Wing Chun History

By the start of the 17th century there was great turmoil brewing in the country and there was also unrest between the 5 elders at Shaolin. In (1644) the !anchus in"aded #hina and ruled it with an iron fist for nearly $%% years. &he !anchus were well aware of the s'ills of the Shaolin mon's and their sym(athy for refugees. &he 5 elders (were &aoist and Buddhists mon's) of the Shaolin tem(le around this (eriod were) Abbot Jee Shin * Shaolin Iron #loth * (Iron +ead ,i -ong master .ung /u e0(ert wooden dummy e0(ert and wea(ons e0(ert) was the creator of 1ing #hun .ung /u and the founder of +ung -ar and 2raising s(ring bo0ing . Bai Mei * -olden Bell Iron Body * (Iron Body ,i -ong master) was the founder of 1hite 3yebrow .ung /u. Fong Sai Yuk (famous swordsman) was the founder of 1hite &iger .ung /u. Miu Hin (was not an ordained mon' but was a .ung /u elder) was the founder of /i"e Sha(e bo0ing and hel(ed in de"elo(ing 1ing #hun Ng Mui (buddhist nun Bil -ee master and 4im !a' e0(ert) hel(ed de"elo( the (ractical as(ects of 1ing #hun .ung /u founded 4ragon sha(e bo0ing and 1u !ei bo0ing. 5ne of the 5 elders Bai !ei left the tem(le because of his mistreatment and sought re"enge. +e offered his ser"ices to the #hing and then taught them the Shaolin way of fighting. 6bbot 7ee Shin reali8ed this and conferred with the other $ to de"elo( a system that the enemy was not aware of and use it to assassinate the enemy. &he mon's decided to (ic' the best fighting 9ualities from the 5 Shaolin systems being taught at the tem(le eliminate all the unnecessary mo"es which were for demonstrati"e (ur(oses and create an efficient 'illing art. &his system became 'nown as 1ing #hun. Before the (ractical as(ects of this new system could be com(leted Bai !ei and the !anchus in"aded the Shaolin tem(le and ra8ed it to the ground. 5f the 1%%% or so mon's residing at the tem(le only about $% or 4% esca(ed. &he rest were 'illed :ailed and tortured. &he remaining 4 elders also esca(ed and fled south. 6bbot 7ee Shin relocated at /u:ian Shaolin tem(le which was also destroyed. 6fter this 7ee Shin esca(ed and roamed the countryside s(reading the word of 1ing #hun to ; 'ill the ching and restore the ming;. +e finally :oined the <ed 7un' 5(era trou(e as a coo'. =g !ui went south and de"elo(ed 1ing #hun on &ai >ang mountain with ?im 1ing #hun. ?im 1ing #hun and the infamous <ed 7un' 5(era trou(e were to later meet u( with 6bbot 7ee Shin and de"elo( 1ing #hun .ung /u further. !iu +in returned to ci"ili8ation in -uangdong 2ro"ince. /ong Sai ?u' fled and too' refuge on 1u 4ang !ountain in the +ubei 2ro"ince. 5riginally the 1ing #hun .ung /u system consisted of butterfly swords dart 'ni"es and 4im !a' ((ressure (oint 'illing). &he dragon (ole and the classical forms as we 'now them today were introduced into the system during the infamous <ed 7un' 5(era (eriod. &he o(era trou(e@s famous trio were 1ong 1ah Bo (dragon (ole) >eung lan .wai and >eung ?ee &ai. >eung ?ee &ai@s successor was the famous herbalist 4r. >eung 7an who had A sons. 5ne of his sons >eung Bi' (assed on the traditional as(ects of the 1ing #hun system to -randmaster ?i( !an. ?i( !an@s first teacher was #han 1a Shun. ?i( fled to +ong .ong after the #ommunist ta'eo"er where he met >eung Bi'. ?i( !an was the first (erson to really teach 1ing #hun .ung /u to the 6sian general (ublic in +ong .ong. Bruce >ee in 6merica and 1illiam #heung in 6ustralia during the 7%@s were the first (eo(le to teach 1ing #hun .ung /u to non*6sian (eo(le.

