Chapter 10, problem 6: The angular position of a point on the rim of a rotating wheel is given by,

2 3
( ) 4.0 3.0 ; t t t t u = +

(a) What is the angular velocity at t = 2.0 s? (b)What is the angular velocity at t = 4.0 s.

If we make the units explicit, the function is
u = + 4 0 30 10
3
. . . rad / s rad / s rad / s
2 2 3
b g c h c h
t t t

but generally we will proceed as shown in the problemletting these units be understood. Also, in our
manipulations we will generally not display the coefficients with their proper number of significant figures.

(a) Equation 10-6 leads to
e = + = +
d
dt
t t t t t 4 3 4 6 3
2 3 2
c h
.

Evaluating this at t = 2 s yields e
2
= 4.0 rad/s.

(b) Evaluating the expression in part (a) at t = 4 s gives e
4
= 28 rad/s.

(c) What is the average angular acceleration for the time interval that begins at t = 2.0 s and ends at t = 4.0 s?
o
e e
avg
2
rad / s =

=
4 2
4 2
12 .

(d) What is the instantaneous angular acceleration at the beginning of this time interval? (e) What is the
instantaneous angular acceleration at the end of this time interval?
o
e
= = + = +
d
dt
d
dt
t t t 4 6 3 6 6
2
.
c h


Evaluating this at t = 2 s produces o
2
= 6.0 rad/s
2
.

Chapter 10, problem 22: An astronaut is being tested in a centrifuge. The centrifuge has a radius of 10 m and,
in starting, rotates according to = 0.30t
2
, where t is in seconds and is in radians. (a) When t = 5.0 s, what is
the magnitude of the astronaut's angular velocity? (b) When t = 5.0 s, what is the magnitude of the astronaut's
linear speed?

(a) Using Eq. 10-6, the angular velocity at t = 5.0s is
e
u
= = = =
= =
d
dt
d
dt
t
t t 5 0
2
5 0
0 30 2 0 30 50 30
. .
. ( . )( . ) .
c h
rad / s.

(b) Equation 10-18 gives the linear speed at t = 5.0s: (3.0 rad/s)(10 m) 30 m/s. v r e = = =

(c) When t = 5.0 s, what is the magnitude of the astronaut's tangential acceleration? (d) When t = 5.0 s, what is
the magnitude of the astronaut's radial acceleration?

(c) The angular acceleration is, from Eq. 10-8,
o
e
= = =
d
dt
d
dt
t ( . ) . . 060 060 rad / s
2


Then, the tangential acceleration at t = 5.0s is, using Eq. 10-22,

a r
t
= = = o ( . . 10 60 m) 0.60 rad / s m/ s
2 2
c h


(d) The radial (centripetal) acceleration is given by Eq. 10-23:
a r
r
= = = e
2
2
30 10 90 . . rad / s m m/ s
2
b gb g


Chapter 10, problem 29: An early method of
measuring the speed of light makes use of a rotating
slotted wheel. A beam of light passes through a slot
at the outside edge of the wheel, as in the figure,
travels to a distant mirror, and returns to the wheel
just in time to pass through the next slot in the
wheel. One such slotted wheel has a radius of 5.0
cm and 500 slots at its edge. Measurements taken
when the mirror was L = 500 m from the wheel
indicated a speed of light of 3.0010
8
m/s. (a) What
was the (constant) angular speed of the wheel? (b)
what is the linear speed of a point on the edge of the
wheel?

(a) In the time light takes to go from the wheel to the mirror and back again, the wheel turns through an angle of
u = 2t/500 = 1.26 10
2
rad. That time is
t
c
= =

=

2 2 500
2 998 10
334 10
8
6
(
.
.
m)
m/ s
s

so the angular velocity of the wheel is
e
u
= =

t
126 10
334 10
38 10
2
6
3
.
.
.
rad
s
rad / s.

