Fluid Mechanics GATE 1991-2013 Topic Wise Solution

Mec hani c al Engi neer i ng
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
TOPICWISE GATE SOLUTION
1991-2013
F-108, Katwaria Sarai, Near Mother Dairy Booth, New Delhi-16
Ph. +91-011-64551144, 9810758209
www.drona.org
DRONACHARYA I NSTI TUTE OF ENGI NEERS
Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis of mass,
momentumand energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum; Bernoullis
equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer; elementary turbulent flow; flow through
pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc. Pelton-wheel, Francis and Kaplan turbines - impulse and reaction
principles, velocity diagrams.
Syl l abus of GATE Exami nati on
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
Fluid Mechanics 69 - 156
1. ............... Properties of Fluids................................................................................ 71- 75
2. ............... Pressure and its Measurement................................................................. 76 - 80
3. ............... Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces.............................................................. 81 - 84
4. ............... Buoyancy and Flotation.......................................................................... 85 - 86
5. ............... Fluid Kinematics.................................................................................... 87 - 97
6. ............... Fluid Dynamics...................................................................................... 98 - 111
7. ............... Dimensional and Model Analysis............................................................. 112 - 115
8. ............... Boundary Layer Theory......................................................................... 116 - 124
9. ............... Laminar and Turbulent Flow................................................................... 125 - 131
10. ............. Flow Through Pipes............................................................................... 132 - 139
11. .............. Hydraulic Turbines................................................................................. 140 - 147
12. ............. Centrifugal Pump................................................................................... 148 - 153
13. ............. Compressible Flow................................................................................ 154 - 155
NOMENCLATURE OF CHAPTERS
Fluid Mechanics Fluid Mechanics
Conclusion
S.No. Chapter Name 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
1 Properties of Fluids 1 1 2
2
Pressure and its
Measurement
2 2
3
Hydrostatic Forces on
Surfaces
2 2 2
4
Buoyancy and
Flotation
1 1
5 Fluid Kinematics 2 1 1 3 5 2 1
6 Fluid Dynamics 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
7
Dimensional and
Model Analysis
1 3
8
Boundary Layer
Theory
2 4 5 2
59
Laminar and Turbulent
Flow
2 1 2 1 1
10 Flow Through Pipes 4 4 1 2 1
11 Hydraulic Turbines 4 3 4 2 1 1
12 Centrifugal Pump 2 2 2
13. Compressible Flow
Total 13 18 7 17 16 11 8 8 3 5 6
Statistical Analysis
1. Fluid Mechanics has approximate 6 to 8% weightage in GATE.
2. Fromanalysis it is clear that one should focus on Kinematics and Dynamics of Flow, Boundry Layer
Theory, Francis Turbine, Flow through Pipes, Laminar Flow, and Centrifugal Pump.
Pr oper t i es of Fl ui ds
1
Year 2008
1. A journal bearing has shaft diameter of 40 mm
and a length of 40 mm. The shaft is rotating at 20
rad/s and the viscosity of the lubricant is 20 mPa-
s. The clearance is 0.020 mm. The loss of torque
due to the viscosity of the lubricant is
approximately
(a) 0.040 Nm (b) 0.252 Nm
(c) 0.400 Nm (d) 0.652 Nm
Year 2006
2. For a Newtonian fluid
(a) Shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(b) Rate of shear stress is proportional to shear
strain
(c) Shear stress is proportional to rate of shear
strain
(d) Rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of
shear strain
Year 2004
3. An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity, 7.4
x 10
7
m
2
/s, specific gravity, 0.88) is held between
two parallel plates. If the top plate is moved with
a velocity of 0.5 m/s while the bottomone is held
stationary, the fluid attains a linear velocity profile
in the gap of 0.5 mmbetween these plates; the
shear stress in Pascals on the surface of top
plate is:
(a) 0.651 x 10
3
(b) 0.651
(c) 6.51 (d) 0.651x10
3
Year 2001
4. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity (v) is
(a) m
2
/sec (b) kg/(m-sec)
(c) m/sec
2
(d) m
3
/sec
2
5. A static fluid can have
(a) non-zero normal and shear stress
(b) negative normal stress and zero shear stress
(c) positive normal stress and zero shear stress
(d) zero normal stress and non-zero shear stress
Year 1999
6. Kinematic viscosity of air at 20
o
C is given to be
1.610
5
m
2
/s. It kinematic viscosity at 70
o
C will
be vary approximately
(a) 2.210
5
m
2
/s (b) 1.610
5
m
2
/s
(c) 1.210
5
m
2
/s (d) 10
5
m
2
/s
Year 1996
7. The dimension of surface tension is
(a) ML
1
(b) L
2
T
1
(c) ML
1
T
1
(d) None of these
Year 1995
8. A fluid is said to be Newtonian when the shear
stress is
(a) directly proportional to the velocity gradient
(b) inversely proportional to the velocity gradient
(c) independent of the velocity gradient
(d) none of the above
73
Chapter-1
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (c) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (a) 7. Ans. (d) 8. Ans. (a)

Space for Rough work

74
Chapter-1
Answer & Explanations
Q.1 Ans. (a)
Given: Shaft diameter, d =40 mm
Shaft length, L =40 mm
Speed, e =20 rad/s
Viscosity, =20 mPa-s
Clearance, y =0.020 mm
40 mm
40 mm
0.02 mm
=20 Pas m
Shear stress given by Newtons law of viscosity
t =
du
dy
Here, u =e r =20 0.02 =0.4 m/s

t =
3
3
0.4
20 10
0.02 10
= 400 N/m
2
Shear force, F =t A =400 t d L
=400 t 0.04 0.04 = 2.0106 N
Torque loss, T =F r = 2.0106 0.02 = 0.0402 Nm
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-22, Example-
1.10.
Q.2 Ans. (c)
Exp. Consider a fluid element in a real flow. In a real flow there exist a velocity gradient in the perpendicular
direction of the flow. The change in velocity in two conscutive layer of fluid flow is shown in the figure.
dy
u
du.dt
u +du
du
Shear strain, tan du =
du dt
dy
If du is small, then tan du ~d u.

Therefore, du =
du dt
dy
d
dt
u
=
du
dt
75
FromNewtons law of viscosity
t =
du
dy
=
d
dt
u
Hence, for a Newtonian Fluid, the shear stress is directly proportional to rate of shear strain.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 6, 1.3.3.
or
For a Newtonian fluid, Shear stress,
du
dy
t
du
dy
, where
du
dy
=velocity gradient
dy
y
u
u + du
x
dx
dt
dy
| |
|
\ .
t
dx
dy
dt
| |
|
\ .
t , where
dx
dy
is shear strain of fluid
Thus
dx
dy
dt
| |
|
\ .
is rate of shear strain
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-11, 1.8.
Q.3 Ans. (b)
Given, Kinematic viscosity,v =7.410
7
m
2
/sec
Specific gravity, S =0.88
Density of fluid, =0.88 1000 kg/m
3
Dynamic viscosity, =v
=0.88 10
3
7.4 10
7
=0.651210
3
Pa.s
V =0.5 m/s
0.5 mm
Now, fromNewtons law of viscosity
t =
3
3
.du 0.6512 10 0.5
0.6512
dy 0.5 10

= =
N/m
2
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-11, Equation-1.8.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
The SI unit of kinematic viscosity (v) is m
2
/s whereas CGS unit is cm
2
/s which is also known as Stoke.
1 m
2
/s =10
4
stoke
76
Q.5 Ans. (c)
Static fluid has normal stress only. Since fluid starts flowing under the action of shear stress irrespective of
its magnitude. In static fluid, there is no flow. Therefore, there is no shear stress.
Q.6 Ans. (a)
The viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in temperature due to decrease in intermoleculer force of
attraction while the viscosity of gas increases with increase in temperature due to increase in randommotion
of the molecules.
Q.7 Ans. (d)
Surface tension (o) is defined as force per unit length. It is also equivalent to surface energy per unit surface
area. It is mainly due to force of cohesion.
Dimension of o =
2
MLT
L
=MT
2
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-14, Equation-
1.11.
Q.8 Ans. (a)
A fluid is said to be Newtonian fluid when it obeys the Newtons law of viscosity. For such fluids the viscosity
is independent fromthe rate of shear strain. For example water, air etc.
The other types of fluid is shown in the following figure:
Ideal solid
B
in
g
h
a
m
p
la
s
tic
flu
id
P
s
e
u
d
o
p
la
s
tic
flu
id
N
e
w
to
n
ia
n
flu
id
Ideal Fluid
Velocity gradient,
du
dy
| |
|
\ .
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

t
D
i
la
t
a
n
t
f
lu
i
d
77
Pr essur e and i t s Measur ement
2
Year 2005
1. A U-tube manometer with a small quantity of
mercury is used to measure the static pressure
difference between two locations A and B in a
conical section through which an incompressible
fluid flows. At a particular flow rate, the mercury
column appears as shown in the figure. The
density of mercury is 13 600 kg/m
3
and g =9.81
m/s
2
. Which of the following is correct?
A
B
150 mm
(a) Flow direction is A to B and p
A
p
B
=20 kPa
(b) Flow direction is B to A and p
A
p
B
=1.4 kPa
(c) Flow direction is A to B and p
B
p
A
=20 kPa
(d) Flow direction is B to A and p
B
p
A
=1.4 kPa
Year 2004
2. The pressure gauges G
1
and G
2
installed on the
systemshow pressures of P
G1
=5.00 bar and
P
G2
=1.00 bar. The value of unknown pressure
P is
G
1
G
2
P
Atmospheric pressure
1.01 bar
(a) 1.01 bar (b) 2.01 bar
(c) 5.00 bar (d) 7.01 bar
Year 2000
3. In figure if the pressure of gas in bulb A is 50 cm
Hg vaccumand p
atm
=76 cmHg, the height of
column H is equal to
A
H
P
atm
Hg
(a) 26 cm (b) 50 cm
(c) 76 cm (d) 126 cm
Year 1999
4. If p is the gauge pressure within a spherical
droplet, the gauge pressure within a bubble of the
same fluid and of same size will be
(a)
p
4
(b)
p
2
(c) p (d) 2p
Year 1997
5. Refer to figure, the absolute pressure of gas A in
the bulb is
P
A
10 cm
A B
C
D
F
E
=13.6 g/ml
2 cm
5 cm
(a) 771.2 mmHg (b) 752.65 mmHg
(c) 767.35 mmHg (d) 748.8 mmHg
Year 1996
6. A mercury manometer is used to measure the
static pressure at a point in a water pipe as shown
in Fig. The level difference of mercury in the two
limbs is 10 mm. The gauge pressure at the
point A is
10 mm
HO
2
Hg
Water
A
(a) 1236 Pa (b) 1333 Pa
(c) zero (d) 98 Pa
Year 1994
7. Net force on a control volume due to uniform
normal pressure alone
(a) depends upon the shape of the control volume
(b) translation and rotation
(c) translation and deformation
(d) deformation only
79
Chapter-2
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (d) 5. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (b) 7. Ans. (a)


