2008 Annual Report Power Systems Laboratory and High Voltage Laboratory

Power Systems and High Voltage Laboratories Annual Report 2008
eeh
elektrische energiebertragung und hochspannungstechnik
Annual Report 2008

Issued by Power Systems Laboratory and High Voltage Laboratory (Institut fr Elektrische Energiebertragung und Hochspannungstechnologie) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich ETH Zentrum, Physikstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich Power Systems Laboratory Phone: +41 44 632 41 86 Fax: +41 44 632 12 52 Email: sekrpsl@eeh.ee.ethz.ch High Voltage Laboratory Phone: +41 44 632 27 77 Fax: +41 44 632 12 02 Email: sekrhvl@eeh.ee.ethz.ch
Front
cover:
Measurement setup for a particle image velocimetry of the convective gas flow in a horizontal GIS bus-bar High Voltage Laboratory at ETH Zurich
Back side:
Preface
Dear friends of the Laboratory The year 2008 has been marked by a number of events which contribute significantly to the positive development of Electric Energy Sciences at the ETH Zurich. In context with the overall energy strategy of the ETHZ it was decided to expand the activities by providing one additional chair for High Power Electronics. In view of the upcoming retirement of Prof. Frhlich in May 2010 it was also decided by the department to initiate the search for a successor. Electrosuisse, industry and utilities were supporting this concept and substantial funds have been generated for financial support of the department. In this way the future of Electric Energy Sciences at the ETHZ was put on a solid base. The increase in the number of undergraduate students who show an interest in the subject of Electric Power Systems and High Voltage Technology is very encouraging. While the total number of students within the department for Information Technology and Electrical Engineering is decreasing, the number in the energy related courses is still increasing. This is a clear indicator that young people recognize the importance of power engineering as a sustainable future topic. The number of PhD students remained nearly constant. Due to the retirement of Prof. Frhlich, the current number of 10 in the High Voltage Laboratory will naturally be decreasing, as they will conclude their work. According to the rules of the ETHZ, they will not be replaced by candidates to work on new PhD projects. In the power systems laboratory a number of new projects (with the offer for new PhD work) were started with Prof. Anderssons group thus keeping the total number for both groups on a high level of 19. In order to keep the High Voltage group on a substantial level it has been reinforced in 2008 by three postdocs and an academic guest from China. In the power systems group there are also three postdocs and an academic guest from Mexico actively engaged. The quality of our work was also confirmed as one of the PhD students of Prof. Andersson was awarded the ABB Forschungspreis 2008. Proudly we also report that an application for an EU Project within the FP7 was successful. The application document was mainly created under the responsibility of researchers in our groups. Participants from industry, several European universities and institutions will contribute to the project. Last but not least we want to express our deepest appreciation for the excellent and hard work of all our colleagues in the research area as well as in tasks of administration and infrastructure. It has to be emphasized that most of our teaching and research activities are marked by true teamwork between both groups. Such a team spirit and the motivation to aim for excellent results are certainly a basis for the success of the Laboratory. More than ever we look with confidence towards the future of the Laboratory for the coming years.
G.Andersson
K. Frhlich
iii
Contents
PREFACE CONTENTS ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY
1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
III IV
Organisation...................................................................................................... 1 Teaching .............................................................................................................3 Lectures 3 Seminars 5 Student Projects 5 Master Projects 6 Student Excursions 6
3. Research Activities ...........................................................................................7 3.1 Completed PhD Theses 7 3.2 Current Projects 10 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Publications and Presentations................................................................... 28 Journal Papers 28 Monographs 28 Conference Papers 28 Conference, Seminar and Workshop Presentations 31
5. Conferences, Visits and Workshops ........................................................... 34 5.1 Conference and Workshop Participations 34 5.2 Visits 36 6. Events and Awards ........................................................................................ 38 6.1 Events 38 6.2 Awards 39
ACTIVITIES OF THE HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY

1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
41
Organisation.................................................................................................... 41 Teaching .......................................................................................................... 43 Lectures 43 Student Projects 45 Diploma Projects 46 Internships 46 Excursions / Visits to industrial establishments 47
3. Research Activities ........................................................................................ 48 3.1 Completed PhD Thesis 48 3.2 Current Projects 55 4. 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6. 6.1 Services offered.............................................................................................. 84 Publications and Presentations................................................................... 85 Reviewed Publications 85 Conference Presentations and Publications 85 Journal Publications and Varia 87 Conferences and Workshop Participation 88 Events ..............................................................................................................90 Jointly organized Events 90
JOINT ACTIVITIES
7.
91
Joint Projects ................................................................................................... 91
Activities of the Power Systems Laboratory

1. Organisation
Head: Secretary: Scientific Staff: Prof. Dr. Gran Andersson Rita Zerjeski Michle Arnold, M.Sc. El.Eng. Marija Zima-Bockarjova, M.Sc. El.Eng. Dipl.-Ing. Spyros Chatzivasiliadis start September 2008 Dr. sc. ETH Turhan Demiray Dipl.-Ing., Dipl.-Wirt. Ing. Matthias D. Galus Gabriela Hug-Glanzmann, M.Sc. El.Eng. leave May 2008 Dipl.-Ing. Florian Kienzle Dipl.-Ing. Stephan Koch Dr. sc. techn. Thilo Krause start August 2008 Dipl.-Ing. Martin Kurzidem Dipl.-Ing. Antonios Papaemmanouil Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH Monika Ruh Dipl.-Ing. Andreas Ulbig start October 2008 Dr. sc. ETH Marek Zima Prof. em. Dr. Hans Glavitsch Dr. Rainer Bacher, Bacher Energie, Dttwil Dr. Dieter Reichelt, NOK, Baden Dr. Gaudenz Koeppel, Atel, Olten Dr. Marek Zima, Atel, Olten Zhiyong Li, M.Sc. El.Eng Central Science University Changsha, China
Scientific Associates: External Lecturers:
Academic Guests
leave July 2008
Osvaldo Rodriguez-Villalon, M.Sc. University Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo Morelia, Mexico start July 2008
1. Organisation
ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY
2. Teaching
The lectures and laboratory classes listed in the following section are part of the standard curriculum of the Electrical Engineering Department and are conducted by the staff of the Power Systems Laboratory. Details of the entire electrical engineering curriculum can be provided on application (list of lectures, option proposals).
2.1 Lectures
5 th semester Electric Power Systems Elektrische Energiesysteme 6 Credits Andersson, G. Frhlich, K.
Introduction to the theory and technologies of electric power systems. Overview of today's and future structures of electric power systems. Structure of electric power systems, Symmetrical three phase systems, Line, transformer, and generator models, Analysis of simple systems, Analysis of unsymmetrical three phase systems, Elements of current switching, Fundamental properties of important devices and subsystems in electric power systems, Elements of insulation coordination.
6 th semester & 7th semester Power System Analysis Modellierung und Analyse elektrischer Netze
6 Credits Andersson, G.
The electrical power transmission system, the network control system, requirements for power transmission systems (supply, operation, economics), network planning and operation management, models of N-port components (transmission line, cable, shunt, transformer), data specification per unit (p.u.), Linear Modelling of networks, Linear und non-linear calculation (Newton-Raphson), non-linear load flow (specification and solution methods), three-phase und generalized short-circuit current calculation, further applications of load flow calculation. Introduction to dynamics and stability in power systems. Rotor angle and voltage stability. Equal area criterion. Control of power systems.
6th Semester Energy System Analysis
4 Credits Andersson, G.
The aim of the course is to give an introduction to the methods and tools for analysing energy consumption, energy conversion, and energy flows. Environmental aspects are included as well as economic considerations. Different sectors of society are treated, such as electric power, buildings, and transportation. Models for energy system planning will also be introduced.
2. Teaching 7 th semester Optimization of Liberalized Electric Power Systems Optimierung liberalisierter elektrischer Energiesysteme 6 Credits Bacher, R.
Understanding both: the legal and physical framework for the efficient regulation of transmission systems. Understanding the theory of mathematical optimization models and algorithms for a secure and economic operation of power systems. Gaining experience with the implementation and computation of non-linear constrained optimization problems in Matlab. 7 th semester Power Market I - Portfolio and Risk Management Strommarkt 1 - Portfolio und Risk Management 6 Credits Reichelt, D. Koeppel, G.
Knowledge on the worldwide liberalisation of electricity markets, pan-European power trading and the role of power exchanges. Understand financial products (derivatives) based on power. Management of a portfolio containing physical production, contracts and derivatives. Evaluate trading and hedging strategies. Apply methods and tools of risk management. 8 th semester Power Market II - Modelling and Strategic Positioning Strommarkt 2 - Modellierung und strategische Positionierung 3 Credits Reichelt, D. Koeppel, G.
Part 1: Modelling Option pricing, Black-Scholes, sensitivity analysis (''greeks''), modelling of power market prices, binominal trees, advanced modelling (mean reversion), derivatives on electricity market prices: swaps, caps and floors, swaptions, spread options, ''exotic'' options, hedging of an option portfolio, financial modelling of power plants, evaluation of power plants, contracts and grids using future cash-flows an risk, discounted cash flow, real options. Part 2: Strategic Positioning Initial position of utilities in a dynamic environment, expected market development, SWOT analysis, strategic positioning, strategic options and examples of selected European utilities, case studies. 8 th semester Power System Dynamics and Control Systemdynamik und Leittechnik in der el. Energieversorgung 6 Credits Andersson, G. Zima, M.
Dynamic properties of electrical machines, networks, loads and interconnected systems. Models of power stations and turbines, control of turbines, load- and frequency control, power exchange between networks, model of the synchronous machine connected with the network, transient model, block diagram, behaviour of the machine in case of disturbances, transient stability, equal area criterion, model for small disturbances, voltage control. Facts-Devices. SCADA/State Estimation. EMS-Implementations, Protection, Asset Management, Future Trends in IT for Power Systems.
2.2 Seminars
1 st -4 th semester PPS: Economical and technical aspects of a sustainable energy supply Wirtsch. und techn. Aspekte einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung 4 PPS Galus M. Kienzle F. Koch K. Papaemmanouil A.
In the past, electricity markets were characterized by vertically integrated utilities operating as regulated monopolies. However, the ongoing liberalization process, the Kyotoprotocol as well as upcoming technologies are forcing a reorganization and redirection of the electricity market. The offered seminar addresses several issues related to this reorganization process. Main topics are distributed generation, particularly aspects of renewable energy sources (solar and wind power) as well as economical and ecological issues on liberalized markets. The students are writing and presenting a report covering single aspects, learning how to search for literature as well as how to write and present scientific reports.
2.3 Student Projects

As part of the Master program the students have to carry out two projects. The students can freely choose subject area, but usually the two projects have to be in different areas. According to the curriculum, two days of the week during one semester are to be devoted to a project. In general, the subjects come from current research and development projects. Niklas Rotering Mevina Feuerstein Tobias Keel Markus Imhof Jean-Luc Roches Long-term Multi-objective Optimization evaluating Transmission Investment Plans Analysis of Electricity Spot Market Prices of the Year 2007 Medium Time Scale Prediction of Power System State for Ancillary Services Planning Modellierung und Optimierung eines Strom- und Gasnetzwerkes ber mehrere Ebenen
2. Teaching
2.4 Master Projects

Allocated time for the Master project is six months. The student has the option to carry it out either before or after the formal diploma examination (dates in spring and autumn). Milos Djordjevic Reduced European Transmission Network R.E.TRA.N
Daniel Meyer/Remo Mller Spot Price Modelling for Generator Self-Commitment Kevin Dejakum Daniel Hhener Tobias Keel Gino Agbomemewa Beatrice Knzli Carles Cervilla Mateu Modellierung von finanziellen bertragungsrechten in einem oligopolistischen Energiemarkt Evaluation von Tarifmodellen fr die Netzentgelte eines Stadtwerks Position of Switzerland in Possible Market Coupling of European Regions Dynamic Calculation of Offshore High Voltage Grids Anwendung des Multi-Energie-Portfoliomodells auf das Erzeugungsportfolio der Stadt Zrich Control of the Dynamic Response of a Gas Turbine
2.5 Student Excursions

Power System Dynamics and Control Atel Netz AG Olten, Switzerland 13 May 2008 Power Market II Modelling and Strategic Positioning EXAA (Energy Exchange Austria) Verbund Austrian Power Trade (APT) Vienna, Austria 18-19 May 2008 Power Market I - Portfolio and Risk Management Atel Holding Netzleitstelle, Trading Floor Olten, Switzerland 11 November 2008 Power System Analysis NOK Baden, Switzerland 17 December 2008
3. Research Activities
3.1 Completed PhD Theses
COORDINATED POWER FLOW CONTROL TO ENHANCE STEADY-STATE SECURITY IN POWER
SYSTEMS
Candidate Candidate: Thesis: Date of Oral Examination: Examiner: Co-Examiner:
Dipl.-El. Ing./MSc. Gabriela Hug- Glanzmann Diss. ETH No. 17586 11 January 2008 Prof. Dr. Gran Andersson, ETH Zurich Prof. Dr. Antonio Conejo, University of Castilla-la Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain Prof. Dr. Manfred Morari, ETH Zurich
Authors Summary Due to the rapid technological progress, the consumption of electric energy increases continuously. But the transmission systems are not extended to the same extent because building of new lines is difficult for environmental as well as political reasons. Hence, the systems are driven closer to their limits resulting in congestions and critical situations endangering the system security. Power Flow Control devices such as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) provide the opportunity to influence power flows and voltages and therefore to enhance system security, e.g. by resolving congestions and improving the voltage profile. Even though the focus lies on Static Var Compensators (SVC), Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC) and Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifting Transformers (TCPST), the developed methods can also be applied to any controllable device. In order to benefit from these devices, an appropriate control is necessary. In this thesis, an Optimal Power Flow problem is formulated and solved to find the optimal device settings. One of the objectives is to ensure N-1 security because if the stress on the power grid grows, failures of system components become more probable. When the system is not in an N-1 secure state, an outage of a single component may trigger cascading failures in the worst case resulting in a blackout. In order to take N-1 security into account in the Optimal Power Flow problem in an efficient way, a new Current Injection Method is developed which accurately determines the line currents in case of an outage without having to carry out a full load flow calculation. As Power Flow Control devices have only influence on a limited area in their vicinity, it is not necessary to take the entire grid into account in the Optimal Power Flow calculations. Sensitivity analysis is used to identify the area of influence of the considered devices and to set up the optimization problem for the limited area. Hence, the applicability of the developed control is independent of the size of the power system.
3. Research Activities If there are several devices placed in the same system, the areas assigned to these devices might overlap indicating mutual influences. Therefore, a coordination of the control entities is needed in order to avoid conflicting behaviour of the devices raising the issue of Multi-Area Control. Here, the method based on Approximate Newton Directions is extended for the case of overlapping areas. In addition, it is taken into account that part of the grid might not be included in any of the areas. Finally, simulations for the UCTE system show the applicability of the developed control to realistic power systems.
SIMULATION OF POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS USING DYNAMIC PHASOR MODELS

Candidate: Thesis: Date of Oral Examination: Examiner: Co-Examiner: Authors Summary Computer simulations of electric power systems are an essential part of planning, design and operation in the power industry. Due to the increased loading of the power systems, the stability has become a concern, so that programs for the analysis of the transient behaviour of power systems have become an integral part of system design and control, in order to maximize the ability of a system to withstand the impact of severe disturbances. Generally as large systems are under consideration, simplifying assumptions are often made to facilitate an efficient simulation of such large power systems with the so called Transient Stability Programs (TSP). In the TSP, the fast electromagnetic transients are neglected and it is assumed that the power transfer takes place at the system frequency. The focus in these programs is more on the slower electromechanical transients, which have more a system wide effect. However, recent blackouts due to increasingly sensitive operating conditions, have created a need for more detailed and comprehensive studies. Such detailed studies including the fast electromagnetic transients are done with so called Electromagnetic Transient Programs (EMTP). In contrast to the electromechanical transients, the electromagnetic transients have more a local character so that only a small part of the complete power system is usually studied with the EMTP. The simulation of the complete power system with the EMTP is computationally inefficient, since too small simulation step sizes are employed for the calculation of the fast electromagnetic transients. Hence, the combined simulation of the electromagnetic and electromechanical transients is a challenging task. The aim of this dissertation is to fill the gap between the TSP and EMTP by developing a new simulation tool based on the dynamic phasor representation of the power system, which facilitates the combined simulation of the electromagnetic and electromechanical transients in an accurate, efficient and systematic way. For this purpose, a general and systematic simulation framework was developed for the simulation of power system transients with the dynamic phasor models of major power system components. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the dynamic phasor model representation were compared with other traditionally used power system representations. Furthermore, new numerical integration algorithms were developed for the accurate and efficient simulation of systems represented by dynamic phasors. The developed prototype of the new simulation tool was implemented in the commercially used power system analysis program NEPLAN. Dipl. Ing. (TU Wien) Turhan Hilmi Demiray Diss. ETH No. 17607 25 January 2008 Prof. Dr. Gran Andersson, ETH Zurich Prof. Dr. Aleksandar Stankovic, Northeastern University, Boston
3.2 Current Projects