(b) If r is the radius of the wheel, the linear speed of a point on its rim is
( ) ( )
3 2
3.8 10 rad/s 0.050 m 1.9 10 m/s. v r e = = =

Chapter 10, problem 30: A gyroscope flywheel of radius 2.83 cm is accelerated from rest at 14.2 rad/s
2
until
its angular speed is 2760 rev/min. (a) What is the tangential acceleration of a point on the rim of the flywheel
during this spin-up process?

(a) The tangential acceleration, using Eq. 10-22, is
a r
t
= = = o 14 2 283 . ( . . rad / s cm) 40.2 cm/ s
2 2
c h


(b) What is the radial acceleration of this point when the flywheel is spinning at full speed? (b) In rad/s, the
angular velocity is e = (2760)(2t/60) = 289 rad/s, so
a r
r
= = = e
2
289 00283 ( ( . . rad / s) m) 2.36 10 m/ s
2 3 2


(c) Through what distance does a point on the rim move during the spin-up? (c) The angular displacement is,
using Eq. 10-14,
2 2
3
2
(289 rad/s)
2.94 10 rad.
2 2(14.2 rad/s )
e
u
o
= = =

Then, using Eq. 10-1, the distance traveled is
s r = = = u ( . 0 0283 m) (2.94 10 rad) 83.2 m.
3


Interlude (parallel axis theorem): consider an arbitrary body of total mass M. Define the coordinate system
such that the center of mass has a radial coordinate of 0. Consider an axis of rotation which passes through the
center of mass, and then consider an axis of rotation parallel to the aforementioned axis, a distance h away,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) 2 2 0
CM CM CM
I R dm I R dm R h dm R dm h R dm h dm I h h M I h M ' ' = = = + = + + = + + = +
} } } } } }


Interlude (perpendicular axis theorem): consider same setup as above, but let
x
I and
y
I be known. Consider
rotation about the z-axis. Then:
2 2 2
( )
z z x y
I r dm x y dm I I = = + = +
} }
.

Chapter 10, problem 37: Calculate the rotational inertia of a meter stick, with mass 0.56 kg, about an axis
perpendicular to the stick and located at the 20 cm mark. (Treat the stick as a thin rod)

We use the parallel axis theorem: I = I
com
+ Mh
2
, where I
com
is the rotational inertia about the center of mass
(see Table 10-2(d)), M is the mass, and h is the distance between the center of mass and the chosen rotation
axis. The center of mass is at the center of the meter stick, which implies h = 0.50 m 0.20 m = 0.30 m,
I ML
com
2
kg m kg m = = =

1
12
1
12
056 10 4 67 10
2
2
2
. . . . b gb g

Consequently, the parallel axis theorem yields
I = + =

467 10 056 030 97 10
2
2
2
. . . . . kg m kg m kg m
2 2
b gb g



Chapter 10, problem 38: Figure 10-32, shows
three 0.0100 kg particles that have been glued to a
rod of length L=6.0 cm and negligible mass. The
assembly can rotate around a perpendicular axis
through point O at the left end. If we remove one
particle (that is 33% of the mass) by what
percentage does the rotational inertia of the
assembly around the rotation axis decrease when
that removed particle is a.) the innermost one and
b.) the outermost one?

(a) Equation 10-33 gives
I
total
= md
2
+ m(2d)
2
+ m(3d)
2
= 14 md
2
.

If the innermost one is removed then we would only obtain m(2d)
2
+ m(3d)
2
= 13 md
2
. The percentage
difference between these is (13 14)/14 = 0.0714 ~ 7.1%.

(b) If, instead, the outermost particle is removed, we would have md
2
+ m(2d)
2
= 5 md
2
. The percentage
difference in this case is 0.643 ~ 64%.