80
Chapter-2
Q.1 Ans. (a)
A
B
150 mm
Writing the pressure balance equation,
p
A
=p
B
+gh
p
A
p
B
=
150
136000 9.81 20.012kPa
1000
=
Q.2 Ans. (d)
G
1
G
2
P
Atmospheric pressure
1.01 bar
Absolute pressure at 2
P
abs2
=P
G2
+P
atm
=1 +1.01 =2.01 bar
Absolute pressure at 1 P
abs1
=P
G1
+P
atm
(Atmospheric pressure for G
1
becomes 2.01 bar)
=5 +2.01 =7.01 bar
Q.3 Ans. (b)
A
H
P
atm
Hg
Applying pressure balancing equation at free surface
P
A
+P
H
=P
atm
P
atm
=P
A
P
H
Taking P
atm
=0
Therefore, P
H
=50 cm
19.7.
Q.4 Ans. (d)
Pressure inside spherical droplet =
4
d
o
Pressure inside soap bubble =
8
d
o
, where o is surface tension force and d is diameter. .
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-15,
Equation-1.11.
Q.5 Ans. (a)
P
A
17 cm
A B
C
D
F
E
=13.6 g/ml
datum
5 cm
2 cm
Gauge pressure at A,
P
A
+
1
gh
1
=
2
gh
2
+
1
gh
3
(Taking the unknown liquid as water)
P
A
+
17
1000 9.81
100
=
2 5
13600 9.81 1000 9.81
100 100
+
P
A
=2668.32 +490.5 1667.2 = 1491.12 N/m
2
P
abs
=P
atm
+P
A
=1.01310
5
+1491.12 =102791.12 N/m
2
P
abs
=
m
gh
m
m
m
density of mercury
h mercury column height
= (
(
=

h
m
=
102791.12
0.77055m
13600 9.81
=
= 771 mm
Q.6 Ans. (b)
10 mm
HO
2
Hg
Water
A
Neglecting the depth of water column, gauge pressure is given as
P
guage
=gh =
10
13600 9.81
1000
= 1334.16 N/m
2
Q.7 Ans. (a)
Exp.
Pressure
=
Force
Area
Net force =PressureArea.

Therefore, area defined by the shape of the control volume.
2.1.
82
Hydr ost at i c For c es on Sur f ac es
3
Year 2013
1. A hinged gate of length 5 m, inclined at 30 with
the horizontal and with mass on its left, is shown
in the figure below. Density of water is 1000 kg/
m
3
. The minimummass of the gate in kg per unit
width (perpendicular to the plane of paper),
required to keep it closed is
5
m
(a) 5000 (b) 6600
(c) 7546 (d) 9623
Year 2003
2. A water container is kept on a weighing balance.
Water froma tap is falling vertically into the
container with a volume flow rate of Q; the velocity
of the water when it hits the water surface is U.
At a particularly instant of time the total mass of
the container and water is m. The force registered
by the weighing balance at this instant of time is
(a) mg +QU (b) mg +2 QU
(c) mg +QU
2
/2 (d) QU
2
/2
Year 2001
3. The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces F
x
and F
y
on the semi-circular gate, having a width
w into the plane of figure, are
(a) F
x
=ghrw and F
y
=0
(b) F
x
=2ghrw and F
y
=0
(c) F
x
=2ghrw and F
y
=gwr
2
/2
(d) F
x
=2ghrw and F
y
=tgwr
2
/2
Year 1992
4. A 3.6 msquare gate provided in an oil tank is
hinged at its top edge (Figure). The tank contains
gasoline (sp. gr. =0.7) upto a height of 1.8 m
above the top edge of the plate. The space above
the oil is subjected to a negative pressure of 8250
N/m
2
. Determine the necessary vertical pull to
be applied at the lower edge to open the gate.
45
Negative pressure (8250 N/m)
2
Hinge
Gate
Gasoline surface
1.8m
P
Gasoline (S =0.7)
83
Chapter-3
Answers
1. Ans. (d) 2. Ans. (a) 3. Ans. (d) 4. Ans. (144.5 kN)


84
Chapter-3
Q.1 Ans. (d)
mg
mg cos 30
30
30
5
m
b
=
1
m
G
F
2
.
5
m
x
B
h
Depth of centre of gravity fromfree surface of water,
x =2.5 sin 30
o
=1.25 m
Hydrostatic force, F =
gAx
=1000 9.81 5 1 1.25 =61312.5 N
Depth of centre of pressure,
h
=
2 G
I
x sin
Ax
+ u
=1.25 +
( )
( )
3
2
o
1
1 5
12
sin30
5 1 1.25

=1.67 m
For gate to be closed, moment of all forces about the hinge point must be zero. Therefore, taking moment of
all forces about hinge point.
mg cos 30
o
2.5 =F
h
/sin 30
o
Therefore, m =
0 0
F h
g cos30 2.5 sin30

=
0
61312.5 1.67
9.81 cos30 1.25

= 9641 kg
Therefore, the nearest possible value is 9623 kg.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-132, Example-
3.22.
Q.2 Ans. a)
Mass of water strike =AV =Q
Force on weighing balance due to strike of water = Initial momentum final momentum
=QU Q.0 =QU
Since weight of water and container =mg
Total force on weighing balance =mg +QU
Q.3 Ans. (d)
Horizontal component of hydrostatic force, F
x
= gAx where =density of the liquid, A =surface area, x
=depth of centre of pressure fromfree surface of liquid
Hence, F
x
= g Ax where projected area, A =w 2r
Therefore, F
x
=2 gwrh Projected area (ABCD),
r +r
2r
r r
w
A
B
C
D
Vertical component of hydrostatic force,
F
y
=Weight of water supported by the curved surface
F
y
= g Volume of curved portion
=
2
g r w
2
t
where,
2
r
2
t
=Area of semi-circle
=
2
gwr
2
t
where, w is the width of the gate.
Q.4 Ans. (144.5 kN)
45
Negative pressure (8250 N/m)
2
Hinge
Gate
Gasoline surface
1.8m
P
Gasoline (S =0.7)
Head of oil equivalent to negative pressure 238 N/m
2
, h =
p 8250
1.2m
w 0.7 9810
= =
This negative pressure will reduce the oil head above the top edge of the gate from1.8 - 1.2 =0.6 mof oil.
Calculations for the magnitude and location of the pressure force are thus to be made corresponding to 0.6 m
of oil.
Now, x =0.6 +
3.6
sin45
2
=1.873 m
Area, A =3.6 3.6 =12.96 m
2
Pressure, P = wAx =0.7 9810 12.96 1.873 =166690 N
Centre of pressure, h =
2
G
I sin
x
Ax
u
+
=
3 2
1
3.6 (3.6) (sin45)
12
1.873 2.16m
12.96 1.873

+ =
Vertical distance of centre of pressure below top edge of the gate =2.16 0.6 =1.56 m
Taking moments about the hinge.
F sin 45 3.6 =P
1.56
sin45
Hence, vertical force, F =
2
P 1.56
3.6 (sin45)
= 2
166690 1.56
3.6 (sin45)
=144465 N =144.5 kN
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-101.
86
Buoyancy and Fl ot at i on
4
Year 2010
1. For the stability of a floating body, under the
influence of gravity alone, which of the following
is TRUE?
(a) Metacentre should be below centre of gravity.
(b) Metacentre should be above centre of gravity.
(c) Metacentre and centre of gravity must lie on
the same horizontal line.
(d) Metacentre and centre of gravity must lie on
the same vertical line.
Year 2003
2. A cylindrical body of cross-sectional area A,
height H and density
s
, is immersed to a depth h
in a liquid of density , and tied to the bottomwith
a string. The tension in the string is
h
(a) ghA (b) (
s
) ghA
(c) (
s
) ghA (d) (h
s
H) gA
Year 1994
3. Bodies in flotation to be in stable equilibrium, the
necessary and sufficient condition is that the
centre of gravity is located below the...........
Chapter-4
Q.1 Ans. (b)
Condition of stability in case of Floating bodies is given as:-
1. For stable equilibrium, MG >0
2. For unstable equilibrium, MG <0
3. For neutral equilibrium, MG =0
M
Meta centre
Centre of
buoyancy
Centre of
gravity B
G
Q.2 Ans. (d)
h
Free body diagramof the cylindrical body will be
W
G
T
F
B
B
At equilibriumcondition
T +weight of body =Buoyancy force
T +Mg = h Ag
T +(
s
HA)g = h Ag
T =(h
s
H) gA
Q.3 Ans. metacentre
For floating body the equlibriumconditionds are as follows:-
1. For stable equilibrium, metacentre should be above the centre of gravity.
2. For unstable equilibrium, metacentre should be below the centre of gravity.
3. For neutral equilibrium, metacentre should coincide the centre of gravity.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-129, 4.3.
88
Fl ui d Ki nemat i c s
5
Year 2011
1. A streamline and an equipotential line in a flow
field
(a) are parallel to each other
(b) are perpendicular to each other
(c) intersect at an acute angle
(d) are identical
Year 2009
2. You are asked to evaluate assorted fluid flows
for their suitability in a given labortory application.
The following three flow choices expressed in
terms of the two dimensional velocity field in the
xy plane are made available
P. u =2y, v =3x
Q. u =3xy, v =0
R. u =2x. v =2y
Which flow (s) should be recommended when
the application requires the flow to be
incompressible and irrotational?
(a) P and R (b) Q
(c) Q and R (d) R
Year 2008
3. For the continuity equation given by V V

