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Bernoulli Equation
The procedure given in the example for Eulers equation is simple ut length!" #t $ill e nice if $e can develop a formula% $hich $ill !ield the pressure field ut $ill not have to involve the usual integration process" &or this% $e $ill integrate the 'uler(s e)uation ! ma*ing some simplifications" The resulting e)uation is called the inviscid Bernoulli equation +or simpl! the Bernoulli equation," #t is ver! popular ecause of its simplicit! and ease of use" -o$ever% there are restrictions to use this e)uation as $ill e apparent during the derivation. Given elo$ is the inviscid Bernoulli equation" .s $e have reali/ed during the derivation% it is applica le for incompressible% steady% frictionless flo$s along a streamline"

p 3s + + g/ = const 2

The inviscid 0ernoulli e)uation has man! uses" 1onstruction of Pitot tubes% or pitotstatic probes utili/e this e)uation" The concept of stagnation pressure can e defined right from this e)uation" #magine a flo$% $hich fits the re)uirements of the inviscid 0ernoulli e)uation" 2et us choose t$o points on the same streamline% (1) and ( )"
! (1) 7treamline (2)

The points are close ! such that /2 /1 0" 2 2 p1 31 p 2 32 + = + Thus% 2 2 4o$% if $e ma*e the point (1) general point ! dropping the su script" 5n the other hand% $e ma*e the point ( ) a special point $here the fluid velocit! is /ero% +i"e"% 32 6 0," Then $e call the second point a stagnation point and define the pressure then ! a special s!m ol% po" Then% or%
p0 = p + 1 V 2 2

p V2 = o 2

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The oxed expression gives us the measure of stagnation pressure" #t is the sum total of the static pressure% p% and another term%
1 " % $hich $e call the dynamic pressure"

8e *no$ that static pressure% p% is the pressure measured in a static fluid" &or a flo$ing fluid% this pressure ma! e measured in the direction perpendicular to the flo$ direction" 5n the other hand% oth d!namic and stagnation pressures must e measured along the flo$ direction" 9!namic pressure is o tained ! moving $ith the fluid velocit!% $hereas the stagnation pressure is obtained if you decelerate the fluid particles to a !ero velocity isentropically" The construction of a pitot tu e illustrates the use of stagnation pressure" 0! ending the tu e :0 at the nec*% fluid particles are rought to a halt in the flo$ direction"

'tatic *oles

(ec)

%lo$ &irection

'tatic #hannel

Pitot-'tatic +ube

Pitot #hannel

5n the other hand% a Pitot-static tu e uses t$o channels% one facing the flo$ and the other perpendicular to the flo$" .n interesting theorem by #rocco gives;
1 p o = 3

This theorem provides a measure of the changes in stagnation pressure in an incompressible flo$" #t can e related to the vector +cross, product of velocit! and vorticit! vectors" #n an irrotational flo$% = 0 " Thus% p o = 0 in an irrotational flo$" 7ince the gradient operator involves spatial derivatives% $e ma! $rite;

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p p p = 0% = 0% =0 x ! / p p p dp = dx + d! + d/ = 0 5r% p o = const x ! /

Therefore for irrotational flo$s, the stagnation pressure, po, holds constant not only bet$een t$o points on a streamline but bet$een any t$o points in the fluid flo$. Thus% the use of the inviscid 0ernoulli e)uation ecomes less restrictive" &or rotational flo$s% ho$ever% 0ernoulli e)uation can onl! e applied et$een an! t$o points on a streamline"

E-amples

#ontinue