Chapter 10, problem 42: The masses and coordinates of four particles are as follows:

1 1 1 2 2 2
3 3 3 4 2 2
50 ; 2.0 ; 2.0 ; 25 ; 0 ; 4.0 ;
25 ; 3.0 ; 3.0 ; 30 ; 2.0 ; 4.0 ;
m g x cm y cm m g x cm y cm
m g x cm y cm m g x cm y cm
= = = = = =
= = = = = =


What are the rotational inertias of this collection about the (a) x, (b) y, and (c) z axes?:

(a) We apply Eq. 10-33:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
4
2 2 2 2
2 2 3 2
1
50 2.0 25 4.0 25 3.0 30 4.0 g cm 1.3 10 g cm .
x i i
i
I m y
=
(
= = + + + =

(b) For rotation about the y axis we obtain
I mx
y i i
i
= = + + + =
=

2
1
4
2 2 2 2
2
50 2 0 25 0 25 30 30 2 0 55 10 . . . . . b g bgbg b g b g g cm
2


(c) There are two ways to solve this problem (1) doing the same as parts (a) and (b), or (2) using the
perpendicular axis theorem. Directly calculating (using the fact that the distance from the z axis is x y
2 2
+ ),
I m x y I I
z i i i x y
i
= + = + = + =
=

2 2
1
4
c h
1.3 10 5.5 10 1.9 10 g cm
3 2 2 2
.

(d) Clearly, the answer to part (c) is A + B. This verifies the perpendicular axis theorem.

Chapter 10, problem 55: In Fig. 10-42a, an
irregularly shaped plastic plate with uniform
thickness and density (mass per unit volume) is to
be rotated around an axle that is perpendicular to
the plate face and through point O. The rotational
inertia of the plate about that axle is measured with
the following method. A circular disk of mass 0.500
kg and radius 2.0 cm is glued to the plate, with its
center aligned with point O (Figure b). A string is
wrapped around the edge of the disk (in the same
the way a string is wrapped around a top). Then the
string is pulled for 5.00 s. As a result, the disk and
plate are rotated by a constant force of 0.400 N that
is applied by the string tangentially to the edge of
the disk. The resulting angular speed is 114 rad/s.
What is the rotational inertia of the plate about the
axle?


Combining Eq. 10-34 and Eq. 10-45, we have RF = Io, where o is given by e/t (according to Eq. 10-12, since
e
o
= 0 in this case). Computing,

2 2 2
1
2
;
tot plate disk plate disk plate
I R dm R dm I I I MR = + = + = +
} }


where I
disk
=
1
2
MR
2
(item (c) in Table 10-2). Therefore,
I
plate
=
RFt
e

1
2
MR
2
= 2.51 10
4

2
kg m .


Chapter 10, problem 65: A tall, cylindrical chimney falls over when its base is ruptured. Treat the chimney as
a thin rod of length 55.0 m. At the instant it makes an angle of 35.0 with the vertical as it falls, what is: a) The
radial acceleration of the top?

(a) We use conservation of mechanical energy to find an expression for e
2
as a function of the angle u that the
chimney makes with the vertical. The potential energy of the chimney is given by U = Mgh, where M is its
mass and h is the altitude of its center of mass above the ground. When the chimney makes the angle u with the
vertical, h = (H/2) cos u. Initially the potential energy is U
i
= Mg(H/2) and the kinetic energy is zero. The
kinetic energy is
1
2
2
Ie when the chimney makes the angle u with the vertical, where I is its rotational inertia
about its bottom edge. Conservation of energy then leads to
MgH Mg H I MgH I / ( / ) / ) ( 2 2 1
2
= + = cos
1
2
( cos ).
2
u e e u

The rotational inertia of the chimney about its base is I = MH
2
/3 (found using Table 10-2(e) with the parallel
axis theorem). Thus
2
3 3(9.80 m/s )
(1 cos ) (1 cos35.0 ) 0.311 rad/s.
55.0 m
g
H
e u = = =

The radial component of the acceleration of the chimney top is given by a
r
= He
2
, so
a
r
= 3g (1 cos u) = 3 (9.80 m/s
2
)(1 cos 35.0 ) = 5.32 m/s
2
.