FORMULATION OF AN OLIGOPOLISTIC POWER MARKET COMPLEMENTARITY PROBLEM (MLCP)
Martin Kurzidem Many oligopolistic price equilibrium models appeared in the literature with the purpose of studying strategic behaviour among competing generating companies. In general, these models differ in terms of market design, network representation, the type of oligopoly game and the solution methodology. In order to understand the complexities of competition and to help analyze market designs and regulatory policies, computationally tractable models of strategic behaviour are becoming increasingly important. As a first approach, an integrated market design has been implemented for electricity trading in a transmission constrained network. Each of the strategic generators goals is to choose a supply function bid in order to maximize its profit, which is a best response to the other generators bid. Thus, the generators are facing a two-level optimization problem in which they try to maximize their profit under the constraint that their dispatch and spot price are determined by the system operator. From the mathematical point of view the generators optimization problem is of the MPEC type (Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints), which is an optimization problem with a non-convex feasible region, and for that reason, such a model is generally difficult to compute for large systems. The resulting equilibrium problem among the generators is an EPEC (Equilibrium Problem with Equilibrium Constraints). An alternative model to ease the problem is to include smooth functions for modelling the manipulation of the transmission prices. This has been done by introducing the Conjectured Transmission Price Response (CTPR) function which makes the problem to be treated as being convex and modelled as a MLCP. Unlike the MPEC-based formulation of each strategic generators profit maximizing problem, which results in an endogenous and correct determination of the transmission price, the CTPR is an exogenous assumption and represents the modellers judgement about how each generator might anticipate that the price will change. Goal of the project Since the liberalization of the electricity markets in several European countries, the demand for transmission capacity at some European transmission interconnections is sometimes much higher than the available capacity. Particularly regarding the SwissGerman cross border interconnections, the transmission capacity is often inadequate. The motivation of this work will be to study congestion management schemes with respect to the Swiss electricity cross-borders interconnection since Switzerland takes a major position in the UCTE-network as a result of its special geographical location.
AS A
MIXED LINEAR
10
References
[1] C.J. Day, B.F. Hobbs, J.-S. Pang, Oligopolistic competition in power networks: a conjectured supply function approach, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2002 [2] B.F. Hobbs, F.A.M. Rijkers, Strategic generation with conjectured transmission price responses in a mixed transmission pricing system-Part I: Formulation, 2004 [3] J. Barquin, M.G. Boots, A. Ehrenmann, B.F. Hobbs, K. Neuhoff, F. Rijkers, Networkconstrained models of liberalized electricity markets: the devil is in the detail, 2004
Partnership: NOK, KTI
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TOWARDS FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS

Antonis Papaemmanouil Abstract The European electricity system is undergoing, and will also in the future undergo, significant changes due to new requirements concerning environment, economy, security of supply, and technology. These new requirements will have implications both for the power production, i.e. generators, and for the transmission and distribution networks can be summarized in: Security of supply Environmental compatibility Economic viability Traditionally the long term planning and analysis of electric power systems has been almost solely based on the power production side of the electric power system and its capability to satisfy the different load scenarios without considering any restrictions or limitations imposed by the electric transmission network. The expansion plans have been identified according to the annual energy balance, which is still an important part of the power production planning, but not enough when market rules are applied on the network and when environmental issues are taking into account. In that case one has to include the transmission network in the investigations as well, in order to consider topological changes and power exchanges capability. This is the main objective of the Towards future electricity networks project, to include a detailed investigation on possible pathways to future energy networks by also including the transmission network in the analysis. Figure 1 depicts the basic idea of the project. It describes the transition to the future state through bridging innovative generation technologies, transmission capability, financial instruments and policies which are going to constitute the connector between environment, society and market.
Fig. 1 Pathway to the future electricity networks state
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ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY Objective The overall goal of this project is to develop an analysis and planning tool that takes into account economic, environmental and social considerations. Furthermore, based on studies and investigations using that tool, sustainable transmission investment plans supporting the transition to future grids should be developed. More explicitly the tool should, in addition to standard power planning tools, embrace Future power plants Power transmission system Indirect costs caused by the electric power system Environmental and societal standards
From a Swiss perspective this project is particularly of interest because of the often exhausted transmission capability at the borders, as well as the so called Stromlcke. Furthermore, pump storage hydro power plants will in the future play an important role as balancing and regulating power, and if this should be used to balance e.g. wind generation in Germany, adequate transmission capacity should be available. With the tools and models to be developed all these issues can be further studied and analyzed. Progress in 2008 During 2008 the following work has been done: The basic algorithm for the Sustainability based Optimal Power Flow (SOPF) has been developed and implemented. The method for social welfare analysis has been defined, as well as the optimization and decision criteria. Analysis of external costs in power production, methods for internalization, uncertainties. Some conceptional models have been developed to help our observations and also a transnational model has been used and modified in order to satisfy the analysis criteria. First approach to the reduced European Transmission Network model which is going to be developed. An internal report, PanEuropean Network Participants Analysis has been delivered, as an inventory of the European power production and transmission assets and overview of the power balances of European countries. The problems of the existing European interconnected system were also discussed. An overview of costs of investments was given. In our calculations the marginal production costs, the maximum generation capability, the transmission capacity and the transmission network connectivity together with the demanded power are very important relative inputs. A step-wise supply cost function has been assumed while the demand function remains linear. The external costs have been selected according to the mean values of power plants efficiencies, based on publicly available data.
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References
[1] An Energy Policy for Europe, Commission of the European Communities, January 2007 [2] Analysis of Coordinated Multilateral Trades, Pierre- Francois D. Quet et al, 2000 [3] Understanding how market power can arise in network competition: a game theoretic approach, C. A. Berry et al, 1999 [4] Comparative Perspective on Current and Future Energy Supply, Stefan Hirschberg, ETH Zurich-Seminar, May 2007 [5] Multiobjective Programming and Planning, Jared L. Cohon, Dover Publications, Inc. 2003 [6] Multiobjective Optimization for Pricing System Security in Electricity Markets, Federico Milano, Claudio Canizares, Marco Invernizzi, May 2003
In Cooperation with: Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Sponsoring: Bundesamt fr Energie (BfE), Switzerland Vattenfal, Sweden
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DYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE SWISS POWER GRID DYNASIM III

Turhan Demiray Introduction Due to the increased loading of the power systems, the stability has become a big concern, so that dynamic simulations for the analysis of the transient behaviour of power systems have become an integral part of system design and control, in order to maximize the ability of a system to withstand the impact of severe disturbances. The aim of the previous projects DynaSim I and DynaSim II was the development of a detailed dynamic model of the swiss power grid including 14 hydraulic power plants together with their controls. But just the high level of detail brings also some disadvantages: Complicated models with a large number of parameters, states and characteristic curves Computational burden Goal of the project Within the third part of the project, these detailed dynamic models of the hydraulic power plants will be reduced while retaining the basic dynamic characteristics. The reduced models will later provide a basis for real-time simulations and will also be used for dispatcher training. Methodology The reduced models will be derived using the trajectory sensitivities based on the detailed dynamic models. The trajectory sensitivities method will also be used for parameter estimation and parameter optimization of the reduced dynamic models.
References
[1] I. A. Hiskens, and M. A. Pai, "Trajectory Sensitivity Analysis of Hybrid Systems," IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, vol. 47, pp. 204-220, Feb. 2000. [2] I. A. Hiskens, Nonlinear Dynamic Model Evaluation From Disturbance Measurements, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 16, pp. 702-710, Nov. 2001. [3] I. A. Hiskens and M. A. Pai, "Power System Applications of Trajectory Sensitivities," in Proc. 2002 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. [4] Sattinger, W.: PSEL-Projekt 236; Netzdynamikmodell des Schweizerischen Hochspannungsnetzes (DynaSim II). Endbericht, Version 3, 22.10.2005 [5] Dr. H. Weber, Dr. D. Zimmermann: Inselbetriebversuche im Kraftwerkbrenburg der Kraftwerke Hinterrein AG und Entwicklung eines zugehrigen dynamischen Modells
Partnership: swisselectric research, swissgrid, ETH Zrich, Uni Rostock, Berner Fachhochschule fr Technik und Informatik
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LOCAL LOAD MANAGEMENT

Stephan Koch The limited availability of fossil fuels and the necessity to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions pose great challenges for the transformation of todays electrical energy systems. One of the key strategies for decarbonizing the electricity production is a rapid increase in renewable energy generation, which has been taking place in many countries over the recent years. Due to the decentralized nature of many renewable energy carriers and the intermittent characteristics of wind and photovoltaic power generation, significant adaptations of power system operation and control have to be made when a high share of renewables shall be accommodated. Although the infeeds from intermittent sources can be predicted quite well, additional control flexibility is needed on various time scales in order to compensate for forecast errors and high infeed ramp rates. However, a flexible mid-load operation of conventional power plants, as well as the usage of active power control reserves, is usually quite costly. The outlined situation has triggered a rising interest in control methods that utilize flexibility on the side of the load instead of the generation. Traditional Demand Side Management (DSM) methods, which have been known in power systems research for decades, are a good basis for these activities. They usually consist of user-incentivebased or automatic remote deactivation of certain appliances during peak hours. However, the control strategies must be extended substantially when a tight control over the temporal consumption characteristics of electrical appliances shall be achieved, and not only the shifting of a certain portion of load. Outline of the project The project Local Load Management (LLM) is aimed at developing novel methodologies to exploit demand-side flexibility in power systems. It is being conducted by a team from ETH Zurich, University of Applied Sciences North-Western Switzerland (FHNW), Atel Netz AG and Landis+Gyr since 2006. Financial support is provided by swisselectric research. The current project phase is called ''Electricity grid security and operation taking into account distributed loads, in-feeds and storages'', which commenced in 2007.
Figure 1: Household infrastructure for Local Load Management
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ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY In this project phase, a suitable communication infrastructure for applying a sophisticated load management scheme in private households is developed. As depicted in Figure 1, interface units in the individual appliances provide a link to a central control entity which can influence the appliance operation through external commands. For cooling and heating household appliances such as freezers, refrigerators, water boilers and heat pumps, a coordination strategy is developed. It allows a controlled reduction or increase of the aggregated active power consumption of a large set of such appliances by transmitting switching impulses (ON OFF or OFF ON) to selected appliances, allowing the group to act like a virtual distributed energy storage. This approach does not violate the usual temperature range of the appliances; only the duty cycle is shortened by the compulsory switching. Thus, the user comfort remains relatively unimpeded. The coordinated control is complemented by a device-dependent load shedding which is activated in the case of a network disturbance. For that scheme, also non-thermal household appliances may be considered, the deactivation of which causes comfort losses for the user. This may be justified if the load shedding scheme appears to be an effective measure to prevent the loss of load in entire regions. The possibilities of unifying the load management concepts with the control of storages such as batteries and Distributed Generation units will be investigated as well. Furthermore, arising power system control issues in distribution grids will be addressed. Apart from that, economical considerations and strategies for the regulatory or market-based introduction of Local Load Management into today's electricity systems are elaborated in the project.
References
[1] S. Koch, M. Zima, G. Andersson. Local Load Management: Coordination of a Diverse Set of Thermostat-Controlled Household Appliances. Extended Abstract and Poster presented at Smart Energy Strategies 2008, Zurich/Switzerland, September 2008. [2] S. Koch, D. Meier, M. Zima, M. Wiederkehr, G. Andersson. An Active Coordination Approach for Thermal Household Appliances Local Communication and Calculation Tasks in the Household. Submitted to PowerTech 2009, Bukarest/Romania, June/July 2009. [3] S. Koch, M. Zima, G. Andersson. Active Coordination of Thermal Household Appliances for Load Management Purposes. Submitted to IFAC Symposium on Power Plants and Power Systems Control, Tampere/Finland, July 2009. [4] F. Kupzog, C. Rsener and P. Palensky. Konzepte zur koordinierten Nutzung verteilter Energiespeicher. Presented at 5. Internationale Energiewirtschafts-tagung an der TU Wien - (IEWT2007), 2007, pp. 219 230 [5] M. Stadler, W. Krause, M. Sonnenschein, U. Vogel. Modelling and evaluation of control schemes for enhancing load shift of electricity demand for cooling devices. Environmental Modelling & Software 24, 2009, pp 285 295 (available online).
Partnership: swisselectric research, ATEL Netz AG Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Landis+Gyr
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IMPROVED STATE AND TOPOLOGY ESTIMATION

Marija Zima-Bockarjova Introduction State estimation is a widely used technique to provide a description of the power system state based on the available measurements. The state estimation result is a set of complex voltage phasors at every system bus at a given point in time and these phasors are referred to as the static state of the system [1]. It forms the basis for a number of other applications, such as: system observation, security assessment, optimal power flow, transmission system usage billing, and transmission system model verification.
Applications Control Center
most likely state of power system
State Estim ation SCADA
RTU RTU
C om munication System Electrical System
RTU
RTU
Fig. 1. Role of state estimation in supervision and control of power systems
Many SE systems have now been in use for decades; however, there are still some concerns and practical problems presenting challenges for further research. One example is the convergence problem of SE that may occur after topology changes or during disturbances. Another area to consider is the network topology processing. Conventional power system SE algorithm uses switch-status inputs to construct the network topology after which the main estimation process commences. One of the primary sub-functions of the SE algorithm is to detect, identify and correct bad (measurement) data. The current bad data detection algorithms are designed to find analog measurement errors based on the assumption that the network topology is correct. When this assumption is false, these bad-data algorithms can produce an estimated model with an incorrect and potentially dangerous topology, or the main estimation procedure does not provide an answer.
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M ea s
RTU
ur em
RTU
RTU
e n ts
ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY This project investigates ways to better and more systematically handle the interaction between switch-status errors and traditional bad measurement data. The current activities are investigation of the new algorithms for wrong topology identification. Objectives The research objectives are to achieve robust and fast state estimation under changing conditions in power system, such as topology changes, unknown load and generation variations. The SE algorithm shall be based on the power system model and the redundant measurements provided by RTUs and a limited number of PMUs.
References
[1] A. Abur, A. G. Exposito, Power System State Estimation, M. Dekker Inc, 2004
ABB Switzerland, Corporate Research
Partnership:
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DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ALGORITHMS, METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR FUTURE DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Monika Ruh Introduction Nowadays, the task of distribution grids consist not only of supplying medium-sized or small towns, industrial enterprises, urban or rural districts with electric energy by transporting the latter from the feeding medium voltage substations towards the local distribution substations. With the advent of distributed generation during the last years, distribution grids are no longer purely passive load systems. Due to installed small hydro power plants, cogeneration plants, photovoltaic plants or wind power plants, the operation of distribution grids has become more complex. Hence, for their control and monitoring, modern integrated distribution management systems (DMSs) have become more important than ever. To date, there exists no grid control system which could control the operation of an electric power system completely automatically. The human operator decides on many of the significant matters: Based on the received information from the control system and with his technical knowledge and working experience, he determines what has to be done or not. Thus, the operator closes the so called supervisory control loop, respectively he is very much in the loop. As a consequence, DMSs have to take the cognitive abilities in reception and processing of sensory stimuli of human beings into account. For instance, visualization has to be done by ergonomic principles. Besides the human operator in the control center, the system engineer and his kind of work have to be also considered when developing a future DMS. The system engineer, who is responsible for both the implementation work of the DMS and its configuration updates, needs a DMS architecture allowing to adapt to the specific customer installation with minimal effort. Such a user-friendly DMS needs to have a fully transparent data architecture. Project Activities The in 2007 tested and slightly modified concept for a complete transparent distribution management system (DMS) has been implemented in RITOP, the process control system of Rittmeyer AG. This project phase proofed that the transparency concept works: An existing DMS can be made fully transparent by enhancing its present database with some additional attributes needed for guaranteeing transparency. In addition, the condensing algorithm, which links data from the base system to applicationoriented calculation tools, has been implemented, slightly improved and tested. Finally, data preparation for power flow calculation for radially operated distribution grids has been started. Objective The aim of this project is the development of new algorithms, methods and procedures, which should provide operators and system engineers with a better support. Hence, the development of this future distribution management system (DMS) does not only focus on aspects concerning power systems but also on software architecture and ergonomic design questions.
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References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] E.-G. Tietze: Netzleittechnik Teil 1: Grundlagen, 2. Auflage, VDE-Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 2006. J. Northcote-Green, R. Wilson: Control and Automation of Electrical Power Distribution Systems, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, 2007. D. Rumpel, J. R. Sun: Netzleittechnik, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1989. M. Pedro Silva, J. T. Saraiva, A. V. Sousa: A Web Browser Based DMS - Distribution Management System, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Volume 4, Seattle, 2000. William H. Kersting: Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2002.
Rittmeyer AG, Switzerland
Partnership:
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IRENE-40 - INFRASTRUCTURE ROADMAP FOR ENERGY NETWORKS IN EUROPE

Spyros Chatzivasiliadis, Andreas Ulbig, Thilo Krause Project Abstract IRENE-40 is a FP7 sponsored collaborative project that will identify strategies for a more secure, ecologically sustainable and competitive European electricity grid. Partners of IRENE-40 are AREVA, TU Delft; Energy Centre of Netherlands, ETHZ, Imperial College; NTU Athens; RWTH Aachen, ABB and Siemens. Several important trends on the technological level (increasing distributed generation, renewables integration), the economical and regulatory level (market liberalisation, increased cross-border electricity flows), as well as the political level (expansion of UCTE network east and south, promotion of renewables) are already changing the traditional usage patterns of Europes transmission grid. Higher demand on the grid itself and, an increasingly complex but necessary crossborder coordination by the Transmission System Operators (TSOs) are sometimes more than the historically inflexible grid design and grid code can deliver. This conflict pushes the European power grid increasingly closer to its design limits, inducing large black-outs more frequently nowadays than in the past [1.a-b]. The IRENE project will identify which consequences the above mentioned trends will have on the transmission grid. In the process of the project, grid hardware technologies, such as FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) and HVDC (High-voltage Direct Current) transmission, and grid management knowledge, such as improved state estimation and wide-area monitoring, that may act as enablers for a more flexible and robust grid will be identified. These so-called enabling technologies and enabling knowledge are essential for an optimal evolution of the European electricity grid over the horizon of 40 years.
Fig.1:
Cumulative investment in energy-supply infrastructure in the World Energy Outlook 2008 Reference Scenario, 2007-2030 [2]
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ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY The key findings of the IRENE project will be condensed in the form of a roadmap including policy recommendations on how to promote a more flexible and competitive yet more secure European transmission grid. The investment stakes are high as more than half of the global investments in the energy infrastructure until 2030 are expected to be in the power sector, of which again half will be in the distribution and transmission grids as seen in Figure 1. In OECD Europe, the upcoming total investments in the electricity grid till 2030 will be around $754 billion (in year-2007 dollars), of which around $187 billion will go directly into transmission grids [2].
References
[1.a] Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), Final Report on the Disturbances of 4 November 2006, 2007. [1.b] Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), Final Report of the Investigation Committee on the 28 Sept-ember 2003 Blackout in Italy, 2004. [2] International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook (WEO) 2008, p.89 and p.152, Paris, 2008.
AREVA, TU Delft; Energy Centre of Netherlands, ETHZ, Imperial College; NTU Athens; RWTH Aachen, ABB, Siemens
http://www.ucte.org/_library/otherreports/20040427_UCTE_IC_Final_report.pdf http://www.ucte.org/_library/otherreports/Final-Report-20070130.pdf
Partnership:
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WORK PACKAGE NETWORKED CONTROL AND BLACK-OUT PREVENTION