Beginner Level 2ractitioners first learn about the centre line theory. 1) &he centre is the shortest line between you and your o((onent use it for efficiency and s(eed ) &here are many wea' (oints located on the centre line so (rotect yours and attac' his !) 6lways 'ee( your centre in line with your o((onents before an engagement do not allow him to get onto your blind side ") 6s well as staying s9uare on to your o((onent try to stay in fist range where your 1ing #hun fists wor's best. 6t the early stage of training the student will learn basic footwor' and the 1st form Sil >im &oa (>ittle Idea). &his form teaches all the basic hand (ositions essential for effecti"eness at close range. 5nce the student de"elo(ed a good understanding of Sil >im &oa he can mo"e on to sensiti"ity training 'nown as #hi Sau (Stic'y hands). #nter$e%iate Level #hi Sau is a "ery im(ortant (art in the de"elo(ment of 1ing #hun. In close range fighting you will always come in contact with your o((onents arms when this ha((ens what will you doB 1) 1ill you disengage to attac' againB ) 1ill you hold on to him and call for your friends to assistB !) 5r will use that contact to get (ast his lead and through his defenceB

#hi Sau hel(s you to achie"e the third. In 1ing #hun contact is not a (roblem in close range because #hi Sau teaches the (ractitioner to be "ery fluent at close range when the arms are in contact. 5nce this has de"elo(ed the fist fighting ability becomes second to none. #hi Sau training also hel(s de"elo( footwor' s'ills which are essential when at close range. ?ou can ha"e good hands but if your feet are no good your will get hit due to bad (ositioning. &''er #nter$e%iate Level #hum .ui is the second form this teaches how to co*ordinate the hands and feet. Cnli'e the first form 'ic's and ste(s are (ractised and both hands are taught to mo"e at the same time. #hum .ui means hand or arm searching the mo"ements in this form teach us techni9ues that can be used to find the o((onents lead when there is no contact. 5nce his lead is found and engaged he is in the 1ing #hun mans domain. 6t this stage wea(on training is incor(orated with unarmed combat training semi and full contact s(arring. It is im(ortant for the (ractitioner to de"elo( in (ractical ability for now he has the essentials in hand and foot mo"ements. &he (ractitioner should (ut them all together when they free s(ar. A%van(e% Level &he 1ooden 4ummy techni9ues consist of 116 mo"ements. &here are many different conce(ts to the use of the 4ummy. !y teacher the -randmaster ?i( #hun has taught me that the main (ur(ose of the 4ummy is to de"elo( footwor' at close range monitoring your o((onents lead foot and to 'ee( contact with the o((onents arm when mo"ing from front (osition to forty fi"e angle side (osition and bac' again. &he 4ummy relates to all the (re"ious training but with this form you now ha"e something to ma'e contact to which is im(ortant considering a close range fighter will be in arms range se"enty fi"e (ercent of the time. #nstru(tor Level Bil 7ee (&hrusting /ingers) also 'nown as des(eration form. &his form teaches you to do fatal damage. It consists of elbow stri'es and s(ear li'e finger stri'es to the soft (arts of our o((onentD e.g. eyes throat nose tem(le floating ribs and others I shall not mention at this time. &he techni9ues should only be used as a last resort. 6fter the Bil 7ee has been com(leted an instructor will be taught >o' 4im Boon .won (1ing #hun >ong 2ole) and Bart #hum 4o (1ing #hun Butterfly .ni"es). 5nce mastered the 1ing #hun system is com(lete.