b) The tangential acceleration of the top? The tangential component of the acceleration of the chimney top is
given by a
t
= Ho, where o is the angular acceleration. We are unable to use Table 10-1 since the acceleration is
not uniform. Hence, we differentiate
e
2
= (3g/H)(1 cos u)

with respect to time, replacing de / dt with o, and du / dt with e, and obtain

d
dt
g H g H
e
eo e u o u
2
2 = = = 2 (3 sin (3 sin . / ) / )
Consequently,
2
2
3(9.80 m/s ) 3
sin sin 35.0 8.43 m/s .
2
2
g
a H
t
o u = = = =

c) At what angle is the tangential acceleration equal to g? The angle u at which a
t
= g is the solution to
3
2
g
g sin u = . Thus, sin u = 2/3 and we obtain u = 41.8.



Chapter 11, Problem 1: A car travels at 80 km/h on a level road in the positive direction of an x axis. Each tire
has a diameter of 66 cm. Relative to a woman riding in the car, what are the following values? (a) the velocity v
at the center of each tire (b) the velocity v at the top of each tire (c) the velocity v at the bottom of each tire?

The velocity of the car is a constant
( )

80 km/h (1000 m/km)(1 h/3600 s) i ( 22m s)i, v = + = +

and the radius of the wheel is r = 0.66/2 = 0.33 m.

(a) In the cars reference frame (where the lady perceives herself to be at rest) the road is moving toward the
rear at

v v
road
m s = = 22 , and the motion of the tire is purely rotational. In this frame, the center of the tire is
fixed so v
center
= 0.

(b) Since the tires motion is only rotational (not translational) in this frame, Eq. 10-18 gives
top

( 22m/s)i. v = +

(c) The bottom-most point of the tire is (momentarily) in firm contact with the road (not skidding) and has the
same velocity as the road:
bottom

( 22m s)i . v = This also follows from Eq. 10-18.

Relative to a woman riding in the car, what are (d) the magnitude a of the acceleration at the center of each tire
(e) the magnitude a of the acceleration at the top of each tire (f) the magnitude a of the acceleration at the
bottom of each tire?

(d) This frame of reference is not accelerating, so fixed points within it have zero acceleration; thus, a
center
=
0.

(e) Not only is the motion purely rotational in this frame, but we also have e = constant, which means the only
acceleration for points on the rim is radial (centripetal). Therefore, the magnitude of the acceleration is
2 2
2 3
top
(22 m/s)
1.5 10 m s .
0.33 m
v
a
r
= = =

(f) The magnitude of the acceleration is the same as in part (d): a
bottom
= 1.5 10
3
m/s
2
.

Relative to a hitchhiker sitting next to the road, what are the following values? (g) the velocity v at the center of
each tire (h) the velocity v at the top of each tire (i) the velocity v at the bottom of each tire?

(g) Now we examine the situation in the roads frame of reference (where the road is fixed and it is the car
that appears to be moving). The center of the tire undergoes purely translational motion while points at the rim
undergo a combination of translational and rotational motions. The velocity of the center of the tire is

( 22m s)i. v = +

(h) In part (b), we found

v v
top,car
= + and we use Eq. 4-39:

top, ground top, car car, ground

i i 2 i v v v v v v = + = + =

which yields 2v = +44 m/s.

(i) We can proceed as in part (h) or simply recall that the bottom-most point is in firm contact with the (zero-
velocity) road. Either way, the answer is zero.

Relative to a hitchhiker sitting next to the road, what are the following values? (j) the magnitude a of the
acceleration at the center of each tire (k) the magnitude a of the acceleration at the top of each tire (l) the
magnitude a of the acceleration at the bottom of each tire

(j) The translational motion of the center is constant; it does not accelerate.

(k) Since we are transforming between constant-velocity frames of reference, the accelerations are unaffected.
The answer is as it was in part (e): 1.5 10
3
m/s
2
.

