Refrigerator Temperature Control Usng Fuzzy Logic And Neural Network

Byung-joon Choi
R&D Center of Refrigerator Daewoo Electronics Co., Ltd. In-Choen KOREA
~jchoi@~adang.aj~ kr .ac.

Sang-wan Han
Robot Application Lab. Ajou University Suwon Pdalal-Gu Wonchon KOREA
swhan@madang.ajou.ac.kr

Suk-kyo Hong
Robot Application Lab. Ajou University Suwon Pdalal-Gu Wonchon KOREA
skhong@madang.ajou.ac.kr

Abstract - This paper describes the quick and precise control method for home-applied refrigerators. The proposed controller is based on the fuzzy logic and neural network designed for better performance in maintaining the constant inner temperature of the refrigerator and improving the refrigerator efficiency. The fuzzy logic controller is used to maintain the inner temperature in spite of the environmental variations such as the outer temperature change o r the volume change of the stored foods of the refrigerator. Neural Network is used and trained to recognize the user-pattern such as the number of door opening of the refrigerator. The 1st order approximated model of the refrigerator is used for the simulation. Through the simulation in the case of the outer temperature change like summer o r winter, the proposed fuzzy logic controller with neural network is shown to be more efficient than the conventional on-off controller.

the fixed vents. Because of this restricted part of cooling air contacts, the freshness of foods is deteriorated. Another critical problem in this case is the energy consumption which is the main concern in controlling the refrigerator. And it is not easy to adopt the inverter control because of its high cost and implemental difficulties. In this paper, the efficient temperam control algorithm of the refrigerator with Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network[2]. is proposed. The proposed Fuzzy Logic controller provides better performance, energy saving, and constant temperature of the refrigerator, and Neural Network classifies the consumer's pattern to use the refrigerator. The results of the Neural Network is also used for the other input of the Fuzzy Logic Controller. Finally, the approximated modelling of the refrigerator is proposed and evaluated through the simulation.

L INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, refrigerator[1 1 becomes one of the most indispensible electric merchandise in every home. Therefore the importance of controlling refrigerator which makes food fresh and sweet should not be overlooked. To accomplish a reasonable control on freezing and air conditioning, many researchers have implemented the speed control of the induction motor for compressor on refrigerators using inverters controlled by PWM(Pulse Width Modulation), and have studied on the difference between on-off control and continuous control of the freezing speed, temperature and the efficiency of refrigerator. On-off control of the compressor and fan may cause several critical problems such as the inefficiency of the refrigerator control and t h e diEculties of the maintaining the constant temperature. According to the trend of the large sized refrigerator, that makes more difficult to maintain the constant temperature of the refrigerator because the cooling air is outleted through
O-7803-4756-0/98/$10.00 1998 IEEE

I I . CONVENTIONAL TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER FOR REFRIGERATOR

The schematic diagram of the refrigerator and the cooling air flow is shown in Fig. 1[3]. In general, the refrigerator for home is operated with indirect cooling method and separated refrigerating and freezing compartment whose temperature is maintained 3C and -18C respectively[l]. Basically, Freon R12 and R13 are used for the coolant of the refrigerator, but nowadays Freon R-134a which is non-CFC is broadly used because of the environmental pollution. The compressed coolant in the compressor which flows through the heat dissipating pipe and the capillary tube is evaporated in the evaporator and then flows back to the compressor through the suction pipe[4]. The evaporated coolant in the evaporator plays the role of decreasing the evaporator temperature. The fan, installed in front of the evaporator, ventilates the

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Fig. 3 Block D i a g r a m of the Fuzzy Logic Controller with Neural Network Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the refrigerator

coolin1air

desired temperature

switch

Fig. 2 Conventional Temperature Controller of the Refrigerator

cooling air and refrigerates the food in the refrigerator. The circulation of the cooling air is done by the on-off control of the fan according to the inner temperature of the refrigerator. Typical temperature control method of the refrigerator is on-off control of the compressor and the air blowing fan as shown in Fig. 2. The on-off controller in the refrigerator compares the real inner temperature with the desired temperature and feeds this error signal to the control input of the switch block of the controller. This conventional on-off control is easy to implement and the control algorithm is simple but is difficult to adapt the temperature variation due to the outer temperature change or the volume change of the stored foods which results in temperature perturbation and more energy consumption. Above all, the worst thing to overcome in conventional control of the refrigerator is manual adjust of the desired refrigerator's temperature by user according to the above changes. So we propose the new Fuzzy Logic Controller with Neural Network to overcome these
kinds of problems and diffkulties in the following

