Seminar Report

Multimedia Streaming and 4G Technology in Communication

1. INTRODUCTION
Many portal sites offer streaming audio and video services for accessing news and entertainment content on the Internet from a PC. The term multimedia streaming means that there are more than one media type involved in the communication e.g. te!t and graphics voice animations video and audio. "e define multimedia to denote the property of handling a variety of representation media in an integrated manner. This means that the various sources of media types are integrated into a single system framewor#. Currently three incompati$le proprietary solutions offered $y Real %etwor#s Microsoft and &pple dominate the Internet streaming software mar#et. In the near future third'generation mo$ile communication systems will e!tend the scope of today(s Internet streaming solutions $y introducing standardi)ed streaming services targeting the mo$ile users specific needs. *y offering higher data'transmission rates up to +, M$ps more than -G for wide'area coverage and local'area coverage 4G systems will $e a$le to provide high .uality streamed content to the rapidly growing mo$ile mar#et. In addition to higher data rates these systems also will offer value'added applications supported $y an underlying networ# that com$ines streaming services with a range of uni.ue mo$ile specific services such as Multimedia content geographical positioning user profiling and mo$ile payment. 4G /also #nown as *eyond -G0 an a$$reviation for 1ourth'Generation is a term used to descri$e the ne!t complete evolution in wireless communications. & 4G system will $e a$le to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice data and streamed multimedia can $e given to users on an 2&nytime &nywhere3 $asis and at higher data rates than previous generations. &s the second generation was a total replacement of the first generation networ#s and handsets4 and the third generation was a total replacement of second generation networ#s and handsets4 so too the fourth generation cannot $e an incremental evolution of current -G technologies $ut rather the total replacement of the current -G networ#s and handsets. The international telecommunications regulatory and standardi)ation $odies are wor#ing for commercial deployment of 4G networ#s roughly in the +,5+'+,56 time scale. &t that point it is predicted that even with current evolutions of third generation -G networ#s these will tend to $e congested. There is no formal definition for what 4G is4 however there are certain o$7ectives that are pro7ected for 4G. These o$7ectives include8 that 4G will $e a fully IP'$ased integrated system. 4G will $e capa$le of providing $etween 5,, M$it9s and 5 G$it9s speeds $oth indoors and outdoors with premium .uality and high security. :ept of T; R<C; 5=Page

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Many companies have ta#en self'serving definitions and distortions a$out 4G to suggest they have 4G already in e!istence today such as several early trials and launches of "iM&>. ?ther companies have made prototype systems calling those 4G. "hile it is possi$le that some currently demonstrated technologies may $ecome part of 4G until the 4G standard or standards have $een defined it is impossi$le for any company currently to provide with any certainty wireless solutions that could $e called 4G cellular networ#s that would conform to the eventual international standards for 4G. These confusing statements around 2e!isting3 4G have served to confuse investors and analysts a$out the wireless industry. &ccording to the 4G wor#ing groups the infrastructure and the terminals of 4G will have almost all the standards from +G to 4G implemented. &lthough legacy systems are in place to adopt e!isting users the infrastructure for 4G will $e only pac#et'$ased /all'IP0. Some proposals suggest having an open platform where the new innovations and evolutions can fit. The technologies which are $eing considered as pre'4G are the following8 1lash' ?1:M "iMa! "i*ro i*urst and -GPP @ong Term ;volution. ?ne of the first technology really fulfilling the 4G re.uirements as set $y the ITA'R will $e @T; &dvanced as currently standardi)ed $y -GPP. @T; &dvanced will $e an evolution of the -GPP @ong Term ;volution. Bigher data rates are for instance achieved $y the aggregation of multiple @T; carriers that are currently limited to +,MB) $andwidth.

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2. INTERACTIVE MEDIA PLAT-FORM

The Interactive Media system illustrated in 1igure is a software platform for mo$ile streaming applications. :esigned as an end'to'end solution the system consists of :edicated content creation machines & player application that runs on widely used operating systems such as "indows C; and ;P?C Content servers that hold the newly created multimedia content and & pro!y which $uilds the interface $etween the player application and other parts of the platform. The client uses BTTP to re.uest a SMI@ presentation from a "e$ server. "ithin the SMI@ presentation the client finds lin#s to the streaming content which it ac.uires from the streaming servers. Static content such as an image is fetched from a "e$ server via BTTP.
Figure. Interactive Media platform.

2.1 Content Creation Machine The content creation machines depicted in 1igure 4 host the applications needed for creating $oth live and offline content. They are used to prepare streaming content for e!ample to edit videos and images and encode them in the appropriate formats for mo$ile streaming. &dditionally these machines create the SMI@ files which are a #ind of story$oo# for the interactive presentation. They upload the content to the streaming serversCfor dynamic contentCand to the "e$ servers which hold the static content and the SMI@ files.
2.2 P!a"er A##!ication

The player application renders multimedia content and lets users navigate through the SMI@ presentations. ;ach multimedia element can $e hyperlin#ed to other presentations. The players SMI@ implementation is fully standard'compliant as are the supported codecs which decode multimedia data and render it on the output devices. Plug'in capa$ilities simplify e!tending the player with additional codecs. &pplying s#ins changes the player applicationCs appearance. & skin is a structure that adapts the loo# of an applications user interface. &n application can have several s#ins. 1or e!ample a $randing application implements the s#in as images mapped on the side of the players display and control elements. Selecting a different set of images for the s#in $rands the application for various customers. &fter launching the player application separately the user can select a SMI@ presentation or a single stream to navigate through a hierarchy of SMI@ presentations. &n :ept of T; R<C; -=Page

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alternative is to clic# a hyperlin# in a standard "e$ $rowser that anchors a SMI@ presentation. In either case the player fetches the SMI@ file from a "e$ server via the pro!y. The players SMI@ engine interprets the contents of the SMI@ file and fetches the streams /using the RTSP protocol0 and the static content /using BTTP0 according to the story$oard the SMI@ file descri$es. The engine launches the content'specific codecs to render the information. ;ach of the elements in the SMI@ file can have an underlying hyperlin#. "hen the user clic#s on a region of the screen that is associated with a hyperlin# the SMI@ engine fetches the anchored file and interprets its content.
2.$ Pro%"