(1) As explained in part (k), a = 1.5 10
3
m/s
2
.

Chapter 11, Problem 3: A 140 kg hoop rolls along a horizontal floor so that its center of mass has a speed of
0.150 m/s. How much work must be done on the hoop to stop it?

By Eq. 10-52, the work required to stop the hoop is the negative of the initial kinetic energy of the hoop. The
initial kinetic energy is K I mv = +
1
2
2
1
2
2
e (Eq. 11-5), where I = mR
2
is its rotational inertia about the center of
mass, m = 140 kg, and v = 0.150 m/s is the speed of its center of mass. Equation 11-2 relates the angular speed
to the speed of the center of mass: e = v/R. Thus,

( )( )
2
2
2 2 2
2
1 1
140 kg 0.150 m/s 3.15 J
2 2
v
K mR mv mv
R
| |
= + = = =
|
\ .


which implies that the work required is 0 3.15 J 3.15 J W K = A = = .

Chapter 11, Problem 17: A yo-yo has a rotational inertia of 800 gcm
2
and a mass of 120 g. Its axle radius is
3.2 mm and its string is 120 cm long. The yo-yo rolls from rest down to the end of the string. As the yo-yo
reaches the end of the string, what are the following values?

(a) magnitude of its linear acceleration? Static friction keeps the string on the yo-yo, so
Fr CM Fr
I RF t o = = , in
which
,
/ /
CM CM x
a R a R o = = . This lets us compute the friction force as,

2 2
,
, 2 2
sin
CM x
Fr
Fr CM CM x
CM CM
a
R F MR g
F I a
R I MR I
u
= = =
+


The derivation of the acceleration is found in 11-4; Eq. 11-13 gives
a
g
I MR
com
com
=
+ 1
0
2


where the positive direction is upward. We use I
com
g cm = 950
2
, M =120g, R
0
= 0.320 cm, and g = 980 cm/s
2

and obtain

( ) ( )( )
2
2 2
com 2
2
980 cm/s
| | 12.5 cm/s 13 cm/s .
1 950 g cm 120 g 0.32 cm
a = = ~
+


(b) length of time for yo-yo to reach end of string? Taking the coordinate origin at the initial position, Eq. 2-15
leads to y a t
com com
=
1
2
2
. Thus, we set y
com
= 120 cm, and find
( )
com
2
com
2 120cm 2
4.38 s 4.4 s.
12.5 cm s
y
t
a

= = = ~

(c) linear speed at the end of the string? As it reaches the end of the string, its center of mass velocity is given
by Eq. 2-11:
( ) ( )
2
com com
12.5 cm s 4.38s 54.8 cm s v a t = = = ,

so its linear speed then is approximately
com
| | v =55 cm/s.

(d) translational kinetic energy at the end of the string? The translational kinetic energy is
( )( )
2
2 2
trans com
1 1
0.120 kg 0.548 m s 1.8 10 J
2 2
K mv

= = = .



(e) rotational kinetic energy at the end of the string? The angular velocity is given by e = v
com
/R
0
and the
rotational kinetic energy is
2 2
2 5 2 com
rot com com 3
0
1 1 1 0.548 m s
(9.50 10 kg m ) 1.4 J
2 2 2 3.2 10 m
v
K I I
R
e

| | | |
= = = ~
| |

\ . \ .
.

(f) angular speed at the end of the string? The angular speed is

com 2
3
0
0.548 m/s
1.7 10 rad/s
3.2 10 m
v
R
e

= = =

27rev s = .

Note: As the yo-yo rolls down, its gravitational potential energy gets converted into both translational kinetic
energy as well as rotational kinetic energy of the wheel. To show that the total energy remains conserved, we
note that the initial energy is


2
(0.120 kg)(9.80 m/s )(1.20 m) 1.411 J
i i
U Mgy = = =

which is equal to the sum of
trans
K (= 0.018 J) and
rot
K (= 1.393 J).