Andreas Ulbig Research Objectives The research within the framework of the IRENE project will focus on the above mentioned enabling knowledge, in particular of new modelling, control and management schemes for the transmission grid. These will allow the system operators to better exploit the capabilities of the existing and yet-to-be-built infrastructure with a maximum of flexibility, efficacy and security [1]. On the one hand, the idea is to facilitate the power industrys shift away from local control schemes on the level of individual sub-stations and power plants, towards global control schemes on a grid-wide level. Local control schemes may not necessarily perform in optimal or stable ways as soon as the system drifts away from pre-defined steady-state operating points towards critical points that may induce cascading failures [2]. Global control schemes on a regional or grid-wide level should allow for a higher degree of flexibility and robustness as well as better performance.
Fig.2:
Probability of large black-outs with respect to a TSOs grid operation strategy [4]
Novel control frameworks such as networked control and multi-agent control, used so far mainly for the coordination of robot groups that achieve a common goal collectively [3], may as well be applicable for groups of power plants and substations within the same grid area with the common goal of maintaining optimal grid performance and stability. These control frameworks, in a beneficial combination with adaptive, robust or model predictive control theory, could have a considerable potential in the field of power grid control.
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ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY On the other hand, creating an increasingly complex power grid in order to minimise the risk of large failures, i.e. wide-area black-outs, may actually turn out to be counterproductive. Simulations show, that a highly risk-averse operation of the power grid by a TSO counter-intuitively increases the probability of large failures in the long run [4], see Figure 2. Parallels to this paradox can be found in nature: Fighting every small and locally-confined forest fire actually increases the risk of a huge fire, big enough to destroy the whole forest, since dry brushwood that normally would have been burned in several smaller fires over the years, has actually piled-up to a critical amount [5]. Preliminary Project Activities As first preliminary steps of the IRENE-40 project, reasonable scenarios need to be designed that characterise several possible paths for the evolution of the economic and regulatory framework in Europe as well as likely technological developments and consumption trends. In particular, the specific demands and constraints on the power grid in each of the scenario cases need to be identified. Furthermore, a clear understanding is needed of how changes in the energy economic and political environment, for example volatile crude oil prices and initiatives towards more renewable and decentralised electricity generation, impact the usage and future evolution of Europes transmission grid. Another topic of interest is the continued efforts for extending the continental UCTE grid on the southern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the ultimate closure of the MEDRING via Turkey and how these developments will affect dynamics and power flow patterns in the existing European grid [6], [7].
References
[1] Marija D. Ilic, From Hierarchical to Open Access Electric Power Systems, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 95, No. 5, May 2007. [2] I. Dobson, B.A. Carreras, V.E. Lynch, D.E. Newman, Complex systems analysis of series of blackouts: cascading failure, critical points, and self-organization, Chaos, vol. 17, June 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2737822
[3] R. Olfati-Saber, J. Fax, Richard M. Murray, Consensus and Cooperation in Networked Multi-Agent Systems, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 95, No. 1, January 2007. [4] B.A. Carreras, D.E. Newman, I. Dobson, M. Zeidenberg, A simple model for the reliability of an infrastructure system controlled by agents, 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, January 2009. [5] IEEE Spectrum, The Unruly Power Grid, p. 22- 27, August 2004. [6] IEEE Spectrum, Closing the Circuit, p. 46-52, November 2008. [7] Deutsches Zentrum fr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power, Stuttgart/Kln, 2006.
www.dlr.de/tt/trans-csp http://eceserv0.ece.wisc.edu/%7Edobson/PAPERS/carrerasHICSS09.pdf
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WORK PACKAGE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES CORRECTIVE CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS

Spyros Chatzivasiliadis
FOR
PREVENTIVE
AND
Initial Considerations A fundamental change in terms of operation and planning took place over the last one or two decades in the European interconnected power system. The transmission grid no longer serves only as a tool for mutual assistance in case of emergencies but has become a complex platform for shifting growing power volumes all across the continent. Market considerations result in higher cross-border and long-distance energy exchanges. Other cross-continental power flows result from the fast and successful development of intermittent energy generation with limited predictability (e.g. wind power). These developments were not taken into account in the original system design. In addition, due to environmental and legislative reasons, the development of the transmission system is increasingly affected by stricter constraints and limitations in terms of licensing and construction procedures. Having, on the one hand, long authorization procedures, and, on the other hand, market developments and great amount of renewable energy sources, which lead the system to be operated closer to its limits, the question of reliability and security of supply receives growing attention. New methods should be developed that would not only restore the network in a fast and automated way after a failure or an outage, but would also be able to predict and prevent events of this type. Congestion management, as a way to handle possible outages before they appear, should also be dealt with. General Objectives The motivation of this work is first to identify and possibly evaluate high-level preventive and corrective control methods, with an emphasis on a decentralized approach. The idea is to address options for the management of unplanned outages by relying on automated network restoration. High penetration of distributed generation will be given special attention. Possible network restoration, failure prevention and congestion management strategies may be further developed to include the impact of renewable power sources and demand side participation. Within the framework of this project, major disturbances that occurred in transmission grids worldwide will be studied. The causes of these events as well as methods resulting in relieving possible congestion, preventing failures and restoring the grid will be investigated with particular emphasis on developing a distributed intelligent control system. One main objective is to develop a control system which will be able to anticipate problems and be capable of adaptive reconfiguration and self-restoration of the grid in response to changing conditions, in an automated and intelligent way. Necessary tools helping to accomplish the aforementioned goals are expected to be distributed control approaches and multi-agent systems, artificial intelligence techniques, state estimation, phasor measurement units (PMUs), power electronics devices, and the use of a geographic information system (GIS). The above considerations represent the general framework for the research work. A precise course of action, as well as the specific objectives to be pursued, are yet to be defined.
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References
[1] European Technology Platform Smartgrids, Strategic Research Agenda for Europes Electricity Networks of the Future, European Commission, 2007. [2] Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), Final Report on the Disturbances of 4 November 2006, 2007. [3] M. Amin, Towards Self-Healing Energy Infrastructure Systems, IEEE Computer Applications in Power, pp. 20-28, January 2001.
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4. Publications and Presentations

4.1 Journal Papers
G. Koeppel, G. Andersson Reliability Modelling of Multi-carrier Energy Systems Energy(2008), doi:10.1016/j. energy.2008.04.012 8 July 2008 G. Koeppel, M. Korpas Improving the Network Infeed Accuracy of Non-Dispatchable Generators with Energy Storage Devices Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 20242036, 2008
4.2 Monographs
G. Andersson; C. Alvarez Bel, C. Canizares Frequency and Voltage Control in Electric Energy Systems- Analysis and Operation CRC Press, 2008 ISBN 978-0-8493-7365-7 C. Canizares, L. Rouco, G. Andersson Angle, Voltage and Frequency Stability in Electric Energy Systems- Analysis and Operation CRC Press, 2008 ISBN 978-0-8493-7365-7
4.3 Conference Papers

F. Kienzle, G. Andersson Efficient Multi-Energy Generation Portfolios for the Future 4th Annual Carnegie Mellon Conference on the Electricity Industry Pittsburgh, PA, USA 11 March 2008 M. Bockarjova, M. Zima, G. Andersson On Allocation of the Transmission Network Losses using Game Theory 5th International Conference on the European Electricity Market Lisbon, Portugal 28 30 May 2008. M. Zima, M. Bockarjova, G. Andersson Liberalization of the Electricity Sector in Switzerland 8th International Conference on Control of Power Systems, Strbsk Pleso High Tatras, Slovakia, 11 June 2008.
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M. Arnold, G. Andersson Decomposed Electricity and Natural Gas Optimal Power Flow 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 14 July 2008 M. Kurzidem, G. Andersson An Application of the Energy and Transmission Price Conjecture in an Oligopolistic Power Market 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 14 July 2008 T. Demiray, G. Andersson Using Frequency-Matched Numerical Integration Methods for the Simulation of Dynamic Phasor Models in Power Systems 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 14 July 2008 G. Hug-Glanzmann, G. Andersson An Accurate and Efficient Current Injection Method for the Determination of the System State during Line Outages 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 14 July 2008 Ch. Duthaler, M. Emery, M. Kurzidem, G. Andersson Analysis of the Use of PTD in the UCTE Transmission Grid 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 14 July 2008 M. Ruh, G. Andersson, A. Borer Power System Modelling for a Fully Transparent Distribution Management System 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 14 July 2008 T. Demiray, G. Andersson Evaluation Study for the Simulation of Power System Transients using Dynamic Phasor Models IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Bogota, Colombia, 12 - 15 August 2008 T. Demiray, G. Andersson Simulation of Power System Dynamics using Dynamic Phasor Models 3rd Conference for Power Engineering Leaders of Tomorrow Arizona, USA 5 7 September 2008.
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S. Koch, M. Zima, G. Andersson Local Load Management: Coordination of a Diverse Set of Thermostat-Controlled Household Appliances (Extended Abstract + Poster) Smart Energy Strategies ETH Zurich 8 September 2008 M. D. Galus, G. Andersson An approach for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) Integration into Power Systems (Extended Abstract + Poster) Smart Energy Strategies ETH Zurich 8 September 2008 G. Butti, A. Papaemmanouil, G. Andersson External Costs of Power Production in South Eastern Europe EPESE 08 Corfu, Greece 27 October 2008 F. Kienzle, P. Favre-Perrod, M. Arnold, G. Andersson Multi-energy Delivery Infrastructures for the Future International Conference on Infrastructure Systems Rotterdam, The Netherlands 12 November 2008 M. Arnold, R.R. Negenborn, G. Andersson, B. De Schutter Distributed Control Applied to Combined Electricity and Natural Gas Infrastructures International Conference on Infrastructure Systems Rotterdam, The Netherlands 12 November 2008 M. D. Galus, G. Andersson Demand Management of Grid Connected Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) IEEE Energy 2030 Atlanta, GA, USA 17 November 2008 A. Papaemmanouil, G. Andersson Optimal Electric Power Transmission Planning Taking Environmental Constraints into Account 28th USAEE North American Conference New Orleans, LA, USA 5 December 2008
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4.4 Conference, Seminar and Workshop Presentations

G. Andersson The Energy Hub - A Powerful Concept for Future Energy Systems Seminar Hong Kong University 5 February 2008 F. Kienzle Efficient Multi-Energy Generation Portfolios for the Future Paper presentation Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, USA 11 March 2008 S. Koch Lokales Lastmanagement Project overview Landis+Gyr Zug, Switzerland 6 May 2008 M. Bockarjova On Allocation of the Transmission Network Losses using Game Theory Paper presentation 5th International Conference on the European Electricity Market Lisbon, Portugal 29 May 2008. M. Zima Liberalization of the Electricity Sector in Switzerland Paper presentation 8th International Conference on Control of Power Systems, Strbsk Pleso High Tatras, Slovakia, 11 June 2008. G. Andersson Automation of Transmission System Operation Tutorial at 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 14 July 2008 T. Demiray Using Frequency-Matched Numerical Integration Methods for the Simulation of Dynamic Phasor Models in Power Systems Paper presentation 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 14 July 2008
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M. Kurzidem An Application of the Energy and Transmission Price Conjecture in an Oligopolistic Power Market Paper presentation 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 15 July 2008 G. Andersson An Accurate and Efficient Current Injection Method for the Determination of the System State during Line Outages Paper presentation 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 16 July 2008 M. Arnold Decomposed Electricity and Natural Gas Optimal Power Flow Paper presentation 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 16 July 2008 M. Ruh Power System Modelling for a Fully Transparent Distribution Management System Paper presentation 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland 16 July 2008 T. Demiray Evaluation Study for the Simulation of Power System Transients using Dynamic Phasor Models Paper presentation IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Bogota, Colombia, 13 August 2008 T. Demiray Simulation of Power System Dynamics using Dynamic Phasor Models Paper presentation 3rd Conference for Power Engineering Leaders of Tomorrow Arizona, USA 6 September 2008 A. Papaemmanouil External Costs of Power Production in South Eastern Europe Paper presentation EPESE 08 Corfu, Greece 27 October 2008
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F. Kienzle Multi-energy Delivery Infrastructures for the Future Paper presentation International Conference on Infrastructure Systems Rotterdam, The Netherlands 12 November 2008 M. D. Galus Demand Management of Grid Connected Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) Paper presentation IEEE Energy 2030 Atlanta, GA, USA 17 November 2008 M. Arnold Distributed Control Applied to Combined Electricity and Natural Gas Infrastructures Paper presentation International Conference on Infrastructure Systems Rotterdam, The Netherlands 12 November 2008 A. Papaemmanouil Optimal Electric Power Transmission Planning Taking Environmental Constraints into Account Paper presentation 28th USAEE North American Conference New Orleans, USA 5 December 2008
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5. Conferences, Visits and Workshops

5.1 Conference and Workshop Participations
F. Kienzle, G. Andersson 4th Annual Carnegie Mellon Conference on the Electricity Industry Pittsburgh, USA March 2008 G. Andersson PSCC Executive Board Athens, Greece April 2008 S. Koch EES-UETP Course on Microgrids and Microgeneration Porto, Portugal May 2008 M. Bockarjova 5th International Conference on the European Electricity Market Lisbon, Portugal May 2008 F. Kienzle Workshop of the Student Chapter of the GEE Munich, Germany May 2008 G. Andersson IEEE PES Swiss Chapter Workshop on Hydro Power Oberhasli, Switzerland June 2008 M. Bockarjova, M. Zima 8th International Conference on Control of Power Systems, Strbsk Pleso High Tatras, Slovakia, June 2008 G. Andersson, M. Arnold, T. Demiray, M. Kurzidem, M. Ruh 16th PSCC Glasgow, Scotland July 2008 G. Andersson PSCC Executive Committee Meeting Paris, France July 2008
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G. Andersson IEEE PES General Meeting Pittsburgh, PA, USA July 2008 T. Demiray IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Bogota, Colombia, August 2008 M. Arnold, F. Kienzle, S. Koch CRIS Workshop on Distributed and Renewable Power Generation Magdeburg; Germany September 2008 F. Kienzle, A. Papaemmanouil Final Conference of the CASES Project Milan Italy September 2008 T. Demiray 3rd Conference for Power Engineering Leaders of Tomorrow Arizona, USA September 2008 G. Andersson, M. D. Galus, S. Koch, A. Papaemmanouil, M. Zima, M. D. Galus, Th. Krause, F. Kienzle Smart Energy Strategies ETH Zurich September 2008 S. Koch Doctoral Seminar: Electrical Load Management, Forecasting and Control Turin, Italy October 2008 A. Papaemmanouil EPESE 08 Corfu, Greece October 2008 M. Kurzidem EURELECTRIC Conference on Market Integration Brussels, Belgium October 2008 A. Papaemmanouil SAEE Jahrestagung Technologische und konomische Herausforderungen der 1 t CO2 Gesellschaft Swiss Association for Energy Economics ETH Zurich November 2008
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M. D. Galus IEEE Energy 2030 Atlanta, GA, USA November 2008 M. Arnold, F. Kienzle International Conference on Infrastructure Systems Rotterdam, The Netherlands November 2008 A. Papaemmanouil 28th USAEE North American Conference New Orleans, USA December 2008 S. Chatzivasiliadis EES-UETP Course on Power Systems Security Assessment and Control in the new Context of Liberalized Electricity Market Genova, Italy December 2008
5.2 Visits
5.2.1 Visits to PSL
Prof. A. J. Conejo Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Spain 10-11 January 2008 Prof. A. M. Stankovic Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA 25. January 2008 Prof. M. Ilic Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 11 September 2008 Prof. L. van de Sluis TU Delft, The Netherlands 25 November 2009
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5.2.2 Visits by PSL-members

G. Andersson Hong Kong University Hong Kong 3 13 February 2008 G. Andersson National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece 11 14 April 2008 G. Andersson Evaluation Committee of Elektra Research Program Stockholm, Sweden 26 30 May 2008 G. Andersson PHD exam University of Trondheim Trondheim, Norway 13 June 2008 Th. Krause CESI Ricerca Milano, Italy September 2008 M. Arnold TU Delft Delft, The Netherlands 6 15 October 2008 G. Andersson PHD exam TU Delft Delt, The Netherlands 13 October 2008
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6. Events and Awards

6.1 Events
Prof. A. J. Conejo Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Spain Electricity Trading for Retailers ETH Zurich 1 January 2008, Prof. A. M. Stankovic Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Energy Processing and Control Systems - Joint Past, Common Future ETH Zurich 25. January 2008 Dr. M. Zima Atel, Olten, Switzerland Liberalization of the Electricity Sector in Switzerland ETH Zurich 1 July 2009 Prof. M. Ilic Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA New Systems Control Problem Formulations for the Changing Electric Energy Industry" ETH Zurich 11 September 2008 Prof. L. van de Sluis TU Delft, The Netherlands Real-time Monitoring and the Indication of Angle Stability Margin in Future Electric Power Systems ETH Zurich 25 November 2009
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6.2 Awards
M. Bockarjova Best PhD Student Paper Award On Allocation of the Transmission Network Losses using Game Theory 5th International Conference on the European Electricity Market Lisbon, Portugal G. Hug-Glanzmann ABB Research Award Coordinated Power Flow Control to Enhance Steady-State Security in Power Systems Baden, Switzerland T. Demiray Best Paper Presentation Award Simulation of Power System Dynamics using Dynamic Phasor Models 3rd Conference for Power Engineering Leaders of Tomorrow Arizona, USA G. Koeppel Preis fr Dissertation 2007 Reliability Considerations of Future Energy Systems: Multi-Carrier Systems and the Effect of Energy Storage Ingenieurkammer der Provinz Bozen Bozen, Italy
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40
Activities of the High Voltage Laboratory