The pro!y is the systemCs interface to $oth the radio networ# and the $ac#'end components. This central componentCs ma7or tas# is to adapt the streaming multimedia on the fly to the mo$ile networ# lin#Cs continuously changing conditions. "hen a client re.uests an interactive multimedia presentation the streaming pro!y initially loads the SMI@ file. The pro!yCs $asic BTTP functionality optimi)es the client connection according to the mo$ile IP networ#Cs characteristics. The client fetches the SMI@ file and interprets it on the client then the client re.uests $oth static and streaming content from the $ac#'end servers. &c.uiring static content such as images and te!t files is very straightforward $ut the pro!yCs value $ecomes more apparent when it transmits streaming data to the client. :uring transmission of streaming data the pro!y dynamically adapts the delivered .uality of service in accordance with availa$le $andwidth. To achieve this dynamic adaptation the pro!y uses feed$ac# information from the player application radio networ# and IP networ#. The user content'provider and operator use the pro!y to configure preferences. & content provider can specify a minimum $andwidth to ensure accepta$le video'stream .uality. If this $andwidth is not availa$le a slide show is presented instead. If the current $andwidth is insufficient for delivering a video the pro!y switches on the fly to a lower $andwidth as long as the DoS does not drop $elow a predefined value.

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$. PREVIOU& TEC'NOLO(IE&)
$.1 1( TEC'NOLO(*
EE5GEEE /or 5'G0 refers to the first'generation of FFwirelessGG FFtelephoneGG FFtechnologyGG FFmo$ile computing=mo$ileGG FFtelecommunicationsGG. These are the EEEFFanalog signal=analogGGEEE telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 5HI,s and continued until $eing replaced $y FF+GGG EEEFFdigital signal=digitalGGEEE telecommunications. The main difference $etween two succeeding mo$ile telephone systems 5G and FF+GGG is that the radio signals that 5G networ#s use are analog while +G networ#s are digital. &lthough $oth systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers /which listen to the handsets0 to the rest of the telephone system the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in +G whereas 5G is only modulated to higher fre.uency typically 56,Jn$sp4MB) and up. ?ne such standard is FF%ordic Mo$ile Telephone=%MTGG /%ordic Mo$ile Telephone0 used in FF%ordic countriesGG FFSwit)erlandGG FF%etherlandsGG FF;astern ;uropeGG and FFRussiaGG. ?thers include FF&dvanced Mo$ile Phone System=&MPSGG /&dvanced Mo$ile Phone System0 used in the FFAnited StatesGG and FF&ustraliaGGKrefLFhttp899www.amta.org.au9default.aspMPageN54+ &MT&GK9refL FFT&CSGG /Total &ccess Communications System0 in the FFAnited OingdomGG FFC'%et)=C'46,GG in FF"est GermanyGG FFPortugalGG and FFSouth &fricaGG FFRadiocom +,,,GGKrefLFF8fr8Radiocom +,,,=Radiocom +,,, in 1rench "i#ipedia.GGK9refL in FF1ranceGG and FFRTMIGG in FFItalyGG. In Papan there were multiple systems. Three standards TQ'I,5 TQ'I,+ and TQ'I,- were developed $y %TT while a competing system operated $y ::I used the PT&CS /Papan Total &ccess Communications System0 standard. &u##ort VoIP a##!ication 8 <oice which has $een the raison d(Rtre of cellular and wireless
communications since the $eginning of the industry is also undergoing a transformation. "ith 4G voice transmission will for the first time $e carried over the same infrastructure as all other traffic. %o longer will separate parallel circuit'switched and pac#et'switched networ#s $e re.uired for voice and data. Instead all traffic will $e carried on a single all'IP wireless networ#. ;ven more 4G air interfaces such as @T; or AM* can deliver <oIP capacity that is three times greater than that of -G interfaces. To reach these capacity levels however and to meet and even e!ceed the .uality and relia$ility that users have come to e!pect in the +G and -G worlds several difficult technical challenges need to $e met to accommodate the different traffic $ehaviors and to deliver real'time voice and video. Bere innovations are re.uired in the area of digital signal processing and scheduling algorithms.

$.2 2( TEC'NOLO(* +G /or +'G0 is short for second'generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation +G cellular telecom networ#s were commercially launched on the GSM standard in 1inland $y Radiolin7a /now part of ;lisa ?y70 in 5HH5. Three primary $enefits of +G :ept of T; R<C; 6=Page

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networ#s over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted +G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mo$ile phone penetration levels4 and +G introduced data services for mo$ile starting with SMS te!t messages. &fter +G was launched the previous mo$ile telephone systems were retrospectively du$$ed 5G. "hile radio signals on 5G networ#s are analog and on +G networ#s are digital $oth systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers /which listen to the handsets0 to the rest of the telephone system. 2( techno!ogie +G technologies can $e divided into T:M&'$ased and C:M&'$ased standards depending on the type of multiple!ing used. The main +G standards are8

GSM /T:M&'$ased0 originally from ;urope $ut used in almost all countries on all si! inha$ited continents /Time :ivision Multiple &ccess0. Today accounts for over I,S of all su$scri$ers around the world. ?ver T, GSM operators are also using C:M&+,,, in the 46, MBQ fre.uency $and /C:M&46,0.F+G IS'H6 a#a cdma?ne /C:M&'$ased commonly referred as simply C:M& in the AS0 used in the &mericas and parts of &sia. Today accounts for a$out 5US of all su$scri$ers glo$ally. ?ver a do)en C:M& operators have migrated to GSM including operators in Me!ico India &ustralia and South Oorea. P:C /T:M&'$ased0 used e!clusively in Papan i:;% /T:M&'$ased0 proprietary networ# used $y %e!tel in the Anited States and Telus Mo$ility in Canada IS'5-T a#a :'&MPS /T:M&'$ased commonly referred as simply T:M& in the AS0 was once prevalent in the &mericas $ut most have migrated to GSM.

