigenous Nigerian languages calls for t-e needs anal0sis of t-ese languages for specific purposes. ;-is is obviousl0 in line wit- t-e concept of Englis- for Specific "urposes !ES"# w-ereb0 researc-es are made towards identif0ing t-e language teac-ing needs of a particular set of individuals determined b0 w-at t-e0 actuall0 need t-e language for. If t-ese researc-es are well carried out in t-e indigenous languages wit-in Nigeria) we can t-en begin to discuss in terms of 9ausa for Specific "urposes !9S"#) Igbo for Specific "urposes !IS"#) Boruba for Specific "urposes !BS"# ?ini Ior Specific "urposes !?S"# ;iv for Specific "urposes !;S"#) e.t.c. &n t-e long run) we s-all -ave different indigenous language teac-ing modules for different areas of language needs. ,nd of course) we s-all -ave modules t-at would ta/e care of t-e indigenous language needs of t-e rural entrepreneurs w-ic- ma0 include language to train ot-ers) language to pac/age and mar/et products) language to document researc- and development) language to develop manuals and prescriptions) language to develop teac-ing and production aide resources suc- as general boo/s and te7t boo/s. :e are tired of citing successes in t-is /ind of venture from t-e ,sian tigers prominent among t-em) 1-ina) w-ere all documentation and training are done in 1-inese. It is -ig- time we loo/ed inward and start doing our own t-e rig-t wa0 in favour of Nigerian indigenous languages. 4guru !2 7# ma/es a clarion call to linguists to develop t-roug- practical language pro@ects in t-e Nigerian indigenous languages in order to -arness and tap t-e abundant tec-nological s/ills and resources t-at abound wit- indigenous e7perts. E5i/eo@ia/u !2 7# outlines various efforts b0 sc-olars and agencies at developing Nigerian indigenous languages t-roug- t-e metalanguage pro@ects w-ic- is <uite promising. 9owever) t-ese pro@ects -ave to be translated to t-e rural populace and made relevant to t-e s/illed entrepreneurs to properl0 -arness t-eir potentials. % ! &onclusion ;-e proper education and -arnessing of t-e rural and unsc-ooled s/illed masses using t-e medium of t-e indigenous languages best understood and /nown to t-ese fol/s is bound to 0ield tremendous results towards national economic transformation t-at will put Nigeria at a vantage economic position globall0. Ior t-e pro@ect to be successful and 0ield t-e e7pected result) it must be done in t-e indigenous languages as t-ese s/ills t-at are e7pected to be tapped and -arnessed lie mostl0 wit-in t-e unsc-ooled populace. 3ost countries in ,sia) especiall0 1-ina encourage and ma/e proper and ade<uate arrangements for t-e use of indigenous languages in t-eir pedagogic and scientific8 industrial ventures. ;-e0 -ave several cottage and -ome based factories Scattered all over t-eir countries w-ose language of operation) training) distribution and mar/eting is t-e

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indigenous language. In line wit- t-is) all sta/e-olders in Nigeria s-ould form a s0nerg0 towards capacit0 building in t-e Nigerian indigenous languages for -arnessing t-e enormous entrepreneurial potentials in all t-e noo/s and crannies of Nigeria especiall0 in t-e rural areas and among t-e unsc-ooled regardless of t-eir area of domicile. ;-is can effectivel0 be done w-en we identif0 t-e language needs of t-e entrepreneurs as well as t-e indigenous language needs of t-e adult educators t-at would be deplo0ed in t-is programme. ;-e language needs evaluation will provide ade<uate data for input into t-e preparation of curriculum and training modules for entrepreneurial development in t-e indigenous languages. ?esides) for an effective mobili5ation of t-e rural dwellers and t-e unsc-ooled) in t-is regard t-ere is t-e need to ma/e conscious and deliberate effort to reac- out to t-em in t-e indigenous languages. 