ChapterThree 3-1:Introduction:

Soil-Structure Interaction Soil-Structure Interaction

The response of structure- foundation systems subjected to static or dynamic loadings is influenced significantly by the behavior of contact junctions between the structural element and the surrounding soil enclosed them, these junctions represent the interface between the response of the soil-structure which transmit the load and the deformations, which is called soil-structure interaction. There are many types of problems that go into the definition of soilstructure interaction, such as footing, dams, buried, and retaining structures, etc. these types of problems are very complicated in some features such that the non-linear behavior of materials especially for soil. The behavior of the interface points is also non-linearity, therefore, the non-linear analysis are used to control these problems. But in some cases a linear solution is acceptable to use which simplify the calculations and reduce CPU time, which usually occurs in the safe side. In offshore structure, dynamic soil-structure interaction is very important factor that affects the total response of structural system and cannot be significantly ignored. The flexibility of the structure will be increased when considering the effect of piles flexibility.

3-2 Dynamic Behaviour of Piles :

When a pile vibrates, its stiffness is modified and damping is generated through interaction of the pile with the surrounding soil. These phenomena are very complex and least understood. The variation of stiffness and damping is strongly dependent on the frequency [27]. In some cases an extra mass has been added to represent part of the soil [28]. For slender pile, the dynamic stiffness of soil-pile system increased with frequency, but for rigid pile the stiffness decreases with the frequency. The damping is increased with decreasing frequency and increased with pile length
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stiffness [29].

Soil-Structure Interaction

in most cases. Pile stiffness at low frequencies does not differ much from static

For regular piles with slenderness ratio (H/R) larger than (25), the stiffness can be considered independent of the slenderness ratio, frequency, and of the pile tip conditions [27]. Internal dissipation of energy in the soil can be represented by hysteretic (frequency independent) damping through use of complex moduli Es (1+2i) and Gs(1+2i) where is the desired damping ratio [27]. Generally, the damping of the soil spring (especially for the sway condition) is larger than the damping in the structure, moreover the damping in some parts of the system is viscous in nature, while in other parts the damping is more nearly hystestic. The viscous damping can be represented by a dashpot with a resistance proportional to the velocity. The physical characteristics of viscous damping is the viscosity coefficient or dashpot constant c. The fraction of critical damping
c /( 2 k.M ) for 1-D.O.F. system depends not only on the dashpot constant but

also of the mass, M, and the spring constant k. Thus the same dashpot would produce different values of for two systems with different masses but the same stiffness. Hysteretic damping can be observed in most engineering materials including soil, which exhibit a hysteritic stress-strain diagrams when strained cyclically. In each cycle, energy is dissipated. This energy is a function of amplitude but experiments show that it is to a large extends independent on frequency. In reference [14, 29], it is found that this damping is most suitably modeled.

3-3 Modeling of Soil-Pile System: Most of jacket platforms which is made usually by a steel structural sections that supported by a number of piles or pile groups which transmit the environmental loads to soil strata. In the analysis of offshore platform the piles have an important influence on the behavior and response of these structures to static or dynamic loading [3, 32].
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Soil-Structure Interaction

Many modeling techniques have been discussed in literature, multi physical models were defined [30] to represent the response of beams or piles embedded in a soil medium, these models are used in offshore structures to represent soil-structure interaction, some of these models are: -

1-Nonlinear soil springs by p-y and t-z curve method [12, 31]. 2-Nonlinear soil spring considering the strata dependent shear modulus [23, 32]. 3-Linear springs with elastic deformation [3, 31, 32]. 4-Three dimensional analysis of the pile- embedded in soil medium [1, 15, 20]. Piles are structural members, which can be taken as a beam, or column according to the loading conditions. When a pile supports a large loading axial, bending, shear and torsion, for each of the loading cases, the pile will undergo the loads and transmitted them in a some manner to soil enclosed. By considering the pile as a beam on elastic foundation, this foundation is modeled by an infinite number of springs, which represents the soil resistance to pile loading [30].

3-4 Winkler Model:

This foundation model has been used for a century [17]. It assumes that the foundation applies a reaction (from soil medium) normal to the beam, which is directly proportional to the deflection under the beam that is:

q=kn.y(x).(3-1) where:
y (x): deflection(m). x : Length of beam /or pile(m). kn: Winkler foundation modulus (N/ m2/ m). This model is a simple model to represent soil-foundation interaction.
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Soil-Structure Interaction