+G services are fre.uently referred as Personal Communications Service or PCS in the Anited States. +.6G services ena$le high'speed data transfer over upgraded e!isting +G networ#s. *eyond +G thereEs -G with higher data speeds and even evolutions $eyond -G such as 4G. Ca#acitie + a,-antage + an, ,i a,-antage Ca#acit") Asing digital signals $etween the handsets and the towers increases " te. ca#acit" in two #ey ways8

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:igital voice data can $e compressed and multiple!ed much more effectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various codecs allowing more calls to $e pac#ed into the same amount of radio $andwidth. The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets. This meant that cells could $e smaller so more cells could $e placed in the same amount of space. This was also made possi$le $y cell towers and related e.uipment getting less e!pensive.

A,-antage :igital systems were em$raced $y consumers for several reasons.

The lower powered radio signals re.uire less $attery power so phones last much longer $etween charges and $atteries can $e smaller. The digital voice encoding allowed digital error chec#ing which could increase sound .uality $y increasing dynamic range and lowering the noise floor. The lower power emissions helped address health concerns. Going all'digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services such as SMS and email. Greatly reduced fraud. "ith analog systems it was possi$le to have two or more VclonedV handsets that had the same phone num$er. ;nhanced privacy. & #ey digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on $y use of radio scanners. "hile the security algorithms used have proved not to $e as secure as initially advertised +G phones are immensely more private than 5G phones which have no protection against eavesdropping.

Di a,-antage The downsides of +G systems not often well pu$lici)ed are8

In less populous areas the wea#er digital signal may not $e sufficient to reach a cell tower. This tends to $e a particular pro$lem on +G systems deployed on higher fre.uencies $ut is mostly not a pro$lem on +G systems deployed on lower fre.uencies. %ational regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate where +G can $e deployed. &nalog has a smooth decay curve digital a 7agged steppy one. This can $e $oth an advantage and a disadvantage. Ander good conditions digital will sound $etter. Ander slightly worse conditions analog will e!perience static while digital has occasional dropouts. &s conditions worsen though digital will start to completely

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fail $y dropping calls or $eing unintelligi$le while analog slowly gets worse generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through. "hile digital calls tend to $e free of static and $ac#ground noise the lossy compression used $y the codecs ta#es a toll4 the range of sound that they convey is reduced. WouEll hear less of the tonality of someoneEs voice tal#ing on a digital cellphone $ut you will hear it more clearly.

E-o!ution +G networ#s were $uilt mainly for voice services and slow data transmission. Some protocols such as ;:G; for GSM and 5!'RTT for C:M&+,,, are defined as V-GV services /$ecause they are defined in IMT'+,,, specification documents0 $ut are considered $y the general pu$lic to $e +.6G services /or +.U6G which sounds even more sophisticated0 $ecause they are several times slower than present'day -G services. +.6G is a stepping stone $etween +G and -G cellular wireless technologies. The term Vsecond and a half generationV is used to descri$e +G'systems that have implemented a pac#et switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services $ecause $undling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services /BSCS:0 as well. The first ma7or step in the evolution of GSM networ#s to -G occurred with the introduction of General Pac#et Radio Service /GPRS0. C:M&+,,, networ#s similarly evolved through the introduction of 5!RTT. So the cellular services com$ined with enhanced data transmission capa$ilities $ecame #nown as E+.6G.E GPRS could provide data rates from 6T O$it9s up to 554 O$it9s. It can $e used for services such as "ireless &pplication Protocol /"&P0 access Multimedia Messaging Service /MMS0 and for Internet communication services such as email and "orld "ide "e$ access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per mega$yte of traffic transferred while data communication via traditional circuit switching is $illed per minute of connection time independent of whether the user actually is utili)ing the capacity or is in an idle state. 5!RTT supports $i'directional /up and downlin#0 pea# data rates up to 56-.T #$ps delivering an average user data throughput of I,'5,, #$ps in commercial networ#s F-G. It can also $e used for "&P SMS J MMS services as well as Internet access.

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GPRS networ#s evolved to ;:G; networ#s with the introduction of IPSO encoding. ;nhanced :ata rates for GSM ;volution /;:G;0 ;nhanced GPRS /;GPRS0 or IMT Single Carrier /IMT'SC0 is a $ac#ward'compati$le digital mo$ile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as an e!tension on top of standard GSM. ;:G; was deployed on GSM networ#s $eginning in +,,-Xinitially $y Cingular /now &TJT0 in the Anited States. ;:G; is standardi)ed $y -GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three'fold increase in capacity of GSM9GPRS networ#s. The specification achieves higher data'rates /up to +-T.I O$it9s0 $y switching to more sophisticated methods of coding /IPSO0 within e!isting GSM timeslots $.$ $( Techno!og" International Mo$ile Telecommunications'+,,, /IMT'+,,,0E $etter #nown as -G or -rd Generation is a family of standards for mo$ile telecommunications defined $y the International Telecommunication Anion F5G which includes GSM ;:G; AMTS and C:M&+,,, as well as :;CT and "iM&>. Services include wide'area wireless voice telephone video calls and wireless data all in a mo$ile environment. Compared to +G and +.6G services -G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates /up to 54., M$it9s on the downlin# and 6.I M$it9s on the uplin# with BSP&Y0. Thus -G networ#s ena$le networ# operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater networ# capacity through improved spectral efficiency.

?verview of -G9IMT'+,,, standardsF4G :ept of T; R<C; H=Page

Seminar Report

Multimedia Streaming and 4G Technology in Communication $andwidth pre'4G duple! channel of data geographical areas

ITA IMT'+,,,

common name/s0

description

T:M& Single'Carrier ;:G; /A"T'5-T0 /IMT'SC0

;:G; %one ;volution

evolutionary worldwide upgrade e!cept Papan T:M& Fn$ toGSM9GPRS and South 5G Oorea

C:M& Multi'Carrier /IMT'MC0

C:M&+,,,

;<':?

AM*
+G

Fn$

1::

evolutionary &mericas upgrade &sia some to cdma?ne/IS' others H60

C:M& :irect Spread /IMT':S0

"' C:M&Fn$ 4G AMTSFn$ T:'C:M BSP& -G &Fn$ 6G

worldwide C:M& 1amily of revolutionary standards.