to be
valid, where V
is the velocity vector, which one

of the following is a necessary condition?
(a) steady flow
(b) irrotational flow
(c) inviscid flow
(d) incompressible flow
Statement for linked answer questions
4 and 5
The gap between a moving circular plate and a
stationary surface is being continously reduced,
as the circular plate comes down at a uniform
speed V towards the stationary bottomsurface,
as shown in the figure. In the process, the fluid
contained between the two plate flows out
radially. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible
and inviscid.
R
r
Stationary
surface
Moving
circular plate
V
h
4. The radial velocity v
r
at any radius r, when the
gap width is h, is
(a) v
r
=
Vr
2h
(b) v
r
=
Vr
h
(c) v
r
=
2V h
r
(d) v
r
=
Vh
r
5. The radial component of the fluid acceleration at
r =R is
(a)
2
R
2
3V
4h
(b)
2
R
2
V
4h
(c)
2
R
2
V
2h
(d)
2
R
2
V
4h
89
Year 2006
6. In a two-dimensional velocity field with velocities
u and v along the x and y directions respectively,
the convective acceleration along the x-direction
is given by
(a)
u u
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
(b)
u v
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
(c)
v u
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
(d)
u u
v u
x y
c c
+
c c
7. A two-dimensional flow field has velocities along
the x and y directions given by u =x
2
t and v =
2xyt respectively, where t is time. The equation
of streamlines is
(a) x
2
y =constant
(b) x y
2
=constant
(c) x y =constant
(d) not possible to determine
Year 2005
8. The velocity components in the x and and y
directions of a two dimensional potential flow are
u and v, respectively. Then
u
x
c
c
is equal to
(a)
v
x
c
c
(b)
v
x
c
c
(c)
v
y
c
c
(d)
v
y
c
c
Year 2004
9. A fluid flow is represented by the velocity field

V xi y j = + a a , where a is a constant. The
equation of streamline passing through a point
(1, 2) is:
(a) x - 2y =0 (b) 2x +y =0
(c) 2x - y =0 (d) x +2y =0
Year 2003
10. The vector field F xi yj =

(where i
and
j
are
unit vectors), is:
(a) divergence free, but not irrotational
(b) irrotational, but not divergence free
(c) divergence free and irrotational
(d) neither divergence free nor irrotational
Year 2001
11. The 2-D flow with velocity
( ) ( ) V x 2y 2 i 4 y j = + + +

, is
(a) compressible and irrotational
(b) compressible and not irrotational
(c) incompressible and irrotational
(d) incompressible and not irrotational
Year 1999
12. For the function f =ax
2
y y
3
to represent the
velocity potential of an ideal fluid. D
2
f should be
equal to zero. In that case, the value of a has to
be:
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 3
13. If the velocity vector in 2-D flow field is given by
2 2
V =2xyi +(2y - x )j

, the vorticity vector, curl
V
will be
(a)
2
2y j
(b)
6yk
(c) zero (d)

-4xk
Year 1995
14. The velocity components in the x and y directions
are given by
u xy x y v xy y = =
3 2 2 4
3
4
,
The value of for a possible flow field involving
an incompressible fluid is
(a)

3
4
(b)

4
3
(c)
4
3
(d) 3
90
15. The force F needed to support the liquid of density

d and the vessel on top (Fig) is
(a) gd[ha (h H) A] (b) gdHA
(c) gdHa (d) gd (H h) A
Year 1994
16. Streamlines, path lines and streak lines are virtually
identical for
(a) Uniformflow
(b) Flow of ideal fluids
(c) Steady flow
(d) Non uniformflow
17. In a flow field, the streamlines and equipotential
lines
(a) are parallel
(b) are orthogonal everywhere in the flow field
(b) cut at any angle
(d) cut orthogonally except at the stagnation points
18. For a fluid element in a two dimensional flow field
(x-y plane), if it will undergo
(a) translation only
(b) translation and rotation
(c) translation and deformation
(d) deformation only
Year 1992
19. Existence of velocity potential implies that
(a) Fluid is in continuum
(b) Fluid is irrotational
(c) Fluid is ideal
(d) Fluid is compressible
20. Circulation is defined as line integral of tangential
component of velocity about a..........
91
Chapter-5
Answers
1. Ans. (b) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (d) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (a) 7. Ans. (a) 8. Ans. (d) 9. Ans. (c) 10. Ans. (c)
11. Ans. (d) 12. Ans. (d) 13. Ans. (d) 14. Ans. (d) 15. Ans. (a)
16. Ans. (c) 17. Ans. (b) 18. Ans. (c) 19. Ans. (b) 20. Ans.(closed
contour in a
fluid flow)


92
Chapter-5
Q.1 Ans. (b)
If and are the streamfunction and potential function respectively representing the possible flow field.
Slope of streamline represented by is given by
slope (m
1
) =
dy
dx
=
d
dx
d
dy
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
=
v
-u
......(i)
Slope of potential line represented by is given by
slope (m
2
) =
dy
dx
=
d
dx
d
dy
| | |
|
\ .
| | |
|
\ .
=
-u u
=
-v v
......(ii)
Now, product of the slopes,
m
1
m
2
=
v u
u v
=1
Since the product of the slope of these two lines at the point of intersection is 1, which indicates that these
two lines are prependicular to each other.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-244, Sec. 6.12.
Q.2 Ans. (d)
For steady, incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
=0 ......(i)
e
z
=
1 v u
2 x y
( c c
(
c c

= 0 ......(ii)
For P,
Given u =2y and v =3x
u
x
c
c
=
(2y)
x
c
c
=0 and
u
y
c
c
=
(2y)
y
c
c
=2

v
x
c
c
= ( ) 3x 3
x
c
=
c
and
v
y
c
c
= ( ) 3x 0
y
c
=
c
Fromequation (i)
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
=0 +0 =0
Fromequation (ii) e
z
=
1 v u
-
2 x y
c c | |
|
c c
\ .
=
( )
1
3- 2
2
=
0
Since the given velocity field is satifying the equation (i) only, therefore it is a possible case of steady,
incompressible and rotational flow.
93
For Q, Given u =3xy and v =0
u
x
c
c
=
(3xy)
x
c
c
=3y and
u
y
c
c
=
(3xy)
y
c
c
=3x
v
x
c
c
= ( ) 0 0
x
c
=
c
and
v
y
c
c
= ( ) 0 0
y
c
=
c
Fromequation (i)
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
=3y
=
0
Fromequation (ii) e
z
=
1 v u
-
2 x y
c c | |
|
c c
\ .
=
-3x
2
=
0
Given velocity field is neither satisfying the equation (i) nor (ii), therefore the flow is neither steady nor
irrotational.
For R, Given u = 2x and v =2y
u
x
c
c
=
( 2x)
x
c

c
=-2 and
u
y
c
c
=
( 2x)
y
c

c
=0
v
x
c
c
= ( ) 2y 0
x
c
=
c
and
v
y
c
c
= ( ) 2y 2
y
c
=
c
Fromequation (i)
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
=0
Fromequation (ii) e
z
=
1 v u
-
2 x y
c c | |
|
c c
\ .
=0
Given velocity field is satisfying the equation (i) and (ii), therefore, the flow is a possible case of steady,
incompressible and irrotational flow.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn-6.33 a.
Q.3 Ans. (d)
Given that
V V

=0
i.e.
( ) i j k ui vj wk 0
x y z
| | c c c
+ + + + =
|
c c c
\ .
i.e.
u v w
x y z
c c c
+ +
c c c
=0
which represents the three dimensional continuity equation of steady, and incompressible flow.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page -146, Eqn. 5.4.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
At radius r, volume of fluid moving out radially is equal to the volume of fluid displaced by moving plate within
radius r.
Given that V =downward velocity of circular plate in m/s
v
r
=radial velocity at radius r
R
V
V
r
r
h
So volume displaced by moving plate
=Velocity Area
=V tr
2
Now, volume flow out at radius,
94
r =v
r
2trh
Fromabove stated condition
v
r
2trh =tr
2
V
Therefore, v
r
=
V
2
r
h
Q.5 Ans. (c)
Radial component of the fluid acceleration at r =R
a
R
=
R
V d
dt
=
VR
2
d
h
dt
| |
|
\ .
=
VR
2
d
dh
h
dh dt
| |
|
| | \ .

|
\ .
(ve as h is reducing with time)
=
2
VR 1
( V)
2 h
| |

|
\ .
{ }
as V
dh
dt
=
Therefore, a
R
=
2
2
V R
2h
Q.6 Ans. (a)
Acceleration of fluid particle along x-axis is given by
a
x
=
u u u u
u +v +w +
x y z t
c c c c
c c c c
......(i)
For 2-D flow
u
z
c
c
=0
Thus, fromequation (i), a
x
=
Temporal or local
Convective
acceleration
acceleration
u u u
u +v +
x y t
c c c
c c c
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-232, Equation
6.27.
Q.7 Ans. (a)
Given: u =x
2
t and v =2xyt
Streamline equation is given as
dx
u
=
dy
v
2
dx
x t
=
dy
-2xyt
dx
x
=
1dy
-
2 y
Integrating both side
dx
x
}
=
1
2
dy
y
}
ln x =
1
lny
2
c +
ln x
2
+ln y =c
x
2
y =Constant
Equation 6.2.
95
Q.8 Ans. (d)
Exp. For two dimensional potential flow, the continuity equation is given as
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
=0
Therefore,
u
x
c
c
=
v
y
c
c
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-223, Eqn. 6.5.
Q.9 Ans. (c)
The velocity field is given as,
V
= ax i ay j +

=
ui vj +

The equation of streamline
dx
u
=
dy
v
......(i)
fromequation (i),
dx
ax
=
dy
ay
Integrating both side,
dx
x
}
=
dy
y
}
ln x =ln y +c
x
n
y
=ln c
x
y
=c ......(ii)
Since this streamline passes through point (1, 2) hence c =1/2
Therefore, equation of streamline is (fromequation (ii))
2x y =0
Q.10 Ans. (c)
Given vector filed F
= xi yj

The divergence of V
is defined as
V V-
It can also be written as ( )

x y z
x y z
i j k i j k
| | c c c
+ + - + +
|
c c c
\ .