1. Organisation
Head: Secretary: Scientific Staff: Prof. Dr.-techn. Klaus Frhlich Karin Sonderegger Zaky Dipl. Ing. Franziska Adamek from 1 June 2008 Dipl. Ing. Peter Ahcin from 1 February 2008 Dipl. Ing. Josep Aniceto Calero Dipl.-Ing. Andreas Bitschi Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH Thomas Brgger from 1 March 2008 Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH Andreas Ebner Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH Patrick Favre-Perrod until 31 March 2008 Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH Lukas Graber Dipl.-Ing. Martin Hinow until 30 June 2008 Dipl. El.-Ing. Evgeny Murtola Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH Philipp Simka Dipl.-Ing. Matthias Schulze Dr. sc.. Ulrich Straumann PhD Atle P. Pedersen Dr. Ing. Luca Dalessandro Dr. Ing. Nicolas Karrer M.Sc.El.Eng. Mike Chapman Dipl.-Ing. Manfred Grader Dipl. Ing. Stefan Berger El. Ing. FH Hans-Jrg Weber High Voltage Laboratory Charles Sigrist Electronics Group Gregor Balsiger from July 2008 /Electronics Group Heiko Vgeli until 28 February 2008 / Electronics Group Claudia Stucki from 1 July 2008 / Informatics Henry Kienast Workshop Dr. Werner Hofbauer, ABB High Voltage Technology Ltd. Dr. Jianbin Fan from 13 October 2008 Deputy Director of the High Voltage Dept. CEPRI, Peoples Republic China Tit.-Prof. em. Dr. sc. techn. Habibo Brechna Dr. rer. nat. Timm H. Teich Prof. em. Dr. Ing. Walter Zaengl
Scientific Assistants:
Candidates to complete their PHD:
Technical Staff:
External Lecturer: Academic Guest:
Cooperating guests :
1. Organisation
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2. Teaching
The lectures and laboratory classes listed in the following section are part of the standard curriculum of the Electrical Engineering Department and are conducted by the staff of the High Voltage Laboratory. Details of the entire electrical engineering curriculum can be provided on application (list of lectures, option proposals).
2.1 Lectures
5th Semester Electric Power Systems Elektrische Energiesysteme 4G Andersson, G. / Frhlich, K. Adamek, F. / Kienzle, F.
Introduction to the theory and technologies of electric power systems. Overview of today's and future structures of electrical power systems. Structure of electric power systems; Symmetrical three phase systems; line, transformer and generator models; analysis of simple systems; analysis of unsymmetrical three phase systems; elements of current switching; fundamental properties of important devices and subsystems in electric power systems; elements of insulation coordination. 6th or 8th Semester High Voltage Technology Hochspannungstechnik 4G Frhlich, K. Simka, P. / Straumann, U.
Physical fundamentals over a wide range of electric field strengths and the mechanisms leading to the failure of gaseous, fluid and solid dielectrics; dimensioning of high voltage components by employment of theoretical considerations and computer modelling tools; measuring and generation of high direct, alternating and impulse voltages; electrical stresses (overvoltage) in the electric power supply; insulation coordination; two excursions to manufacturers of Surge Arresters and Gas Insulated Switchgear respectively, to provide practical illustration. 7th Semester Technology of Electrical Power Systems Technologie elektrischer Energiesysteme 4G Frhlich, K. Schulze, M.
Emerging technology in distribution and transmission systems (super-conductivity, fault current limitation, energy storage, HVDC); electromagnetic compatibility for system and personnel; intelligence of power system equipment (control, model-based diagnosis); decentralised, renewable energy sources; project work; excursion to a utility and to a manufacturer; innovation management.
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2. Teaching 7th Semester Engineers Work Technique and Economics Ingenieurarbeit - Technik und Wirtschaft 2V Hofbauer, W. Brgger, T.
After a short introduction to the purpose of an enterprise, its control and the role of the engineer will be explained by the example of surge arresters. By means of examples the accounting principles will be presented focusing on the meaning and goal of the financial statement, the income statement and the balance sheet. The importance of the capital expenditure accounting is explained which considers besides product related cost factors like functionality, design and variety of variants, also process related cost factors like personnel, infrastructure and make or buy decisions. By specific consideration of the engineers work the importance of the Research and Development process and its impact on the success of an enterprise will be explained. 5th - 8th Semester Computer Science Oriented Project Work EDV-orientierte Projektarbeit 4G Frhlich, K. and assistants
Using information technology tools, the students, operating in teams and with only limited supervision, have to find solutions to topical problems chosen from the research or teaching activities of the high voltage group. Depending on the tasks, existing programme packages may be applied or, if necessary, new programmes or programme subsections have to be compiled.
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2.2 Student Projects

To be admitted to the diploma examinations of the 7th and 8th semesters, students of the electrical engineering department have to carry out two projects. Each student can freely choose his subject area, but usually the two projects have to originate from different subject areas. According to the curriculum, two days of the week during the semester period are to be devoted to this work. In general, the subjects are derived from topical research and development tasks. Y. Lobsiger Bestimmung des Einflusses verschiedener Unterwerkskonfigurationen auf die Ein- und Ausschalttransienten eines Giessharztransformators Experimentelle Verifikation des elektrischen Modells eines Hochspannungsschalters Untersuchung der Potentialentwicklung beim Durchschlag Netzcharakteristik eines Haushalts Erfassung der konvektiven Gasstrmung in SF6 -isolierten Sammelschienen Netzcharakteristik eines Haushalts Energieszenarien Region Baden Simulation & Validation eines Energy Hubs in Matlab Simulation eines urbanen Raumes als Energy Hub Elektronische Schnellabschaltung mittels Mikroprozessorsystem, Teil B Weltraummission: Strommessung in Satelliten Experimentelle berprfung eines Modelles zur Untersuchung der schnellen Kommutierung von Kurzschlussstrmen auf parallele strombegrenzende Elemente Entladungsaktivitt von Wassertropfen auf Hochspannungsfreileitungsseilen
M. Kropf / A. Lchinger S. Schneider M. Scherer M. Kukulski
H. Abgottspon M. Djordjevic L. Friedrich M. Gautschi S. Pfister
N. Hensgens M. Kammer / A. Murbach
U. Steiger
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2. Teaching
2.3 Diploma Projects

Allocated time is six months. The majority of students devote their time to this work in the winter semester. The student has the option to carry it out either before or after the formal diploma examination (dates in spring and autumn). F. Thibaud / M. Reis J. de Capitani Untersuchung des Durchschlagverhaltens bei Leistungskontakten (Co-Betreuung einer Diplomarbeit der FH Fribourg) Attenuation of Voltage Variations Due to Photovoltaic Power Infeed into the Low Voltage Grid
2.4 Internships
Our laboratory has continued its tradition of participating in the program of the International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience (IAESTE) in the summer of 2008. The following two students took advantage of internships at the High Voltage Laboratory: Hakon Moerk Internship from: Tutor: Pedro Crespo del Granado Internship from: Tutor: Student of the University of Oslo/Norway 30th June 31 August 2008 Dipl. Ing. Matthias Schulze Student of The George Washington University/USA 1st June 31 August 2008 Dipl. Ing. Matthias Schulze
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2.5 Excursions / Visits to industrial establishments

ABB, Zurich-Oerlikon, 28 April 2008 Exkursion zur GIS & Generatorschalter-Abteilung der ABB ABB, Wettingen, 5 Mai 2008 Exkursion zur Ueberspannungsableiter-Abteilung der ABB ABB, Baden, 5 November 2008 Besichtigung eines Hochleistungslabors NOK, Thalwil, 12 December 2008 Besichtigung einer Schaltanlage
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3.1 Completed PhD Thesis
OPTIMIERUNG DER LEBENSZYKLUSKOSTEN VON UMSPANNWERKEN MITTELS GENETISCHER ALGORITHMEN (OPTIMISATION OF LIFE CYCLE COST OF SUBSTATIONS BY MEANS OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS)
Candidate: Thesis: ISBN: Date of oral examination: Examiner: Co-examiner: Dipl. Ing. M. Hinow ETH No. 17928 978-3-8325-2092-2 22 July 2008 Prof. Dr. K. Frhlich, ETH Zurich Prof. Dr. A. Stephan, TU Dresden
Authors Summary The calculation and assessment of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of power equipment has become a fixed topic of power utility management. On the basis of LCC assessment engineers and managers make long-term decision about investments, maintenance strategies and other factors. The present thesis deals with the calculation and optimization of power substation LCC. Based on the general definition of LCC calculation, cost influencing parameters will be analyzed. A fundamental parameter is the substation system reliability. Different reliability calculation methods for complex technical systems are analyzed and compared. The well-known method Markov processes, works only in the case of time constant failure rates. The method of reliability block diagram (RBD) fulfills all criteria and is integrated into our LCC-calculation model. The model itself is component specific and works with time-dependent cost functions. One interesting detail of the developed method is the application of time-dependent component-specific hazard functions which allow the consideration of component stress, component aging, different maintenance strategies, component quality and many other component and service specific and cost-influencing parameters. The system reliability is determined by the component-specific hazard function and by using the reliability block diagram. Thus, the substation with its parameters and redundancy information is translated into a substation-system-matrix S. The comparison of applicable technologies, installable redundancies and realizable maintenance strategies results in a multidimensional discrete optimization problem. An overview of the most important optimization algorithms shows that genetic algorithms (GA) are applicable to the present optimization problem. Thus the main part of the present thesis focuses on the application of a genetic algorithm to the optimization of life cycle costs of a substation. The coding of all substation cost parameters into a GA-compatible form is solved using the mentioned system-matrix S. All changes, variations or improvements in the substation cost structure will be realized in the systemmatrix. The applied GA-pseudo-code uses the Operators Selection, Mutation and Crossover.
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Different selection algorithms such as the elite selection, the Boltzmann-selection and Wheel-selection have been implemented. The correct convergence of the GA with the developed approach is proved by comparison with a deterministic (brute force) algorithm. Basic GA-parameters as the substation population or iteration steps are adjusted during the different simulation examples. The suitability of the genetic algorithm for substation life cycle cost sensitivity is demonstrated in several case studies. The main results of the present thesis can be summarized as follows: The component-specific approach for a genetic algorithm is easily applicable to the problem of substation life cycle cost optimization. The complexity of the numerous parameters can be handled with the developed optimization algorithm. An advantage of the present method consists in strongly reduced calculation times. The method can be used as a tool during the substation engineering process. Parameter analysis is also possible with the developed genetic algorithm. The value of the current research lies in the application of an existing academic method to a new technical problem with an enhancement in different aspects.
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HYBRID ENERGY TRANSMISSION FOR MULTI-ENERGY NETWORKS

Candidate: Thesis: Date of oral examination: Examiner: Co-examiner: Dipl. El-Ing. ETH Patrick Favre-Perrod ETH No. 17905 8 August 2008 Prof. Dr. K. Frhlich, ETH Zurich Prof. Dr. G. Strbac, Imperial College London
Authors Summary The extensive development of renewable, stochastic and distributed energy sources will lead to major changes in the electricity grid. Possible long term trends include a higher level of interaction between different energy carrier systems (electrical, chemical and thermal). This would facilitate storage solutions as well as the inclusion of new participants into public energy networks, e.g. new transportation technologies like hybrid or plug-in cars. A framework for the description of these upcoming multi-energy networks has been developed in the Vision of Future Energy Networks project. Figure 1 shows an illustration of this framework: it consists of Energy Hubs, interfaces for network participants and Energy Interconnectors, which transmit several forms of energy. Combined infrastructures for multiple energy carriers are an innovative response to future challenges including the integration of renewable sources and novel storage principles. This work aims at proposing a principle scheme for multi-energy transmission, establishing a set of models for this scheme, assessing the achievable performance of such systems under realistic assumptions and determining a suitable application range. The interconnector principle described in this work is a novel approach to energy transmission, thus it was necessary to determine a promising variant (variant selection), the relevant physical phenomena (model), their implication on the design and operation of an interconnector and the possible application range. The spectrum of the possible energy carriers includes electricity, natural gas, hydrogen, liquid hydrocarbons, compressed air, district heating, district cooling, etc.. A promising solution with respect to the integration into future network concepts is the combination of electric and gaseous chemical energy transmission. A set of models has been developed for this preferred variant. The specific formulation of the compressible, non-adiabatic gas flow with friction has required an adaptation of existing formulations, which yielded a numerical model. In a second step, analytical approximations have been developed, in order to derive scaling laws for the interconnector layout. Based on these models, the relevant operational characteristics of the interconnector system have been identified. The resulting description of the transmissible electric, chemical and thermal power has been used to derive a layout methodology for the interconnector with a given transmission capacity and transmission length.
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In a final step, the layout strategy developed has been applied to different scenarios describing various transmission distances and transmissible powers. The comparison of the resulting interconnector dimensioning shows that the most promising application area for further study of the interconnector corresponds to the current medium voltage network level, i.e. the transmission of some tens of MW of electric and chemical power over a distance of some tens of km. The layout method can now be used in infrastructure scenarios to be developed in the future within the Vision of Future Energy Networks project, where interconnectors will form an important part of network development strategies.
Figure 1: Illustration of the Vision of Future Energy Networks multi-energy network framework.
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ASSESSMENT
OF METHODS TO REDUCE TONAL EMISSION FROM HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES DURING AND AFTER PRECIPITATION
Candidate: Thesis: Date of oral examination: Examiner: Co-examiner:
Dipl.- Phys, Claudia Roero ETH No. 18142 2 December 2008 Prof. Dr. K. Frhlich, ETH Zurich Prof. Dr. J. Kindersberger, TU Munich
Authors Summary Existing overhead transmission lines have been upgraded to higher voltage levels for economical reasons. Excessive tonal noise from wet high voltage lines has locally become an acute problem and sensibility to the problem has increased in the past few years within a general awareness to environmental problems. Network operators face the problem by taking into consideration the possibility to modify lines or take other measures to achieve noise reduction. Tonal noise has been recognized as a foul weather problem, particularly annoying during nighttimes when the background noise is low. During and after precipitation, AC high voltage lines emit two kinds of noise: a wide-spectrum hissing, mostly in the kHz range, and an almost pure tone, called tonal noise, at twice mains frequency 2f = 100 Hz in Europe), in some places at levels apparently unacceptable to local residents. To assist efforts to elucidate the processes involved in the generation of tonal acoustic emissions from high voltage conductors, the project CONOR (COrona NOise Reduction) was started. The work of CONOR was directed at finding the real causes of the tonal emission and to propose and assess economically viable solutions for its reduction. In particular, the work presented here concentrates on the assessment of methods to quantify the effectiveness of such solutions. Tonal emission from high voltage lines, which residents recognize as a foul weather problem, has been traced to a discharge mechanism where charges are injected into the air nearby and act upon the neutral gas. This charge injection takes place from particular sites of elevated electrical field strength such as blemishes on conductors and other hardware surfaces and most importantly - water drops. Thus, a possible way to reduce tonal emissions is to keep everywhere field strengths low to avoid discharge inception. In this context, conductor arrangements and bundle configurations have been considered. An alternative way is to eliminate or reduce the number of water drops to speed up the drying of the line. Previous investigations demonstrated that the use of ultra-hydrophilic coatings and thus the reduction of the population of deformable water drops on the conductors by encouraging runoff and drying can provide a significant reduction of sound emissions produced by overhead high voltage transmission lines during and after wet weather conditions; the effects are particularly pronounced after the cessation of rain. However, the coatings used in those investigations had not been proved to persistently show hydrophilic behaviour on high voltage conductors in active use over many years.
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Therefore, the main factors that influence the ageing of coatings applied to high voltage lines have been analyzed in this work which concentrates on describing a method to quantify the effectiveness of the use of such hydrophilic coatings and to provide a classification of properties which a suitable coating for high voltage lines must have. The first step in evaluating a coating is to observe the behaviour of single sessile water drops resting on that coating in an electric field. A new set-up for detailed optical investigation of drop deformation was used and has proved in this context its capability to yield significant information on the parameter dependence of deformation of water drops in an electric field. These investigations showed that the voltage at which instability is reached depends strongly on the shape of the water droplet and thus on the surface contact angle - which in turn is controlled by the surface properties. The voltage at which a water drop elongates in the direction of the electric field increases strongly with a reduction in zero-field contact angle and decreases with increasing drop volume. This underlines the beneficial effect of hydrophilicity of conductor surfaces in reducing wet weather discharge activity from high voltage conductors. AC investigations showed the different oscillation modes and resonances of water drops in the frequency range of particular interest (100 Hz). Records of motion sequences for different size drops in an AC field demonstrated that the resonance frequency of water drops does not only depend on the volume of the water drops and on the applied electric field strength, it also depends on the surface properties of the materials on which the drop sits. The following step in the quantification of the efficacy of a coating to be used to cover high voltage lines, is to be the evaluation of the drop populations and their development on different surfaces. The combination of the study of the behaviour of the water drop population and of the single drop deformation is meant to assist in the approach to a method to assess the lifetime of the coatings. Since drop populations on electrically stressed surfaces have to the best of the author's knowledge not been described in literature, their change with time, geometry, applied electric field strength and surface properties have been investigated here. A method to measure the drop size distributions which allows a geometric drop size classification during rain and at different times after the cessation of a rain period is proposed. Investigations showed that the application of an electric field to the line yields an alteration of the drop size distribution, as drops of particular sizes may undergo resonant deformation. A major task in the context of the evaluation of coatings is then the development of a methodology that mimics and/or accelerates the effects of weathering of coatings applied to real high voltage cables which would come about in service over many years. Although in general it is very difficult to duplicate all of the variables associated with a coatings environment, to test future performance of the coatings, continuous environmental testing and accelerated weathering have been successfully performed and planned. A method to establish the long-term stability and effectiveness of various coatings applied to high voltage lines has been proposed and tested in order to single out the coating which most persistently shows hydrophilic behaviour.
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Analysis of the various coatings applied to a choice of substrates indicates that a silica based hydrophilic coating and a TiO2 based super-hydrophilic preparation have a potential for long life when applied to high voltage conductors. However, the hydrophility of the silica based coatings appears inferior compared with that of the titania based one because it does not have the photocatalytic properties and thus the associated selfcleaning effect expected with anatase TiO2.
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3.2 Current Projects

