Language and discourse are connected at a basic level in that all discourse is addictive conjunction (AC) constructed with

language. The manipulation of language impacts how people interact and respond. Language and discourse are fluid, however, because they AC AC adversative conjunction (AdC)

both shape and define the culture in which they are present. It is culture that AC provides much of the meaning for the language that happens within discourse. Language contains clues about what should come next in a discourse. For example, if someone says "hello," that person generally expects the other person to say "hello" as well. At the very least, the first person wants an acknowledgement AC AC

they have spoken, which the second person might give with a nod or other gesture. AC In this way, language controls some of the direction of discourse. AC A main principle behind language and discourse is that, because language AC causal conjunction (CC)

controls discourse direction to a large degree, people who learn how to control language learn how to manipulate discourse, as well. This is known as discourse AC management. y phrasing a !uestion in a very specific way, for example, a person might force another person to respond in a particular way or even to stop the AC

discourse altogether. "ontrol of language thus is a tool for gaining and exercising CC power over others. Another connection between language and discourse is that culture dictates AC language interpretation to a large degree. For example, if someone comes from a very religious "hristian area, he might see it as irreverent if someone who isn#t religious uses the phrase "my $od" nonchalantly. This can lead to misunderstanding and conflict, hindering discourse and subse!uent relationship AC AC AC

building. %ormally, evidence of the cultural beliefs that drive language and AC discourse is present elsewhere in a person#s life. Culture is always changing, and as a result, so too, does language. &hat is AC CC AC

appropriate discourse at one time might not be appropriate in another time. An temporal conjunction (TC) TC

example is the use of words and phrases such as "swell" or "it#s the bees knees," AC AC

which were popular in the '()*s but have fallen out of favor. ased on current AdC interpretation of these words and phrases, a person might see another individual AC

who used them in discourse as old+fashioned or outdated. AC $ender also has a huge impact on language and discourse. For instance, in some AC AC

cultures, women are seen as second+class citi,ens or the weaker sex. In these AC cultures, it sometimes is considered very rude for a woman to enter into a discourse without invitation from a man. In other cultures, more effort is taken to create gender e!uality through language and thereby encourage different rules of AC CC

discourse engagement, such as the integration of gender neutral pronouns. The connections between language and discourse mean that one cannot study AC language in depth without also studying discourse. -tudying these areas, in turn, AdC AC

re!uires an understanding of cultural contexts. This is why linguistics is such a challenging field. meaning is not constant. /inguists are constantly trying to figure out exactly how language adapts and ad0usts the rules of discourse. AC

A. COHESION 1. Reference a. Personal reference + /anguage and discourse are fluid, however, because they both shape and define the culture in which they are present. + At the very least, the first person wants an acknowledgement they have spoken, which the second person might give with a nod or other gesture + /anguage contains clues about what should come next in a discourse. For example, if someone says "hello," that person generally expects the other person to say "hello" as well. + At the very least, the first person wants an acknowledgement they have spoken, which the second person might give with a nod or other gesture. In this way, language controls some of the direction of discourse. + For example, if someone comes from a very religious "hristian area, he might see it as irreverent if someone who isn#t religious uses the phrase "my $od" nonchalantly. . !e"onstrati#e reference + /anguage contains clues about what should come next in a discourse. In this way, language controls some of the direction of discourse. + A main principle behind language and discourse is that, because language controls discourse direction to a large degree, people who learn how to control language learn how to manipulate discourse, as well. This is known as discourse management. + An example is the use of words and phrases such as "swell" or "it#s the bees knees," which were popular in the '()*s but have fallen out of favor. individual who used them in discourse as old+fashioned or outdated. ased on current interpretation of these words and phrases, a person might see another

+ The connections between language and discourse mean that one cannot study language in depth without also studying discourse. -tudying these areas, in turn, re!uires an understanding of cultural contexts. This is why linguistics is such a challenging field. meaning is not constant. c. Co"parati#e reference + At the very least, the first person wants an acknowledgement they have spoken, which the second person might give with a nod or other gesture. + y phrasing a !uestion in a very specific way, for example, a person might force another person to respond in a particular way or even to stop the discourse altogether. + "ontrol of language thus is a tool for gaining and exercising power over others. $. Con%unction& in the text '. Su stitution (er al su stitution ) "ulture is always changing, and as a result, so too does language *. Le+ical cohesion a. Reiteration + 1epetition. bold in the text + $eneral word The connections between language and discourse mean that one cannot study language in depth without also studying discourse. Studying these areas, in turn,

re!uires an understanding of cultural contexts. . Collocation In fact, all the items in the text are semantically related. &e could list the following items that belong to the topic of 2The relationship between language and discourse3. Language, discourse, culture, word, phrase, interact, respond, pronouns, impacts, interpretation, rules, engagement, meaning, relationship, tool, misunderstanding, connection. ,. COHERENCE All the passages are seen as coherent because they fulfill different functions within the context 2The relationship between language and discourse3 in this text.