@T;

;urope

C:M& T:: /IMT'TC0 T:'SC: M&Fn$ TG T:: 1:M&9T:M& /IMT'1T0 :;CT %one short'range4 1:M&9 standard for ;urope AS& T:M& cordless phones China

IP'?1:M&

"iM&> /I;;; I,+.5T0

?1:M& late addition

worldwide

5. Can also $e used as an upgrade to P:C or :'&MPS. +. development halted in favour of @T;.F6G -. also #nown as 1?M&FTG4 AMTS is the common name for a standard that encompasses multiple air interfaces. :ept of T; R<C; 5, = P a g e

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4. also #nown as ATR&'1::4 "'C:M& is sometimes used as a synonym for AMTS ignoring the other air interface options.FTG 6. also #nown as ATR&'T:: -.I4 Mcps high chip rate /BCR0 T. also #nown as ATR&'T:: 5.+I Mcps low chip rate /@CR0 "hile ;:G; is part of the -G standard most GSM9AMTS phones report ;:G; /2+.U6G30 and AMTS /2-G30 networ# availa$ility as separate functionality. Main Feature ) Data Rate ITA has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can e!pect from -G e.uipment or providers. Thus users sold -G service may not $e a$le to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not $eing met. "hile stating in commentary that Vit is e!pected that IMT'+,,, will provide higher transmission rates8 a minimum data rate of + M$it9s for stationary or wal#ing users and -4I O$it9s in a moving vehicle V F5-G the ITA does not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates or what modes of the interfaces .ualify as -G so various rates are sold as -G intended to meet customers e!pectations of $road$and data. &ecurit" -G networ#s offer a greater degree of security than +G predecessors. *y allowing the A; /Aser ;.uipment0 to authenticate the networ# it is attaching to the user can $e sure the networ# is the intended one and not an impersonator. -G networ#s use the O&SAMI $loc# crypto instead of the older &695 stream cipher. Bowever a num$er of serious wea#nesses in the O&SAMI cipher have $een identified F54G. In addition to the -G networ# infrastructure security end'to'end security is offered when application framewor#s such as IMS are accessed although this is not strictly a -G property.

A##!ication ) The $andwidth and location information availa$le to -G devices gives rise to applications not previously availa$le to mo$ile phone users. Some of the applications are8

Mo$ile T< ' a provider redirects a T< channel directly to the su$scri$erEs phone where it can $e watched.

<ideo on demand ' a provider sends a movie to the su$scri$erEs phone. <ideo conferencing ' su$scri$ers can see as well as tal# to each other. Tele'medicine ' a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated su$scri$er. 55 = P a g e

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@ocation'$ased services ' a provider sends locali)ed weather or traffic conditions to the phone or the phone allows the su$scri$er to find near$y $usinesses or friends.

E-o!ution 3ro. 2() +G networ#s were $uilt mainly for voice services and slow data transmission. Some protocols such as ;:G; for GSM and 5!'RTT for C:M&+,,, are defined as V-GV services /$ecause they are defined in IMT'+,,, specification documents0 $ut are considered $y the general pu$lic to $e +.6G services /or +.U6G which sounds even more sophisticated0 $ecause they are several times slower than present'day -G services. Fro. 2( to 2.0(8 +.6G is a stepping stone $etween +G and -G cellular wireless technologies. The term Vsecond and a half generationV is used to descri$e +G'systems that have implemented a pac#et switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services $ecause $undling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services /BSCS:0 as well. The first ma7or step in the evolution of GSM networ#s to -G occurred with the introduction of General Pac#et Radio Service /GPRS0. C:M&+,,, networ#s similarly evolved through the introduction of 5!RTT. So the cellular services com$ined with enhanced data transmission capa$ilities $ecame #nown as E+.6G.E GPRS could provide data rates from 6T O$it9s up to 554 O$it9s. It can $e used for services such as "ireless &pplication Protocol /"&P0 access Multimedia Messaging Service /MMS0 and for Internet communication services such as email and "orld "ide "e$ access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged per mega$yte of traffic transferred while data communication via traditional circuit switching is $illed per minute of connection time independent of whether the user actually is utili)ing the capacity or is in an idle state. 5!RTT supports $i'directional /up and downlin#0 pea# data rates up to 56-.T #$ps delivering an average user data throughput of I,'5,, #$ps in commercial networ#s G. It can also $e used for "&P SMS J MMS services as well as Internet access. Fro. 2.0( to 2./0( 1ED(E2 GPRS networ#s evolved to ;:G; networ#s with the introduction of IPSO encoding. ;nhanced :ata rates for GSM ;volution /;:G;0 ;nhanced GPRS /;GPRS0 or IMT Single Carrier /IMT'SC0 is a $ac#ward'compati$le digital mo$ile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as an e!tension on top of standard GSM. ;:G; was deployed on GSM networ#s $eginning in +,,-Xinitially $y Cingular /now &TJT0 in the Anited States. ;:G; is standardi)ed $y -GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three'fold increase in capacity of GSM9GPRS networ#s. The specification :ept of T; R<C; 5+ = P a g e

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achieves higher data'rates /up to +-T.I O$it9s0 $y switching to more sophisticated methods of coding /IPSO0 within e!isting GSM timeslots. E-o!ution to4ar, 5( *oth -GPP and -GPP+ are currently wor#ing on further e!tensions to -G standards named @ong Term ;volution and Altra Mo$ile *road$and respectively. *eing $ased on an all'IP networ# infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIM? these specifications already display features characteristic for IMT'&dvanced /4G0 the successor of -G. Bowever falling short of the $andwidth re.uirements for 4G /which is 5 G$it9s for stationary and 5,, M$it9s for mo$ile operation0 these standards are classified as -.HG or Pre'4G. -GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with @T; &dvanced whereas Dualcomm has halted development of AM* in favor of the @T; family.

