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Report One:
Power performance measurement on the Skystream 3.7 according
to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
Report Two:
Duration Test on the Skystream 3.7 wind turbine
Report Three:
Acoustic noise measurements on the Skystream 3.7 according to BWEA-SWT
Seite 1 von 55
Kind of report:
Site or location:
Client:
Southwest Windpower
Mrs. Ketter F. Ulrich
1801 W Route 66
Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA
Contractor:
Order no.:
Order date:
2008-07-17
Report author:
Report verifier:
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog 2009-11-02
________________________________
Dipl.-Ing. Axel Sachse
________________________________
Dipl.-Ing. Martin Arndt
This report in excerpts may only be copied with written consent of WINDTEST Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog GmbH.
It totally consists of 55 pages incl. all annexes.
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Table of Contents
1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................3
2 Results .................................................................................................................................................................4
3 Wind turbine ........................................................................................................................................................5
4 Measurement .......................................................................................................................................................6
4.1 Logbook of the measurement .............................................................................................................................6
4.2 Site ...................................................................................................................................................................6
4.3 Measuring program ............................................................................................................................................7
5 Measuring equipment .........................................................................................................................................9
5.1 Data acquisition ..................................................................................................................................................9
5.2 Wind speed ........................................................................................................................................................9
5.3 Wind direction...................................................................................................................................................10
5.4 Electric power...................................................................................................................................................10
5.5 Temperature and atmospheric pressure...........................................................................................................10
6 Data evaluation..................................................................................................................................................10
7 Measurement results.........................................................................................................................................11
7.1 Power curve......................................................................................................................................................11
7.2 Uncertainty analysis .........................................................................................................................................12
7.3 Power coefficient cp ..........................................................................................................................................14
7.4 Annual energy production (AEP) ......................................................................................................................15
8 Deviations ..........................................................................................................................................................15
9 References .........................................................................................................................................................15
10 Enclosures .......................................................................................................................................................16
Page 2 of 55
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Introduction
The scope of this report is the measurement of the power performance of the Skystream 3.7 wind turbine, which was
carried out by WINDTEST Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog GmbH (WINDTEST) at the Test Area for Small Wind Turbines (TSWT)
at Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog. The measurement which is documented in this report covers the period from 2008-11-14 to
2009-03-22.
The measurement was performed and evaluated in accordance with the IEC 61400-12-1 Ed.1: Wind turbines Part 121: Power performance measurements of electricity producing wind turbines [1], IEC 61400-12 Wind turbine generator
systems, part 12: wind turbine power performance testing, 1998 [2] and with BWEA Small Wind Turbine Performance
and Safety Standard [3].
The results given in this report relate only to the wind turbine mentioned in this report and cannot be transferred to other
sites.
This report was drawn up impartially in accordance with state-of-the-art technology and with best knowledge and
conscience.
Page 3 of 55
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Results
0,60
3,00
2,80
2,60
2,40
2,20
2,00
1,80
1,60
1,40
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
-0,20
0,50
0,40
0,30
cp
The valid datasets are normalised to sea level air density, referring to ISO standard atmosphere (1.225 kg/m3). The
average of the measured air density (during periods of valid data collection) is 1.262 kg/m3, which is within the range of
1.225 0.05 kg/m3. Thus - according to [1] - an additional normalisation to this air density (rounded to the nearest 0.05
kg/m3) is not required.
A differentiation regarding database A / B is not applicable, as cut-out behaviour has not been reached during
measurement period according to the measured status signals.