The proposed f k z y logic controller with Neural Network is shown i n Fig.3. The main goal of this controller is maintaining the inner temperature of the h e error refrigerator within the admissible range of t and automatic controll not to control manually of the refrigerator by user. The error and tlhe error rate between desired temperature and the real one are used for the input of the fuzzy logic controller[5][6] as shown in Fig. 3. Neural Network reco,@zes the user-pattern based on the inner temperature and the numbers of t h e door opening of the refrigemtor per designated period. The fuzzy logic controller uses this user-pattern as another input to f u z z @ the signals. The proposed fuzzy logic controller uses singlleton for fuzzification, Sugeno fuzzy rule and Sugeno reasoning and COG method for defuzzificatioa Also triangular membership function is used for input such as error, error rate, and the user-pattern als shown in Fig.4. The proposed Neural Network is Kohonen Network based on competitive learning iule and it matches input vector to one of the categories adjusted by training set.
A. Neural Network Neural Network b,ased on the modelling of the biological neural function and architecture of human brain consists of several systems which produces the outputs to result fmm the learning and makes a decision by itself. There are many applicable fields in Neural Network, but especially pattern recognition is the most commonly used application field. It is divided into two categories in methodology. when the input patterns are classified into similar classes, one is supervised learning which has already known the class to be belonged the other is unsupervised learning which classrfy the input patterns by itself. In h e unsupervised learning is geometrical aspect, t defined that its weighting center of class is similar with the architecture of the trained pattern and in contrast with it, the supervised learning is defined that the class of trained pattern is divided by the

chapter.

IIL Fuzzy Logic Controller with Neural Network

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weighting center. In typical, the former is competition learning and the letter is back propagation laming. At the beginning stage, the supervised learning like as error back propagation learning is mainly studied in many fields. But, this type of learning is slow in learning its train and indistinct to distinguish the input patterns. Also, it is known that there is need of autonomic learning and it is improper to deal with speedy problems. To be apposed, because the competition learning has a fast learning ability and it is easy to implement the hardware, latest there are many activities in studying the competition learning. The pattern c1assif"ier with N e m l Network is superior to the past pattern classifier and the merits are as follow : The first, because of parallel computation with parallel architecture, it has fast processing speed. The second, it is able to identify the input patterns which has a little distortion to compare with the test patterns. The third, it can search for the most similar categories for the new input patterns. And the forth, there is no need of complex software and its architecture is simple. In this paper, the applied Neural Network is the competition learning which is one of the unsupervised learning and its analysis is as follow : This network must discover for itself any relationships of interest that may exist in the input data and translate the discovered relationship into outputs. The competitive learning rule[Grossberg, 1969b; Ruvelhart and Zipser, 19861 is described by

XI

Y i

XP

x3

yi

Xm

yn

Fig. 4 Kohonen Network

B. 'Fuzzy Lo&

Controller

where

si( y i )

I + e-'';

c>0.

And the Kohonen learning ruleEohonen, 19891 or the winner-take-all learning rule is based on the clustering of input dat to group similar objects and separate dissimilar ones. Fig.14 represents the Kohonen network. The output y, is computed by where a( ) is a continuous activation function.

Fuzzy logic control rules are as follows : Rule1 : IF ( error[rate] is N E 3 ) and ( NN is ZE ) THEN ( output is ONB ). Rule2 : IF ( error[rate] is NS ) and ( NN is ZE ) THEN ( output is ONS ). Rule3 : IF ( error[rate] is ZE ) and ( NN is ZE ) THEN ( output is OZE ). Rule4 : IF ( error[rate] is PS ) and ( NN is ZE ) THEN ( output is OPS ). Rule5 : IF ( error[rate] is PB ) and ( NN is ZE ) THEN ( output is OPB ). Rule6 : IF ( error[rate] is ZE ) ( NN is NB ) THEN ( output is ONB ). Rule7 : IF ( error[rate] is ZE ) and ( NN is NS ) THEN ( output is ONS ). Rule8 : IF ( error[rate] is ZE ) ( NN is PB ) THEN ( output is OPB ). Rule9 : IF ( error[rate] is ZE ) and ( NN is PB ) THEN ( output is OPB ).
In this control rule, emr[rate] means that is

I o
I o

: x<a

Y i =

a(WTm,
w e , - - - ,w i m

(2)

and W;= ( ~ $ 1 . we, The training set is ( represent n clusters. The a specific form of (1) stage computation: Similarity matching

1 T.

X1, X 2 , ..., X ' ) which

Kohonen learning rule is in and is described by a two

x>c

Updating :
188

Fig. 5 Type of Membership Function and

Equation

Table 1. Fundamental Fuzzy Rule Table

( NN : Neural

Network, ER : Error Rate 1

And the method of defuzzifier is the Center of Gravity method.