)i *ong
,i -ong or #hi .ung is an ancient #hinese (ractice dating bac' as far as 7%%% years ,i -ong was created from the accumulated e0(eriences of countless generations by thousands of wise men and sages. !any of the theories and training methods ha"e been 'e(t secret and only recently made a"ailable to the general (ublic. 5riginally ,i -ong was de"elo(ed for general e0ercise and to 'ee( the body free from illness and disease. 2racticing ,i -ong assists in the healing (rocess of the body. It is concerned with the flow of energy in the body. &he energy or @#hi@ flows along what the #hinese call @meridians@. ,i -ong (ractice hel(s maintain harmony with nature and the uni"erse in accordance with the (hiloso(hy of &aoism. ,i -ong (ractise and training is based on ado(ting #hi or energy from nature and the uni"erse to strengthen and balance the mind body and s(irit. &his is done through breathing and "ocal e0ercises mo"ement and meditation. 6t a later stage other methods of de"elo(ment are introduced which in"ol"ed strengthening the muscles tendons and bones washing the bone marrow and nourishing the brain. (Iron Shirt ,i -ong training). &hese later methods are re9uired to re"erse the degeneration of the organs and the body which was necessary for old age and good health. ,i -ong is di"ided into A sections ) internal and e0ternal. 1hen starting ,i -ong (ractice we learn how to rela0 the mind and body. 30ercising the lungs and regulating breathing is achie"ed by (ractising !o"ing ,i -ong and #lean Body ,i -ong. 2racticing !o"ing or #lean Body ,i -ong will clean the rubbish and to0ins out of the body clear bloc'ages from our body e0ercise our lungs which then will rela0 and calm our entire body and organs es(ecially the heart and our ner"es. &his in turn will 'ee( our (sychology ha((y and strong. 1hen we ha"e learned to dis(el the rubbish and tension from our bodies rela0 our minds and regulate the breathingD we can now start to incor(orate some still meditation. &his will hel( to control the .an and >i (water and fire) as(ects of our bodies. 6s our body becomes free from tension and stress our blood circulation ner"ous system endocrine glands and the function of the organs will then be strengthened regulated and balanced. 1hen we ha"e accumulated sufficient ,i or energy through (ractise then we are ready to incor(orate Iron Shirt ,i -ong training. ,i -ong restores the "ital energy e0(ended through life and as we get older (racticing ,i -ong will 'ee( our bodies strong fle0ible su((le young and ha((y. ,i -ong stimulates change and enriches our life through the attainment of (hysical and emotional balance. &his (laces us in touch with our own (hysic force.

6s we become more ad"anced in our (ractice we slowly de"elo( a (sychic and s(iritual awareness uni9ue and relati"e only to oursel"es. 6lso the added security that you ne"er ha"e to e0(erience illness or disease again becomes your Birth <ite.

#ron Shirt )i *ong Mus(le+ten%on (hange (lassi( ,Yi *in Ching,

,Bu%hi%har$a or -a Mo,

Iron Shirt ,i -ong was introduced to the Shaolin mon's by Budhidharma around 54% 64. &hese classics were tabulated as ;bone marrow washing; and ;muscle and tendon change classic;. 4uring the mid 17th century the 5 3lders of the Shaolin tem(le were foremost in the de"elo(ment of Iron Shirt training and Iron 2alm . 3ach of the 5 elders were e0(ert in one (articular as(ect of +ard ,i -ong. 6bbot 7ee Shin was a ,i -ong !aster who was said to ha"e an @Iron +ead@. Ba' !ei was a ,i -ong !aster who was said to ha"e an @Iron Body@. =g !ui the 6bbess and 4im !a' ,i -ong !aster was said to ha"e an @Iron 2alm @. /ong Sai ?u' was an infamous swordsman and !aster in emanating #hi. !iu +in was a ,i -ong master in emanating #hi (ower. &he 5 3lders were also e0(erts in "arious styles of Shaolin .ung /u and are res(onsible for many of today@s most (o(ular styles of .ung /u including 1ing #hun .ung /u +ung -ar .ung /u and 1hite 3yebrow .ung /u. Iron Shirt ,i -ong de"elo(s a "ery "ery strong body ma'ing it im(er"ious to (hysical attac's. Iron Shirt strengthens the muscles tendons bones ner"es cells and washes bone marrow. 6s we get older our bodies muscles and tendons degenerate and we become frail and ha"e less energy. ,i -ong training re"erses this ?in (rocess and turns the body ?ang hel(ing us li"e for a long time and be free from sic'ness and disease. Before a (ractitioner is ready for Iron Shirt training he must ha"e had at least A years of .ung /u or ,i -ong (ractice to strengthen and clean his or her body. Iron Shirt ,i -ong ado(ts concentrated #hi or energy (essence) into the body and directs it to s(ecific organs or certain (arts of the body to strengthen them. .ung /u training will de"elo( a confident (sychology and strong body. &herefore when an indi"idual uses this 'nowledge in con:unction with Iron Shirt and Iron 2alm he or she will ha"e control o"er his manner and emotions to hel( (eo(le. ,i -ong (ractice will teach the (erson to rela0 the body muscles and tendons clean the body of to0ins clear bloc'ages and strengthen the organs and (sychology. In doing so one also strengthens his #hi (ower in his &an &ien. In the Shaolin 7ee Shin 1ing #hun .ung /u system we incor(orate 3lementary Iron Shirt (ostures to (re(are one@s body for the more demanding wor' later on. 6s a balance to our hard training (?ang) we also incor(orate ?in ,i -ong and breathing e0ercises to 'ee( the body ha((y and free from tension and stress. &hese (ractices maintain a (ro(er balance of ?in and ?ang so the body does not heat u( (e0cessi"e ?ang) after training. B. WA/N.-000000 #ron Shirt )i *ong training is 1112 Yang3 /e(eiving training 4ro$ un5uali4ie% 'eo'le or a(5uiring the kno6le%ge 4ro$ books 6ill be e7tre$ely %etri$ental to your health an% bo%y3