5. ARC'ITECTURE OF 5( TEC'NOLO(*)
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4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to -G and +G standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service. The first was the move from analogue to digital /+G0 which was followed $y multi'media support /-G0 and now 4G which refers to all IP pac#et switched networ#s and increases in data speeds. & 4G system is e!pected to provide a comprehensive and secure all'IP $ased solution where facilities such as IP telephony ultra'$road$and Internet access gaming services and streamed multimedia may $e provided to users. The remainder of this article uses 4G to refer to IMT &dvanced /International Mo$ile Telecommunications &dvanced0 as defined $y ITA'R. &n IMT &dvanced cellular system must have target pea# data rates of up to appro!imately 5,, M$it9s for high mo$ility such as mo$ile access and up to appro!imately 5 G$it9s for low mo$ility such as nomadic9local wireless access according to the ITA re.uirements. Scala$le $andwidths up to at least 4, MB) should $e provided. The pre'4G technology -GPP @ong Term ;volution /@T;0 is often $randed V4GV $ut the first @T; release does not fully comply with the IMT'&dvanced re.uirements. @T; has a theoretical net $itrate capacity of up to 5,, M$it9s in the downlin# and 6, M$it9s in the uplin# if a +, MB) channel is used ' and more if Multiple'input multiple'output /MIM?0 i.e. antenna arrays are used. Most ma7or mo$ile carriers in the Anited States and several worldwide carriers have announced plans to convert their networ#s to @T; $eginning in +,,H. The worldEs first pu$licly availa$le @T;'service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals Stoc#holm and ?slo on the 54 :ecem$er +,,H and $randed 4G. The physical radio interface was at an early stage named Bigh Speed ?1:M Pac#et &ccess /BS?P&0 now named ;volved AMTS Terrestrial Radio &ccess /;'ATR&0. @T; &dvanced /@ong'term'evolution &dvanced0 is a candidate for IMT'&dvanced standard formally su$mitted $y the -GPP organi)ation to ITA'T in the fall +,,H and e!pected to $e released in +,55. The target of -GPP @T; &dvanced is to reach and surpass the ITA re.uirements. @T; &dvanced should $e compati$le with first release @T; e.uipment and should share fre.uency $ands with first release @T;. The Mo$ile "iM&> /I;;; I,+.5Te'+,,60 mo$ile wireless $road$and access /M"*&0 standard is sometimes $randed 4G and offers pea# data rates of 5+I M$it9s downlin# and 6T M$it9s uplin# over +, MB) wide channels. The I;;; I,+.5Tm evolution of I,+.5Te is under development with the o$7ective to fulfill the IMT'&dvanced criteria of 5,,, M$it9s for stationary reception and 5,, M$it9s for mo$ile reception. AM* /Altra Mo$ile *road$and0 was the $rand name for a discontinued 4G pro7ect within the -GPP+ standardi)ation group to improve the C:M&+,,, mo$ile phone standard for ne!t generation applications and re.uirements. In %ovem$er :ept of T; R<C; 54 = P a g e

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+,,I Dualcomm AM*Es lead sponsor announced it was ending development of the technology favoring @T; instead. The o$7ective was to achieve data speeds over +U6 M$it9s downstream and over U6 M$it9s upstream. In all these suggestions for 4G the CDMA #rea, #ectru. radio technology used in -G systems and I&-60 is a$andoned and replaced $y 3re7uenc"-,o.ain e7ua!i8ation schemes for e!ample multi'carrier transmission such as OFDMA. This is com$ined with MIMO /i.e. multiple antennas /Multiple In Multiple ?ut00 ,"na.ic channe! a!!ocation and channe!-,e#en,ent che,u!ing O9:ecti-e an, a##roach) O9:ecti-e ) 4G is $eing developed to accommodate the DoS and rate re.uirements set $y further development of e!isting -G applications li#e wireless $road$and access Multimedia Messaging Service /MMS0 video chat mo$ile T< $ut also new services li#e B:T< content minimal services li#e voice and data and other services that utili)e $andwidth. It may $e allowed roaming with wireless local area networ#s and $e com$ined with digital video $roadcasting systems. The 4G wor#ing group has defined the following as o$7ectives of the 4G wireless communication standard8

1le!i$le channel $andwidth $etween 6 and +, MB) optionally up to 4, MB). & nominal data rate of 5,, M$it9s while the client physically moves at high speeds relative to the station and 5 G$it9s while client and station are in relatively fi!ed positions as defined $y the ITA'R & data rate of at least 5,, M$it9s $etween any two points in the world Pea# lin# spectral efficiency of 56 $it9s9B) in the downlin# and T.U6 $it9s9B) in the uplin# /meaning that 5,,, M$it9s in the downlin# should $e possi$le over less than TU MB) $andwidth0 System spectral efficiency of up to - $it9s9B)9cell in the downlin# and +.+6 $it9s9B)9cell for indoor usage. Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networ#s Seamless connectivity and glo$al roaming across multiple networ#s Bigh .uality of service for ne!t generation multimedia support /real time audio high speed data B:T< video content mo$ile T< etc0 Interopera$ility with e!isting wireless standards and &n all IP pac#et switched networ#. Coverage radio environment spectrum services $usiness models and deployment types users. 56 = P a g e

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Multimedia Streaming and 4G Technology in Communication

Physical layer transmission techni.ues o %o C:M&. o MIM?8 To attain ultra high spectral efficiency $y means of spatial processing including multi'antenna and multi'user MIM? o 1re.uency'domain'e.uali)ation for e!ample Multi'carrier modulation /?1:M0 or single'carrier fre.uency'domain'e.uali)ation /SC'1:;0 in the downlin#8 To e!ploit the fre.uency selective channel property without comple! e.uali)ation. o 1re.uency'domain statistical multiple!ing for e!ample /?1:M&0 or /Single' carrier 1:M&0 /SC'1:M& a.#.a. @inearly pre'coded ?1:M& @P'?1:M&0 in the uplin#8 <aria$le $it rate $y assigning different su$'channels to different users $ased on the channel conditions o Tur$o principle error'correcting codes8 To minimi)e the re.uired S%R at the reception side Channel'dependent scheduling8 To utili)e the time'varying channel. @in# adaptation8 &daptive modulation and error'correcting codes Relaying including fi!ed relay networ#s /1R%s0 and the cooperative relaying concept #nown as multi'mode protocol.