NS ZE PS

ONB

ONS

ONS 0 2 % OPS

OPS

OPB

I V . SIMULATION AND RESULTS

A. Temperature control Method of the Refrigeralor The model of the refrigerator is simplified into the 1st order form with time delay as shown in ( 1 ) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] .
min. 0 max. (a) membership function of input
NB
NS

K e-rs a s )= 1+ T s

(4)

ZE

PS

PI3

Parameters of approximated model for a refrigerator such as K, T and Z were calculated through experiments. According to these parameten, the transfer function of the approximated model for refrigerator is

min. 0 max. (b) membership function of output

Fig. 6 Input, Output Membership Function

as) =

0.69 e - s 1 175s

(5)

change rate of difference between reference temperature and inner temperaof the refrigerator with time. Error[rate]s are classified into NB, NS, ZE, PS, PB and PB represents positive big, PS : positive small, ZE : zero NS : negative small, NB : negative big respectively. NN is a normalized input to Fuzzy Logic Controller which is usergattern to be trained and chosen by Neural Network. This rule base selects state variables based on the reference and calculates error by way of comparing system output change with a value chosen by the state variables. And this error becomes the input of the fuzzy logic controller. The above rule bases are basic rules. Through this task, there are 10 userjattems( 10 outputs of the Neural Network ) and 5 error[rate], total 50 fuzzy rule bases are designed. Fig. 6 shows the input, output membership function of fuzzy logic controller. Finally, it is explained the important compositional elements of the Fuzzy Logic Controller. The fuzzifier performs a mapping from a crisp points into a f u z z y set A' in U. We choose a Singleton fuzzifer : A' is a fuzzy singleton with support 4 that is, ,u~(x'J=l for all other $EU with $.$.E. A fuzzy rule base consists of a collection of fuzzy IF-THEN rules in following form : R j : IF XI is AI, and ... x, is Aq THEN y is B,, j = 1,..., k In this case, j is 50. The defuzzifier performs a mapping from fuzzy sets in V to a crisp point yV.

The fundamental concept of the refrigerator model is based on the thermodynamics and the main elements are input energy and the amount of heat leakage. The input energy is defined what is calculated with the enthalpy of the cooling air to flow into the refrigerating compartment like as (6). The amount of heat leakage is defined and calculated such as ( 7 ) . In ( 7 ) , K means heat leakage factor, To is outer tempera* and T, is inner temperature of the refrigerator respectivel!y. Input Energy = ( T k Input Aid &I hl 1 (6) x 1: Enthalpy of AidEUI&l}

Q = K x ( To- Ti )

(7)

I= (

x1,

..., x.)

T~~

B. Simulation Results Simulations are canned out in two cases, with and without disturbances. .Also they are carried out in the consideration of the user pattem which is the using method of the refrigeimtor. Distufiances are treated as the outer temperature change of the refrigerator or the volume change of the stored groceries. The result shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 is the temperaof the conventional on-off conml in the case that the outer temperaof the refrigerator is fixed at 30C. That case is as usual in refrigerator. This figure tells us that the blowing fan for cooling air is activated(on condition) when the inner temperature of the refrigerator is 2.5 'c and deactivated(off condition) when it is 1.5-C respectively. Fig. 10 shows the results of the convenltional on-off controller and the proposed fuzzy logic controller in the case that the outer temperadecreases to 15'C. This figure shows that the duration of the on and off time of the