ISD - INTELLIGENT SWITCHGEAR DIAGNOSIS
Lukas Graber Introduction Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert and non-toxic gas with excellent properties regarding arc quenching and electrical insulation. The main drawback is its high greenhouse potential. In high voltage apparatus it is used in sealed volumes, e.g. in the interrupting chamber of a circuit breaker. Even so there is always the potential for a small amount of gas leakage through flanges and o-rings. Monitoring the leakage rate becomes therefore an inevitable duty. Unfortunately the detection of small gas leakages in SF6 switchgear is not an easy task due to thermally originating fluctuations in the pressure or density signals. IEC standard 62271 regulates the maximum allowed leakage rate of SF6 in high voltage equipment: It is limited to 0.5% per year [1]. Aim Aim of the project is to find a competitive and low-invasive method to measure small gas leakages very accurately. Recent activities In the annual report 2007 [2] a method to filter the density measurement and another method to filter the pressure measurements were shown. They allow detecting small gas leakages even in presence of high temperature fluctuations due to electric load current, changes in ambient temperature or incident solar radiation. For some of those models it is necessary to perform computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations [3]. When using CFD, the validity of the results often remains unclear and thus the results from CFD should be checked by means of comparative measurements. It was therefore decided to measure the velocity field in the cross-section of a horizontal bus-bar element. The CFD simulations predicted an interesting effect in the gas flow inside horizontal GIS bus-bar elements: Directly above the inner conductor a zone of turbulent flow is predicted. It has the shape of a gas vane which is moving in a non-deterministic manner. Such an effect was not expected since the corresponding Raynolds numbers are clearly below the critical value. In order to validate this unexpected result from CFD, a model of a short section of a horizontal GIS bus-bar was constructed. It was built from transparent acrylic material in order to have optical access. The inner conductor and the outer encapsulation were constructed from cylindrical tube elements. The inner tube was heated to a constant temperature of 70C by means of adhesive heating film. The model was closed on both sides by means of two plates, glued perpendicularly onto the concentric cylinders. The model is suited for ambient pressure only. The CFD simulations were therefore adapted for this situation. By means of a particle image velocimetry (PIV) the velocity field in the model was measured and compared with the calculated results from the simulation. In absolute numbers some minor differences were found which can be explained by a few limitations in the CFD modelling. The phenomenon of the oscillating gas vane was observed in the PIV. Figure 1 shows a photograph of the illuminated gas flow above the inner conductor in a horizontal GIS bus-bar.
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3. Research Activities Other activities in 2008 were focused on the optimisation of the filter algorithms (especially for pressure measurements [4]), new measurements at the test setup with increased resolution and accuracy, physical understanding of the gas flow phenomena and publication of the findings.
Figure 1: Photograph of illuminated gas flow in a horizontal GIS bus-bar
Outlook 2009 It is planned to test the approach developed for leakage detection on a real substation in order to determine its performance. The project is going to be concluded with the publication of the thesis in 2009.
Partnership: ABB Switzerland Ltd., Switzerland
References
[1] IEC:High-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Part 203: Gas-Insulated MetalEnclosed Switchgear for rated Voltages above 53 kV, Publication 62271-203, November 2003, p. 41, section 5.12.102. [2] Power Systems and High Voltage Laboratories, Annual Report 2007, ETH Zurich, pp. 64-66, 2007 [3] L. Graber and T. Thronicker: Thermal-Network Simulations and Computational Fluid Dynamics for Effective Gas Leakage Detection in SF6 Switchgear, Cigr Session 42, Paris 2008 [4] L. Graber and M. K. Pradhan: Monitoring the SF6 Pressure Level in Metal-Enclosed Switchgear to Detect Gas Leakages, 2nd International Conference on Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD 2008), Beijing 2008
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REKETDETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL FLUX FOR CONTROLLED TRANSFORMER ENERGISATION

Andreas Ebner Introduction Transient inrush currents appear during the energisation of power transformers. Their values can exceed the nominal current and may reach the rated value of the shortcircuit current of the power transformer. These transient inrush currents cause several undesired and adverse effects like temporary overvoltages in the grid, huge mechanical current forces in the transformer windings, reduced power quality and false tripping of protective relays [1]. To date several methods such as pre-insertion or grounding resistors as well as controlled switching have been developed to reduce inrush currents. Controlled switching taking into account the residual flux is currently the most promising method, because it can be used in every switching case and for any core- and winding-configuration of power transformers. With this method inrush currents can theoretically be completely eliminated [2]. Despite these results, the methods have so far been hardly deployed in substations [3]. An additional sensor to measure the residual flux is then required).
real place of voltage measurement
real place of current measurement optimal place of voltage measurement
Figure 1: Layout of a typical substation
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3. Research Activities Goal of the Project To date no accurate method is available to measure or identify the residual flux of power transformers without additional sensors which is the major disadvantage of controlled transformer switching in the field. Therefore, the goal of this project is to find, implement and test appropriate and feasible options to determine the residual flux with the existing sensor system (see Figure 1). De-energisation process In 2008 the project mainly focused on the de-energisation process of transformers that was investigated in the laboratory and with simulations in EMTP-ATP. As for the inrush current studies the analyses were carried out with a 400 kVA dry-type distribution transformer. Due to the fact that this transformer is built of a three-legged core and its windings are connected in star configuration with accessible neutral point, it is representative for the majority of the transformers on the transmission level [4],[5]. Figure 2 shows the current setup in the laboratory that had to be extended with a vacuum circuit breaker and capacitances compared to the setup for the inrush current studies. The IGBTs are used as instantaneous switches to energise the transformer while the vacuum circuit breakers are used to chop the current during de-energisation. Furthermore a correct representation of the elements located between the circuit breaker and the transformer of a real substation (e.g. short lines of different technologies, bushings, measurement transformers, surge arresters) is crucial for the deenergisation process. Thus concentrated substation capacitances are used to represent these elements in the laboratory setup.
Figure 2: Experimental setup
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Except some rare switching cases (e.g. interruption of short-circuit currents) or in special substation configurations the transformers will always be de-energised at no-load conditions. The magnetising current that typically amounts to some Ampere will be chopped immediately after mechanical contact separation. This phenomenon is characteristic for the switching of inductive elements and is called current chopping. Due to the relatively large capacitance involved and the nonlinear and hysteretic behaviour of the iron core, the overvoltages are not significant. On the other hand current chopping influences the ringdown of the magnetic flux and thus the build-up of the residual flux as can be seen in Figure 3. This dynamic process mainly depends on the nonlinear, hysteretic characteristic of the transformer core, the capacitances of the transformer and of the elements between the circuit breaker and the transformer (substation capacitance) as well as on the instant of current chopping.
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 Magnetic Flux [pu] 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1
36
38
40
42
44
46 Time [ms]
48
50
52
54
Figure 3: Ringdown of the magnetic fluxes during the de-energisation process (current chopping at 41.67 ms)
Residual Flux Pattern Due to the ringdown process and the hysteretic behaviour of the transformer core, the residual flux does not necessarily settle down to zero and can reach a wide range of values. On account of this, the 400 kVA transformer was de-energised for different instants of mechanical contact separation and for typical substation capacitances in the laboratory [6]. To reduce the influence of the mechanical scatter of the vacuum circuit breaker, several measurements were carried out for the same instant of contact separation.
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0.6
0.4
Residual Flux [pu]
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Instant of De-Energisation relative to positive Voltage Zero Crossing of Phase V [ms]
Figure 4: Residual flux pattern for different de-energisation instants and typical substation capacitances (dash-dotted: 560 nF, solid: 2 F, dashed: 4 F; blue: Phase U, green: Phase V, red: Phase W)
The results of this analysis are shown in Figure 4. First of all it has to be noted that the build-up of the residual flux pattern is stable and deterministic. This means that a certain residual flux pattern can be reproduced precisely. Because the currents of all phases are interrupted at the same time an almost symmetrical residual flux pattern is created. Small differences between the phases emerge from the construction detail of a three-legged transformer where the centre leg is a little shorter than the outer legs. Outlook 2009 The results of the de-energisation studies will now be used to develop different methods for the determination of residual fluxes. To choose the best method for a certain substation configuration a decision matrix will be created that includes different criteria for controlled switching, properties of the substation configuration and requirements for the algorithms to determine the residual flux. Finally, the project will finish with the dissertation by end of April 2009.
Partnership: ABB Switzerland Ltd, Switzerland
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References
[1] A. Ebner: Begrenzung von transienten berspannungen und Inrush-Strmen durch kontrolliertes Schalten von Leistungstransformatoren, FKH /VSE Fachtagung 2008 berspannungen und Isolationskoordination im Hochspannungsnetz; Rapperswil 2008 [2] J. Brunke: Elimination of Transient Inrush Currents when Energizing unloaded Power Transformers, PhD thesis, ETH No 12791, 1998 [3] A. Mercier, E. Portales, Y. Filion, A. Salibi: Transformer Controlled Switching taking into Account the Core Residual Flux A real Case Study, CIGR Session 2002, No. 13-201, Paris 2002 [4] E. Colombo, G. Santagostino: Results of the Enquiries on actual Network Conditions when Switching Magnetizing and Small Inductive Currents and on Transformer and Shunt Reactor Saturation Characteristics, Electra, No. 94 (May 1984), pp. 35 53 [5] J. Taylor, D. J. Bornebroek: Main Transformer Arrangements and related Matters in Generating Stations, Electra, No. 82 (May 1982), pp. 87 108, 1982 [6] Y. Lobsiger: Bestimmung des Einflusses verschiedener Unterwerkskonfigurationen auf die Ein- und Ausschalttransienten eines Giessharztransformators, Student Project, High Voltage Laboratory, ETH Zurich, May 2008
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DIELECTRIC COORDINATION OF HIGH VOLTAGE GAS CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Philipp Simka Introduction In the development of gas insulated circuit breakers great progress was achieved when aiming to improve the reliability, the compactness and the required energy for operation. Because a more compact design comes closer to physical limits and leads to increased operational stress for the circuit breaker, the insulation coordination becomes more and more challenging. The physical processes inside the circuit breaker during switching must therefore be understood in more detail.
Figure 1: Interrupter unit of a HV circuit breaker
Aim The goal of the project is to identify certain mechanisms which lead to a distortion of the dielectric coordination of the circuit breaker. This means to find processes which can cause discharges or breakdowns at locations within the interrupter unit where they should be avoided. Approach Two different hypotheses are investigated to evaluate possible distortion of the dielectric coordination: An explicit distortion by the development of very fast transient voltages (VFT) An implicit distortion by the statistical behaviour of breakdown occurrence The two points mentioned are not necessarily independent from each other. Very Fast Transients The circuit breaker is usually designed and optimised on the basis of electrostatic field calculation. In this respect, the insulation capability of the circuit breaker is well understood. Transient voltages can therefore only lead to a distortion of the dielectric coordination when the electrostatic image is no longer valid. This is the case when the structure becomes large compared to the electrical wavelength.
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Within a power network exists only one kind of transient electrical event which has high enough frequency content to fulfil this condition: This is the formation of an arc between two contacts of different potentials [1]. During normal operation of the system there are two actions which result in such an arc formation: Disconnector switching Circuit breaker switching Circuit Breaker Model On the basis of the modelling guidelines presented in [2], a very basic model of a circuit breaker switching unit was implemented and the voltage behaviour after a preignition was studied. The simulated voltages are the result of travelling wave propagation and various reflections within the systems. Further on, the dependence of the resulting voltages on the circuit breaker geometry was studied. An example of these simulations is shown in Fig. 2, where the voltage development at the nominal contact of the load side (UNL) after a preignition across the arcing contacts is displayed.
160
U > U0
NL
120
80
40
-40
100
200 T [ns]
300
400
500
Figure 2: Voltage development at nominal contact of the load side after preignition
The source voltage was set to U0=100 V. In the transient voltage development in Fig.2 the start point of UNL at 0 V and its drift to the end value of 100 V are observable. Within this period a couple of overvoltages are visible (red mark in Fig.2). These overvoltages are limited in magnitude and of an extremely short duration. It seems not very likely that the voltages so calculated can lead to a breakdown, even if they are able to trigger the Highfrequency-Breakdown mechanism in SF6 [3]. Whether this is the case or not, is the subject of future experiments.
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3. Research Activities Statistical Behaviour In order to determine if VFT voltages do have an influence on the breakdown probability at different locations within the circuit breaker, the breakdown probabilities during normal voltage stress must be determined first. For this purpose an experimental setup was constructed in the High Voltage Laboratory. The system is shown in Fig. 3. It consists of a Marx generator as voltage source, two capacitive dividers, a point-plane gap and the test vessel.
Figure 3: Test Stand in the High Voltage Laboratory
A central controller for the whole setup was designed and constructed in order to get a fully automated test stand for the breakdown probability voltages tests. Outlook 2009 In the following months a large number of breakdown tests will be carried out in order to determine the basic breakdown probabilities within the circuit breaker and the influence of very fast transient behaviour, that is to say the different parameters which seem to be dominant according to the simulation. The breakdown tests will start with a simple contact geometry and will be extended up to a full circuit breaker as test specimen.
Partnerships: ABB Switzerland Ltd, Corporate Research, Switzerland ABB Switzerland Ltd, High Voltage Product, Switzerland
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References
[1] J. Meppelink, K.J. Diederich, K. Feser, W.R. Pfaff: Very fast transients in GIS IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan 1989, Pages: 223 - 233 [2] P. Simka: An Approach to Model Very Fast Transients in High Voltage Circuit Breakers, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electrical Insulation (ISEI) 2008, Vancouver [3] H. Hiesinger: Der Hochfrequenz-Durchschlagsmechanismus in SF6 bei schwingenden transienten berspannungen , TU Mnchen Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 21: Elektrotechnik, Nr. 99, VDI-Verlag Dsseldorf, 1991, 1991
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FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS NOVEL PRINCIPLES FOR FAULT CURRENT LIMITATION BASED ON HYBRID ARCHITECTURES
Josep M. dAniceto Calero Aim Power-system operators have long desired reduced fault-current levels while preserving a robust and uninterrupted system [3]. A large number of research projects have been undertaken to produce economically viable new fault current limiters (FCLs), and many types of FCLs based on various principles and technologies have been proposed. Diverse solutions are currently available, but they are considered uneconomical and often come with noteworthy operational inconveniences, such as increased impedance or outage time for fuse replacements. As present FCL concepts are uneconomical and inconvenient, in order to mitigate the severity of these hazardous fault currents (see figure 1) further research on fault current limitation appears to be an attractive field of investigation.
Typical current waveforms due to a fault
Current
NORMAL OPERATION
FAULT
without FCL (prospective fault current)
Fault clearing
RECOVERY
Fault inception
time
td (fault duration time)
tr (recovery time)
FCL with fault current interruption FCL without fault current interruption Follow current
Figure 5: current limitation, typical current waveforms due to a fault (adapted from [3])
The aim of this new project is therefore to collect and analyze the existing principles and technologies for fault current limitation; to rethink, enhance, and combine them synergistically; and likewise to find new ones on the basis of hybrid architectures (see figure 2). Furthermore, an elaboration of the technical and economical analysis of the impact of such novel fault current limitation solutions when applied to the Electric Power System will be carried out. Consequently, analysis of future fault-current scenarios is necessary to assess the growing demands on these principles and technologies.
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Background Faults in electric power systems cannot be avoided. The progressive increase in the number of severe short-circuits developed into a significant issue for the operators of power systems as the electric systems were modernized, grew and became increasingly interconnected. Thus, prospective fault-current levels that are higher than those included in the original long-term forecasting of old systems may increase even beyond the capabilities of the existing protection equipment, the ratings of the protection devices are often exceeded, leaving such devices overloaded. Replacement of substation breakers with higher-rated breakers is not economical [2] and also often not viable due to space constraints. The increase of the fault-current level is especially critical when additional generation capacity is added close to a substation. Hence, in order to mitigate the severity of the fault currents the installation of fault-current limiters (FCLs) appears as an attractive alternative. This requires further research into fault-current limitation (see figure 1), which many utilities have already requested, but an economic technology is not yet available [1]. This interest in devices capable of limiting fault currents is not restricted to old power systems, but also represents a solution for planned power grids that allow the use of equipment with lower ratings, with the goal of achieving considerable cost savings. As a result, interest is emerging in devices that are capable of limiting fault-currents, thus avoiding equipment failures and saving large sums in maintenance and replacement costs.
US ZN UN is(t) Fault Current Limiter Fault Zload
is , isc
topen < 1ms

Commutation element Very fast acting mechanical contact
Short circuit detection Intelligent control
Increasing resistance Energy absorption
Current interruption
1ms < toperation < 9ms