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0. MAIN FEATURE& OF 5( TEC'NOLO(*)

&ccording to the mem$ers of the 4G wor#ing group the infrastructure and the terminals of 4G will have almost all the standards from +G to 4G implemented. &lthough legacy systems are in place to adopt e!isting users the infrastructure for 4G will $e only pac#et'$ased /all'IP0. Some proposals suggest having an open Internet platform. Technologies considered to $e early 4G include8 1lash'?1:M the I,+.5Te mo$ile version of "iMa! /also #nown as "i*ro in South Oorea0 and BC'S:M& /see i*urst0. 0.1 Acce che.e )

&s the wireless standards evolved the access techni.ues used also e!hi$ited increase in efficiency capacity and scala$ility. The first generation wireless standards used plain TDMA and FDMA. In the wireless channels T:M& proved to $e less efficient in handling the high data rate channels as it re.uires large guard periods to alleviate the multipath impact. Similarly 1:M& consumed more $andwidth for guard to avoid inter carrier interference. So in second generation systems one set of standard used the com$ination of 1:M& and T:M& and the other set introduced an access scheme called CDMA. Asage of C:M& increased the system capacity $ut as a draw$ac# placed a soft limit on it rather than the hard limit /i.e. a C:M& networ# will not re7ect new clients when it approaches its limits resulting in a denial of service to all clients when the networ# overloads0. :ata rate is also increased as this access scheme /providing the networ# is not reaching its capacity0 is efficient enough to handle the multipath channel. This ena$led the third generation systems such as I&-2;;; UMT& '&<PA 1%EV-DO TD-CDMA and TD-&CDMA to use C:M& as the access scheme. Bowever the issue with C:M& is that it suffers from poor spectral fle!i$ility and computationally intensive time'domain e.uali)ation /high num$er of multiplications per second0 for wide$and channels. Recently new access schemes li#e ?rthogonal 1:M& /?1:M&0 Single Carrier 1:M& /SC'1:M&0 Interleaved 1:M& and Multi'carrier C:M& /MC'C:M&0 are gaining more importance for the ne!t generation systems. These are $ased on efficient 11T algorithm and fre.uency domain e.uali)ation resulting lower num$er of multiplications per second. They also ma#e it possi$le to control the $andwidth and form the spectrum in a fle!i$le way. Bowever they re.uire advanced dynamic channel allocation and traffic adaptive scheduling. "iMa! is using ?1:M& in the downlin# and in the uplin#. 1or the ne!t generation AMTS ?1:M& is used for the downlin#. *y contrast I1:M& is $eing considered for the uplin# since ?1:M& contri$utes more to the P&PR related issues and results in nonlinear :ept of T; R<C; 5U = P a g e

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Multimedia Streaming and 4G Technology in Communication

operation of amplifiers. I1:M& provides less power fluctuation and thus avoids amplifier issues. Similarly MC'C:M& is in the proposal for the I;;; I,+.+, standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older technologies li#e C:M&. &part from this scala$ility and higher data rates can $e achieved. The other important advantage of the a$ove mentioned access techni.ues are that they re.uire less comple!ity for e.uali)ation at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the MIM? environments since the spatial multiple!ing transmission of MIM? systems inherently re.uires high comple!ity e.uali)ation at the receiver. In addition to improvements in these multiple!ing systems improved modulation techni.ues are $eing used. "hereas earlier standards largely used Phase'shift #eying more efficient systems such as T4D&M are $eing proposed for use with the -GPP @ong Term ;volution standards. 0.2 IP-= u##ort Main articles8 %etwor# layer Internet protocol and IPvT Anli#e -G which is $ased on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and pac#et switched networ# nodes respectively 4G will $e $ased on pac#et switching only. This will re.uire low'latency data transmission. *y the time that 4G is deployed the process of IPv4 address e!haustion is e!pected to $e in its final stages. Therefore in the conte!t of 4G IPvT support is essential in order to support a large num$er of wireless'ena$led devices. *y increasing the num$er of IP addresses IPvT removes the need for %etwor# &ddress Translation /%&T0 a method of sharing a limited num$er of addresses among a larger group of devices although %&T will still $e re.uired to communicate with devices that are on e!isting IPv4 networ#s. &s of Pune +,,H <eri)on has posted specifications that re.uire any 4G devices on its networ# to support IPvT. 0.$ A,-ance, Antenna &" te. ) Main articles8 MIM? and MA'MIM? The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system4 refer to smart or intelligent antenna. Recently multiple antenna technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate high relia$ility and long range communications. In the early H,s to cater the growing data rate needs of data communication many transmission schemes were proposed. ?ne technology spatial multiple!ing gained importance for its :ept of T; R<C; 5I = P a g e

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$andwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiple!ing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then $e transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This increases the data rate into multiple folds with the num$er e.ual to minimum of the num$er of transmit and receive antennas. This is called MIM? /as a $ranch of intelligent antenna0. &part from this the relia$ility in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can $e improved $y using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. *oth transmit9receive diversity and transmit spatial multiple!ing are categori)ed into the space' time coding techni.ues which does not necessarily re.uire the channel #nowledge at the transmit. The other category is closed'loop multiple antenna technologies which use the channel #nowledge at the transmitter. 0.5 &o3t4are-De3ine, Ra,io 1&DR2) S:R is one form of open wireless architecture /?"&0. Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can $e efficiently reali)ed using S:R technology which is categori)ed to the area of the radio convergence. 0.0 Orthogona! 3re7uenc"-,i-i ion .u!ti#!e%ing) ?rthogonal fre.uency'division multiple!ing /?1:M0 essentially identical to coded ?1:M /C?1:M0 and discrete multi'tone modulation /:MT0 is a fre.uency'division multiple!ing /1:M0 scheme utili)ed as a digital multi'carrier modulation method. & large num$er of closely'spaced orthogonal su$'carriers are used to carry data. The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels one for each su$'carrier. ;ach su$'carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme /such as .uadrature amplitude modulation or phase'shift #eying0 at a low sym$ol rate maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single'carrier modulation schemes in the same $andwidth. ?1:M has developed into a popular scheme for wide$and digital communication whether wireless or over copper wires used in applications such as digital television and audio $roadcasting wireless networ#ing and $road$and internet access. The primary advantage of ?1:M over single'carrier schemes is its a$ility to cope with severe channe! conditions /for e!ample attenuation of high fre.uencies in a long copper wire narrow$and inter3erence and fre.uency'selective 3a,ing due to .u!ti#ath0 without comple! e.uali)ation filters. Channel e7ua!i8ation is simplified $ecause ?1:M may $e viewed as using many slowly'modulated narro49an, signals rather than one rapidly'modulated 4i,e9an, signal. The low sym$ol rate ma#es the use of a guar, inter-a! $etween sym$ols afforda$le ma#ing it possi$le to handle time'spreading and eliminate inter :ept of T; R<C; 5H = P a g e