=
u v w
x y z
c c c
+ +
c c c
=
0
x y z
x y c c c
+ +
c c c
=1-1 = 0
Rotational component, e
z
=
1 v u
2 x y
( c c
(
c c

=0
Hence, the vector field is divergence free and irrotational.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page-156, Sec. 5.8.
Q.11 Ans. (d)
The 2-D flow with velocity,
V
=
( ) ( ) x 2y 2 i 4 y j + + +

=ui vj +

For incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
=0 ......(i)
e
z
=
1 v u
2 x y
( c c
(
c c

=0 ......(ii)
96
Here,
u
x
c
c
=
(x 2y 2)
x
c
+ +
c
=1 and
u
y
c
c
=
(x 2y 2)
y
c
+ +
c
=2
v
x
c
c
= ( ) 4 y
x
c

c
=0 and
v
y
c
c
= ( ) 4 y 1
y
c
=
c
Fromequation (i),
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
=1 1 =0
For irrotational flow fromequation (ii),
e
z
=
1 v u
2 x y
( c c
(
c c

= ( )
1
0 2
2
= 0
Hence, this flow is steady, incompressible and rotational.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-219, Eqn 6.2.
Q.12 Ans. (d)
Velocity Potential, f =ax
2
y y
3
Now
f
x
c
c
= 2axy &
2
2
f
2ay
x
c
=
c
......(i)
and
f
y
c
c
=
2 2
ax 3y
&
2
2
f
6y
y
c
=
c
......(ii)
As D
2
f should equal to 0
or D
2
(f) =
2
(f ) 0 A =
2 2
2 2
f f
x y
c c
+
c c
=0
Fromeuation (i) and (ii),
2ay 6y =0
2y (a 3) =0
Therefore, a =3
Q.13 Ans. (d)
The curl of V
is defined as V V
.
curl of V
=
i j k
x y z
u v w
c c c
c c c

Flow field,
V
=
2 2
2xyi +(2y -x )j +0k

It can also be written as
w v u w v u
i j k
y z z x x y
| | | | c c c c c c | |
+ +
| | |
c c c c c c
\ .
\ . \ .

=
( ) ( )
v u
0 0 0 0
x y
i j k
| | c c
+ +
|
c c
\ .

= ( ) -2x - 2x k
=
- 4xk
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-172, Equation 5.32.

Q.14 Ans. (d)
The velocity components in the x and y directions are given by
97
u xy x y v xy y = =
3 2 2 4
3
4
,
Continuity equation for steady, incompressible and irrotataional flow is
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
=0 ......(i)
u
x
c
c
=
3
y 2xy &
v
y
c
c
=
3
2xy 3y
Put these value in equation (i),
3 3
y 2xy 2xy 3y + =0
y
3
3y
3
=0
y
3
( 3) =0
3 =0
=3
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, S.K. Aggarwal, Page No. 104.
Q.15 Ans. (a)
Let Free body diagramof liquid columns due to symmetry
Here A
1
=a and A
2
=A
3
=
A a
2
| |
|
\ .
A
1
A
2
A
2
a
a
A
h
H-h
H
(Aa)
2
Aa
2
Now F is equal to the weight of water supported by the piston.
W =Mg
or M.g =d.g.V where d is the density of the liquid
F =d.g.V ......(i)
Now V =A
1
H +2 (A
1
(Hh))
=aH +2
A a
(H h)
2
| |

|
\ .
=aH +A (Hh) aH +ah
V =ah +A(H h)
=ah A (h H) ......(ii)
Put Value of V in equation (i)
F =dg [ah A(hH)]
Q.16 Ans. (c)
In steady and uniformflow streamline, path line and streak line are same.
In the given problemsteady flow and uniformflow are separate option. Hence option (a) & (c) both are
correct but most appropriate single answer is (c).
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page No. 160, 5.4.4.
Q.17 Ans. (b)
In a flow field, the streamlines and equipotential lines are always orthogonal to each other.
=streamlines
| =equipotential lines
98
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-245, Fig. 6.18.
Q.18 Ans. (c)
For 2-D flow, irrotational component,
e
z
=
1 v u
2 x y
( c c
(
c c

=0
Therefore, there is no variation in velocity in z-direction.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn 6.34c.
Q.19 Ans. (b)
For steady, incompressible and irrotational flow, the velocity field should satisfy the following equations
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
=0 ......(i)
e
z
=
1 v u
2 x y
( c c
(
c c

=0 ......(ii)
If is the potential function representing the possible flow field. Then fromdefinition of potential function
u =

-
x
c
c
and v =
-
y
c
c
Fromequation (i),
u v
x y
c c
+
c c
=
2 2
2 2
x y
c | c |
+
c c
which is known as Laplace equation.
Fromequation (ii),
1 v u
2 x y
( c c
(
c c

=
2 2
x y y x
( c | c |
+
(
c c c c

=0
The velocity potential of the flow denoted by | if satisfies the continuity/Laplace equation, then it will be a
possible case of irrotational flow.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-238, Eqn 6.34c.
Q.20 Ans. (closed contour in a fluid flow)
Circulation is defined as the line integral of the tangential component of the velocity taken around a closed
contour. Mathematically, the circulation is obtained if the product of the velocity component along the curve
at any point and the length of the small element containing that point is integrated around the curve.
o
ds
C
V
X
Y
Mathematically, circulation
I
= Vcos .ds o
}
= (udx vdy) +
}
Areaof closedcurve
I
=Vorcitity along the axis perpendicular to the plane containing the closed
curve.
I
=Vorticity area =2 e
z
area
=
1 v u
2 x y
2 x y
( c c
c c
(
c c

For irrotational flow in xy plane,
e
z
=0 hence vorticity which leads to circulation also equal to zero.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, K. Subramanya, Edition 2012, 108,3.5.1.
99
Fl ui d Dynami c s
6
Year 2013
1. Water is coming out froma tap and falls vertically
downwards. At the tap opening, the stream
diameter is 20 mm with uniformvelocity of 2 m/s.
Acceralation due to gravity is 9.81 m/s
2
.
Assuming steady, inviscid flow, constant atmo
spheric pressure everywhere and neglecting
curvature and surface tension effects, the
diameter in mm of the stream0.5 mbelow the
tap is approximately
(a) 10 (b) 15
(c) 20 (d) 25
Year 2012
2. A large tank with a nozzle attached contains three
immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown. Assuming
that the changes in h
1
, h
2
and h
3
are negligible,
the instantaneous discharge velocity is
h
1
h
2
h
3
3
(a)
1 1 2 2
3
3 3 3 3
2 1
h h
gh
h h
| |
+ +
|

\ .
(b)
1 2 3
2 ( ) g h h h + +
(c)
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
2
h h h
g
+ + | |
|
+ +
\ .
(d)
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
2
h h h h h h
g
h h h
+ + | |
|
+ +
\ .
Year 2011
3. Figure shows the schematic for the measurement
of velocity of air (density =1.2 kg/m
3
) through a
constant-area duct using a pitot tube and a water-
tube manometer. The differential head of water
(density =1000 kg/m
3
) in the two columns of the
manometer is 10 mm. Take acceleration due to
gravity as 9.8 m/s
2
. The velocity of air in m/s is
Flow
10 mm
(a) 6.4 (b) 9.0
(c) 12.8 (d) 25.6
Year 2010
4. A smooth pipe of diameter 200 mmcarries water.
The pressure in the pipe at section S
1
(elevation
: 10 m) is 50 kPa. At section S
2
(elevation : 12 m)
the pressure is 20 kPa and velocity is 2 ms
1
.
Density of water is 1000 kgm
3
and acceleration
due to gravity is 9.8 ms
2
. Which of the following
is TRUE
(a) flow is from S
1
to S
2
and head loss is
0.53 m
(b) flow is fromS
2
to S
1
and head loss is 0.53 m
(c) flow is from S
1
to S
2
and head loss is
1.06 m
(d) flow is fromS
2
to S
1
and head loss is 1.06 m
Year 2009
5. Consider steady, incompressible and irrotational
flow through a reducer in a horizontal pipe where
the diameter is reduced from20 cmto 10 cm.
The pressure in the 20 cmpipe just upstreamof
the reducer is 150 kPa. The fluid has a vapour
pressure of 50 kPa and a specific weight of 5
kN/m
3
. Neglecting frictional effects, the maxi-
mumdischarge (in m
3
/s) that can pass through
the reducer without causing cavitation is
(a) 0.05 (b) 0.16
(c) 0.27 (d) 0.38
Year 2007
6. Which combination of the following statements
about steady incompressible forced vortex flow is
correct ?
P : Shear stress is zero at all points in the flow.
Q : Vorticity is zero at all points in the flow.
R : Velocity is directly proportional to the radius
fromthe centre of the vortex.
S : Total mechanical energy per unit mass is con-
stant in the entire flow field.
Select the correct answer using the codes given
bewlow:
(a) P and Q (b) R and S
(c) P and R (d) P and S
Year 2006
7. A siphon draws water from a reservoir and
discharges it out at atmospheric pressure.
Assuming ideal fluid and the reservoir is large,
the velocity at point P in the siphon tube is
h2
h
1
P
(a)
1
2gh (b)
2
2gh
(c)
2 1
2 ( ) g h h (d)
2 1
2 ( ) g h h +
Year 2005
8. A venturimeter of 20 mmthroat diameter is used
to measure the velocity of water in a horizontal
pipe of 40 mmdiameter. If the pressure differ-
ence between the pipe and throat sections is found
to be 30 kPa then, neglecting frictional losses, the
flow velocity is
(a) 0. 2 m/s (b) 1. 0 m/s
(c) 1. 4 m/s (d) 2. 0 m/s
9. A leaf caught in a whirlpool. At a given instant
the leaf is at a distance of 120 mfromthe centre
of the whirlpool. The whirlpool can be described
by the following velocity distribution;
V
r
=
3
60 10
/
2
m s
r
| |
|
|
\ .
& VV
u
=
3
300 10
/ ,
2
m s
r
angular Velocity V
u
, where r (in metres) is the
distance fromthe centre of the whirlpool. What
will be the distance of the leaf fromthe centre
when it has moved through half a revolution
(a) 48 m (b) 64 m
(c) 120 m (d) 142 m
101
Year 2004
10. A closed cylinder having a radius R and height H
is filled with oil of density . If the cylinder is
rotated about its axis at an angular velocity of e,
the thrust at the bottomof the cylinder is:
(a) t R gH
2
(b) t
e
R
R
2
2 2
4
(c) t e R R gH
2 2 2
+
e j
(d)
t
e
R
R
gH
2
2 2
4
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
11. A centrifugal pump is required to pump water to
an open water tank situated 4 kmaway fromthe
location of the pump through a pipe of diameter
0.2 mhaving Darcys friction factor of 0.01. The
average speed of water in the pipe is 2 m/s. If it
is to maintain a constant head of 5 min the tank,
neglecting other minor losses, then absolute
discharge pressure at the pump exit is
(a) 0.449 bar (b) 5.503 bar
(c) 44.911 bar (d) 55.203 bar
Year 2003
12. Air flows through a venturi and into atmosphere.
Air density is ; atmospheric pressure is P
a
; throat
diameter is D
t
; exit diameter is D and exit velocity
is U. The throat is connected to a cylinder
containing a frictionless piston attached to a
spring. The spring constant is k. The bottom
surface of the piston is exposed to atmosphere.
Due to the flow, the piston moves by distance x.
Assuming incompressible frictionless flow,
x is
x
D
s
k
D
t
D
U
P
a
(a) t U k D
s
2 2
2 /
e j
(b)
t U k
D
D
D
t
s
2
2
2
2
8 1 /
e j