0,20
0,10
0,00
-0,10
0
8
10
12
wind speed [m/s]
14
16
18
20
WS_corr
[m/s]
0,56
1,04
1,52
2,02
2,51
3,00
3,51
4,03
4,46
5,00
5,49
6,00
6,50
6,99
7,49
7,99
8,50
8,99
9,48
9,98
10,47
10,97
11,47
11,93
12,45
12,97
13,50
13,99
14,52
15,02
15,45
15,99
16,50
17,00
17,41
17,95
18,99
P
[kW]
-0,018
-0,018
-0,018
-0,017
-0,012
0,003
0,034
0,084
0,132
0,203
0,285
0,391
0,510
0,643
0,799
0,968
1,146
1,333
1,531
1,745
1,938
2,101
2,242
2,301
2,363
2,403
2,403
2,425
2,388
2,412
2,403
2,393
2,321
2,299
2,274
2,246
2,203
Page 4 of 55
cp
[]
0,017
0,119
0,195
0,226
0,247
0,261
0,275
0,282
0,285
0,288
0,288
0,284
0,279
0,273
0,267
0,256
0,242
0,226
0,206
0,186
0,167
0,148
0,135
0,118
0,108
0,099
0,089
0,078
0,071
0,065
0,059
0,049
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Page 22 of 55
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Page 23 of 55
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
Enclosure 11
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Page 48 of 55
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Page 49 of 55
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
Enclosure 12
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Page 50 of 55
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
Enclosure 13
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Page 51 of 55
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
Enclosure 14
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Uncertainty calculation
combined
(expanded)
uncertainty
[kW]
0,011
0,010
0,010
0,010
0,010
0,011
0,013
0,017
0,020
0,023
0,030
0,039
0,046
0,054
0,066
0,075
0,082
0,093
0,102
0,114
0,110
0,096
0,089
0,052
0,054
0,048
0,038
0,041
0,046
0,042
0,038
0,039
0,069
0,039
0,058
0,080
#NV
0,091
#NV
Page 52 of 55
Power performance measurement of the Skystream 3.7 at Kaiser-WilhelmKoog, Germany according to IEC 61400-12-1 and BWEA
Enclosure 15
report WT 7650/09
2009-11-02
Page 53 of 55
WINDTEST
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog GmbH
Report WT 6534/08
May 2008
WINDTEST
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog GmbH
Duration Test on a
Southwest Windpower
Skystream 3.7 wind turbine,
Bushland, Texas, USA
Report-No.: WT 6534/08
Site or measuring
place:
Customer:
Supplier:
Southwest Windpower
Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
WINDTEST Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog GmbH
Sommerdeich 14b
25709 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog
2008-05-19
prepared:
Dipl.-Ing. A. Sachse
(Test engineer)
Order No.:
Dipl.-Ing. O. Bruhn
(Head of Loads Group)
This report may only be copied in excerpts with written consent of WINDTEST Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog GmbH.
It comprises of a total of 39 pages, including the enclosures.
Page 2/39
Table of Contents
1
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3
Measurements.................................................................................................................. 4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
Dynamic behaviour........................................................................................................ 10
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 13
Deviations....................................................................................................................... 13
Literature ........................................................................................................................ 13
10 Enclosures ..................................................................................................................... 14
Page 3/39
1 Introduction
A Skystream 3.7 wind turbine with a rated power of 1.8 kW and a rotor diameter of 3.7 m was
erected at the Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS) west of
Bushland, Texas, United States of America in order to perform a duration test. A detailed
description of the turbine and its components is given in enclosure A. USDA-ARS has installed
the necessary measurement equipment and conducted the duration test. The manufacturer of
the turbine, Southwest Windpower (SWWP), got in touch with Germanischer Lloyd Industrial
Services USA (GLIS USA) to check the database derived from the duration test and inspect
the turbine after completion of the test. This service was provided in close cooperation with
Windtest Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog GmbH (WTK) as an accredited institute for tests and
measurements on small wind turbines, amongst others.
The scope of this report are the results of the duration test according to the IEC 61400-2
standard [1].
Date
Comment
2006-08-28
2006-11-17
new nacelle, tower flange bolts and isolators have been installed,
original rotor remained in use
2007-29-01
2007-04-19
2007-12-07
2007-12-10
Turbine was powered back on, but was still in brake mode
2008-01-10
2008-03-31
2008-04-03
Page 4/39
3 Test site
The test site is located west of the city of Bushland near Amarillo, Texas, USA. The
coordinates of the turbine are:
351109.4 N and 1020457.1 W
The elevation of the site is 1,160 m. The annual average wind speed at the site is 6 m/s at 10
m height and the prevailing wind direction is 215 magnetic.
A photo series of the test site is given in enclosure B.
4 Measurements
4.1
Measurement system
The test setup consists of the turbine under test on a 10 m monopole tower and a 10 m tilt up
met tower that is located 9.1 m (2.5 times rotor diameter) from the turbine at 230 magnetic.
Following quantities have been measured during the test:
Signal name
Input
Sampling rate
Storage
Frequency
1 Hz
1 min average
Analogue
1 Hz
1 min average
Analogue
1 Hz
1 min average
Manufacturer
Model
Serial number
Anemometer
Met One
010C
F2273
Wind vane
Met One
024A
D4614
Simpson
GIMA
1002194
Current transformer
Simpson
37029
None
Data logger
Campbell
CR23X
7016
Page 5/39
Calibration certificates could only partially be provided by USDA-ARS. Most of the documents
are outdated or do not fulfil the quality standards of WTK. A post calibration has been
performed for the anemometer, the data logger as well as for the watt transducer and the
current transformers (as a set). See enclosures C, D and E. The accuracies of the devices
were within the tolerances specified by the manufacturer.
