Hydraulic and Nonhydraulic Cements

Hydraulic cement - hardens by reacting with water to form a _______________ product. The presence of air is not required for the hardening process. Example: _______________. Nonhydraulic cement - reacts with water to form a product which is _________ in water. The hydration product may then react with ___ to form a water-resistant product. Example: __________.
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 hydrated lime Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

Invention of Portland Cement

Greeks and Romans had used a blend of lime and pozzolanic materials to produce a hydraulic cement. Modern Portland cement was invented by ______ _______, an English mason who obtained a patent for his product in 1824. It was named Portland cement because the concrete it produced resembled the color of the natural limestone quarried on the ___________, a peninsula in the English Channel.

Location of Isle of Portland

Scotland Northern Island England

Wales

Isle of Portland

Isle of Portland

Beach connecting Isle of Portland to England

Modern Cement Plant

Bags of Portland cement

Portland cement transport in bulk

Portland cement

Physical Properties of Portland Cement

Particle Size: Finer than No. 200 sieve (75 m)
Typical particle size distribution of a normal Portland cement: %Passing Size 75 m 100 45 m 88 30 m 74 15 m 46 7.5 m 22

Typical Specific Gravity : ______ Typical Unit Weight: _________ A commercial bag of Portland cement in the U.S. weighs 94 lbs.

Chemical Composition of Portland Cement

Portland cement consists essentially of various compounds of calcium. Results of chemical analysis are usually reported in terms of oxides of the elements present. The main oxides in Portland cement are:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Oxides CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO SO3 H2O Calcium Oxide Silicon Oxide Aluminum Oxide Iron Oxide Magnesium Oxide Sulfur Oxide Water Abbreviation C S A F M H

Chemical Composition of Portland Cement (Contd)

The 4 main compounds, which make up over 90% by weight of the Portland cement are:
Compound 3CaOSiO2 2CaOSiO2 3CaOAl2O3 4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3 Abbreviation Tricalcium Silicate ______ Dicalcium Silicate ______ Tricalcium Aluminate ______ Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite ______

Other components of Portland cement are (1) Gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O or CH2 ), which is added to control the rate of setting of cement, and (2) impurities, such as magnesium oxide (MgO).

Overview of Hydration of Portland Cement

Hydration - Chemical reaction of cement with water to form a hardened paste. The reaction is exothermic (heat is generated.) C3S - Hydrates and hardens rapidly. - Largely responsible for _________________________. C2S - Hydrates and hardens slowly. - Contributes largely to ___________________________ ________. C3A - Hydrates rapidly and liberates a large amount of heat. - Contributes slightly to the early strength. - A cement with a high C3A content is more susceptible to _______________, which cause expansion and cracking. C4AF - Contributes little to strength. However, its presence reduces the clinkering temperature in the production of cement, and thus helps to ____________.

Hydration of C3S and C2S

Chemical Reactions: 2C3S + 6H C3S2H3 + 3CH (more rapid reaction) 2C2S + 4H C3S2H3 + CH (slower reaction) C3S2H3 (Calcium Silicate Hydrate) is strong and is ______ __________, while CH (Calcium Hydroxide) is ______ in water. The hydration of C3S produces 61% C3S2H3 and 39% CH, while the hydration of C2S produces 82% C3S2H3 and 18% CH. Thus, it is expected that the ultimate strength of a high C3S cement would be lower than that of a high C2S cement.

Hydration of C3A
Without the addition of gypsum or other means of retardation, the reaction of C3A with water is immediate and generates a large amount of heat. C3A + 21H C4AH13 + C2AH8 C4AH13 + C2AH8 2C3AH6 + 9H Unless this rapid reaction is slowed down, the Portland cement would be useless for most construction purposes. With the addition of gypsum (CH2), the following reactions can take place: C3A + 3CH2 + 26H C3A3CH32 (Ettringite) C3A + CH2 + (10-16)H C3ACH12-18 (Monosulfate)

Hydration of C3A (Continued)

For cement with high C3A content (over 5%), ettringite can react with C3A to form monosulfate as follows: C3A3CH32 + 2C3A + (4-22)H 3(C3ACH12-18 ) Cements with more than 5% C3A will have most of the hydrates of C3A in the form of monosulfates (C3ACH12-18), which are susceptible to sulfate attack. In the presence of ________________, monosulfate can react with ________ to form ___________ as follows: C3ACH12-18 + 2CH + 2 + (10-16)H C3A3CH32 The formation of ettringites at a later age of the concrete can cause expansion of the hardened cement paste and ___________ of concrete.