Shaolin Har% )i *ong 8raining 9#ron Shirt )i *ong)

Secret training of Shaolin tem(le (?i -in #hing * muscle and tendon changing) 6fter a few years of .ung /u and ,i -ong training an indi"idual can embar' on Shaolin +ard ,i -ong training a.'.a. Iron Shirt ,i -ong training. Before one can start he or she must be a((raised by the Sifu to see if they ha"e attained a certain le"el of disci(line commitment and fitness from .ung /u training. 6lso ,i -ong must be (racticed in con:unction with .ung /u to de"elo( sufficient #hi or energy in the &an &ien to be ca(able of handling the rigorous training (rogram of Shaolin +ard ,i -ong training. #ourses in Shaolin 7ee Shin Iron Shirt training can only be (racticed by students who belong to the 7ee Shin 6ssociation. &hese courses re"ol"e and are structured around &raditional Shaolin 1ing #hun .ung /u and Shaolin ,i -ong training. &herefore monitoring a student@s (rogress is im(erati"e. <egulating .an and >ii (water and fire) of the body is essential to 'ee( a student@s ?in and ?ang energies in balance. If a student is rec'less or ha(ha8ard with Iron Shirt training such as (racticing at the wrong times of the day not balancing ?in ,i -ong with ?ang ,i -ong or eating the wrong foodsD this will lead to e0cessi"e ?ang #hi build u( (o"er*heating) of the body which is e0tremely detrimental to one@s emotions and health. Summer training would be com(letely different to 1inter training. Summer is ?ang and 1inter is ?in. ?ang energies heat the body u( and ?in energies cool the body down. If training is not strictly adhered to degeneration of the body anger tension disease and sic'ness ta'e o"er. &o get the most benefit from ,i -ong one must ha"e a good heart and be rela0ed. Cnderstanding the abo"e theory is im(erati"e for a balanced and (roducti"e e0(erience. WA/N#N*: 1) 4o not learn or (ractice +ard ,i -ong from boo's. A) Beware of (eo(le wanting to teach +ard ,i -ong. 6lways chec' an indi"idual@s ;credentials;. $) !a'e sure you understand the idea of regulating .an and >ii. =B) If you start (racticing and you feel that you are becoming sic' tired lethargic and e0cessi"ely sore 2>36S3 S&52 6=4 6S. ?5C< &36#+3< /5< -CI46=#3

-i$ Mak ; <ressure <oints

Shaolin 7ee Shin 1ing #hun .ung /u is a 4im !a' system. &he system is renowned for not em(loying brute strength or force against force. 6 (ractitioner will (refer to attac' the soft targets ((ressure (oints) rather than using brute force to sto( an o((onent. 1hen the !anchus in"aded #hina in 1644 the mon's de"elo(ed 1ing #hun to 'ill their enemy. Initially Bil -ee 4im !a' Butterfly swords and dart 'ni"es were em(loyed to dis(ose of their enemy 9uic'ly and efficiently. 5ne of the most im(ortant fundamental (rinci(les of 1ing #hun is to guard the #enter >ine. #entre >ine theory is one of our ma:or (rinci(les &he #enter >ine (rotection of Shaolin 1ing #hun .ung /u is of utmost im(ortance. /rom the illustration one can obser"e the (ressure (oints lying along the #enter >ine. &here are "arious susce(tible (ressure (oints in the arms legs and bac' of torso and head that are also em(loyed in 4im !a' self (rotection. It is not only used to gain the straight line attac' and the shortest distance of tra"el but also em(loyed to (rotect our ma:or stri'ing targets along the #entre >ine. 6lso attac'ing along the #entre >ine will automatically direct your stri'es to your o((onent@s (ressure (oints.