189

blowing fan for cooling air in the f u z z y logic controller is longer than those in the conventional on-off controller. Therefore this means that the fuzzy logic controller is more efficient and also lower power consumption than the conventional one especially in the winter season. Fig. 9 shows the result of the case when the outer temperature increase up to 35C like in the summer season. In this figure, one can see that the number of the on and off of the fan is increased and the lower activation temperature is decreased down to -0.3 "C. From these fig&s, the quality of the refrigeration is uniformly maintained through a l l seasons using fuzzy logic controller. Also, in fig. 11, we can see the effects and abilities of the Neural Network. We expect that if the user frequently use the refrigerator, the trained output of the N e d Network inputs to the Fuzzy Logic Controller and Fuzzy Logic Controller adjusts the points of the blowing fan both on and off low down. Fig. 11 shows the case which the number of usage of the refrigerator is little. In such case, the trained output of the Neural Network also adjusts the points of the blowing fan both on and off higher up. We can see in these results what are the effects and performances of the Fuzzy Logic Controller and Neural Network. The main role of the proposed controller is to cope with the disturbance which is variance of the atmosphere and the user patterns of the refrigerator.

.o +

22

20
l a

16
14

'I
290
300

370

320

330

3 0

350

360

Tim. ( Min )

Fig. 9 Refrigerator Temperature Comparing Conventional Control and Fuzzy Logic Control (The outer temperature of the refrigerator is 35C.)

I - ,
28

. . -

....__.. Ncn-Fuuy
FUZZY

290

3fa

310

320

330

340

3%

360

Time ( Min. )

25

Fig. 10 Refrigerator Temperature Comparing Conventional Control and Fuzzy Logic Control (The outer temperature of the refrigerator is 15C.)

05

00

Time(Min.)

Fig. 7 Refrigerator Temperature of the Conventional &-Of Controller

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

380

Time ( Win. )

Fig. 11 Refrigerator Temperature Comparing Conventional

Control and Fuzzy Logic Control with Neural Network (The outer temperature of the refrigerator is 15C.)

V. CONCLUSION ' : o
12

Time (Min.)

Fig. 8 Refrigerator Temperature Comparing Conventional Control Between 290 Minuties and 360 Minutes (The outer temperature of the refrigerator is 30C.)

We have presented the temperature control method of a home-applied refrigerator using fuzzy logic controller with Neural Network. Through the fuzzy
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logic control, we have showed that one is able to reduce the inner temperature variation due to the distuhances which are the outer temperature change of the refrigerator or the volume change of the stored foods in the refrigerator. Neural Network is also used to recognize and train to learn the user-patterns based on the inner temperahire and the number of door opening by user of the refrigerator. The 1st order approximated model of the refrigerator temperature control system which is based on the thermodynamics is calculated through experiment, and the simulation results using this model shows that the proposed fuzzy logic controller with Neural Network operates more efficiently and therefore it needs lower power consumption than the conventional on-off controller especially when the variation of the outer temperature of the refrigerator is large. Also, we are able to improve the performance and to venfy the automatic operation of the refrigerator which is no needs of manual operation by user according to the variation of the atmosphere. For the further works, the precise modelling of the refrigerator temperature control system, the hardware implementation and the improvement of f u z z y logic control law of this controller with N e d Network are remained.

Application Lab. of tlhe Ajou University, also to the members, Refrigerator R&D Center of the Daewoo Electronics Co., Ltd.

VII. REFERENCES
[l] Korean Industrial Sta.ndard(KS), "Household Electric Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers and Freezers)", KSC 9305, 1997. [2] C.T. Lin, and C.S.G. Lee, "Neural Fuzzy Syatems" Prentice-Hall, pp. 1-4, 1996. [3] Daewoo Electronics Co., "Daewoo Electric Refrigerator Specificalion", EJA- C-ROO 1, 1994. [4] Young-moo Park; Kyung-keun Park, Ho-myung Jang, "Industrial Thenmo-Dynamics" pp. 359-427, 1995. [5] Suk Chae, Yowigsuk Oh, "Fuzzy Theory and Control", Chung-moon Gak, pp. 207-251. 1995. [6] Kwang-hyung Lee, Gil-rok Oh, "Fuzzy Theory and Application", Hong-leimg Science Publisher. [7] Lin Ruisen, Xu Yaoliang, Wang Ruhua, Gao Li, and Lu Iiang, "A New Type of Adaptive Temperture Programming Control" Proc. of the 1996 IEEE IECON, pp. 365-367, 1996. [SI X.H. Ma, H.A.Pi.eisig, and R.M.Wood, "On The Modelling of Heat xchangers For Process Control" Proc. of the 1992: American Cont. Cod. pp. 1441-1442, 1992.

V I . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank to the students, Robot

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