F
H
G
I
K
J
(c)
t U k
D
D
D
t
s
2
2
2
2
2 1 /
e j

F
H
G
I
K
J
(d)
t U k
D
D
D
t
s
2
4
4
2
8 1 /
e j

F
H
G
I
K
J
Year 1999
13. Water flows through a vertical contraction from
a pipe of diameter d to another of diameter d/2
(see Fig.). The flow velocity at the inlet to the
contraction is 2 m/s and pressure 200 kN/m
2
. If
the height of the contraction measures 2 m, the
pressure at the exit of the contraction will be
very nearly
2m
| d
| d/2
(a) 168 kN/m
2
(b) 192 kN/m
2
(c) 150 kN/m
2
(d) 174 kN/m
2
Year 1996
14. A venturimeter (throat diameter =10.5 cm) is
fitted to a water pipe line (internal diameter
=21.0 cm) in order to monitor flow rate. To
improve accuracy of measurement, pressure
difference across the venturimeter is measured
with the help of an inclined tube manometer, the
angle of inclination being 30 (Figure). For a
manometer reading of 9.5 cmof mercury, find
the flow rate. Discharge coefficient of venturi is
0.984.
30
9
.
5
c
m
y
From
venturi
Water
Hg
102
Chapter-6
Answers
1. Ans. (b) 2. Ans. (a) 3. Ans. (c) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (b)
6. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. (d) 9. Ans. (b) 10. Ans. (d)
11. Ans. (b) 12. Ans. (d) 13. Ans. (c) 14. Ans.
(0.0302
m
3
/s)


103
Chapter-6
Q.1 Ans (b)
0.5m
1
2
1
2
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1-1) & (2-2)
2
1 1
1
P V
Z
g 2g
+ +
=
2
2 2
2
P V
Z
g 2g
+ +
......(i)
P
1
=P
2
=P
atm.
(taking section 2-2 as datum)
From equation (i)
2
2
0.5
2 9.81
+
=
2
2
V
2g
V
2
=3.716 m/sec.
From Continuity equation,
1
A
1
V
1
=
2
A
1
V
2
(since flow is incompressible, i.e.
1
=
2
)
A
1
V
1
=A
2
V
2
A
2
=
1 1
2
A V
V
2
2
d
4
t
=
2
1 1
2
d V
4 V
t
Therefore, d
2
=
2
1 1
2
d V
V
=
1
1
2
V
d
V
=
2
0.02
3.716
=0.01467 m~ 15 mm
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-306, Ex.7.3.
Q.2 Ans (a)
Applying Bernoullis equation, just before the exit fromthe tank and just after entry in the atmosphere
2
1 1
1
3
P V
Z
g 2g
+ +
=
2
2 2
2
3
P V
Z
g 2g
+ +
......(i)
104
h
1
h
2
h
3
3
Fromthe above figure, it is clear that
Z
1
=Z
2
, V
1
=0 and P
2
=Atmospheric pressure =0;
Then the Bernoullis equation reduces to :
1
3
P
=
2
2
V
2
V
2
=
1
3
2P
......(ii)
Fromgiven figure we can find pressure P
1
P
1
=
1
gh
1
+
2
gh
2
+
3
gh
3
Substitute this value of P
1
in eqution (ii), we get
V
2
=
| |
1 1 2 2 3 3
3
2g
h h h + +
=
1 1 2 2
3
3 3 3 3
h h
2gh 1
h h
| |
+ +
|

\ .
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-277, Eqn 7.24.
Q.3 Ans. (c)
10 mm
Flow

a

w
Given that
Density of air,
a
=1.2 kg/m
3
,
Density of water,
w
=1000 kg/m
3
x =10 mm, g =9.8 m/s
2
Now h =
2
v
2g
v = 2gh
105
where, h =
1
| |
\ .
w
a
x
=
3
1000
10 10 1 8.32m
1.2
| |
=
|
\ .
Velocity of air, v = 2 9.81 8.32 =12.8 m/s
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-294, 295.
Q.4 Ans. (c)
Given:
At section S
1
: P
1
=50 kPa At section S
2
: P
2
= 20 kPa
Z
1
=10 m Z
2
=12 m
V
1
=2 m/s V
2
= 2 m/s
10 m
12 m
S
1
S
2
P =50 KPa
1
P =20 KPa
2
Datum line
Since diameter of the pipe is constant hence velocity of the flow will be same through out the length of
the pipe. Therefore V
1
=V
2
=2 m/s. Since velocity of flow is constant throughout the pipe, hence direction
of flow is decided by the piezometric head only.
Total piezometric head at S
1,
H
1
=
1
1
P
Z +
g
=
3
50 10
10
1000 9.81
= 15.096 m
Total piezometric head at S
2
, H
2
=
2
2
P
Z +
g
=
3
20 10
12
1000 9.81
= 14.038 m
Since H
1
>H
2
therefore flow direction is fromS
1
to S
2
.
Therefore, head loss =H
1
H
2
=15.096 14.038 =1.06 m
Q.5 Ans. (b) Given,
Inlet diameter, d
1
=0.2 m
Inlet pressure, P
1
=150 kPa
Exit diameter, d
2
=0.1 m
Specific weight, w (g) =5 kN/m
3
Vapour pressure, P
2
=P
v
=50 kPa
(To avoid cavitation, pressure at exit should not be allowed tofall below the vapour pressure of the liquid)
106
1
2
2
1
Fromcontinuity equation
a
1
V
1
=a
2
V
2
2
1 1
d V
4
t
=
2
2 2
d V
4
t
V
2
=
2
1
1 2
2
d
V
d
=
2
1 2
0.2
V
0.1
= 4V
1
Applying Bernoullis equation between at section (1-1) and (2-2)
2
1 1
1
P V
Z
2
+ +
g g
=
2
2 2
2
P V
Z
2
+ +
g g
2
1
V
150
5 2g
+
=
2
2
V 50
5 2g
+
=
2
1
16V
10
2g
+
Therefore, V
1
=5.114 m/s
Therefore, maximumdischarge, Q =
2
1 1
r V t
=t 0.1
2
5.114 =0.161 m
3
/s
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-347, Ex. 8.7.
Q.6 Ans. (c)
In forced vortex flow when steady state is reached the liquid attains equilibriumcondition in this position and
it rotates as a solid mass with the container at the same angular velocity. The liquid is then at rest with respect
to its container and therefore no shear stress will exist in the liquid mass.
In the forced vortex flow the streamlines are concentric circles and the velocity v of any liquid particle at
a distance r fromthe axis of rotation may be expressed as v =er.
Therefore, v r. In forced votex flow, velocity is directly propotional to distance fromthe axis of rotation.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, Page-185, 5.5 (a), Page-301, 7.62.
Q.7 Ans. (c)
2
1
P
z
1
h
1
h
2
v
P
Applying Bernoullis equation between section (1) and (2)
2
1 1
1
P V
Z
2
+ +
g g
=
2
2 2
2
P V
Z
2
+ +
g g
Now P
1
=P
2
=P
atm
and Z
2
=0, (taking point 2 as datum)
Z
1
=(h
2
h
1
), V
1
=0
107
Thus fromBernoullis equation
atm
2 1
P
0 ( ) + +
h h
g
=
2
atm 2
P V
0
2
+ +
g g
h
2
h
1
=
2
2
V
2g
V
2
=
2 1
2 ( ) g h h
As area of siphon is constant, therefore velocity of flow is same
Hence, V
P
=V
2
=
2 1
2 ( ) g h h
Q.8 Ans. (d)
Given that
D
1
=40 mm
D
2
=20 mm
40 mm 20 mm
D
1
D
2
1
1
2
2
Fromcontinuity equation, A
1
V
1
=A
2
V
2
V
2
=
1
1
2
A
V
A
=
2
1
1
2
D
V
D
| |
|
\ .
=
2
1
40
V
20
| |

|
\ .
=4V
1
Now applying Bernoullis equation in between the sections 1-1 and 2-2
2
1 1
1
P V
z
g 2g
+ +
=
2
2 2
2
P V
z
g 2g
+ +
( Since pipe is horizontal, hence Z

