HAND-OUT IN LOGIC September 17, 2013

By Catherine C. de la Cruz

MEDIATE AND IMMEDIATE INFERENCE 1. What are the two general types of inference? Immediate

1.

2. mediate 2.

1. 2. 4. 5.

What does the immediate inference includes? conversion possibility actuality logical opposition

3. obversion

3.

1. 2.

What does the mediate inference includes? Induction with applicable fallacies

deduction (categorical and hypothetical syllogisms and other forms of inference)

.4. 5.

Simple Apprehension/Abstraction is the mental process of forming ideas Judgment is the mental process of enunciating the relationship between a subject idea and predicate idea

6. 7. 8. 9.

reasoning is the mental process of comparing one judgment with another judgment. Argument is the mental product of reasoning The external expression of the argument is syllogism. The three univocal terms under the remote material elements of a syllogism are: predicate term (major term)

1. subject term (minor term) 2.

3. 10. 1. 2.

the middle term The three propositions under the proximate material elements of a syllogism are the major premise the minor premise

3. the conclusion 11.

logical necessity or consequence is the formal element of

syllogism

MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE: True 1. Reasoning is otherwise construed as inferential thinking Consequence is the same as consequent Conclusion is the same as consequent

False 2.

Consequence is the same as logical necessity False 3. True 4. Judgment is the mental product of reasoning Argument is the mental product of reasoning or inferential thinking

This reasoning process is, otherwise called inference which is simply the process of drawing Logical opposition is one of the types of mediate inference.

The process of drawing a consequent from an antecedent is inference.

False 5.

a consequent (conclusion) from an antecedent or a combination of antecedents (premises) Logical opposition is one of the types of immediate inference

MATCHING TYPE 1. antecedent - premises 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 3. syllogism

consequent - conclusion subject term - minor term

predicate term - major term inferential thinking - reasoning formal elements of syllogism - logical necessity or consequence

MODULE 2

1. 1.

Mediate Inference and Immediate inference are the general types of inferential thinking. Immediate inference is a process of reasoning which consists in passing directly from one

proposition, without the aid of a second proposition or a third term called medium, to a new proposition but not to a new truth.

2.

There is no middle term.

In the process of Immediate inference there are only the subject term and the predicate term.

3.

1. 2. 3. 4.

what are the several types of immediate inference? oppositional (logical opposition) conversion obversion possibility

5. actuality 4. Oppositional inference refers to the logical opposition which is represented/illustrated by the traditional square of opposition. 5. Logical opposition means repugnance which exists between two propositions having the same subject and predicate but differing in quantity or in quality, or in both quantity and quality. 6. What are the four kinds of logical opposition? Contrary Contradictory Sub-altern Sub-contrary

1. 2. 3. 4.

7. Conversion is a form of immediate inference in which the subject and predicate of a given proposition are transported without changing the quality and truth of the proposition. 7. Conversion is the re-expression of a proposition by interchanging places of the subject and predicate while preserving its quality.

9.

In conversion, the original proposition is called convertend, while the new proposition, the converse.

10. What are the two kinds of conversion? 1. simple 2. accidental 11. Simple conversion is one in which the subject and the predicate terms are interchanged preserving, though, the quantity of either, while the latter, the quantity of either predicate and subject terms is lessened. 12. What are the other terms for obversion? 1. equipollence 2. permutation 3. infinitum 13. Obversion is a process of immediate inference whereby an affirmative proposition is stated negatively and a negative proposition may be stated affirmatively. 14. Its (Obversion) purpose is to take an original proposition and by the addition or subtraction of one or two negations to make a second propsotion which is equivalent in meaning to that of the first. It is the re-expression of a proposition by retaining the subject and its quantity, while changing the quality of the proposition and changing the predicate to its contradictory. 15. In Obversion, the first statement cannot deny the second or subsequent statement because both mean the same thing. 16. In obversion, the first statement is called obvertend, while the second, the obverse 17. Possibility signifies a perfection not as yet possessed or realized. 18. Possibility refers to a condition, situation, or state of being that does not yet exist but can exist. 19. Actuality signifies a perfection now possessed 20. Actuality signifies a condition, situation or state of being that exists here and now. MATCHING TYPE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Original proposition - convertend new proposition - converse obversion - equipollence first statement - obvertend second statement - obverse perfection now possessed - actuality perfection not yet possessed - possibility

8. logical opposition - opositional inference 9. third mental operation reasoning MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE False 1. In immediate inference, there may be middle term. In the immediate inference, there are only the subject term and the predicate term. There is no middle term. False 2. Contrary proposition (AE) may be both true. Contraries cannot be both true. False 3. Contradictories can be both true or false Contradictories cannot be both true Contraries cannot be both false True 4. Reasoning is the same as inferential thinking False 5. Sub-contraries can be both false. Subcontraries cannot be both false

MODULE 3 1. Mediate inference is the process of reasoning whereby the mind passes from two propositions which are premises to a new proposition called the conclusion through the mediation of a third term called the middle term. 1. When the mind passes from two propositions into a new proposition, the process is called Mediate inference. 2. Mediate inference is also viewed as one in which we derive a conclusion from two or more premises taken jointly. 1. In mediate inference, the new proposition is called the conclusion while the two propositions are called premises 3. Mediate inference is classified into: 1. deduction 2. deduction 4. Deductive inference is one which we pass from the universal to the particular, 5. When the mind infers from universal to the particular, the process is called Deductive inference. 5. In induction inference, we pass from two or more particular premises to a general conclusion. 5. When the inference is from particular to universal, it is called Induction inference. 6. In mediate inference, the verbal conclusion is called argumentation.

6. The verbal expression in mediate inference is called argumentation 7. Argumentation is understood as a discourse, which logically deduces one proposition from others. It takes the form of syllogism. Syllogism is the expression of an argument 8. Syllogism is an argumentation in which, two known propositions that contain a common idea, and one at least of which is universal, a third proposition, different from the two propositions, follows with necessity. 9. The structure of the syllogism consists of three (3) declarative sentences, namely a. the major premise b. the minor premise c. a conclusion 10. The premises have three (3) terms: 1. major premise 2. minor premise 3. middle term 11. What are the two types of syllogism 1. categorical syllogism 2. hypothetical syllogism 12. Middle term Is the third term which mediates between premises and conclusion Source: Teaching and Learning Logic by Jose R. Joven