Figure 2: Adopted hybrid system architecture
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3. Research Activities Strategy This study is based on the use of a hybrid FCL architecture. The essential idea of a socalled hybrid architecture is to subdivide the device into different modules which each have a specific task to handle during operation (see figure 2), arranged in different parallel paths which also contain series elements. These tasks include the following: carry the continuous current during normal operation rapidly increase impedance after fault occurrence dissipate energy during limitation interrupt the limited current
From the functions mentioned above, the most demanding ones are the impedance increase and the energy dissipation. The challenge of hybrid FCLs is to find elements that fulfill the required tasks and to precisely coordinate all these elements. Outlook 2009 A novel solution for the commutation principle, energy absorption element and switching technique has been recently conceived and is currently under study. First dynamic simulations for the commutation system have already been carried out. Further simulations with higher degrees of complexity will be carried out to conclude a complete model of the system. Together with the simulation work, a laboratory FCL prototype is being employed to verify the computerised results (see figure 3). Additionally, new solutions for fault current limitation will be pursued and case-studies of FCLs interaction with future network configurations [4] will also be carried out.
Figure 3. Experiment and simulation of fault current commutation of series arcs on parallel current-limiting elements
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References
[1] Klaus Frhlich, Study Committee A3 (High Voltage Equipment) Current Activities and Prospects, ELECTRA, no. 226, p.7, June 2006. [2] Philip Fransen, Case History-Electronically Controlled Fault Current Limiters Allow Implant Switchgear to be Interconnected , IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 33, No. 2, pages 319-332, March/April 1997. [3] CIGRE Working Group 13.10 Fault Current Limiters, report on the activities of Cigr WG 13.10, International Colloquium: Asset Management of Switching Equipment and New Trends in Switching Technologies, paper 15, p. 138, September 2003. [4] CIGRE Working Group 13.10 Fault Current Limiters Report on the Activities of CIGRE WG A3.10, paper 15, 139-140.
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FLASHOVER
Atle Pedersen Aim The computational determination of ignition and propagation of flashovers, with main focus on indoor SF6 and air insulated arrangements, is the main focus in this work. The approach is to simulate the streamer inception and propagation along insulators. Then results from the simulations are then compared with measured flashover withstand voltage obtained in selected experiments. Background Since mid 90s the dielectric design of high voltage switchgear components is based on virtual prototypes created in CAD systems and is effectively supported by 3D electrostatic field computations. The intention of designers is to replace the traditional cut & try procedure by simulations and minimize or even eliminate the building of prototypes. The results of field calculations indicate critical spots where discharges may occur. However, in case of medium voltage range the evaluation of dielectric stress does not always lead to the reliable prediction whether the high voltage impulse tests will be passed. Literature studies According to the literature the flashover can be divided into five different configurations, i). Where the field is parallel to the surface, ii). Where the field is at an angle to the surface, iii) electrode-less inception parallel/at an angle to surface, iv). electrodeless inception perpendicular to the surface, v) with a barrier.
In the literature the investigation of the flashover along dielectric surfaces has used the configurations (i) and (ii) [1-8]. In these cases the streamer ignition is due to a point electrode or due to triple points. The major findings are that the streamer propagation is hardly influenced by the surface material, and can therefore from the technical point of view not be influenced by choice of material. Conclusions show that the prediction of streamer ignition is important and the base for dimensioning the medium voltage design. The streamer ignition is described with the streamer criterion [9]. However, a method for calculating the interaction between streamer ignition and the dielectric field on surfaces is not reported in the literature.
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Based on this, test samples with embedded electrodes, configuration (iii) will be used. This results in electrode less streamer ignition, and can be used to evaluate the ignition of streamers on an insulator surface. Outlook 2009 The main focus in the beginning of 2009 is to create test samples which will be moulded in epoxy resin. Then ac and lightning impulse voltage tests will be performed to find the streamer ignition voltage. The results will be compared with simulations using the Finite Element Method, streamer ignition and propagation models taken from the literature.
Partnerships:
ABB Corporate Research, Switzerland
References
[1] N. Allen and P. Mikropoulos, Streamer propagation along insulating surfaces, Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 6, 1999, pp. 357-362. [2] N. Allen and P.N. Mikropoulos, Dynamics of streamer propagation in air, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 32, 1999, pp. 913-919. [3] I. Gallimberti, G. Marchesi, and L. Niemeyer, Streamer Corona at an Insulator Surface, 7th ISH, Dresden: 1991. paper no. 41.10. [4] C. Heitz, M. Piemontesi, and G. Salge, Surface discharge along solid dielectrics in atmospheric air, Electrical Insulation, 2000. Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on, 2000, pp. 341-344. [5] L. Lazaridis and P. Mikropoulos, Flashover along cylindrical insulating surfaces in a nonuniform field under positive switching impulse voltages, Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 15, 2008, pp. 694-700. [6] R. Montano, H. Sjostedt, Y. Serdyuk, and S. Gubanski, Effect of surface charges on the flashover voltage characteristics of polymeric materials: Comparison between theory and practice, Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2007. CEIDP 2007. Annual Report - Conference on, 2007, pp. 368-371. [7] L. Pritchard and N. Allen, Streamer propagation along profiled insulator surfaces, Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 9, 2002, pp. 371-380. [8] R. Provost, Dielectric stress along insulation surfaces, The 7th BEAMA International Electric Insulation Conference, pp. 61 - 64. [9] G.A. Dawson and W.P. Winn, A model for streamer propagation, Zeitschrift fr Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, vol. 183, 1965, pp. 159-171.
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CONOR (CORONA NOISE REDUCTION)

Ueli Straumann, Hans-Jrg Weber Aim The aim of the project CONOR is the provision of information that can be utilized to mitigate tonal and other acoustic emissions from high-voltage lines and of relationships useful for prediction of noise levels. General introduction Acoustic emissions from high voltage lines can reach locally unacceptable levels and are linked to energy loss from the lines. Tonal noise at twice mains frequency may cause particular annoyance while the common hissing or crackling noise is more readily tolerated and easier to suppress at the immission site. Both kinds of noise are associated with electrical discharges from particular sites of elevated electrical field strength such as blemishes on conductors and other hardware surfaces and most importantly water drops. The aim has to be to eliminate or reduce the number and severity of such sites and to keep field strengths low to avoid discharge inception. In this context, conductor arrangements, bundle configurations, conductor geometry and surface properties have to be considered. Field Tests From early on, it had been clearly desirable to evaluate noise reducing remedies, in particular, a hydrophilic coating, on operational high voltage lines. A first opportunity to do this offered itself with a line crossing the Alps which had to be de-energized for a limited period for local modification (see Annual Report 2007). There were several good reasons for choosing a section of this line for a trial: Operated by a project partner, a single three phase system with conductors at approximately equal and moderate height above ground, low local air pollutions, an environment quiet enough to permit useful noise measurement, the prospect of dry periods for applying the coating. For the single-point global noise measurement, the transverse noise profiles of the humming component have to be taken into account. The first results revealed surprisingly not only a low hum level for the coated span but also a low level on the uncoated part of the line. These findings have been borne out in the meanwhile, with further investigation on the reliability of the measuring procedure and the verification of the calculated lateral interference profile of the humming noise component by measurement. Temporary de-energisation of the line permitted once more access to the conductors themselves so that their hydrophilicity could be assessed; it was found to be satisfactory on the treated as well as on the untreated conductors; the latter had been in operation for decades and had become quite hydrophilic over this time (Fig. 1). It is striking that the hydrophilicity of the aged but untreated cable (reference span in Fig. 1) is nearly perfect. Therefore, the low 100 Hz-levels measured on this reference span make sense. In the meantime, another field test with the same hydrophilic coating has been initiated on a span of a 400 kV ASCR line in the south of Germany. Measurement results from this second test are, however, not yet available for presentation
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Figure 1: Spraying test on different cables
Ageing The equally good noise performance of coated and untreated spans of the alpine line drew attention to effects connected to the age of the line. Operators have been aware of beneficial effects of the conductor surface ageing with respect to corona for over half a century [1, 2]. Studies in subsequent decades were scattered, limited to Aweighted noise and controversial as regards the validity of cage tests, of the artificial ageing method used and the use of excessively high rain rates of little practical importance [3, 4]. However, a later cage test [5], in which the some of the earlier objections have been overcome, can at least demonstrate tendencies observed in the comparison of new (off the reel) and aged (after 6 years in service) conductors: With dry conductors, there is no difference between the new and aged state. In heavy rain there is little to choose between new and aged conductors as regards corona loss and acoustic power (A-weighted) while aged conductors are less noisy in light rain and dry faster after rain. The greatest gain as regards sound emission is obtained with low surface gradients (16 kV/cm or less), while all advantage is lost at high gradients (22 kV/cm). Wettability of conductors improves with age even when these are not energized [7] as manifested by visual observation of the wettability and reduction of drying time in corona tests of 8 kHz acoustic emission. To the knowledge of the authors, [7] is the only reference showing the increase of wettability visually. The reduction of sound emission [6] and corona loss [2] with increasing age of an actual high voltage line is quite convincing. Considering the facts reported in the still fairly sparse literature it has to be concluded that the favourable performance of the uncoated span of the alpine line must be due to the considerable age of the conductors, presumably suffering mild surface corrosion due to hydrogenation of aluminium oxide (forming hydroxide and oxide hydroxide), while pitting from ion attack is also conceivable.
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3. Research Activities Being well aware of the hysteresis of the contact angle requiring an elaborate measuring to determine the contact angles quantitatively, but being also confronted with the difficulty of perform such a measurement onsite several tens of meters above ground on a large object as a cable is, the hydrophilicity was assessed by a combination of spray and single-drop tests. In this way it was attempted to assess the advancing and receding contact angles on a rough and only qualitative basis. As the differences in question in respect of wettability, i.e. contact angles, are considerable, this rough test method is assumed to be adequate. The present findings indicate that the hydrophilic coating of a well aged conductor will in general be superfluous, the coating of new conductors for refit or a new line can be recommended to bring forward the desired aged condition. Even though [6] advocates pre-ageing of conductors at the manufacturing stage, a practical method could not yet be given. Outlook 2009 Development of an algorithm to calculate hum and overall noise levels depending on the line parameters. Finishing the CONOR II project by starting the documentation phase, consisting of the final report and several publications.
Partnerships: swisselectric research, Switzerland EnBW Regional AG, Germany Verbund Austrian Power Grid APG, Austria Vorarlberger Illwerke VIW, Austria Bundesamt fr Umwelt Bafu, Switzerland Elektrizittswerk der Stadt Zrich ewz, Switzerland
References
[1] R. L. Tremaine and O. Naef: Corona Loss at Extra-High Voltages, Westinghouse Engineer, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 144-150, 1951. [2] R. Bartenstein and A. Rachel: Korona, Part II, 400 kV Forschungsgemeinschaft, Heidelberg 1958. [3] A. C. Baker, M. G. Comber and K. E. Ottosen: Investigation of the Corona Performance of Conductor Bundles for 800 kV Transmission, IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 1117-1130, 1975. [4] N. G. Trinh and P. S. Maruvada: A Method of Predicting the Corona Performance of Conductor Bundles Based on Cage Test Results, IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 312-325, 1977. [5] R. J. Nigbor and W. C. Pokorny: Corona Performance of Aged and New 765 kV conductors a test cage comparison, IEEE 1980 Power Society Winter Meeting, pp. A80 029-9/1-9, 1980. [6] M. G. Comber and R. J. Nigbor: Audible Noise Performance of Regular and Asymmetric Bundles and effect of Conductor Aging on Project UHVs Three-Phase Test Line, IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 561-572, 1979. [7] J. R. Booker: Natural Ageing of Non-Energized Aluminium Conductors, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery PWRD, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 269-274, 1986.
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AUDIBLE NOISE FROM HVDC OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION

Jianbin Fan, Ueli Straumann Introduction Like elsewhere in Europe, todays need for transmission capacity in the north-south direction is continuously growing with the increase of installed wind power. As it is difficult to obtain new rights-of-way for transporting the electric power over long distances, the demand for new options to maximize the power capacity of the existing corridors is evident. This is why utilities are thinking about refitting one circuit of existing double-circuit 420 kV-AC-lines to 500 kV-HVDC-circuits, thereby forming hybrid lines. As no operational experience with HVDC overhead lines exists in Europe and as no hybrid AC/DC-line has been realized worldwide, questions concerning the environmental compatibility of such lines arise. One of these questions is the audible noise, which is the topic of the project presented here. Goal of the project The basic question is what bundle geometry is needed for the 500 kV-HVDC-line without having the audible noise level exceed the present levels of the existing AC-line equipped with a triple conductor bundle Al/St 380/50. In a first step of the project a literature research covering the topic of audible noise from HVDC overhead transmission lines has been initiated. Further steps may include a quick and rough evaluation of bundle geometries by means of the formula for HVDC-lines provided by literature. In this case the additional effects, like space charges and the superimposed AC- and DC-fields of the hybrid line (possibly affecting the emission of audible noise), are not taken into account. The consideration of these interactions between the AC- and DC-circuits specific for the hybrid line may be performed in a third step. Outlook 2009 Finishing the literature research Discuss and perform further steps, i.e. evaluate bundle geometries and account for the special interactions between the AC- and DC-circuits of the hybrid line
Partnerships: EnBW Transportnetze AG, Germany EnBW Regional AG, Germany
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BEE ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF THE INSULATION OF LARGE GENERATORS WITH PARTICULAR CONSIDERATION OF INTERMITTENT OPERATION
Thomas Brgger The project is based on the results of previous research [1-4] in the field of aging models of winding insulation of rotating high voltage machines. These studies already carried out at High Voltage Laboratory comprise the modeling of thermal, electrical, ambient and mechanical stresses (TEAM stresses). The sale of electrical energy in a deregulated market is affecting generator operation patterns, i.e. the frequency of start/stop-cycles and load changes. Renewables like wind or photovoltaic plants with their inherent production fluctuations require conventional back-up in order to keep grids stable. Thus hydro power plants in Switzerland are increasingly selling peak energy which leads to higher start/stop-cycle frequencies of their generators. In consequence the insulation system may be subjected to higher thermal and mechanical stress-cycling (see figure 1). There exists broad literature on the impact of thermal, electrical, ambient and mechanical stresses (TEAM stresses) on high voltage insulation. However, most of the previously done research work neglects the influence of cyclic operating conditions found in real-world applications (e.g. reversible operation of generators in storage hydro power plants, reactive load operation etc.). Therefore project BEE is focused on the improvement of ageing models with respect to cyclic operating conditions and their applicability based on diagnostic data available both through online measurements and maintenance diagnosis.
Figure 6: Insulation stress levels in cyclic and base load operation
Outlook 2009 After the initial concept phase further research will lead to a more profound understanding of specific aging processes found in high voltage insulation caused by cyclic operating conditions and their implications for both manufacturers and operators of rotating high voltage machinery.
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Partnerships: swisselectric Research, Switzerland Von Roll Holding AG, Switzerland ALSTOM (Schweiz) AG, Switzerland BKW FMB Energie AG, Switzerland HYDRO Exploitation SA, Switzerland KWO, Kraftwerke Oberhasli AG, Switzerland Ofima/Ofible, Officine Idroelettriche della Maggia SA, Switzerland
References
[1] T. Weiers: Eine Methode zur aussagekrftigeren Bewertung von Maschinenisolierungen, PhD thesis, ETH Zurich No 17363, 2007 [2] R. Vogelsang: Time to breakdown of high voltage winding insulations with respect to microscopic properties and manufacturing qualities, PhD thesis, ETH Zurich No 15656, ISBN: 3-89649-965-3, 2004 [3] T. Farr: Zum Schdigungsmechanismus von Mica-Isoliersystemen PhD thesis ETH Zurich No 14881, 2003 [4] Hydrogenerator failures results of the survey, Cigr Study Committee SC11, EG 11.02, 2003
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GECKO GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION KEY OBJECTIVES

Andreas Bitschi Aim Considering the possibility of power generation from low temperature heat sources using thermoelectric devices, necessary tools for the evaluation and optimization of thermoelectric generators have been developed. Approach In a first step a realistic theoretical model of a large scale thermoelectric power generator has been developed. The model describes the essential elements of a thermoelectric generator: these are the heat transfer system and the thermoelectric generator itself. Here the thermoelectric generator is taken as a kind of a black box consisting of a large number of thermoelectric couples. This box is described by its geometric dimensions and the particular thermoelectric material properties. In this first model the thermoelectric generator itself is characterized by its dimensions and average material properties. Linearity and one- dimensionality of temperature and electrical potential distributions are also assumed for the assessment mentioned above. To evaluate if these simplifications are acceptable a sectional physical 3D model, including all nonlinearities, irreversibilities and the often neglected Thomson effect, have been developed and simulated with the method of finite elements. The results of this simulation have been validated with the experimental data of thermoelectric prototype modules created at EMPA Dbendorf. Furthermore, the black box assumptions will be compared with the simulation results and checked on compatibility.
Kalina
ORC
Figure 1: Comparison of the efficiencies (various materials, ZT) conventional methods (ORC, Kalina)
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Results and Conclusions The results of thermoelectric power generation for hot side temperatures up to 550 K are summarized in figure 1 and compared with conventional conversion technologies. It can be seen that for hot side temperatures > 370 K Kalina cycles and ORC processes have much higher efficiencies compared to the thermoelectric energy conversion using todays materials with a ZT of 1. To become competitive a ZT of minimum 3 should be reached, a ZT > 5 would lead to a revolutionary change in energy conversion. A very interesting task is the utilization of low temperature heat below 100 C, where no turbo generator can be used for the conversion process. At first glance in this area thermoelectrics seem to have no competitor and the heat in this temperature range is almost free, especially the so called waste heat, and so the low efficiency (with ZT < 2) is not the main problem. Here the contributing factors are the investment costs and the resulting electricity generation costs. At very low temperature differences (T < 25 K) these costs are a multiple of that of power generation technologies like wind energy or photovoltaic. At higher temperature differences (25K < T < 70 K) this gap becomes smaller but to for thermoelectrics to become a real alternative for bulk power generation a minimum ZT of 2 is needed. Outlook 2009 The GECKO project will be finished in the beginning of 2009. Tools for the evaluation of thermoelectric devices and systems have been developed and can be used for further investigations and optimizations of various scenarios. With further improvements in materials science thermoelectrics will become a real alternative for the utilization of renewable energy sources and waste heat. The main focus should therefore be given to the material science especially to show the practical feasibility of low-dimensionality to increase the figure of merit of thermoelectric materials.
Partnerships: EMPA Duebendorf , Solid State Chemistry and Analyses, Switzerland Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Bern, Switzerland,
Reference
[1] C. Eisenhut and A. Bitschi: Thermoelectric energy conversion system based on geothermal and solar heat, Proceedings of 25th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, Vienna 2006
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THE DYNAMICS OF AN ELECTRIC DRILLING SYSTEM