2
=Z
1)
1 2
P P
g
=
2 2
2 1
V V
2g
=
2 2 2
1 1 1
(4V ) V 15V
2 2
=
Since, P
1
P
2
=30 kPa
3
30 10
1000
=
2
1
15V
2
V
1
2
=
3
60 10
4
1000 15
Therefore, flow velocity V

1
=2 m/sec
Or
Theoretical discharge (Q
th
) through a venturimeter is given by
Q
th
=
1 2
2 2
1 2
A A
2gh
A A

108
A
1
V
1
=
1 2
2 2
1 2
A A 2gh
A A
V
1
=
2
1
2
2gh
A
1
A
| |
|
\ .
=
4
1
2
2gh
d
1
d
| |
|
\ .
=
4
2 9.81 (30/9.81)
0.04
1
0.01

| |

|
\ .
=2 m/sec.
Q.9 Ans. (b)
Given, V
r
=
3
60 10
m/sec
2 r
t
and V
u
=
3
300 10
m/sec
2 r
t
Now
r
V
V
u
=
60 1
300 5
| |
=
|
\ .
u
v
r
V
u
A
B
C
D
r
r
u
Therefore, V
r
=
V
5
u
Also V
u
=r.e =r.
d
dt
u
and V
r
=
dr
dt
dr
dt
=
r.d
5dt
u
r
120
dr
r
} =
0
d
5
t
u
r
120
[ nr] l =
1
( 0)
5
r
ln
120
| |
|
\ .
=
5
t
r
120
=0.5336
Therefore, r =120 0.5336 =64.03 m
109
Q.10 Ans. (d)
Given :
Radius of cylinder =R
Height of cylinder =H
Angular speed =e
Density of oil =
As the cylinder is closed and completely filled with oil, the rise of oil level at the ends and depression of oil at
the centre due to rotation of the vessel, will be prevented. Thus the oil will exert force on the complete top of
the vessel. Also the pressure will be exerted at the bottomof the cylinder.
Thrust at the bottomof cylinder =Weight of oil in cylinder +total force on the top of the cylinder
Now Weight of water =V.g
= tR
2
H g = tgR
2
H ......(i)
H
R
R
r
dr
Now lets consider an elementary ring of radius r and thickness dr. Then pressure gradient in the elementary
ring in free as well as in forced vortex flow is given as
p
r
c
c
=
2
V
r
=
2
2
(r )
r
r
e
= e
Integrating the above equation,
p c
}
=
2
r r e c
}
p =
2 2
w r
2

......(ii)
Now Force on elementary ring is =pressure intensity area of elementary circular ring
dF =p 2trdr
Total force on the top of the cylinder, F
T =

2 2
R R
0 0
w r
dF .2 rdr
2
= t
} }
. (p fromequation (ii)
F
T
= t w
2

R
4
0
r
4
| |
|
\ .
=
2 4
R
4
e t
......(iii)
Now, total thrust at bottomof cylinder is given by adding the equation (iii) and (i)
=
4
2 2
R
w g R H
4
t
+ t
110
=
2 2
2
w R
R gH
4
(
t +
(

Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 180, 5.30.
Q.11 Ans. (b)
0.2 m
5m
Pump
4 km
1
1
2
2
Applying Bernoulliss equation at the section (1-1) and section (2-2)
2
1 1
1
P V
Z
g 2g
+ +
=
2
2 2
2 f
P V
Z h
g 2g
+ + +
......(i)
Since pipe is horizontal, therefore Z
1
=Z
2
Fromquestion, V
2
=0, V
1
=2 m/s
Head loss due to friction in the pipe is given as h
f
=
2
f LV
2g d
where, f, V, L are the friction factor, mean velocity and length of the pipe respectively.
=
2
0.01 4000 2
2 9.81 0.2

=40.774 m
fromequation (i),
1
P
g
=
2
2 1
f
P V
h
g 2g
+
=5 +40.774
2
2
2 9.81
=45.57 m
Therefore, P
1
=45.57 1000 9.81 N/m
2
=447.04 kPa
Therefore, absolute discharge pressure at the pump exit =P
1
+P
atm.
=447.04 +101.325 =548.365 kPa =5.5 bar
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 420, Eqn. 11.1.
Q.12 Ans. (d)
x
D
s
k
D
t
D
U
P
a
Fromcontinuity equation at the throat and at the exit of the venturimeter
A
1
V
1
=A
2
V
2
V
2
=
1 1
2
A V
A
=
2
1
2
t
D
.V
D
| |
|
\ .
......(i)
Now applying Bernoulliss equation at the throat and at the exit of the venturimeter
2
1 1
1
P V
Z
g 2g
+ +
=
2
2 2
2
P V
Z
g 2g
+ +
Since venturi is horizontal, therefore Z

1
=Z
2
111
1 2
P P
g
=
2 2
2 1
V V
2g
P
1
P
2
=
2
2 1
2
2
2
V
V 1
2 V
| |

|
\ .
P
1
P
atm.
=
4
2
4
t
D
U 1
2 D
| |

|
\ .
At throat velocity is greater than U, hance pressure will be less than atmospheric
P
1
=
4
2
4
t
D
U 1
2 D
| |

|
\ .
=
4
2
4
t
D
U 1
2 D
| |

|
\ .
Now spring is elongated due to lower pressure at throat.
Therefore, in equilibrium,
Spring force = Pressure Force
Hence, kx =
2
s
D
4
t
(P
1
)
=
2 2 4
s
4
t
D U D
1
4 2 D
| |
t

|
\ .
Hence, x =
2 4
2
s
4
t
U D
1 D
8k D
| |
H
|
\ .
Reference: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page No. 242, 6.6.
Q.13 Ans. (c)
2m
| d
| d/2
2 2
1 1
Fromcontinuity equation, A
1
V
1
=A
2
V
2
2
d .2
4
t
=
2
2
d
.V
4 2
t | |
|
\ .
V
2
=
2
2
2d
4 8 m/sec
d
=
Now Applying Bernoullis theoremat section (1-1) & (2-2)
2
1 1
1
P V
z
g 2g
+ +
=
2
2 2
2
P V
z
g 2g
+ +
......(i)
112
Fromquestion, P
1
=200 kN/m
2
=20010
3
N/m
2
Taking section (1-1) as datumsurface
V
1
=200 m/sec, z
1
=0, V
2
=8 m/sec, z
2
=2 m
Putting all the above values in equation (i), we get
( )
2
3
2 200 10
0
1000 9.81 2 9.8
+ +

=
2
P 8 8
2
1000 9.81 2 9.81
+ +

20.39 +0.204 =
2
P
3.26 2
9810
+ +
P
2
=9810 (20.594 5.26) =150426.5 N/m
2
Therefore, pressure at the exit of the contraction,
P
2
=150.4 kN/m
2
Q.14 Ans. (0.0302 m
3
/s)
Internal diameter, D
1
=21.0 cm=0.2 m;
Area of inlet, A
1
=
2
2
D
4
t

D
1
2
=
2 2
(0.21) 0.0346m
4
t
=
Throat diameter, D
2
=10.5 cm=0.105 m
Area at throat, A
2
=
2
2
D
4
t

=
4
t
(0.105)
2
= 0.0087 m
2
Coefficient of discharge of venturi,
C
d
=0.984
Pressure head, h =y
Hg
water
S
1
S
(
(

=(9.5 sin 30)
13.6
1
1
(
(

=59.85 cm=0.5985 m
Discharge (Q) through a venturimeter is given by:
Q =
1 2
d
2 2
1 2
A A
C 2gh
A A

=0.984
2 2
0.0346 0.0087
2 9.81 0.5985
(0.0346) (0.0087)
=0.984 0.008945 3.427 =0.0302 m

3
/s
Reference: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, B. R. Munson, Edition 2010, Page-441, 8.37.
113
Di mensi onal and Model Anal ysi s

7
Year 2010
1. A phenomenon is modeled using n dimensional
variables with k primary dimensions. The number
of non-dimensional variables is
(a) k (b) n
(c) n k (d) n +k
2. Match the following
P:Compressibleflow U: Reynoldsnumber
Q: Freesurfaceflow V : Nusseltnumber
R: Boundarylayerflow W: Webernumber
S: Pipeflow X :Froudenumber
T :Heatconvection Y :Machnumber
Z:Skinfrictioncoefficient
(a) P-U; Q-X; R-V; S-Z; T-W
(b) P-W; Q-X; R-Z; S-U; T-V
(c) P-Y; Q-W; R-Z; S-U; T-X
(d) P-Y; Q-W; R-Z; S-U; T-V
Year 2007
3. Consider steady laminar incompressible axi-sym-
metric developed viscous flow through a straight
circular pipe of constant cross-sectional area at
a Reynolds number of 5. The ratio of inertia force
to viscous force on a fluid particle is
(a) 5 (b)
1
5
(c) 0 (d)
Year 2002
4. If there are m physical quantities and n
fundamental dimensions in a particular process,
the number of non-dimensional parameters is
(a) m+n (b) m
n
(c) m n (d) m/n
Year 1997
5. The Reynolds number for flow of a certain fluid
in a circular tube is specified as 2500. What will
be the Reynolds number when the tube diameter
is increased by 20% and the fluid velocity is
decreased by 40% keeping fluid the same?
(a) 1200 (b) 1800
(c) 3600 (d) 200
Year 1994
6. The ratio of inertia forces to gravity forces may
be expressed as square of non-dimensional group
known as.........
Chapter-7
Answers
1. Ans. (c) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (a) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (b)
Ans. (Froude Number)


