Appendix A

CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS

Selected SI Unite (Adopted 1960) Quantity BASE UNITS length mass= time electric current thermodynamic temperaturesy DERIVED UNITS AND OTHER ACCEPTABLE UNITS *absorbed dose acceleration *activity (of ionizing radiation source) area Unit meterw kilogram second ampere kelvin Symbol Acceptable equivalent

m kg s A K

density, mass density *electric potential, potential difference, electromotive force *electric resistance *energy, work, quantity of heat

*force *frequency heat capacity, entropy heat capacity (specic), specic entropy heat-transfer coefcient linear density magnetic eld strength moment of force, torque momentum *power, heat ow rate, radiant ux power density, heat-ux density, irradiance *pressure, stress

sound level specic energy specic volume surface tension thermal conductivity

gray meters per second squared becquerel square kilometer square hectometer square meter kilograms per cubic meter volt ohm megajoule kilojoule joule electronvoltx kilowatthourx kilonewton newton megahertz hertz joules per kelvin joules per kilogram kelvin watts per square meter kelvin kilograms per meter amperes per meter newton-meter kilogram-meters per second kilowatt watt watts per square meter megapascal kilopascal pascal decibel joules per kilogram cubic meters per kilogram newtons per meter watts per meter kelvin

Gy m/s2 Bq km2 hm2 m2 kg/m3 V O MJ kJ J eVx kW hx kN N MHz Hz J/K J/(kg K) W/(m2 K) kg/m A/m Nm kg m/s kW W W/m2 MPa kPa Pa dB J/kg m3/kg N/m W/(m K)

J/kg I/s ha (hectare) g/L; mg/cm3 W/A V/A

Nm

kg m/s2 1/s

J/s

The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, Third Edition Edited by Kit L. Yam Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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1282 velocity viscosity, dynamic volume

CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS meters per second kilometers per hour pascal-second millipascal-second cubic meter cubic decimeter cubic centimeter m/s km/h Pa s mPa s m3 dm3 cm3

L (liter) mL

In addition, there are 16 prexes used to indicate order of magnitude, as follows:

Multiplication factor 10 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 10
18

Prex exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka

Symbol E P T G M k ha daa

Note

Although hecto, deka, deci, and centi are SI prexes, their use should be avoided except for SI unit-multiples for area and volume and nontechnical use of centimeter, as for body and clothing measurement.

101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018

deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto

da ca m m n
P

f a

*The asterisk denotes these unite having special names and symbols. wThe spellings metre and litre are preferred by ASTM; however, -er is used in the Encyclopedia. =Weight is the commonly need term for mass. yWide use is made of Celsius temperature (t) dened by t = TT0 where T is the thermodynamic temperature, expressed in kelvins, and T0 = 273.15 by denition. A temperature interval may be expressed in degrees Celsius as well as in kelvins. x This non-SI unit is recognised by the CIPM as having to be retained because of practical importance or use in specialised elds.

Factors For Conversion to SI Units To convert from acre angstrom atmosphere bar barn barrel (42 U.S. liquid gallons) Btu(thermochemical) bushel calorie (thermochemical) centipoise cfm(cubic feet per minute) cubic inch cubic foot cubic yard dram (apothecaries) dram (avoirdupois) drain (U.S. uid) dyne dynes per centimeter uid ounce (U.S.) foot To square meter (m ) meter (m) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) square meter (m2) cubic meter (m3) joule (J) cubic meter (m3) joule (J) pascal-second (Pa s) cubic meters per second (m3/s) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) cubic meter (m3) newton(N) newton per meter (N/m) cubic meter (m3) meter (m)
2

Multiply by 4.047 103 1.0 1010w 1.013 105 1.0 105 1.0 1028w 0.1590 1.054 103 3.524 102 4.184w 1.0 103 4.72 104 1.639 105 2.832 102 0.7646 3.888 103 1.772 103 3.697 106 1.0 105 1.0 103 2.957 105 0.3048w (Continued)

CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS

1283

To convert from gallon (U.S. dry) gallon (U.S. liquid) gallons per minute (gpm) grain horsepower (560 ft Ibf/s) inch inch of mercury (321F) inch of water (39.21F) kilogram-force kilowatt hour liter (for uids only) micron mil mile (statute) mile per hour millimeter of mercury (01C) ounce (avoirdupois) ounce (troy) ounce (U.S. uid) ounce-force peck (U.S.) pennyweight pint (U.S. dry) pint (U.S. liquid) poise (absolute viscosity) pound (avoirdupois) pound (troy) pound-force pound-force per square inch (psi) quart (U.S. dry) quart (U.S. liquid) quintal rad square inch square foot square mile square yard ton (long, 2240 lb) ton (metric) ton (short, 2000 lb) torr yard

To cubic meter (m ) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter per second (m3/s) cubic meter, per hour (m3/h) kilogram (kg) watt (W) meter (m) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) newton (N) megajoule (MJ) cubic meter (m3) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meters per second (m/s) pascal (Pa) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) cubic meter (m3) newton (N) cubic meter (m3) kilogram (kg) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) pascal-second (Pa s) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) newton (N) pascal (Pa) cubic meter (m3) cubic meter (m3) kilogram (kg) gray (Gy) square meter (m2) square meter (m2) square meter (m2) square meter (m2) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) pascal (Pa) meter (m)
3

Multiply by 4.405 103 3.785 103 6.308 105 0.2271 6.480 105 7.457 102 2.54 102w 3.386 103 2.491 102 9.807 3.6w 1.0 103w 1.0 106w 2.54 105w 1.609 103 0.4470 1.383 102 2.835 102 3.110 102 2.957 105 0.2780 8.810 103 1.555 103 4.732 104 5.506 104 0.10 0.4536 0.3732 4.448 6.895 103 1.101 103 9.464 104 1.0 102 1.0 102 6.452 104 9.290 102 2.590 106 0.8361 1.016 103 1.0 103 9.072 102 1.333 102 0.9144

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A AAMI ABS ac adh AF AFR AGV AM AN AN/MA ANS ANSI API ampere Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene alternating current adhesive aluminum foil Air Force Regulation automated guide vehicle aluminum metallization acrylonitrile acrylonitrilemethacrylate copolymers acrylonitrilestyrene copolymers American National Standards Institute American Paper Institute ASME ASP ASQC ASTM avg BATF B&B BBP BCL BHEB BHT BIB BK BMC American Society of Mechanical Engineers asphalt American Society for Quality Control American Society for Testing and Materials average Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms blow-and-blow butyl benzyl phthalate British Cellophane Limited tert-butylated hydroxyethylbenzene tert- butylated hydroxytoluene bag-in-box bleached kraft bulk molding compound

1284

CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS

BON BOPP bpm BSP Btu BUR 1C CA ca CAD CAE cal Cal CAP CELLO CFR CGMP CGPM

biaxially oriented nylon lm biaxially oriented polypropylene lm bottles per minute; bags per minute British standard pipe thread British thermal unit blowup ratio degree Celsius controlled atmosphere approximately (circa) computer-aided design computer-aided engineering calorie (4.184 J) food calorie (1000 cal) cellulose acetate propionate; controlled atmosphere packaging cellophane Code of Federal Regulations Current Good Manufacturing Practice Conference Generate des Poids et Mesures (General Conference on Weights and Measures) central impression International des Poids et Mesures Comite (International Committee on Weights and Measures) centimeter Closure Manufacturers Association computer numerical control coextruded coefcient of friction Container on Flat Car Committee of Permanent Representatives (EEC) chlorinated polyethylene cans per minute centipoise (103 Pa s) Consumer Product Safety Commission central processing unit child-resistant child-resistant closure cathode-ray tube continuous thread drawing and ironing (cans) decibel direct current di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate diethylene glycol diethylene glycol terephthalate diameter diisononyl adipate Defense Logistics Agency Manual dimethyl ether Drug Master File dimethyl terephthalate dioctyl adipate U.S. Department of Defense dioctyl phthalate U.S. Department of Transportation dioctyl azelate double package maker double-reduced draw-redraw (cans) Defense Supply Agency Manual drawn and ironed (cans)