6s one becomes learned with 4im !a' 'nowledge he or she must also de"elo( a thorough 'nowledge of re"i"al techni9ues and antidotes. If a (erson has studied acu(uncture or acu(ressure he or she will ha"e com(rehensi"e 'nowledge on (ressure (oint locations. Cnderstanding the 5 (hases of nature cosmology (your relationshi( with the 5 seasons and the characteristics of each season) and Internal 5rgan relationshi( with the A4 hour cycle will be of ma:or significance in understanding 4im !a' stri'ing. &he (ros(ecti"e (ractitioners of this ancient secret must also bear in mind that the mastery of these techni9ues is only (ossible through long hours of hard training with (atience study and (erse"erance.

Kyushojutsu: Basic Theory

By Joe Swift (Mushinkan Dojo, Kanazawa, Japan)

In recent years, karataka all over the world have begun to reexamine and study their classical Okinawan kata.

Practical applications have been a major focus of much of this research, and one of the key components of practical applications is the science of well-placed blows to vital areas, pressure points or acupuncture points. his study is called kyushojutsu in !apanese.

he first article in this series examined the historical development of this art in Okinawa and !apan. his article continues the examination by focusing on the basic theories behind the art. "yushojutsu can be, and often is, explained in terms of two different medical paradigms# raditional $hinese %edicine & $%' and %odern (estern %edicine &%(%'.

%ore often than not, the two camps seem to be at odds with each other as to which approach is more valid. )owever, in this author*s opinion, either is fine, and people can probably +pick their poison+ so to speak.

What To Call The Vital oints

,s much of the original theory behind kyushojutsu lies in the raditional $hinese %edicine & $%' paradigm, many proponents in the (est use the international acu-point code as nomenclature. Others utili-e terminology that is more in line with %odern (estern %edicine &%(%', citing nerves and muscles, etc..till others prefer to use different ,sian medical or martial arts terms &!apanese, $hinese, "orean, etc.' to describe the locations of the points. ,dding to the confusion is the fact that while raditional $hinese %edicine acu-points and (estern %edicine*s neurological points are often the located on the same body point, other times they are not.

Kyushojutsu !n"e#stoo" $n Te#%s &f T#a"itional Chinese Me"i'ine

he $% paradigm makes use of the principles of acupuncture &/i flow, balance and interrelationships' to describe its methods and effects. Perhaps a short description of the meridians may be in order here.

$enturies ago in $hina, doctors discovered +passageways+ of energy flow, which are called meridians &a geographical term' in 0nglish

&%c$arthy, 1223'. here are 14 major bilateral meridians, for various internal organs. hey are# 5ung, 5arge Intestine, .tomach, .pleen, )eart, .mall Intestine, 6ladder, "idneys, Pericardium, 5iver, 7all 6ladder, and the

riple (armer.

In addition, there are other important meridians not associated with organs &often called 0xtra %eridians, or 0xtraordinary 8essels', two of which run vertically along the frontal and posterior center-line, the $onception 8essel &or meridian' and the 7overning 8essel &or meridian', respectively.,long these meridians are numerous points or +holes+ &.ato, 1229' through which energy can be transferred, or the flow of energy can be modified, through needles, fingertips, or heat in medical application, or though trauma in defensive application. hese meridians can be broken down into either yin &negative' or yang &positive'.

In $% for health to be maintained, yin energy and yang energy must be balanced within the body &.ato, 1229'. he medical arts such as acupuncture, shiatsu, and kikoo &/i gong in $hinese' seek to restore this balance. In contrast, kyushojutsu, in simple terms,

can be viewed as attacking this balance, or the flow of energy, within the body to cause bodily damage to the opponent. One method of using vital point or acu-point strikes employs he :ive 0lement heory. .ome schools of $% categori-e the body*s organ meridians into five separate but interrelated elements, namely :ire, (ater, 0arth, %etal and (ood &.ato, 1229'. his is known as the :ive 0lement heory &:0 ' which is used to understand how energies related to these elements, which are associated with organs, interrelate, balance, nurture or regulate each other.