The measurement range of active turbine power is only accurate for the turbine in power
producing mode as negative power values (consumption of the turbine and the measurement
system) can only be displayed as positive values. This effect results in an approximate 30
Watt offset in power measurements when the turbine is not producing. The accuracy of the
watt transducer is 0.6% according to the specification sheet of the device. The accuracy of the
three phase current transformer is 1% according to the spec sheet of the manufacturer of the
device.
The signal quality of the wind speed measurement has been checked by using a handheld
oscilloscope.
The wind direction sensor has been installed at a different met tower in a distance of
approximately 100 m at 50 magnetic. The wind direction calibration has been verified by in
situ. A deviation of only 3 has been noticed. A correction of the results was not necessary.
It was not possible to gather the maximum instantaneous wind speed during the measurement
period nor any turbulence intensities as only 1 minute averages of the wind speed were
available. Maximum, minimum or standard deviation of one minute time series could not be
provided.
The highest measured 1 min wind speed average was 23.2 m/s. The highest 1 Hz wind speed
sample at 10 m height from a nearby weather station located at the USDA test site was 24.5
m/s (2008-02-03).
4.2
The derived database from the duration test has been checked on the criteria mentioned in the
IEC standard [1].
It was necessary to average the 1 min data sets in order to get 10 minute mean values as
required by the IEC standard [1]. Therefore only consecutive 1 minute datasets have been
used. Incomplete series have been discarded. For each 10 consecutive 1 min sets their mean,
max, min and standard variation values have been calculated for further evaluations.
Following picture gives an overview about the calculated 10 min data sets:
Page 6/39
Required
Achieved
6 month
14 month
2,500 hours
3,350 hours
473 hours
26.5 hours
Page 7/39
The measurement sector has been chosen as 0 360 magnetic to provide a sufficient data
base. It is assumed that the actual wind speed is even higher than the measured wind speed
outside the measurement sector (when the anemometer is in the wake of neighbouring
turbines or other obstacles).
O=
TT TN TU TE
TT TU TE
TT is considered as the time between start and stop of the duration test (427.4 days)
TN is considered as the time when the turbine is stopped for any reason other than included in
TU or TE (38.7 days)
TU is considered as the time when no data were recorded or the measurements were not
reliable (4.7 days)
TE is considered as the time between 2007-12-07 16:20 and 2007-12-10 12:00 when the
turbine was shut down due to a approaching ice storm (2.8 days)
O=
Page 10/39
The following picture represents the 10 minute mean power values as a function of 10 minute
mean wind speed values for the first 30 days of the test as well as the last 30 days of the test.
A significant degradation of power is not apparent.
period1: min10_Power_mean
period2: min10_Power_mean
W
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
10
15
20
25
m/s
Figure 5, power vs. wind speed, period 1 first 30 days, period 2 last 30 days of the test period
5 Dynamic behaviour
The turbine has been observed during the site visit at wind speeds between approximately 5
and 12 m/s for approximately 1.5 hours. No abnormal behaviour could be noticed. The USDAARS personnel have also reported that no noticeable oscillations had occurred during the test
period.
An appropriate test device for monitoring the dynamic behaviour during the test was not
implemented in the measurement system.
Page 11/39
6.1
Type plates
A picture of the turbines type plate is given in enclosure F. Type plates of blades, generator or
other components could not be found. A manufacturers certificate provided by SWWP can be
found as enclosure A.
6.2
Blades
The blades have been visually inspected while mounted on the turbine. The blades have been
numbered for better separation.
Cracks have been found at the surface of each blade near the trailing and leading edges at the
suction side of the blade as well as at the blade root. Cracks are approximately 0.1 to 0.5 mm
wide and run along the bonding edges of the two blade shells. Pictures of the cracks are
attached in enclosure F.
Page 12/39
6.3
Generator
Page 13/39
6.4
Marks of condensed water have been found inside the nacelle (enclosure F).
Most of the screws that are securing the inverter unit are corroded (enclosure F).
Grease is leaking from the yaw bearing (enclosure F).
6.5
7 Conclusion
The turbine under test has been tested for fourteen month. During that time the turbine was
reliable running and producing power so that the duration test can be considered as
completed.
An inspection of the turbine after the test showed some minor corrosion problems. Minor
problems can easily be resolved during scheduled maintenance.
The problems found at the blades may, extrapolated to the lifetime of the turbine, lead to an
unreliable operation of the turbine. It is recommended to further investigate the reason and
severity of the cracks.
8 Deviations
The duration test has been performed with the following deviations to the IEC 61400 2:
Dynamic behaviour of the turbine hasnt been observed for wind speeds higher than
12 m/s.
9 Literature
[1]
IEC 61400-2 Ed.2: WIND TURBINES - Part 2: Design requirements for small wind
turbines
Page 14/39
10 Enclosures
Page 15/39
Page 16/39