EAA ECOSOC ECCS EEA EEC eg EG EHMW EIA ELC EMA EMAA EMI/RFI EPA EPC EPE EPR EPS ESC ESCR ESD ESO est ETO ETP EVA EVOH F50 1F FDA FD&C FEP ffs FI ft oz FPMR FRH FEP ft ft Ibf G

CI CIPM

cm CMA CNC coex COF COFC COREPER CPE cpm cPs CPSC CPU CR CRC CRT CT D&I dB dc DEHP DEG DGT dia DINA DIAM DME DMF DMT DOA DOD DOP DOT DOZ DPM DR DRD DSAM DWI

ethylene-acrylic acid Economic and Social Committee (EEC) electrolytic chromium-coated steel ethylene-ethyl acrylate European Economic Community for example (est gratia) ethylene glycol extra-high-molecular-weight Electronic Industries Association end-loading construction ethylene methacrylate ethylene-methacrylic acid electromagnetic interference/radio frequency interference Environmental Protection Agency expanded-polyethylene copolymer expanded polyethylene ethylene-propylene rubber expanded polystyrene environmental stress cracking environmental stress-crack resistance electrostatic discharge epoxidized soybean oil estimated ethylene oxide electrolytic tinplate ethytene-vinyl acetate ethylene-vinyl alcohol value at which 50% of the specimens have failed degree Fahrenheit U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food, Drug, and Cosmetic uorinated ethylene-polypropylene form/ll/seal ow index uid ounce (29.57 mL in United States) Federal Property Management Regulations full-removable head berglass-reinforced plastics foot foot-pound force (1.366 J) specic deceleration: gravitational acceleration; specic acceleration: gravitational acceleration gravitational acceleration (9.807 m/s2) gram gram-force (0.0098 N) gauge gallon (3.785 L in United States) Grocery Manufacturers Association Good Manufacturing Practice gross national product general-purpose polystyrene gray (102 rad) hour; height health and beauty aids healthcare packaging head diameter high-density polyethylene heat-deection temperature high-frequency form/ll/seal, horizontal Health Industry Manufacturers Association high-impact polystyrene

g g gf ga gal GMA GMP GNP GPPS Gy h HBA HCP HD HDPE HDT HF HFFS HIMA HIPS

CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS HLMI HM HMW HNR hp HP HPP HRC HRM HRR HTST Hz IBC ICAO ie IM IMDG IML IMO in. I/O IPA IS ISO ITRI IV J k K k.d. kgf kJ km kPa L lb Ibf LCB LCD L:D LDPE LED LLDPE LMW LSI L:T LVP M MN MW m MA MAN max MBS m/c MD MDPE MET MF MFR mg high-load melt index hot melt high-molecular-weight high-nitrile resin horsepower (746 W) high-pressure homopolymer polypropylene Rockwell hardness (C scale) Rockwell hardness (M scale) Rockwell hardness (R scale) high-temperatureshort-time hertz (cycles per second) intermediate bulk containers International Civil Aviation Organization that is (id est) intramuscular International Maritime Dangerous Goods in-mold labeling International Maritime Organization inch (2.54 cm) input/output isophthalic acid individual section International Standards Organization International Tin-Research Institute intrinsic (or inherent) viscosity; intravenous joule (energy) kilo (103) degree Kelvin knocked-down kilogram-force (9.806 N) kilojoule kilometer kilopascal (0.145 psi) liter (volume) pound (mass) (453.6 g) pound force (4.448 N) long-chain branching liquid-crystal display length:diameter low-density polyethylene light-emitting diode linear low-density polyethylene low-molecular-weight large-scale integration length:thickness large-volume parenteral mega (106) number-average molecular weight weight-average molecular weight meter, milli (1/1000) modied atmosphere; methyl acrylate methacrylonitrile maximum methacrylatebutadiene atyrene cylinder mold machine direction medium-density polyethylene metallized mechine-nished melt-ow rate milligram MG MGBK MGNN mi MI MIL min MIR MMA MMW mn MN MOE MOR MP MPa ms MSW MTB MVTR MW MWD mm N N/A NASA NBS NC NCB NDA NEC NF NK nm NMFC NODA NPIRI NSTA NWPCA mill-glazed; machine-glazed machine-glazed bleached kraft machine grade natural Northern mile melt index military minute; minimum multiple-individual-reward methyl methacrylate medium molecular weight millinewton (2.25 104 Ibf) meganewton (224,909 Ibf) modulus of elasticity modulus of rupture microprocessor; melting point megapascal (145 psi) millisecond municipal solid waste Materials Transportation Bureau See WVTR molecular weight molecular-weight distribution micrometer