9ence) t-e urgent need for t-e development of t-e indigenous languages to meet up wit- t-is /ind of purpose. Several similar efforts at developing indigenous languages in t-e past ma0 need to be broug-t toget-er to wor/ for t-is initiative. ' ! Recommendations ;-ere is need to recogni5e t-e language rig-ts of local8rural entrepreneurs and develop t-em in t-eir native languages and not to impose an e7traneous language on t-em wit-out t-eir consent. Suc- linguistic rig-ts will include t-e rig-t to be educated and trained in t-eir various vocations using t-eir native languages) access to documents and manuals relevant to t-e trades and crafts in t-eir native languages) access and participation in communit0 and national discourse in t-eir native languages. ;-e relevant government agencies and NM&s involved in mass literac0 programmes s-ould collaborate wit- linguists and ot-er academics to produce modules and curriculum to educate and train t-e entrepreneurs in t-eir various trades and businesses using t-e indigenous languages as t-e medium. References ,gbedo) 1.4. !2 7#. Problems of Multilingual Nations: The Nigerian Perspecti e. Nsu//a= ,1E Cesources Gonsults. ,gbedo) 1.4.!2 %#.F1ommunicative Ine<ualit0 in a "articipator0 Democarc0= ;-e 2ingustic Imperatives. In !nterdisciplinar" #ournal of Communication $tudies. No.*)"p.17-*%. ,-amefula) N.&. !2 11#. 2anguage in national development= ;-e Nigerian perspective. , paper presented at t-e 2(t- ,nnual 1onference of t-e 2inguistics ,ssociation of Nigeria -eld at ?a0ero 4niversit0 Gano) between %t- to At- Dec.. ?ambgose) ,. !1AA1#. Language and the nation: The language %uestion in sub&saharan 'frica. Edinburg-= Edinburg- 4niversit0 "ress. ?an@o) ,. !1A$%#. &n citi5ens-ip in a multilingual state. Ceview of Englis- and 2iterar0 Studies) 2!2#. 1-umbow) ?.S. !1AA #. E;-e place of t-e mot-er-tongue in t-e national polic0 on educationF. In E.N.Emenan@o !ed.# Multilingualism( Minorit" Languages and Language Polic" in Nigeria. ,gbor= 1entral ?oo/s 2td. "p.+1-72. 1oo/) M. !2 *#. 'pplied linguistics. &7ford= &7ford 4niversit0 "ress. E5i/eo@ia/u) ".,. !2 7#. EIndigenous 2anguages for Science and ;ec-nolog0F In ?.N. ,nasiudu et al. !eds.# Language and Literature in )e eloping Countries. &nits-a= ,fricana- Iirst "ublis-ers 2td. Iederal Cepublic of Nigeria !2 (# .National Polic" on *ducation !(t- Edition#. 2agos= NECD1 "ress. Iederal Cepublic of Nigeria !2 1 # 1AAA Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 's 'meneded 2+1+. ,bu@a= Iederal Movernment "rinter. 2anguage ,nd National Development = ;-e 1ase &f India retrieved from -ttp=88www.ciileboo/s.net8-tml8educulture8lLlnd.-tm on 218 *82 11. 3adu/a ) 1.;. !2 7#. E;-e 1louds are ;-ic/ening= Nigerian 2anguages and 2iteratures in National Development. F. In ?.N. ,nasiudu et al. !eds.# Language and Literature in )e eloping Countries. &nits-a= ,fricana- Iirst "ublis-ers 2td. "p.A2-1 2. S/utnabb-Gangas) ;. !1A$$#. 3ultilingualism and t-e education of minorit0 c-ildren. In ;. S/utnabb-Gangas N J. 1ummins !Eds.# 3inorit0 education= Irom s-ame to struggle. "-iladelp-ia= 3ultilingual 3atters. "p.A-((. 4guru) J.& !2 7#. EScientific Stud0 of 2anguage for National DevelopmentF. In ?.N. ,nasiudu et al. !eds.# Language and Literature in )e eloping Countries. &nits-a= ,fricana- Iirst "ublis-ers 2td.

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