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Multimedia Streaming and 4G Technology in Communication

".9o! inter3erence /ISI0. This mechanism also facilitates the design of single fre.uency networ#s /S1%s0 where several ad7acent transmitters send the same signal simultaneously at the same fre.uency as the signals from multiple distant transmitters may $e com$ined constructively rather than interfering as would typically occur in a t Ca9!e

P;P via telephone lines. &:S@ and <:S@ $road$and access via P?TS copper wiring. Power line communication /P@C0. Multimedia over Coa! &lliance /MoC&0 home networ#ing. ITA'T G.hn a standard which provides high'speed local area networ#ing over e!isting home wiring /power lines phone lines and coa!ial ca$les0. :<*'C+ an enhanced version of the :<*'C digital ca$le T< standard. The wireless @&% /"@&%0 radio interfaces I;;; I,+.55a g n and BIP;R@&%9+. The digital radio systems :&*9;AR;O& 54U :&*Y :igital Radio Mondiale B: Radio T':M* and IS:*'TS*.

0.= Mu!ti#!e%ing) Process in telecommunications and computer networ#s multiple!ing /also #nown as mi!ing0 is a where multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are com$ined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an e!pensive resource. 1or e!ample in telecommunications several phone calls may $e transferred using one wire. It originated in telegraphy and is now widely applied in communications. The multiple!ed signal is transmitted over a communication channel which may $e a physical transmission medium. The multiple!ing divides the capacity of the low'level communication channel into several higher'level logical channels one for each message signal or data stream to $e transferred. & reverse process #nown as demultiple!ing can e!tract the original channels on the receiver side. & device that performs the multiple!ing is called a multiple!er /MA>0 and a device that performs the reverse process is called a demultiple!er /:;MA>0. Inverse multiple!ing /IMA>0 has the opposite aim as multiple!ing namely to $rea# one data stream into several streams transfer them simultaneously over several communication channels and recreate the original data stream. T"#e o3 .u!ti#!e%ing) The group of multiple!ing technologies may $e divided into several types all of which have significant variations8F5G space'division multiple!ing /S:M0 fre.uency'division :ept of T; R<C; +, = P a g e

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Multimedia Streaming and 4G Technology in Communication

multiple!ing /1:M0 time'division multiple!ing /T:M0 and code division multiple!ing /C:M0. <aria$le $it rate digital $it streams may $e transferred efficiently over a fi!ed $andwidth channel $y means of statistical multiple!ing for e!ample pac#et mode communication. Pac#et mode communication is an asynchronous mode time'domain multiple!ing which resem$les time'division multiple!ing. :igital $it streams can $e transferred over an analog channel $y means of code' division multiple!ing /C:M0 techni.ues such as fre.uency'hopping spread spectrum /1BSS0 and direct'se.uence spread spectrum /:SSS0. In wireless communications multiple!ing can also $e accomplished through alternating polari)ation /hori)ontal9vertical or cloc#wise9countercloc#wise0 on each ad7acent channel and satellite or through phased multi'antenna array com$ined with a Multiple'input multiple'output communications /MIM?0 scheme. Fre7uenc"-,i-i ion .u!ti#!e%ing) 1re.uency'division multiple!ing /1:M0 is inherently an analog technology. 1:M achieves the com$ining of several digital signals into one medium $y sending signals in several distinct fre.uency ranges over that medium. ?ne of 1:MEs most common applications is ca$le television. ?nly one ca$le reaches a customerEs home $ut the service provider can send multiple television channels or signals simultaneously over that ca$le to all su$scri$ers. Receivers must tune to the appropriate fre.uency /channel0 to access the desired signal.F+G & variant technology called wavelength'division multiple!ing /":M0 is used in optical communications. Ti.e-,i-i ion .u!ti#!e%ing) Time'division multiple!ing /T:M0 is a digital technology. T:M involves se.uencing groups of a few $its or $ytes from each individual input stream one after the other and in such a way that they can $e associated with the appropriate receiver. If done sufficiently and .uic#ly the receiving devices will not detect that some of the circuit time was used to serve another logical communication path. Consider an application re.uiring four terminals at an airport to reach a central computer. ;ach terminal communicated at +4,, $ps so rather than ac.uire four individual circuits to carry such a low'speed transmission4 the airline has installed a pair of :ept of T; R<C; +5 = P a g e

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Multimedia Streaming and 4G Technology in Communication

multiple!ers. & pair of HT,, $ps modems and one dedicated analog communications circuit from the airport tic#et des# $ac# to the airline data center are also installed.F-G Co,e-,i-i ion .u!ti#!e%ing) Code division multiple!ing /C:M0 is a techni.ue in which each channel transmits its $its as a coded channel'specific se.uence of pulses. This coded transmission typically is accomplished $y transmit Mo$ile ad hoc networ#.

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Multimedia Streaming and 4G Technology in Communication

T. &PP@IC&TI?%S ?1 4G8
&t the present rates of 56'-, M$it9s 4G is capa$le of providing users with streaming high'definition television $ut the typical cellphone(s or smartphone(s +Z to -Z screen is a far cry from the $ig'screen televisions and video monitors that got high'definition resolutions first and which suffer from noticea$le pi!elation much more than the typical +Z to -Z screen. & cellphone may transmit video to a larger monitor however. &t rates of 5,, M$it9s the content of a :<:'6 /for e!ample a movie0 can $e downloaded within a$out 6 minutes for offline access. Bowever how cellphone companies might mar#et 4G as a #iller application for most cellphone users is un#nown. ;!isting +.6G9-G9-.6G phone operator $ased services are often limited in application /see 2walled garden20 and the ma7ority of cellphone users in industriali)ed nations do not purchase even this slower'speed Internet access. Bowever 4G(s improved $andwidths might provide opportunities for previously impossi$le products and services to $e released and higher $andwidth for a given cost should $e achieved. Mo$ile Internet a Part of 4G "orld[ "orld is %ow Mo$ile Internet "orld is now incorporated into 4G "orlds focusing on the $usiness strategies that will drive operator and service provider revenue growth. Pust as the $road$and technologies have transformed the Internet into an always'on commercial worldwide we$ 4G mo$ile $road$and technologies offer anywhere and anytime Mo$ile Internet access to rich media content mo$ile commerce "e$ +., applications and social networ#ing from a wide range of devices ranging from smart handsets to net$oo#s cameras and other consumer electronics. *uilding on two years of success MI" +,,H will include #eynotes and trac# sessions on ?pen Mo$ile :evelopment Mo$ile Internet :evices rich media mo$ile commerce services and M+M applications. The Mo$ile Internet "orld program will e!amine the prospects for recovery in the &nywhere Mo$ile Internet ;conomy in #ey industry sectors including media and advertising retail commerce transportation energy utilities and health care. 1ourth'generation wireless networ# technologies are entering the mar#et at a time when the cell phone industry has reached a steady state. &nnual shipments of cell phones in developed countries have $een steadily declining for the past few years due to high rates of penetration. Mo$ile communications passed a milestone when it $ro#e 6,S household penetration glo$ally at the end of +,,U. "ith growth in penetration leveling off the