Evgeny Murtola Aim of the project For more than 100 years, exploration and production wells for oil and gas have mostly been drilled with rock-cutting tools, driven from the surface by a stack of joined pipes connected to a powerful motor. This method is fairly inefficient: it is limited to nearly vertical wells, allows little control and requires much energy, space and time, which makes the cost of a well very high. The idea of an electric drilling system, free from the disadvantages mentioned above, has been considered for many years. Starting from the 1930s several attempts have been made to create it but did often not succeed, mainly due to the difficulties of providing a reliable high-capacity electric link between the surface and the downhole drilling assembly. Spoolable, lightweight tubing developed within the PDT-COIL project [1,2] finally provides reliable means of downhole energy and data transmission (within certain parameter restrictions for the current prototype). The tubing is made of composite carbon fibre reinforced material and contains electric conductors and optical fibres for power and data transmission incorporated in its wall thickness. Not only can efficient and highly controllable electric motors now be used for drilling, but also high-speed telemetry and advanced rock-fracturing methods such as rock destruction by high-voltage electric discharges. The project involves studies of concepts for the novel electric drilling system, having particular emphasis on its dynamic behaviour. The concepts to be assessed are to offer potential applications for deep rock drilling for gas, oil, water, geothermal or other resources. Recent activities Various electric motors have been analyzed for their suitability for electric drilling applications. The demanding operating conditions (high temperature, vibration, aggressive fluids, explosive atmosphere) and physical constraints (small well diameter) suggest that robustness and compactness should be the main features of such motor. Among all types, the class of brushless electric motors satisfies this description best. The switched reluctance motors (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous motors (PM-SM, BLDC) are probably the most promising candidates for the task. The switched reluctance motors have salient poles both on the stator and on the rotor. A widely used arrangement contains 8 rotor poles and 12 stator poles, which can be grouped together to form a 3-phase system. The stator carries coils on each pole, while the rotor, made from laminations, doesnt have any windings and therefore is extremely robust and cheap to manufacture. When stator windings are energized according to the rotor position signal, a reluctance torque is created and poles of the rotor tend to align with the field of the stator. A relatively simple unipolar drive supplying rectangular current pulses is sufficient for powering the motor. The maximum operating temperature is limited only by stator winding insulation class and can reach 500C. The stator of PM-SM motors is similar to an induction motor, while its rotor has permanent magnets causing the rotor to synchronize with the rotating magnetic field of the stator. Motors of this type achieve higher torque density than SRMs and can be made more compact for the same power. Permanent magnets, however, reduce robustness of the machine and introduce additional thermal constraints. So, for example, the maximum operating temperature of Sm-Co magnets does not exceed 250C.
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Both motors have good overload capability and can develop full torque at all speeds below the base speed. Their rotors can be made hollow for liquid passage and if an intelligent drive with sensorless control is used, a rotor position sensor can be eliminated, which further increases robustness of the motor. Estimates show that a 25 kW PM-SM motor with an outer diameter of 80 mm delivering 200 Nm of torque will have a length of about 4 metres. To avoid radial rotor oscillations a modular design with several series-connected sections supported by intermediate bearings may be suggested. An anchoring/traction system is an indispensable part required for drilling with flexible tubing. Its purpose is to deliver the drillhead to a specified location, provide forward thrust and drilling counter-torque. Patent and market search revealed that there are two major tractor types available for tool and load transportation in wells of complex profiles. These are continuous-drive tractors and reciprocating-grip tractors. The former rely on wheels, corkscrew wheels, chains or tracks to contact the borehole wall and move. The latter require at least two drive units that alternate between getting a grip against the wall, moving axially and resetting. Typically these devices can advance at a rate of up to 15 m/min, developing a pulling force of up to 4000 N. Their diameters start from 54 mm and a length is typically 7 to 10 m. The choice of a power transmission method (AC or DC) from the surface to the bottom of the well is governed by a number of criteria such as power requirements of an electrodrilling device, maximum efficiency and technical constraints. In the offshore industry, variable-frequency AC drives are typically located on the platform and connected to a motor via long cable and intermediate transformers (optional). Analysis of signal transmission characteristics of the Prototype 5 cable has been carried out to investigate feasibility of this approach (Fig 1). It may be concluded that the cable acts as a lowpass filter and fast pulses required e.g. for optimal performance of SRM motors cant be delivered.
Figure 1: Shape and frequency spectrum of a PWM signal before (green) and after passing 1 km of a pdt-coil cable (blue). 50 Hz sine wave modulated at switching freq. 1.6 kHz
For motors connected to drives with long cables, the transmission line effects such as reflections, oscillations and overvoltage must be considered. As variable frequency drives generate voltage and current harmonics, the frequency domain analysis is an important tool to characterize the system behaviour in order to identify critical frequencies that should be avoided by the drive, thus reducing the risk of damage to the
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3. Research Activities system components. For a simplified system comprising an ideal source feeding an induction motor through a 10 km cable, the voltage transfer function may look as shown in Fig. 2. In this simulation, parameters of a 75 kW induction motor and associated cable typical for offshore industry have been used. The first few resonance frequencies are clearly visible on the plot. At the first resonance at 3.6 kHz, for example, voltage on the motor terminals exceeds 6.5 times its nominal value. Dashed line on this plot illustrates results of the same simulation neglecting the skin effect in the cable. As expected, the skin effect makes a significant contribution to damping of higher frequencies, which would otherwise lead to even higher overvoltages. When power transformers are added to the system, its resonance frequencies are shifted to a lower value. As switching frequency of power converters lies typically between 1.6 and 16 kHz, it is essential to identify precisely the frequency response of the complete system in order to avoid dangerous ranges. This can be accomplished by selecting a safe switching frequency, using advanced modulation techniques and converter topologies or by introducing power filters.
Figure 2: Frequency response of the system Inverter-cable-motor considering skin effect (solid) and without it (dashed)
Power transmission by DC seems to be more advantageous for the novel electric drilling system, provided that a power converter, suitable for the downhole environment can be made. DC cables can be operated at a working voltage stress several times higher than with AC due to better DC characteristics of electric insulation. There is no skin effect, lower dielectric loss, no capacitive charging current. Moreover, if bipolar connection is employed two groups of cable cores can be connected to +Vdc and Vdc correspondingly, providing double output voltage on the bottom. It reduces electric current required for the same downhole power transferred thus decreasing electrical losses and heat generation by the cable. Grounded cable screens are used as an electric reference and bring in additional safety requested on the drill site. Positioning of the power converter near the drilling device allows generation of arbitrary signals required for its operation, considerably simplifies control problems, eliminates negative effects associated with long transmission lines. This method would also provide a more robust power supply as compared to a 3-phase AC system due to increased conductor redundancy.
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Outlook for 2009 The project is going to be concluded with the submission of a PhD thesis.
References
[1] S. Neuhold: A hyper elastic conductor for bulk energy transfer in the wall of spoolable tubes for electric deep drilling, PhD Thesis ETH Zrich Nr. 17358, 2007. [2] S. Neuhold, E. Murtola: PDT-COIL Power and data transmitting composite coiled tubing, Annual Report of the Power Systems and High Voltage Laboratory, pp. 66-70, ETH Zrich, 2005.
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4. Services offered
4. Services offered
Hans-Jrg Weber The High Voltage Laboratory provided once more various services for several Swiss and European companies and institutions throughout the year 2008.
Accredited calibration laboratory (SCS 081) Our calibration laboratory for electrical quantities in the field of high voltage, capacitance and apparent charge fulfilled numerous orders in the course of the year. The primary tasks were the calibration of complete impulse, AC and DC high voltage measuring systems under operating conditions in the customer's laboratory. Additionally PD calibrators, impulse peak voltmeters and C-tan measuring systems have been calibrated. Accredited testing laboratory (STS 181) Our laboratory for the testing of electrical properties of components of electric energy supply performed a wide variety of tests according to international standards as well as following laboratory-developed test procedures.
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5.1 Reviewed Publications
G. Papaefthymiou, B. Klckl MCMC for Wind Power Simulation" IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion Wind Power Special Issue Volume 23, No. 1, pp 234-240 March 2008 C. Sumereder, T. Weiers Signifiance of defects inside in-service aged winding insulations IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion Volume 23, No. 1, pp 9-14 March 2008 R. Brtsch, M. Tari, K. Frhlich, T. Weiers, R. Vogelsang Insulation Failure Mechanism of Power Generators IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine Volume 24, No 4, pp. 17-25 July/August 2008 L. Dalessandro, S. Round, J. Kolar Center-point Voltage Balancing of Hysteresis Current Controlled Three-Level PWM Rectifiers IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics Volume 23, No 5, pp. 2477-2488 September/October 2008
5.2 Conference Presentations and Publications

M. Schulze, A. Hillers Energy Hubs fr die urbane Energieversorgung " Proceedings of the EnInnov 2008 Graz, Austria 14 February 2008 P. Simka, H.J. Weber Lightning strike protection - Practical safety test methods for qualifying large systems as used for example on aircraft and tower cranes" SEREC, Safety, security, connectivity - electromagnetics in everyday life Zurich, Switzerland 14 February 2008 L. Graber, M.K. Pradhan Monitoring the SF6 Pressure Level in Metal-Enclosed Switchgear to Detect Gas Leakages" Proceedings of the CMD 2008 Beijing, P.R. China 23 April 2008
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W. Hribernik, B. Kubicek, G. Pascoli, K. Frhlich Verification of a model-based diagnosis system for on-line detection of the moisture content of power transformer insulations using finite element calculations" Proceedings of the CMD 2008 Beijing, VR China 24 April 2008 H.J. Weber "Hochspannende Kalibrier- und Prftechnik" Interessengruppe elektr. Kalibrier- und Prftechnik, Bundesamt fr Metrologie METAS Bern, Switzerland 28 May 2008 L. Graber, G. Bonfigli, S. Mller Improving SF6 Leakage Detection in Switchgear by Reducing the Influence of Solar Radiation on the Density Measurement Proceedings of the ISEI 2008 Vancouver, Canada 10 June 2008 R. Brtsch, K. Frhlich, M. Tari, T. Weiers, R. Vogelsang High Voltage Insulation Failure Mechanism Proceedings of the ISEI 2008 Vancouver, Canada 10 June 2008 P. Simka An Approach to Model Very Fast Transients in High Voltage Circuit Breakers" Proceedings of the ISEI 2008 Vancouver, Canada 11 June 2008 M. Hinow Genetic Algorithm based Methodology for Optimization of innovative Switchgear Design" Proceedings of the ISEI 2008 Vancouver, Canada 11 June 2008 L. Dalessandro, N. Karrer, M. Ciappa, A. Castellazzi, W. Fichtner Online and Offline Current Monitoring of Parallel Switched High-Voltage Multi-Chip IGBT Modules Proceedings of the 39th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Rhodes, Greece 17 June 2008 L. Graber, T. Thronicker Thermal-Network Simulations and Computational Fluid Dynamics for Effective Gas Leakage Detection in SF6 Switchgear" Proceedings of the Cigr Session 42 Paris, France 25 August 2008
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M. Hinow, M. Mevisson Substation Life cycle cost management supported by stochastic optimization algorithm Proceedings of the Cigr Session 42 Paris, France 25 August 2008 A. Ebner Controlled Switching of Transformers - Effects of Closing Time Scatter and Residual Flux Uncertainty Proceedings of the UPEC 2008 Padua, Italy 3 September 2008 T. H. Teich Electron swarm coefficients of CF31 und CF31-N2 and their comparison with those of SF6 Paper augmented and presented on behalf of A. M. Juarez, E. Basurto, J.L. Hernandez-Avila and J. de Verquijo Proceedings of the Conference on Gas Discharges and Their Applications, pp. 545-548 Cardiff, Wales, UK 10 September 2008 A. Ebner "Begrenzung von transienten berspannungen und Inrush-Strmen durch kontrolliertes Schalten von Leistungstransformatoren FKH Fachtagung Rapperswil, Switzerland 11 November 2008 F. Adamek Optimal Multi-Energy Supply for Regions with Increasing Use of Renewable Resources Proceedings of the IEEE Energy 2030 Atlanta, USA 18 November 2008 M. Schulze, L. Friedrich, M. Gautschi Modeling and Optimization of Renewables: Applying the Energy Hub Approach Proceedings of the ICSET 2008 Singapore, Rep. of Singapore 25 November 2008
5.3 Journal Publications and Varia

K. Frhlich Nicht klecksen - sondern klotzen energyForum Kundenmagazin der BKW FMB AG Volume 02/08, pp 10-11
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L . Graber, M. Kudoke SF6 in der Hochspannungstechnik vom verantwortungsvollen Umgang mit einem neuen Monitoringkonzept SEV Bulletin Volume 19, pp 9-15 U. Straumann Wie entstehen die Tne in der Nhe von Hochspannungsleitungen Radiosendung LEONARDO Wissenschaft und mehr ,WDR 3 January 2008 H.J. Weber, H. Kienast "Einstein auf Gewitterjagd" Various experiments in the high voltage laboratory of ETH Zurich for the telecast Einstein of the Swiss television sf 28 August 2008 T. Brgger Impact of cycling operating conditions on HV generator insulations First Technical Community Meeting Dielectrics, ALSTOM Birr, Switzerland 7 November 2008
5.4 Conferences and Workshop Participation

A. Ebner, M. Schulze, P. Simka 2. Schweizer Stromkongress Bern, Switzerland 14 January 2008 M. Schulze EnInnov 2008 Graz, Austria 13 15 February 2008 P. Simka Cigr Tagung Einfluss der EU-Netzstabilitt auf die Schweiz ETH Zurich, Switzerland 28 February 2008 L. Graber CMD 2008 Beijing, P.R. China 21 24 April 2008 L. Graber, P. Simka, M. Hinow ISEI 2008 Vancouver, Canada 8 11 June 2008
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L. Dalessandro 39th IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conference Rhodes, Greece 15 19 June 2008 L. Graber, M. Hinow Cigr Session 42 Paris, France 24 29 August 2008 A. Ebner UPEC 2008 Padua, Italy 1 4 September 2008 T. H. Teich CD 2008 Cardiff, Wales, UK 7 12 September 2008 P. Ahcin, F. Adamek, M. Schulze, L. Graber Smart Energy Strategies 2008 ETH Zurich, Switzerland 8 10 September 2008 P. Ahcin, F. Adamek, M. Schulze 4. Fachtagung der sterreichischen Gesellschaft fr Energietechnik im OVE Stromversorgung aus Erneuerbaren Energietrgern Modelle der Zukunft Dornbirn/Austria 16 17 October 2008 H. Brechna, T. Brgger, A. Ebner, L. Graber, U. Straumann, T. Teich, H.J. Weber FKH /VSE Fachtagung Rapperswil/Switzerland 11 November 2008 F. Adamek IEEE Energy 2030 Atlanta, USA 18 19 November 2008 M. Schulze ICSET 2008 Singapore/Rep. of Singapore 24 27 November 2008 F. Adamek, P. Ahcin, T, Brgger, A. Ebner, K. Frhlich, L. Graber, A. Pedersen, M. Schulze, P. Simka, U. Straumann, H. J. Weber Cigr/CIRED Informationsnachmittag Neue Wege neue Perspektiven ETH Zurich, Switzerland 27 November 2008
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6. Events
P. Ahcin, T. Brgger, U. Straumann, H.J. Weber ETG Fachtagung Rotating Machines Fribourg, Switzerland 4 December 2008
6. Events
U. Straumann, H. Kienast, H. J. Weber Presentation of the High Voltage Laboratory Maturandentage 3 4 September 2008 U. Straumann Presentation of the High Voltage Laboratory Excursion of TU Munich, Lehrstuhl fr technische Elektronik 9 October 2008 U. Straumann Presentation of the High Voltage Laboratory Technikwoche Gymnasium Interlaken 30 October 2008 H. Kienast, H. J. Weber Presentation of the High Voltage Laboratory Sohn- und Tochtertag at the ETH Zurich 13 November 2008
6.1 Jointly organized Events

P. Simka, H. Kienast HERTZ Party des AMIV im Hochspannungslabor 21 November 2008 K. Frhlich, chairman Technical Committee Cigr Neue Wege neue Perspektiven Cigr/CIRED Informationsnachmittag ETH Zurich, Switzerland 27 November 2008
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Joint Activities
7. Joint Projects
VISION OF FUTURE ENERGY NETWORKS
The objective of the VoFEN project is to develop scenarios, how the systems for transmission and distribution of (electrical) energy should look like in 30 to 50 years, for the improvement of ecology, economy and functionality, where a so-called greenfield approach based on todays knowledge and possibilities is used. The idea is to build a fictitious optimum system from scratch neglecting the current system structure and to identify the differences between the present situation and the desirable system. Research along these lines has been carried out since 2002, so far four PhD theses have been completed forming a strong basis for the current research. 2008 was an eventful year for the VoFEN project. Together with the Swiss Federal Office of Energy the second phase of the project was officially started by renewing the mutual contract. In the first half of the year two new researchers joined the team to work on the so-called work package Hub Technology and on a case study in cooperation with the City of Bern. The incorporation of a second case study in close cooperation with utilities shows that the rather visionary VoFEN approach also yields worthwhile results when applied to realistic scenarios. To intensify the mutual exchange of information between the project partners (see the list at the end of this section) and the individual researchers, two workshops were held. The idea was to present current results from the work packages Risk Assessment and Investment Strategies as well as Distributed Control (see the section below for detailed descriptions). The workshops have proven to be a valuable concept to benefit from the interaction of practitioners and researchers. For the year 2009 further workshops are planned. Currently, the VoFEN team comprises six researchers. The results within the individual work packages as well as an outlook for the year 2009 are presented in the sections below. We gratefully acknowledge the support from our sponsors (see the list below) and look forward to continuing the fruitful cooperation also in the coming years.
Partnerships: ABB Ltd. Areva T & D UK Ltd. Siemens AG Bundesamt fr Energie(BfE), Switzerland Regionalwerke AG Baden, Switzerland Energiekommission der Stadt Baden, Switzerland Swisspower, Switzerland Energie Wasser Bern, Switzerland,
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7. Joint Projects
RISK ASSESSMENT AND INVESTMENT STRATEGIES