Hydration of C4AF Hydration of C4AF in the presence of gypsum is similar to that of C3A. However, it is slower and evolve less heat. The hydration products contribute _____________ ___________ of concrete.

Comparison of the Characteristics of the Four Main Compounds in Portland Cement

C3S C2S C3A C4AF _______________________________________________________ Rate of hydration Moderate Early Strength High Ultimate Strength High Heat of Hydration Medium Typical (cal/g) 120 Slow Low High Low 60 Fast Low Low High 320 Moderate Low Low Medium 100

Types of Portland Cement

Type I - For ______ use. No limits are placed on any of the four principal compounds. Type II - ________________________________ _______________________. Specification limits the C3A content to a maximum of 8%. Type III - __________________. C3A content is limited to a maximum of 15%. Type IV - _____________________. Maximum limits of 35% and 7% on C3S and C3A, respectively. Minimum of 40% C2S. Type V - ______________________. Maximum limit of 5% on C3A. Type IA, IIA, IIIA - Air-entraining.

Typical Chemical Compositions of Portland Cements

Type I Type II Type III Type IV 25 50 5 12 4 210 Type V 40 40 4 10 4 250

C3S 50 45 60 C2S 25 30 15 12 7 10 C3A C4AF 8 12 8 CH2 5 5 5 Heat of hydration (7 days, J/g) 330 250 500

Pozzolan and Pozzolanic Reaction

Pozzolan - a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which in itself possesses no cementing property but will, in the presence of water, react with ___________________ to form a cementitious product which is stable in water. Examples: volcanic ash (or pumicite) and fly ash. Pozzolanic Reaction: Pozzolan + CH + H C-S-H Characteristics of pozzolanic reaction:
(1) Reaction is Slow. (2) It consumes calcium hydroxide instead of producing it. (3) The large capillary spaces are filled up by the reaction products, making the concrete less permeable and more durable.

Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag

Blast-furnace slag is a nonmetallic waste product from the blast-furnace process in the manufacturing of iron and steel. Granulated slag is a glassy product formed by rapid cooling of the molten blast-furnace slag. It consists mainly of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium. Unlike pozzolans, granulated blast-furnace slag is ______ _____________. However, when it hydrates by itself, the amount of cementitious products formed and the rate of formation are insufficient to give adequate strengths for structural applications. When used in combination with Portland cement, the hydration of the slag is accelerated in the presence of calcium hydroxide and gypsum. The ________________ is also consumed by the slag in a pozzolanic reaction.

Special Hydraulic Cements

(1) Portland blast-furnace slag cement (Types IS) - blend of Portland cement with 25 to 70% by weight of granulated blastfurnace slag. (2) Portland pozzolan cement (Type IP & P) - blend of Portland cement with 15 to 40% fine pozzolan by weight. Type P has a lower early strength than Type IP, and is used when high early strength is not required.

Effects of Pozzolans and Blast-Furnace Slags on Strength of Concrete _________ early strength & ______ heat of hydration as compared with normal concrete. Ultimate strength can be _____ than that of normal concrete. Portland blast-furnace slag cement has a _______________________ than Portland pozzolan cement.

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Effects of Pozzolans and Blast-Furnace Slags on Durability of Concrete

Water resistance is _________ since calcium hydroxide is consumed. Permeability is _______ since more pores are filled by the products of pozzolanic reaction. Since the rate of sulfate attack depends on the permeability and the amount of calcium hydroxide, the sulfate resistance of the concrete is _____________ (with the reduction in permeability and calcium hydroxide.) Type IS cement containing 60 to 70% slag is highly resistant to sulfate attack irrespective of C3A content of the Portland cement and the reactive alumina content of the slag. Alkali-aggregate expansion is __________.

White or Colored Cements

White Cement
Used to produce architectural concrete where white color is desired. White color is achieved by reducing the iron content of the cement. Similar to normal Portland cement in properties.

Colored Cements
Produced by (1) adding pigments to white cement, or (2) using clinkers having the corresponding colors. Similar to normal Portland cement in properties.

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