115
Chapter-7
Q.1 Ans. (c)
Buckinghams t-theoremstates that if there are n total dimensional variables (dependent as well as independent
variables) involved in a phenomenon which can be completely described by m fundamental dimensions (such
as mass, length, time etc.), and are related by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, then the relationship
among the n quantities can be expressed in terms of exactly (n m) dimensionless and independent t terms.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-757, 17.4 (b).
Q.2 Ans. (d)
P. Compressible flow Mach Number
Q. Free surface flow Weber Number
R. Boundary layer flow Skin friction coefficient
S. Pipe flow Reynolds Number
T. Heat convection Nusselt Number
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, 769 & 455, , 17.11e &
11.2.
Q.3 Ans. (a)
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force and viscous force.
Re =
Inertiaforce
5
Viscousforce
=
Q.4 Ans. (c)
Buckinghams t-theoremstates that if there are n total dimensional variables involved in a phenomenon
which can be completely described by m fundamental dimensions (such as mass, length, time etc.), and are
related by a dimensionally homogeneous equation, then the relationship among the n quantities can be expressed
in terms of exactly (n m) dimensionless and independent t terms.
Q.5 Ans. (b)
Exp. Reynolds number, Re =
vd
2500 =
vd
......(i)
when new diameter =1.2 d then new velocity =0.6v
Reynolds number, Re
new
=
1.2d 0.6v
=0.72Re
=0.72 2500 =1800
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-325, Equation 7.15.
Q.6 Ans. (Froude Number)
Reynolds number, Re =
Inertia force
Viscous force
=
VL
or
Vd
Froude number, Fr =
Inertia force
Gravity force
=
V
Lg
116
Euler number, Eu =
Inertia force
Pressure force
=
V
p/
Weber number, We =
Inertia force
Surface tension force
=
V
/ L o
Mach number, M =
Inertia force
Elastic force
=
V
K /
117
Boundar y Layer Theor y
8
Year 2012
1. An incompressible fluid flows over a flat plate
with zero pressure gradient. The boundary layer
thickness is 1mmat a location where the Reynolds
number is 1000. If the velocity of the fluid alone
is increased by a factor of 4, then the boundary
layer thickness at the same location, in mmwill
be
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.25
Year 2007
2. Consider an incompressible laminar boundary
layer flow over a flat plate of length L, aligned
with the direction of an oncoming uniformfree
stream. If F is the ratio of the drag force on the
front half of the plate to the drag force on the
rear half, then
(a)
F 1/2 <
(b) F =1/2
(c) F =1 (d) F >1
Linked Answer Questions : Q. 3 - Q. 4
Consider a steady incompressible flow through a
channel as shown below.
A B
o
o
H
x
y
u
o
V
m
u
0
The velocity profile is uniformwith a value of u
0
at the inlet section A. The velocity profile at
section B downstreamis
m
m
m
y
V , 0 y
u V , y H
H y
V , H y H
s s o
= o s s o

o s s
o
3. The ratio
0
V
m
u
is
(a)
1
1 2
H
o | |
|
\ .
(b) 1
(c)
1
1
H
o | |
|
\ .
(d)
1
1
H
o | |
+
|
\ .
4. The ratio A B
2
0
p p
1
u
2
(where p
A
and p
B
are the
pressures at section A and B, respectively, and
is the density of the fluid) is
(a)
2
1
1
1
H
o ( | |
| (
\ .
(b)
2
1
1
H
o ( | |
| (
\ .
(c)
2
1
1
2
1
H
o ( | |
| (
\ .
(d)
1
1
H
o | |
+
|
\ .
Year 2006
Linked Questions 5 and 6
A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge is
placed along a gas streamflowing at U =10 m/s.
The thickness of the boundarylayer at section
r-s is 10 mm, the breadth of the plate is 1 m(into
the paper) and the density of the gas =1.0
kg/m
3
. Assume that the boundary layer is thin,
two-dimensional, and follows a linear velocity
distribution, u =U ,
y | |
|
o
\ .
at the section r-s, where
y is the height fromplate.
r U
u
flat plate
o
q
p
U
s
5. The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the section
q-r is
(a) zero (b) 0.05
(c) 0.10 (d) 0.15
6. The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate,
between p-s, is
(a) 0.67 (b) 0.33
(c) 0.17 (d) zero
Year 2004
7. For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) and
boundary layer thickenss (o) can be expressed
respectively, as
3
x
U 3y 1 y 4.64x
;
U 2 2 Re
| |
= o =
|
o o
\ .
If the free streamvelocity is 2 m/s, and air has
kinetmatic viscosity of 1.5 10
5
m
2
/s and density
of 1.23 kg/m
3
, the wall stress at x =1m, is
(a) 2.36 10
2
N/m
2
(b) 43.6 10
3
N/m
2
(c) 4.36 10
3
N/m
2
(d) 2.18 10
3
N/m
2
8. If x is the distance measured fromthe leading
edge of a flat plate, the laminar boundary layer
thickness varies as
(a) 1/x (b) x
4/5
(c) x
2
(d) x
1/2
9. Flow separation in flow past a solid object is caused
by
(a) a reduction of pressure to vapour pressure
(b) a negative pressure gradient
(c) a positive pressure gradient
(d) the boundary layer thickness reducing to zero
Year 1994
10. For air near atmosphere conditions flowing over
a flat plate, the laminar thermal boundary layer is
thicker than the hydrodynamic boundary layer.
(True/false)
Year 1993
11. The predominant forces acting on an element of
fluid in the boundary layer over a flat plate in a
uniformparallel streamare :
(a) Viscous and pressure forces
(b) Viscous and inertia forces
(c) Viscous and body forces
(d) Inertia and pressure forces
Year 1991
12. A streamlined body is defined as a body about
which
(a) The flow is laminar
(b) The flow is along the sreamlines
(c) The flow separation is suppressed
(d) The drag is zero
Year 2002
119
Chapter-8
Answers
1. Ans. (c) 2. Ans. (d) 3. Ans. (c) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (b)
6. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. (d) 9. Ans. (c) 10. Ans. (False)
11. Ans. (b) 12. Ans. (c)


120
Chapter-8
Q.1 Ans. (c)
As per Blasius result thickness of laminar boundary layer is given as
x
5x
Re
o =
Hence, o =
5x
vx
Therefore,
1
v
o
1 1
2 4

Therefore, if the velocity of fluid is increase by four times then boundary layer thickness reduces by
1/2.
Q.2 Ans. (d)
V
L/2 L/2
As we know that local drag coefficient is given by
C
f
=
2
0.664
V Re
2
t
=
o
x
or t
o
=0.332 V
2
(Re
x
)
1/2
Now drag force on the front half is given by
F
1
=
L
2
0
B
o
dx t
}
(B =width of Plate)
=
L
1 2
2
2
0
0.332 V (Re )
}
x
dx
Reynolds number is given as, Re
x
=
V
x
=
L
1
1 2
2
2
2
0
V
0.332. V

| |
\ .
}
x dx
=
L
1 2 2
2
0
0.332 V
V
}
x dx
121
=
L
1
1 2
2
2
0
L
K 2K
1
2
2
x
(
| |
(
=
|
(
\ .
(

......(i)
where, K =
2
0.332 V
V
Similarly, drag force on the rear half,

F
2
=
L
L
2
B
o
dx t
}
=
L 1
2
L
2
K x dx
}
=
1
1
2
2
L
2K (L)
2
(
| |
(
|
( \ .
Now required ratio, F =
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
L
2K
F
2
1
F
L
2K L
2
| |
|
\ .
= >
(
| |
(
|
( \ .
Q.3 Ans. (c)
Given:
A B
o
o
H
x
y
u
o
V
m
u
0
u =
V , 0
V , H
H
V , H H
m
m
m
y
y
y
y
y
s s o
o s s o
| |
o s s
|
o \ .
Assuming width of channel as unity
Applying mass conservation at section A and B. Taking density of liquid constant, the conservation of mass
principle becomes volume flow equation.
Volume flow rate incoming at section A =Volume flow rate outgoing fromsection B
Therefore, total volume flow rate inlet
122
entry
Q
-
=u
o
H B =u
o
H
Total volume flow rate leaving,
exit
Q
-
= Volume flow rate fromboundary layer +Volume flow rate frommid section
u
y
dy
Volume flow rate frommid section = V
m
(H 2o)
For boundary layer 0 s y s o
B
d Q
-
=u . dy
B
d Q
-
=
V
m
y
dy
o
Integrating the above equation
B
Q
-
=
0
V
m
y dy
o
o
}
=
2
0
V y
2
m
o
(
(
o

=
V .
2
m
o
By symmetry for H o s y s H, Volume flow rate =
V .
2
m
o
Therefore, entry
Q
-
=
exit
Q
-
u
o
H =
V .
V (H 2 ) 2
2
m
m
o
o +
u
o
H =V
m
(H o)
V
m
o
u
=
H 1
H
1
H
=
o
o

Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Bansal, 4th Edition, Page-655, 13.3.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
A B
o
o
H
x
y
u
o
V
m
u
0
Applying Bernoullis equation at section A and B
2
A A
p v
+
g 2g
=
2
B B
p
+
g 2g
(Since o << H)
A B
p - p
=
2 2
B A
-
2
123
A B
p - p
=
2 2
m o
V - u
2
A B
2
o
p - p
1
u
2
=
2
V
1
m
o
u
| |

|
\ .
A B
2
o
p - p
1
u
2
= 2
1
1
1
H
o (
(

7.29.
Q.5 Ans. (b)
Given:Free streamvelocity,
U =10 m/s
Boundry layer thickness, o =10 mm
Breadth of plate, B =1 m
Density of air, =1.0 kg/m
3
velocity distribution, u = U
y | |
|
o \ .
r U
u
flat plate
o
q
p
U
s
Applying mass conservation:
Mass rate entering section q p = Mass leaving section q r +mass leaving section r s
Mass rate entering q p =Density Volume flow rate
= B o U
=1.0 1 10 10
3
10 =0.1 kg/s
Mass flow rate through the element dy at section r s
dm = u B dy
dm =
BU
| |
|
o \ .
y
dy
Integrating the above equation gives,
m =
0
BU
o
o
}
y
dy
=
2
BU
2
o
o
=
BU
2
o
=
3
1 1 10 10 10
2

