09

Combustion

(burners, combustion systems)

electric field is assumed to effect the charge injection from the needle tip, as well as field emission. Semi-empirical expressions which take account of the liquid volume flow rate and charge carrier mobility were used to describe atomization characteristics, which can give a prediction of the liquid breakup length which agrees well with the experimental results. 97104866

97104871

Fluidized-bed

combustion

of coal

Energy

& environmental

benefits

of

oxy-fuel

combustion
Ding, M. G. and Du, 2. OrerLq Environ., Proc. Inr. Conf., l9YS, (Pub. 1996) 674-684. Edited by Chen, Z. ef al., Begell House, New York. Energy savings and emissions reductions form the focus of this review of the benefits of oxy-fuel combustion. Praxair, Inc. has developed a series of patented, field-tested oxy-fuel burner systems through years of worldwide R&D effort. Since the early 1980 s, Praxair s oxy-fuel combustion technol. has found widespread industrial applications. Energy savings of 40-60% in steel reheating furnaces, a combination of 30-40% fuel savings and S&90% NO, reduction in glass furnaces, are among the limits that have been achieved using Praxair s oxy-fuel combustion technology. A substantial amount of energy can still be saved when taking into account the energy required for oxygen manufacturing. This paper describes Praxair s oxy-fuel combustion technology regarding the unique burner design to achieve energy savings and emissions reductions, commercial experience and overall operating benefits. The technology includes oxy-fuel burner, control equipment, laboratory R&D support and computational modelling. Among the attractions of the technology are flexible (adjustable) flame pattern and heat release pattern, resulting in improved operational performance; NO, and CO emissions far below the current environmental regulations in North America: ease of retrofit to existing industrial furnaces; safe and table operation with minimum maintenance. This paper also describes the integration of an air separation unit (ASU) with fuel supply and combustion systems, which would further improve overall energy efficiency and reduce overall operating costs. Two specific case-analyses to illustrate the integration concept for integrated steel mills are presented. 97104867

Saxena, S. C. rt al. Energy, 1997, 22, (I I). 1029-1040. Fluidized-bed combustion of coal has been investigated in a pilot-plant combustion facility. Experiments were conducted for coal-feed rates of 0.X3 and I .09 g/s with corresponding bed temperatures of 1220 f 43 and 1259 % 34 K for superficial air velocities in the range 0.63-1.07 m/s at ambient conditions. Concentrations of 02, CO, CO:, NO,. and SO? were monitored in the flue gas, and their variations with operating parameters used to establish optimum combustion conditions. Material and energy balances were employed to compute carbon utilization and thermal combustion and combustion quality efficiencies. Optimum operating conditions were determined for efficient and environmentally friendly combustion. It is proposed that oxidation of coal nitrogen to NO is a first-order reaction with respect to O2 and a zero-order reaction with respect to coal nitrogen. Significant kinetic inferences are derived concerning oxidation of coal carbon and sulfur.

97104872 The identification of oxygen carbonaceous materials by oxygen

functional

groups

in

An evaluation of the United Kingdom clean power generation group s air-blown gasification cycle

coal

Turner, J. A. ef (II. Carbon, 1997, 35, (7), Y83-YY2. The potential of oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) for identifying oxygen functional groups in carbonaceous materials, with a particular view to the identification of functional groups formed during combustion is assessed. A range of aromatic reference compounds was used to provide fingerprints for a range of oxyten functional groups. The results indicate that oxygen K-edge XANES is sufficiently sensitive to functional group type for this application. A set of partially gasified chars was prepared from samples of pure acenaphthylene. Wearmouth coal and Cwmhargoed coal. The oxygen K-edge XAES spectra of these chars clearly show that one can follow the simultaneous loss of oxygen species originating in the carbon and formation of new surface complexes during combustion. It is of particular note that anhydrides and lactones can be readily distinguished using this technique. The mechanistic implications of the results for carbon combustion are discussed.

Wheeldon, J. M. et al. Proc. Annu. Int. Pitfshurgh Coal Conf.. 1996. 13. (I). 279-287. An engineering and economics study of various pressurized fluidized-bed combustor (PFBC) designs was conducted by the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI). Studies have been completed on bubbling and circulating PFBC technologies and on an advanced PFBC power plant technology, in which the feed coal is partially gasified and the residual char burned in a PFBC. The United Kingdom Clean Coal Power Generation Group s airblown gasification cycle (ABGC) also partially gasifies the feed coal. but uses a circulating atmospheric fluid&d-bed combustor (AFBC) to burn the residual char. The study was completed to effect a comparison with the advanced PFBC cycle.