he simplistic method of utili-ing the :0 in kyushojutsu is to follow what is known as the ;estructive $ycle. his,is done by attacking the meridians in a specific order to inflict damage upon the opponent by disrupting the flow of energy that regulates &destroys or absorbs' the succeeding or related meridian in the cycle. he ;estructive $ycle can be easily remembered by the

following formula# %etal cuts (ood< (ood drains nutrition from 0arth< 0arth absorbs (ater< (ater puts out :ire< and :ire melts %etal &.ato, 1229< =akayama, 122>'. ?et another way to apply the kyushojutsu is to attack the meridians during specific time frames, known as shichen in $hinese &%c$arthy,1223'.

his theory states that the energy and blood flow through the meridians is strongest during a specific time of day, corresponding the 14 meridians with 14 two hour periods of the old $hinese clock &%c$arthy, 1223< .ato, 1229< =akayama, 122>'. he shichen are broken down into the hours of the @at, 6ull, iger, @abbit, ;ragon, .nake, )orse, @am, %onkey, 6ird, ;og, and 6oar, respectively &%c$arthy, 1223< .ato, 1229< =akayama, 122>'. radtional $hinese %edicine 8ersus %odern (estern %edicine heories of applying kyushojitsu through understanding raditional $hinese %edicine are not without their detractors, most notably groups of practitioners who research kyushojutsu through %odern (estern %edicine &%(%'. he %(% approach is useful in providing specific, concrete, scientific examples as to why kyushojutsu works, referring to nerve plexi, tendons, muscles, etc. Proponents of the %(% approach state that the body*s neurological and other systems are well understood and verified scientifically. hey point out that meridians have never been scientifically verified &to their satisfaction' and that the whole concept of /i &or chi in $hinese' flies in the face of %(% biochemical concept of the body and its systems. :urthermore, since most acu-points are the same or closely located to neurological points, %(% adherents suggest that a %(% approach makes more sense.

On the other hand, raditional $hinese medicine appears to be more +descriptive+ &for lack of a better word' in its application, preferring to cite +natural+ phenomenon such as the ?in-?ang and :ive 0lement heory. .upporters also point out that recent scientific investigation of acupuncture has confirmed that stimulation of certain acu-points has produced certain organ and brain reactions that

can not be explained in terms of %odern (estern %edicine. 0ven in ,sian circles, however, some disagreement exists about some of the $% theories and principles. In !apan, for example, the ?in-?ang theory has been accepted in the 0astern medical circles, but there seems to be some apprehension about the :ive 0lement heory. ,s far back as the 0do period &19AB-1>9C', the scholar "aihara said that the :ive 0lement heoryjust makes things +too complicated+ &.ato, 1229'. In $hina, the /uanfa master )e ?ushan stated that the striking of vital areas in terms of the shichen &14 two hour time periods' is preposterous, and later research showed that the blood flow cannot be broken down into 14 e/ual time periods through the 14 meridians &!in, 124>'. @ather than bickering about which medical paradigm is more correct, however, some suggest that a better approach might be to combine the two and come up with a concise yet comprehensive explanation &@ench, 1222'. (u%e#olo)y an" Kyushojutsu If things weren*t confusing enough, another aspect of the study of kata and its relation to kyushojutsu is the seeming fascination with numerology. %any tradtional kata &as 7ojushiho meaning 3D steps,=ijushiho or 4D steps,.eipai or 1> hands and .enseryu or B9 hands' are named after numbers. (hile many seem to think this might be a $hinese phenomenon, it may have actually been imported from India &Earrilli, 1224'. (hile they are not the only numbers associated with the fighting traditions, some of the more prominent ones are 1>, B9, 3D, C4, and 1A>. hese numbers can be seen in Indian, $hinese, and !apanese martial arts literature &!in, 124>< Earrilli, 1224< %c$arthy, 1223< .ato, 1229' and within the names of kata. One of the most common explanation of the use of these numbers is that there are 1A> effective vital points on the human body &used in the martial arts', B9 of which are fatal &!in, 124>'. ,nother school of thought is that there are B9 vital points, and C4 variations in attacking methodology, making a total of 1A> &%c$arthy, 1223'. ?et another theory lists B9 fatal vital points and 1> non-fatal points &.ato, 1229'. (hile the exact mechanism of the numerological aspects of the fighting traditions may be lost to anti/uity, we are left with several reminders of this ancient heritage in the form of kata names and the number of effective vital points.