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remaining growth li#ely will $e found in emerging mar#ets. "ill 4G technologies such as "iM&> and long'term evolution $e a$le service their needsM Some of the promises of 4G include higher spectral efficiency which translates into the a$ility to serve more users in a given spectrum4 lower cost of infrastructure e.uipment4 and an all'IP core infrastructure. &ll of these should ena$le operators to serve price'sensitive mar#ets where +G and -G networ#s have had limited success. This in turn should ena$le service providers to construct successful $usiness cases with lower average revenues per user /&RPA0. ?ne of the ena$lers for 4G is going to $e the availa$ility of low'cost handsets and terminal e.uipment. "ithout proactive investments in the development of low'cost handsets 4G might $e relegated to serving the needs of developed countries and thus $e left out of the larger'volume opportunities presented in emerging mar#ets.

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Multimedia Streaming and 4G Technology in Communication

/. IMPACT OF 5( TEC'NOLO(*
Mo$ile Internet "orld is now a Part of 4G "orld[ Mo$ile Internet "orld is now incorporated into 4G "orld focusing on the $usiness strategies that will drive operator and service provider revenue growth. Pust as the $road$and technologies have transformed the Internet into an always'on commercial worldwide we$ 4G mo$ile $road$and technologies offer anywhere and anytime Mo$ile Internet access to rich media content mo$ile commerce "e$ +., applications and social networ#ing from a wide range of devices ranging from smart handsets to net$oo#s cameras and other consumer electronics. *uilding on two years of success MI" +,,H will include #eynotes and trac# sessions on ?pen Mo$ile :evelopment Mo$ile Internet :evices rich media mo$ile commerce services and M+M applications. The Mo$ile Internet "orld program will e!amine the prospects for recovery in the &nywhere Mo$ile Internet ;conomy in #ey industry sectors including media and advertising retail commerce transportation energy utilities and health care. 1ourth'generation wireless networ# technologies are entering the mar#et at a time when the cell phone industry has reached a steady state. &nnual shipments of cell phones in developed countries have $een steadily declining for the past few years due to high rates of penetration. Mo$ile communications passed a milestone when it $ro#e 6,S household penetration glo$ally at the end of +,,U. "ith growth in penetration leveling off the remaining growth li#ely will $e found in emerging mar#ets. "ill 4G technologies such as "iM&> and long'term evolution $e a$le service their needsM Some of the promises of 4G include higher spectral efficiency which translates into the a$ility to serve more users in a given spectrum4 lower cost of infrastructure e.uipment4 and an all'IP core infrastructure. &ll of these should ena$le operators to serve price'sensitive mar#ets where +G and -G networ#s have had limited success. This in turn should ena$le service providers to construct successful $usiness cases with lower average revenues per user /&RPA0. ?ne of the ena$lers for 4G is going to $e the availa$ility of low'cost handsets and terminal e.uipment. "ithout proactive investments in the development of low'cost handsets 4G might $e relegated to serving the needs of developed countries and thus $e left out of the larger'volume opportunities presented in emerging mar#ets.

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>. CONCLU&ION AND OUTLOO?

Technology is constantly improving and it can $e hard to #eep trac# of all the new innovations and $rea#throughs. It seems that every time we turn on the television we are $om$arded with new products. ?ften we have no idea what these products do or why we might need them. ?ne of the most confusing areas of technology concerns the Internet and the many ways in which we can receive it in our homes and $usinesses. "hen the Internet first arrived a dial'up connection was the only way to get it. &t this time we may not have understood how the technology wor#ed $ut we did #now that if we were going to use it we would need a dial'up connection. It was easy to reach this conclusion $ecause there were no other options availa$le. Then the ca$le modem arrived and we had to start ma#ing decisions a$out how we wanted to get the Internet. Bowever this too was not a difficult choice to ma#e $ecause it was o$vious to see that getting the Internet using a ca$le modem was much $etter. 1or one thing ca$le modems didnEt interfere with our telephone calls. "hen using a dial'up connection that depends on phone lines all calls $oth ingoing and outgoing are stopped. It doesnEt ta#e a person who #nows a lot a$out technology to see how this is a great limitation especially in matters of $usiness. 1urthermore ca$le modems allowed us to get the Internet at much greater speeds. &gain it doesnEt ta#e a genius to #now that faster is $etter. "hen wireless Internet appeared it was easy to see how this new technology was a $etter option than a ca$le modem. %ot only was this new technology much faster $ut $ecause it was wireless not relying on any fi!ed connections we gained a great mo$ility. %ow we could surf the we$ from any place in our home and $usiness. *ut wireless technology is still improving. Suddenly we are hearing many fancy terms and we donEt #now what they mean or if they relevant to our needs. "e are hearing terms li#e +G and -G. Recently a radical new technology #nown as 4G appeared. If you are feeling lost and confused donEt worry. Most people donEt fully understand what these words mean. Bere is some general information that could help you. In the world of Internet speed is the name of the game. The $iggest most important difference $etween -G and 4G technology is speed. There are two types of speeds on which to focus when discussing the differences $etween -G and 4G. The first type of speed is called :ept of T; R<C; +T = P a g e

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download speed. :ownload speed measures how fast information can $e accessed when using a laptop or handheld device. The second type of speed is called upload speed. This speed measures how fast information can $e transmitted to the Internet. Regarding $oth types of speed 4G technology $lows away -G technology.

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