97104873 Ignition and combustion in a microgravity environment

of a coal-oil

mixture drop

Experimental research on combustion 97104068 tics of pulverized-coal fluidized bed

characteris-

Chen, H. et al. Ranshao Kexue Yu Jishu., 1995. 1. (4). 325-331. (In Chinese) A propoal for a new efficient and clean coal combustion method, pulverized-coal fluidized bed combustion (PCF-FBC), was advanced. The combustion characteristics of PCF-FBC was studied on an experimental rig with 0.3 MW heat input. It uses pulverized coal as its fuel and integrates the characteristics of the pulverized-coal boiler and the fluidized-bed boiler. Results are presented. A combustion efficiency of 98% could be reached.

Tanishige, R. et al. Nippon Enenrgi Gakkaishi, 1906, 75, (12). IOSh-1063. (In Japanese) In order to get fundamental understandings on combustion processes of a coal slurry spray, the ignition and combustion characteristics of a coa-oil mixture drop have been measured under normal and micro-gravitv conditions. The experiment was conducted in a drop tower. with a fall of 710 m. In this study, Taiheiya coal and n-dodecane were used for coal-oil mixture which has a 50% mixing ratio. The Taiheiyo coal had a fixed coal mass percentage of 43.04%, a volatility mass percentage of 40.97% and an ash mass percentage of 16.00%. The mass percentage of the Taiheiyo coal with a diameter ~75 mm was X5.74%. Comparison of the experimental results between micro-gravity condition and normal gravity condition clarifies differences in their combustion characteristics. The minimum ignition temperature under micro-gravity is more than 3X0 K lower than that under normal gravity, and the ignition delay of the COM drop under microgravity is shorter than that under normal gravity.

97104874 Improvement coal with lube oil wastes

of coal pyrolysis

yields

by blending

97104869 Experimental study of the dynamics of drops of water-coal suspensions

of combustion

Burdukov, A. P. rt al. Fiz. Goreniya Vzryuo, 1996, 32, (4) 62-66. (In Russian) Based on laser heating, an experimental method of studying dynamics of combustion of small particles is described. Based on the combustion of a water-coal suspension droplet as an example, it was shown that the method allows to study the temperature and photoelectric dynamics of a single drop, record the length of the temperature phases of combustion, the moment and temperature of the droplet ignition, and to obtain the information about the mass rate of combustion.

97lQ407Q Experimental media with a reciprocating

study on combustion flow system

in

porous

Lazaro, M. ef ul. DGMK Tagtngsher., 1997, 9703. (Proceedings ICCS Y7. Volume 2), 741-744. The co-pyrolysis of a coal suspended in a lube oil waste is investigated. The paper principally aims to show the technical feasibility of the co-pyrolysis of coal and waste material slurries, in a fluidized bed and to evaluate the efficiency of the co-pyrolysis to improve quality and quantity of the products in relation to those obtained from coal pyrolysis. Very high yields of CL-Cd olefines and BTX were obtained from co-pyrolysis with the oil waste, so that, quantity and quality of products dramatically increased in reference to coal pyrolysis. Synergic effects on the yields of methane, ethane and ethylene and antisynergic on the yields of Cd-Cts compounds and BTX were observed.

1997, 111, (l/2), 32-46. Hoffmann. .I. G. et al. Combustion and Flame, The experimental results from a study into the behaviour of a reciprocating superadiabatic combustion system are reported. This includes the attainable flammable limits, and the low NO, and CO emissions which can be achieved with this system. Attention was focused on the influence of the dominating parameters, i.e. flow velocity, half cycle, and equivalence ratio, on the formation of temperature profiles in the porous body. Hereby the flammable limit was extended to the extremely low equivalence ratio of 0.026. In addition, the influence of the parameters on the levels of NO, and CO emissions was experimentally clarified and the emission levels are discussed with regard to the obtained temperature profiles. Under all the test conditions, extremely low NO, emissions of less than one ppm were obtained. The flow velocity and the type of porous medium used were strong factors affecting CO emissions. For favourable conditions, low CO emissions in the order of ppm were also obtained.

97104975 Improvement coal by pelletization

of combustion

properties

of brown

Naundorf, W. et al. Braunkohle, 1997, 49, (4). 363-367. (In German) Soft brown coal briquetting to large size briquettes without binder was proved as a satisfactory method of upgrading friable brown coal with a high water content. Brown coal pelletization was examined as an alternative process and several advantages were found. The main advantage was reduced expenditure for building and machines, and an economical layout of the production plant. Pellets, produced with the addition of CaO and wood chips, had better combustion properties and a significantly reduced emission of pollutants, especially SO?, even in small furnaces. Brown coal with a high ash content and an unfavourable material composition could also be upgraded to pellets with a high resistance to water and good combustion properties.

422

Fuel and Energy Abstracts

November

1997