Florian Kienzle This research package aims at developing investment strategies for multi-energy systems taking into account risk factors that are relevant for the long-term planning of future energy systems. During this year, the research was particularly focussed on the refinement, extension and application of the multi-energy portfolio model [1] previously developed. This model is based on mean-variance portfolio analysis (MVP) and can be used to determine efficient technology mixes for the generation of multiple energy carriers, e.g. electrical power and heat. The first extension done in 2008 was a multi-criteria diversity analysis (MDA) [2]. The MDA concept uses a broader definition of performance and incertitude than MVP. Using the MDA concept, certain aspects that can not necessarily be expressed in monetary units, such as technical, environmental or social implications of technologies, can be taken into account. MDA, however, does not exploit information about the correlation between the developments of generation costs of different technologies. Combining both methods in the formulation of a multi-objective optimization problem enables the assessment of portfolio performance and incertitude in a comprehensive manner. Fig. 1 shows the results of an application of this analysis to a portfolio of eight smallscale distributed generation technologies. For each level of incertitude on the x-axis, Fig. 1 indicates the corresponding shares of technologies that constitute an efficient portfolio for the generation of 50% electrical power and 50% heat.
= 0.5
Figure 1: Portfolio allocations on the efficient frontier for a case where half of the weight is assigned to MVP analysis and half of the weight given to MDA.
Furthermore first steps have been taken to extend the multi-energy portfolio model to a multi-period model which allows determining bridging portfolios between a portfolio existing today and a desired optimal portfolio in the future.
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JOINT ACTIVITIES Last but not least, in the context of a master thesis the multi-energy portfolio model was applied to the production portfolio of the city of Zrich. An important focus of next years research will be to investigate mutual interdependencies between investments in generation technologies and investments in transmission infrastructure.
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL
Michle Arnold Nowadays different energy infrastructures are mostly planned and operated independently of each other. This project part addresses the optimization of combined electricity and natural gas systems. The couplings between these two systems are modelled by energy hubs [3], which serve as interface between the loads and the transmission infrastructures. Energy systems are built up by interconnected energy hubs (Figure 2), forming a distributed power generation structure where each hub is controlled by its respective control agent. In [4], a distributed control method has been applied to the three-hub benchmark system, where the overall optimization problem including the entire system is decomposed into sub-problems according to the control agents. To achieve coordination, the control agents exchange dedicated information among each other [5]. Differences in performance between a serial and parallel communication scheme have been elaborated [4]. Dynamics are incorporated in the distributed scheme, which are due to storage devices present in the multi-carrier system. A distributed model predictive control approach is proposed, taking into account predicted behaviour and operational constraints. The operation over a certain prediction horizon is considered and actions which give the best predicted behaviour are determined by the individual agents. In future research, model extensions are planned in terms of incorporating network operators and more hubs. Furthermore, instead of assuming perfect forecasts, the incorporation of disturbances into the scheme will be addressed.
Figure 2: Three-hub system, interconnected by electricity (solid red) and natural gas (dashed green) system. Three control agents exchange information for coordination.
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7. Joint Projects
INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF POWER AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Matthias Galus Economical, environmental and political issues have been expediting the development of a sustainable green economy. Due to this progress an initiative has been launched for vehicles that utilize their battery for propulsion and recharge it from a plug point. Hence, they are called Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) and incorporate the advantages of electric and hybrid electric vehicles while alleviating the disadvantages. Intuitively, they will significantly affect the power generation and distribution system [6]. This project will investigate the potential impacts and benefits of PHEV integration in cooperation with the institute for transport planning and systems (IVT, ETH) and the laboratory for aerothermochemistry and combustion systems laboratory (LAV, ETH). The energy hub approach was chosen in this project due to its palpable flexibility offering a modelling technique for PHEVs as well as for the power system. Referring to the energy hub defining indicators including inputs, outputs, conversions and storages, a simplified PHEV model can be derived incorporating typical energy management schemes for PHEVs [2]. Energy levels at arrival and average consumption data for large numbers of PHEVs can be simulated and investigated as well as arrival and departure times from certain locations. Aggregating large numbers of simulated PHEVs, preliminary statements can be made concerning available storage at a node for a certain time as well as occurring load or ancillary capacity [3]. For further investigations, the PHEVs can be modelled as agents having a personal valuation of attained energy. The valuation rises when departure time is approaching and expresses the increased willingness to pay a higher price for energy. The data are used as input for the smart power grid entity called PHEV Manager. The manager intelligently distributes available power capacity at the hub e.g. nodes to the connected PHEVs based on an optimization scheme. The manager also incorporates power system constraints imposed by the converters such as maximal input or output powers [4]. Fig. 1 shows the complete system for PHEV impact investigations. Fig. 2 visualizes typical results of a PHEV Manager. Furthermore, the scheme is powerful enough to represent a whole city with different suburban areas including various activity spots (e.g. shopping, business, industrial areas) as shown in fig. 1 [5]. Hence, the impacts of PHEV integration can easily be studied for an electricity as well as for a multi energy carrier network of a large city including line flows, converter usage, network congestion, etc.. Fig. 2 shows typical results for a PHEV Manager Future work will include the integration of the power system simulation scheme and the Mat-Sim tool [8]. In an iterative way the optimum for the transportation system will be found while complying with power system bounds. Nodal pricing will be used to penalize the transportation agents behaviour. Furthermore, impacts of load curves, line flows and converter utilization factor will be investigated as well as innovative concepts like Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G) incorporating ancillary grid services. Also, light will be shed on PHEV utilization for increased renewable energy usage.
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JOINT ACTIVITIES
Fig. 1: Energy hub network including PHEV Managers clustering and integrating large numbers of PHEVs
Fig. 2: Line flow etc. in the course of a day: (a) Base load for one hub, (b) PHEV load distributed after management, (c) hub base load including PHEV load, (d) hub inputs, (e) difference between base and PHEV case of converter utilization, (f) converter utilization for PHEV case
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7. Joint Projects
HUB TECHNOLOGY
Franziska Adamek Motivation The integrated examination of various energy carriers generates synergy effects, as they occur e.g. in combined heat and power (CHP) plants. In addition, the aggregation of a number of different conversion technologies introduces flexibility in the load supply. Consequently, the simultaneous analysis of multiple energy carriers and various conversion technologies establishes degrees of freedom in the load supply, and makes its optimization possible. The energy supply of larger regions, such as counties or cities, is provided by a number of differently sized generation units. Decentralized small plants supply limited parts of the region, like houses or districts, while large centralized plants allocate the generated energy to a city or a community. Consequently, changes in the production or the structure of one part of the region affect the whole region. This motivates the modeling and analysis of larger regions instead of focusing on a small area. Research Aim The aim of the technology research package is to examine the multi-energy supply of a larger region. Objectives are the determination of the optimal power supply strategy for the region, and the examination of the influences of distributed generation. The optimal storage operation for various energy carriers in combination with intermittent generators such as photovoltaic or wind is also of interest. Strategy To examine the power supply, a multiple-level model is elaborated (Fig. 1). Multiplelevel models are characterized by hierarchically ordered actors or groups of actors that interact by information exchange or goods/power flow. The region is split up into its settlement units that build the levels. Each level owns a number of conversion technologies connected to the grids (electricity, gas, etc.). The levels exchange energy.
Figure 1: Levels of an example area, with conversion technologies
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JOINT ACTIVITIES To evaluate a regions power supply infrastructure, the multiple-level model of the area is constructed. The levels are selected according to the political structure of the region. Power generation and storage units of each level are aggregated to energy hubs [4] to enable multi energy carrier and technology considerations. Then, the optimal power dispatch for the given technology scenario is determined. This procedure is called bottom-up optimization. First, the optimal operation strategy for the hubs of the lowest levels (lowest settlement units) are determined. The required power demand has to be supplied by the superimposed level(s), which are optimized next. The algorithm continues until reaching the highest level. The result is a (locally) optimal power supply strategy for the region, including all levels of energy supply. The multiple-level model of a region and the bottom-up optimization together allow the comprehensive examination of optimal power supply strategies for different scenarios. Changes in the framework of the multiple-level model (e.g. increase of renewable energies, or different hub technology mixes) alter the optimal solution. As a result, the costs for the supply strategy change. This allows the comparison of different power supply scenarios with respect to their costs (costs do not necessarily mean financial expenses, but denote the value of the objective function): The use of decentralized (renewable) energy plants can be compared to the operation of centralized plants. The performance of small and large storages can be analyzed and differentiated. The cost optimal positioning of storages and conversion technologies can be examined. The optimal assignment of a new technology to a level can be studied.
The examination and comparison of different supply scenarios allows the elaboration of recommendations for action and investment for the analyzed region. Also, the number of required (centralized) conventional power plants can be minimized using the multiple-level model and the bottom-up optimization procedure. Increasing renewables decrease the amount of required conventionally produced energy. However, the installed conventional capacity cannot be reduced by the amount of installed renewable power because of the intermittent nature of some renewables. The effects of extending renewable energy use on the power demand of different levels can be evaluated with the multiple-level model. Hence, the possible reduction of conventional power plants can be estimated. Outlook for 2009 In order to validate the model, and to examine the power supply of a larger region, an example / case study will be elaborated. Using information about available conversion and storage technologies, and general conditions nowadays and in 30 to 50 years, a comprehensive study of the influences of different technologies will be carried out: Comparison of centralized and decentralized supply approaches Evaluation of various technologies, and their effects on the power supply Evaluation of the influences of technology positioning.
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7. Joint Projects
CASE STUDY ENERGY HUB BADEN

Matthias Schulze The case study has started in September 2007 and is going to end in August 2010. Dttwil, a district of the city of Baden (Switzerland), was chosen as the study object. The district contains about 3,500 inhabitants with industrial, commercial and residential areas. The Kantonsspital in that locality is the supplier for the district heating network using four boilers fired with either natural gas or fuel oil to produce heat and steam. This facility will be substituted within the next few years by a biomass power plant. The plant uses wood gas from the gasification of woodchips and could produce electricity and heat via a CHP system, heat via a boiler and synthetic natural gas and heat via a purification process. The Kantonsspital (see Fig. 1) with the forthcoming biomass plant and two neighbouring areas were modelled as the first three Energy Hubs [9, 10]. Measurements for the electricity, natural gas, fuel oil and district heating demand were taken and assembled to give load curves with a time resolution of 15 minutes and a length of one year, so far 35,040 data points per energy carrier and per Hub. The internal structure of the Hubs was determined. Because nowadays conversion of different energy carriers is rarely given, certain estimations were made to provide Hub structures of interest. Nevertheless, the structures are still under discussion and count towards the variable elements for future optimization tasks.
Fig. 1: The Kantonsspital modelled as an Energy Hub
The district of Dttwil comprises only a few square kilometres, losses for the electrical grid are thus not considered. Due to the Greenfield approach of the Vision of Future Energy Networks project, the current lines are not important for the optimization process; the connections between the Hubs and to the outside grid are the result of the current lines. If desired each line and the losses could be incorporated easily. Constant values for the Hub elements were used for the simulations and the system of three Hubs was optimized for a period of one year. Typical calculation times were in the range of a couple of days.
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JOINT ACTIVITIES Eventually the question for Dttwil will be the result of the development plan of Baden. The district will gain about 1,500 inhabitants in residential areas and they need heat for their homes. One could use geothermal heat (with or without electricity production) or one could extend the district heating network. Both options have large investment cost resulting to an either or. Sensitivity analyses which calculate cost dependences are going to be the basis for future decisions. Measurements of the other Hubs will be taken in the next two years to provide enough data for the simulations. Direct storages like the internal heat capacity of the district heating network and external storages like electrically driven cars are also in the scope of the work. Parallel to the measurements the development of a software tool in order to setup simulations quickly was carried out. The tool provides a graphical user interface and the user can choose, which Hubs during which period and with or w/o storage he wants to run. Further menus allow to change costs and benefits and run sensitivity analyses. The preset evaluation menu simplifies the investigation of the simulation results. The tool was established to enable quick and multiple simulations on different computers. Parallel computing and better computer performance is going to be established at the end of this year/ beginning of next year. The entire simulation tool is built with a modular design. Thus, modifications in the core program can be done later on. Due to the project scope the standard equation solver from Matlab fmincon was used and not a new one developed.
CASE STUDY BERN

Peter Ahcin Aim Using a concept which was developed at the High Voltage and Power Systems Laboratories and allows the joint consideration of the use of various energy carriers (e.g. electricity, heat, gas or other), the case study Bern aims to examine the citys energy infrastructure and propose improvements to todays energy supply. Together with our project partners, Swisspower and Energie Wasser Bern we indentified three different developments of interest: Distributed generation Minergie standard of buildings and its influence on energy consumption An emissions free network
Developments one and two are of medium to long term interest, whereas the third is directed towards a distant future, the year 2060.
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7. Joint Projects
Figure 1: Possible Hub Network Configuration
Strategy A number of different power plants supply the citys energy demand. These have been modelled with the use of the energy hub approach [1]. The city has been modelled as a network of energy hubs which transmit, convert, store and exchange energy in order to satisfy the energy demand. These processes are described with their corresponding conversion matrices in different parts of the city. Together with an incidence matrix that determines the network connections this forms an optimal power flow problem. The power plant models we use are simple representations of actual power plants. It is thus important to make correct assumptions about how their dynamical behaviour can be described. This however, often introduces nonlinearities into the formulation. Effects of arbitrary changes to the network configuration like the introduction of new generation units, new power lines or the effects of fuel price changes on the costs and emissions of the entire system can be studied with the model developed. By optimizing the operation costs or emissions and considering other costs brought about by configuration changes we obtain useful criteria of comparison between different possible energy supply strategies. Complex scenarios can be simulated in this way to find sensible future developments. Outlook To properly account for future trends the demand will be modelled which will provide a new degree of flexibility to network optimization. New results of the other VoFEN work packages will be integrated and a method to optimize not only network operation but also its configuration will be developed.
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References
[1] M. Geidl. Integrated Modeling and Optimization of Multi-Carrier Energy Systems, PhD thesis, ETH Diss. No. 17141, 2007. [2] F. Kienzle and G. Andersson. Efficient Multi-Energy Generation Portfolios for the Future. 4th Annual Carnegie Mellon Conference on the Electricity Industry, Pittsburgh, USA, 2008. [3] S. Awerbuch, A. Stirling, J. C. Jansen, L. W. M. Beurskens, B. L. Karyl, L. B. David and L. T. Marilyn, Full-spectrum portfolio and diversity analysis of energy technologies, in Managing Enterprise Risk. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd, 2006, pp. 202222. [4] M. Geidl and G. Andersson. Optimal power flow of multiple energy carriers. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 145-155, 2007. [5] M. Arnold, R. R. Negenborn, G. Andersson, B. De Schutter. Distributed Control Applied to Combined Electricity and Natural Gas Infrastructures. Presented at International Conference on Infrastructure Systems, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2008. [6] A. Conejo, F. Nogales, and F. Prieto. A decomposition procedure based on approximate Newton directions. Mathematical Programming, Vol. Ser. A, pp. 495515, 2002. [7] Hadley, S., Evaluating the Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Electricity Supplies, In: Proc. of Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control (IREP), Charleston, South Carolina, USA, 2007. [8] M.D. Galus and G. Andersson, An approach for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) integration into power systems, extended abstract to poster presented at the Smart Energy Strategies conference 2008, Zurich, Switzerland. [9] M.D. Galus and G. Andersson, Demand management of grid connected PHEVs, Proceedings of IEEE Energy 2030 conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2008. [10] P. Favre-Perrod, M. Geidl, B. Klckl and G. Koeppel, A Vision of Future Energy Networks, presented at the IEEE PES Inaugural Conference and Exposition in Africa, Durban, South Africa, 2005.
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elektrische energiebertragung und hochspannungstechnik

2008 Annual Report Power Systems Laboratory and High Voltage Laboratory

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2008 Annual Report Power Systems Laboratory and High Voltage Laboratory

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Power Systems and High Voltage Laboratories Annual Report 2008

elektrische energiebertragung und hochspannungstechnik

Annual Report 2008

ACTIVITIES OF THE HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY

Joint Projects ................................................................................................... 91

Activities of the Power Systems Laboratory

Scientific Associates: External Lecturers:

leave July 2008

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

6th Semester Energy System Analysis

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

2.3 Student Projects

2.4 Master Projects

2.5 Student Excursions

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

Candidate Candidate: Thesis: Date of Oral Examination: Examiner: Co-Examiner:

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

SIMULATION OF POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS USING DYNAMIC PHASOR MODELS

3.2 Current Projects

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

TOWARDS FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS

Fig. 1 Pathway to the future electricity networks state

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

DYNAMIC MODELLING OF THE SWISS POWER GRID DYNASIM III

LOCAL LOAD MANAGEMENT

Figure 1: Household infrastructure for Local Load Management

IMPROVED STATE AND TOPOLOGY ESTIMATION

State Estim ation SCADA

Fig. 1. Role of state estimation in supervision and control of power systems

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

IRENE-40 - INFRASTRUCTURE ROADMAP FOR ENERGY NETWORKS IN EUROPE

WORK PACKAGE NETWORKED CONTROL AND BLACK-OUT PREVENTION

WORK PACKAGE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES CORRECTIVE CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

4. Publications and Presentations

4. Publications and Presentations

4.3 Conference Papers

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

4. Publications and Presentations

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

4.4 Conference, Seminar and Workshop Presentations

4. Publications and Presentations

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

5. Conferences, Visits and Workshops

5. Conferences, Visits and Workshops

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

5. Conferences, Visits and Workshops

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

5.2.2 Visits by PSL-members

6. Events and Awards

6. Events and Awards

ACTIVITIES OF THE POWER SYSTEMS LABORATORY

6. Events and Awards

Activities of the High Voltage Laboratory

Candidates to complete their PHD:

External Lecturer: Academic Guest:

ACTIVITIES OF THE HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY

ACTIVITIES OF THE HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY

2.2 Student Projects

M. Kropf / A. Lchinger S. Schneider M. Scherer M. Kukulski

H. Abgottspon M. Djordjevic L. Friedrich M. Gautschi S. Pfister

N. Hensgens M. Kammer / A. Murbach

2.3 Diploma Projects