To improve the Winkler model, some authors assumed interactions between the springs and added a second parameter to represent the interaction between them and this will be more accurate than the classical Winkler model [16, 17, 30]. 1-Filonenko-Borodich model. 2-Pasternak model. 3-Generalized model. 4-Vlasov model. These four models are mathematically equivalent, but they differ in defining the second parameter. Piles will be considered as a beam on an elastic foundation, this foundation subjected to shear force, bending moments, axial force and torsional moments which is resisted by pile material and soil surrounding to the pile which will reduce the effect of these forces on pile material. One parameter beam on an elastic foundation with a constant modulus of subgrade reaction (for clay) or linearly varying modulus (for sand) can model this contribution. An exact stiffness matrix for three-dimensional beam on elastic foundation Fig. (3-1). which is simple to model and

accurate in results[17]. The beam may be embedded in the elastic medium as in the case of pile and, in addition, the pile may offer resistance to shear and torsion as well as normal reaction. The properties of the foundation are described by three reaction moduli are defined subsequently here in [16].

3-4-1:Normal Reaction Modulus:

If the distributed load acts normally on part of elastic half space and a unit displacement occurs in the direction of loading, the normal reaction modulus Kn of the material is defined as the force per unit area, which causes unit displacement. Referring to Fig. (3-2-a) a rigid plate area (Ap) is placed on the elastic material and a normal load P is applied. Fig.
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Soil-Structure Interaction

(3-2-a) and the plate deflection wp. The normal reaction modulus kn is then (p/Ap/wp) in Newtons per cubic meter. This modulus can be evaluated experimentally by plate bearing test or full scale pile test, some others gives a correlation formulas for the normal modulus [31, 33] of subgrade reaction, the relation chosen is:kn Es (3-2) D(1 2 )

D: diameter of pile. : Poissons ratio.

Es: Elastic modulus of soil.

This formula (3-2) is used for lateral loads on piles, where as the stiffness of the normal reaction for end bearing is half of the value in Eq.(3-2).

3-4-2:Shear Reaction Modulus:

Now if a distributed load acts tangentially on part of an elastic half space and a unit displacement occurs in the direction of loading the shear modulus of subgrade reaction of the material is defined as the force per unit area which cause unit displacement.For example in Fig. (3-2-b). A rigid plate area(As), as adhere to the elastic material and a concentrated shear force. V, is applied producing a movement of the plate v. The shear reaction modulus ks, is taken as (V/As/v) in Newtons per cubicmeters, this modulus can be evaluated as 20% from the normal modulus [33] or taken as one eighth of the normal one [31] i .e.
ks Es (3-3) 8D(1 - 2 )

The shear stress that resists the applied axial load on the pile perimeter from soil material can be represented in the same manner for the case of normal load, that is: where:
s k s .w( x) ..(3-4)

ks: Shear reaction modulus of soil.

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,: Poissons ratio.

ChapterThree
D: Diameter of pile.

Soil-Structure Interaction
,Es: Elastic modulus of soil.

3-4-3 Torsion Reaction Modulus:

If a distributed twisting moment acts on part of an elastic material extending to infinity and unit rotation occurs in the direction of loading the torsion reaction modulus of the material is defined as the moment per unit area which causes unit rotation. Referring to. Fig.(3-2-c) if a rigid cylinder of surface area. At, adheres to the elastic material and a twisting moment, T, is applied producing a rotation of the cylinder. The torsion reaction modulus then (T/At/) in Newtons per cubic meter. This torsion modulus can be found as [31].
k 2.G s ..(3-5) R

Gs: shear modulus for soil. R: radius of pile.

k: Torsion reaction modulus.

The shear stress that resists the applied torque on the pile perimeter from soil material can be represented by:
k .(x) ..(3-6)

To represent the pile embeddment in a half space which is subjected to axial, bending, shear and torsion, the use of superposition of each of above degree of freedom to fully represents of three dimensional beam element embedded in an elastic half space by using a finite number of element embedded in soil, each one capable to resist the forces a above. This representation can be done by solving the governing differential equations which represents each degree of freedom by considering the normal modulus which effect on the bending and shear response in the beam with their interaction for the pile material embedded in a soil, as
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Soil-Structure Interaction

well as the shear reaction modulus which effect on the response of the axial resistance of the pile material, and at last the torsion reaction modulus which increase the resistance of pile material to torsional loads. This derivation is shown in detail at the appendix for each bending, axial, and torsion.

Axial Torque Moment Lateral Load Side friction Lateral (normal) reaction stress Soil medium
Torsional friction resestance

Shear reaction stress

Pile tip or end bearing

Fig. (3-1): Typical pile subjected to multi types of probable loads and their actual resistance.
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Contact area (Ap) P

Contact area (As)

S Elastic material T

(a) Normal reaction modulus (kn) Contact area (At)

(b) Shear reaction modulus (ks)

(c) Torsion reaction modulus Fig. (3-2): Moduli of Elastic(k Reaction for Multi )
Degree of Freedom.

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