Chapter 11, problem 11: In the figure below, a constant horizontal force
app
F of magnitude 10 N is applied to a
wheel of mass 10 kg and radius 0.30 m. The wheel rolls smoothly on the horizontal surface, and the
acceleration of its center of mass has magnitude 0.60 m/s
2
. (a) In unit-vector notation, what is the frictional
force on the wheel? (b) What is the rotational inertia of the wheel about the rotation axis through its center of
mass? With
app

(10 N)i F = , we solve the problem by applying Eq. 9-14 and Eq. 11-37.

(a) Newtons second law in the x direction leads to
( )
( )
2
app
10N 10kg 0.60 m s 4.0 N.
s s
F f ma f = = =

In unit vector notation, we have

( 4.0 N)i
s
f = , which points leftward.

(b) With R = 0.30 m, we find the magnitude of the angular acceleration to be
|o| = |a
com
| / R = 2.0 rad/s
2
,
from Eq. 11-6. The only force not directed toward (or away from) the center of mass is

f
s
, and the torque it
produces is clockwise:
( )( ) ( )
2
0.30m 4.0N 2.0rad s I I t o = =
which yields the wheels rotational inertia about its center of mass: I = 0 60 . . kg m
2


chapter 11, problem 13: In Figure 11-36, a ball of
mass M and radius R rolls smoothly from rest down
a ramp and onto a circular loop of radius 0.45 m.
The initial height of the ball is h = 0.37 m. At the
loop bottom, the magnitude of the normal force on
the ball is 1.94Mg. The ball consists of an outer
spherical shell (of a certain uniform density) that is
glued to a central sphere (of a different uniform
density). The rotational inertia of the ball can be
expressed in the general form I = MR
2
, but is not
0.4 as it is for a ball of uniform density. Determine
.


Adapting Eq. 6-19 to the consideration of forces at the bottom of an arc, we have
F
N
Mg = Mv
2
/r

which tells us (since we are given F
N
= 2Mg) that the center of mass speed (squared) is v
2
= gr, where r is the
arc radius (0.48 m) Thus, the balls angular speed (squared) is
e
2
= v
2
/R
2
= gr/R
2
,

where R is the balls radius. Plugging this into Eq. 10-5 and solving for the rotational inertia (about the center of
mass), we find
I
com
= 2MhR
2
/r MR
2
= MR
2
[2(0.36/0.48) 1] .

Thus, using the | notation suggested in the problem, we find
| = 2(0.36/0.48) 1 = 0.50.


Chapter 11, problem 14: In Fig. 11-37, a small,
solid, uniform ball is to be shot from point P so that
it rolls smoothly along a horizontal path, up along a
ramp, and onto a plateau. Then it leaves the plateau
horizontally to land on a game board, at a
horizontal distance d from the right edge of the
plateau. The vertical heights are h1 = 5.00 cm and
h2 = 1.60 cm. With what speed must the ball be shot
at point P for it to land at d = 6.00 cm?


To find the center of mass speed v on the plateau, we use the projectile motion equations of Chapter 4. With v
oy

= 0 (and using h for h
2
) Eq. 4-22 gives the time-of-flight as t = 2h/g . Then Eq. 4-21 (squared, and using d
for the horizontal displacement) gives v
2
= gd
2
/2h. Now, to find the speed v
p
at point P, we apply energy
conservation, that is, mechanical energy on the plateau is equal to the mechanical energy at P. With Eq. 11-5,
we obtain
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
I
com
e
2
+ mgh
1
=
1
2
mv
p
2
+
1
2
I
com
e
p
2
.

Using item (f) of Table 10-2, Eq. 11-2, and our expression (above) v
2
= gd
2
/2h, we obtain

gd
2
/2h + 10gh
1
/7 = v
p
2


which yields (using the values stated in the problem) v
p
= 1.34 m/s.