1285

newton (force) not available National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Advertising Sale Association National Bureau of Standards nitrocellulose National Classication Board New Drug Application not elsewhere classied National Formulary natural kraft nanometer (109 meter) National Motor Freight Classication Committee n-octyl n-decyl adipate National Printing Ink Research Institute National Safe Transit Association National Wooden Pallet and Container Association ohm (resistance) optical density overlacquer oriented nylon oriented polyester oriented polypropylene oriented polystyrene Occupational Safety and Health Administration over-the-counter oxygen transmission rate pascal (pressure) Proprietary Association polyacrylonitrile press-and-blow poly(butylene terephthalate) personal computer; polycarbonate poly(chlorotriuoroethylene) polyethylene Packaging of Electronic Products for Shipment poly(ethylene terephthalate); polyester parts per hundred of resin polyisobutylene pound force per lineal inch

O OD OL ON OPET OPP OPS OSHA OTC OTR Pa PA PAN P&B PBT PC PCTFE PE PEPS PET phr PIB PLI

1286 PM PMMA PMMI PP ppb ppm PPP PPPA PR proj PS psi psig PSTA PSTC PTFE PVAc PVC PVDC PVF PVF2 PVOH PX Q10 QA QAI qt R&D RCF RCPP RD RDF rf rh RIM RM-HNR rpm RSC RVR s SAN SB SBS SCB SCF SCR SIC SMC SMMA SP Packaging Materials Poly(methyl methacrylate) Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute polypropylene parts per billion (109) parts per million (106) poison-prevention packaging Poison-Prevention Packaging Act printing projected polystyrene pound (force) per square inch (6.893 kPa) psi gauge pressure Packaging Science and Technology Abstracts Pressure-Sensitive Tape Council polytetrauoroethylene poly(vinyl acetate) poly(vinyl chloride) poly(vinylidene chloride) poly(vinyl uoride) poly(vinylidene uoride) poly(vinyl alcohol) postexchange change in reaction rate for a 101C temperature increase quality assurance quaternary ammonium inhibitor (nitrite) quart (946 mL in United States) research and development regenerated cellulose lm random-copolymer polypropylene root diameter refuse-derived fuel radiofrequency relative humidity reaction injection molding rubber-modied high-nitrile resin rotations per minute regular slotted container rim-vent release second styreneacylonitrile styrenebutadiene solid bleached sulfate short-chain braching Scientic Committee on Food (EEC) Semicondutor Standard Industrial Classication sheet molding compound styrenemethyl methacrylate special packaging

CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS sp gr SPPS SR SUS sq SVP TA TAPPI TD TE tffs TFS Tg TH Tm TIS TOFC TPA TR UCB UCC UKJ UHMW UN UPS USDA USP uv V VA VC VCI VCM VDC VFFS vol vs W WD wk wt WVTR XD XKL yr ZCC specic gravity solid-phase pressure forming single-reduced solid unbleached sulfate square small-volume parenteral thread angle Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry thread-crest diameter tamper-evident thermoform/ll/seal tin-free steel glass-transition temperature tight head melting temperature Technical Information Service trailer on atcar terephthalic acid tamper-resistant Union Chimique Belge Uniform Clarication Committee Uniform Freight Classication Committee ultra-high-molecular-weight United Nations United Parcel Service United States Department of Agriculture US Pharmacopeia ultraviolet volt vinyl alcohol vinyl chloride volatile corrosion inhibitor vinyl chloride monomer vinylidene chloride form/ll/seal, vertical volume versus watt (J/s) wire diameter week weight water-vapor transmission rate cross-direction extensible kraft linerboard year zero-crush concept