Nelson Science

Sophie Rosser

Workspace 8.5
Understand
1. Up until 1700, what one factor, more than any other, limited the depth to

which mines could be dug?

If the mine were dug to a certain depth it would fill up with water. This is what limited a mine's depth. The water would have to be pumped out by person-power or horse-power. 2. What invention made it possible for mines to be dug deeper? The steam engine was invented. It burns fuel to produce heat. Then the heat boils the water and turns it to steam, effectively ridding of the water and creating useful steam. 3. Name the two types of engine that involve the burning of fuels. The steam engine, created by Thomas Newcomen. The four-stroke engine, created by Nikolaus Otto.

4. What is the purpose of solar panels on a solar car? The purpose of solar panels on a solar car are that when the sun shines on the panels the electrical energy produced in the panels will drive the engine.

Apply
5. Explain why the use of grease and the liquid metal mercury improved

the

efficiency

of

James

Watts

steam

engine.

The use of grease and mercury ensured that no steam could escape from gaps in the machine. This saved a great amount of money on fuel costs. For every 1000kg Thomas Newcomen's engine used, Watt's engine used 250kg.

6. Draw a flowchart that shows the four strokes of the Otto engine.

Nelson Science

Sophie Rosser

7. Name two environmental problems that solar cars can help to overcome.

Solar panels can help to lower the amount of carbon dioxide, which contributes to climate change. They can also help to limit the amount of sulfur dioxide that is produced. Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain, which can destroy plants and buildings.

Analyse
8. Draw a Sankey diagram to show the energy transformations in a steam

engine.

9. Why was the steam engine so important for the Industrial Revolution? The steam engine was what powered the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Without the invention of the steam engine the Industrial Revolution wouldn't have happened as it did. Travel would still be long and hard, as there would be no steam trains or steam-powered ships. If the Industrial Revolution hadn't happened people would still have to work extremely long and hard hours to get their jobs done. The Industrial Revolution was a very important time in history, as it was a time when many new products, that could help to make peoples' lives easier, were produced. 10. What changes did Otto make to van Huygens explosion engine? Otto developped a way to make sure the explosion engine could be used for regular work. This was achieved by making sure the burn wasn't jerky. What this means is the pressure of the burning mixture pushes the piston back into the cylinder. He also made his engine with better and more stable materials. This ensured the engine was stronger and would last longer.

Nelson Science

Sophie Rosser

11. What two problems for solar cars were solved with the invention of the

CSIRO engine-in-a-wheel?
The invention of the CSIRO engine-in-a-wheel allowed the solar engine to fit inside the wheel of a car. The engine being small was convenient, as it wouldn't get in the way. This engine was also lightweight. This made sure the car wasn't weighed down and would still work as usual. Aswell as the engine being small and lightweight, the car could also travel up to 110 km/h, which was a huge improvement, as most solar powered cars can only travel at a maximum speed of between 40 and 60 km/h.