=0.05 kg/s
Thus mass flow rate leaving across the section, q r =0.1 0.05 =0.05 kg/s
Q.6 Ans. (c)
Drag froce on the plate will be the rate of change of momentumof control volume qprs
124
Thus, momentumrate entering section q p = U m
-
=0.1 10 =1N
Momentum rate leaving through section rs
=
0
uBdyu
o
}
=
2
2
0
BU
o
| |
|
o \ .
}
y
dy
=
2 3
2
BU
3
o
o
=
2
BU
3
o
=
2 3
1.0 1.0 10 10 10
3

=0.33 N
Momentumrate leaving through section q r =0.05 10 =0.5 N
Drag force, F =Change in momentumrate
=1 0.33 0.5 = 0.17 N
Reference: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, R.K. Bansal, 4th Edition, Page-655, 13.3.
Q.7 Ans (c)
Reynolds number at x,
Re
x
=
Ux
=
-5
2 1
1.5 10
=1.33 10
5
Boundry layer thickness, o =
5
x
4.64x 4.64 1
Re
1.33 10
=0.0127
Since the velocity profile is given as,
U
U
=
3
3y 1 y
2 2
| |
|
o o
\ .
Velocity gradient,
dU
dy
=
2
3
3 1 1 3y
U .
2 2
(

(
o o

Therefore,
dU
at y 0
dy
= =
3 1
. .U
2

o
FromNewtons law of viscosity,
t
o
=
dU
at y 0
dy
=
=
3U
2
v
o
=
5
3 2
1.5 10 1.23
2 0.0127
=435.82 10
5
N/m
2
=4.36 10
3
N/m
2
Q.8 Ans. (d)
As per Blasius result thickness of laminar boundary layer is given as
x
5x
Re
o =
Hence, o =
5x
vx
Therefore, o
1
1
2
x
1
2
x
Q.9 Ans. (c)
In direction of flow usually pressure gradient is negative i.e.
P
x
c
c
=-ve, supports the fluid flow. But in case of
flow separation, pressure gradient is positive i.e.
P
x
c
c
=+ve, supports the fluid separation &
P
x
c
c
=0, it means
that the fluid is on the verge of separation.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-662, Equation-13.7.
Q.10 Ans. (False)
Q.11 Ans. (b)
In a fluid flow over a flat plate, the dominant forces are inertia force and viscous force. Therefore Reynolds
number decides the nature of the flow.
Q.12 Ans. (c)
A body where flow separation is suppresed is called streamlined body. For a well streamlined body the
separation occurs only at the down streamend.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition , Page-805, 18.2.
126
Lami nar and Tur bul ent Fl ow
9
Year 2013
1. For steady, fully developed flow inside a straight
pipe of diameter D, neglecting gravity effects,
the pressure drop Ap over a length L and the wall
shear stress t
w
are related by
(a)
w
pD
4L
A
t =
(b)
2
w 2
pD
4L
A
t =
(c)
w
pD
2L
A
t =
(d)
w
4 pL
D
A
t =
Year 2010
2. The maximum velocity of a one-dimensional
incompressible fully developed viscous flow,
between two fixed parallel plates, is 6 ms
1
. The
mean velocity (in ms
1
) of the flow is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
Year 2009
3. The velocity profile of a fully developed laminar
flow in a straight circular pipe, as shown in the
figure, is given by the expression
u(r) =
2 2
2
R dp r
1
4 dx R
| |
| |

| |
\ .
\ .
where
dp
dx
is a constant
u(r)
R
r
x
The average velocity of fluid in the pipe is
(a)
2
R dp
8 dx
| |
\ .
(b)
2
R dp
4 dx
| |
\ .
(c)
2
R dp
2 dx
| |
\ .
(d)
2
R dp
dx
| |
\ .
Year 2007
4. Consider steady laminar incompressible axi-sym-
metric developed viscous flow through a straight
circular pipe of constant cross-sectional area at
a Reynolds number of 5. The ratio of inertia force
to viscous force on a fluid particle is
(a) 5 (b)
1
5
(c) 0 (d)
Year 2006
5. The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow
in a pipe of diameter D is given by
u =
2
0
2
4r
u 1 ,
D
| |
|
|
\ .
where r is the radial distance
fromthe center. If the viscosity of the fluid is ,
the pressure drop across a length L of the pipe is
(a)
0
2
u L
D
(b)
0
2
4 u L
D
(c)
0
2
8 u L
D
(d)
0
2
16 u L
D
127
Year 1996
6. In flow through a pipe, the transition fromlaminar
to turbulent flow does not depend on
(a) velocity of the fluid
(b) density of the fluid
(c) diameter of the pipe
(d) length of the pipe
7. For laminar flow through a long pipe, the pressure
drop per unit length increases
(a) in linear proportion to the cross-sectional area
(b) in proportion to the diameter of the pipe
(c) in inverse proportion to the cross-sectional
area
(d) in inverse proportion to the square of cross-
sectional area
Year 1995
8. In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe,
the head loss due to friction is directly proportional
to........
(mean velocity/square of the mean velocity)
Year 1994
9. For a fully developed viscous flow through a pipe,
the ratio of the maximumvelocity to the average
velocity is.......
10. Prandtls mixing length in turbulent flow signifies
(a) the average distance perpendicular to the
mean flow covered by the mixing particles
(b) the ratio of mean free path to characteristic
length of the flow field
(c) the wavelength corresponding to the lowest
frequency present in the flow field
(d) the magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy
128
Chapter-9
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (c) 3. Ans. (a) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (d)
6. Ans. (d) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans.
(mean
velocity)
9. Ans. (two) 10. Ans. (a)


129
Chapter-9
Q.1 Ans. (a)
In a pipe flow, t =
dp r
dx 2
| |
|
\ .
=
dp d
dx 4
| |
|
\ .
Therefore, shear stress at wall,
w
=
dp D
dx 4
| |
|
\ .
Above equation can be written as,
w
=
p D
4L
A
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-547, Eqn.-13.3.
Q.2 Ans. (c)
For the flow of fully developed between two fixed parallel plates
V
max
B
x
y
The velocity distribution for laminar flow between fixed parallel plates is given as,
V =
1
2
c | |
|
c
\ .
p
x
(By y
2
)
Flow velocity is maximumwhen y =
B
2
Therefore, V
max
=
2
B
8
c | |
|
c
\ .
p
x
Average flow velocity is obtained by dividing the total discharge with cross sectional area.
Hence, V
avg.
=
2
B
12
c | |
|
c
\ .
p
x
Therefore,
max
avg
V
V
=
3
2
So mean velocity, V
avg
=
max.
2
V
3
=
2
6 4m/s
3
=
13.389.
Q.3 Ans. (a)
x
r
r
R
u(r)
dr
Consider an element ring of thickness dr at a radius of r.
Therefore, element discharge fromthis ring, dQ =(2tr).dr. u(r)
130
Therefore, total discharge Q = Q d
}
=
R 2 2
2
0
R P
(2 ). 1 .
4 R
| | c | |
t
| |
c \ . \ .
}
r
r dr
x
=
R 2 3
2
0
R P
2
4 R
r
r dr
x
| | c | |
t
| |
c \ . \ .
}
=
R
2 2 4
2
0
R P r r
2
4 x 2 4R
( c | |
t
|
(
c \ .
=
2 2 4
2
R P R R
2
4 x 2 4R
( c | |
t
| (
c \ .
Total discharge, Q =
4
R P
8 x
t c | |
|
c \ .
Now, Q =Area Average velocity
Area V
avg.
=
4
R P
8 x
t c | |
|
c \ .
tR
2
V
avg
=
4
R P
8 x
t c | |
|
c \ .
Therefore, V
avg
=
2
R P
8
c | |
|
c \ . x
=
2
R P
8
c | |
|
c \ . x
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-550, Eqn-13.14.
Q.4 Ans. (a)
Reynolds number, Re =
Inertia force vd
Viscous force

=

Q.5 Ans. (d)
Given:
Fully developed laminar flow velocity profile in a circular pipe is given by
u =
2
o 2
4r
u 1
D
| |
|
\ .
......(i)
FromHagen-Poiseuille equation the pressure loss in fully developed laminar flow across the length of the
pipe is given as
p
1
p
2
=
2
32u L
d
......(ii)
The ratio of maximumvelocity and average velocity in case of fully developed laminar flow through a circular
pipe is 2 i.e.
o
u
u
=2
Therefore, from equation (ii), p
1
p
2
=
o
2
u
32 L
2
d
=
o
2
16u L
d
Or
Fully developed laminar flow velocity profile in a circular pipe is given by
u =
2
o 2
4r
u 1
D
| |
|
\ .
......(i)
131
R
r
Now t =
P r
x 2
c | |
|
c \ .
......(ii)
FromNewtons law viscosity, t =
du
dy
Here y =R r
Therefore, dy = dr
Putting the value of dy in equation (i), we get
t =
u
r
c | |
|
c
\ .
......(iii)
Fromequation (ii) and (iii),
u
r
c
c
=
P r
.
x 2
c
u
r
c
c
=
1 P r
x 2
c | |
|
c \ .
Fromequation (i) ,
2
o 2
4r
u 1
r D
( | | c

| (
c \ .
=
1 P r
x 2
c | |
|
c \ .
o
2
8u
r
D
=
1 P r
x 2
c | |
|
c \ .
P
x
c
c
=
o
2
16 u
D
c
P =
o
2
16 u
x
D
c
Integrating over a length of L,
2
1
P
P
dp
}
=
L
o
2
o
16 u
dx
D
}
p
2
p
1
=
o
2
16 u L
D
Therefore, p
2
p
1
=
o
2
16 u L
D
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17 Edition, Page-548. Equation-13.3,
13.6, 13.7.
Q.6 Ans. (d)
In flow through pipe the transition fromlaminar to turbulent depends upon Reynolds number which is given as
Re =
vd
where, d is the characteristic dimension of the pipe.

132
Q.7 Ans (c)

FromHagen-Poiseuille equation the pressure loss in fully developed laminar flow across the length of the
pipe is given as
p
1
p
2
=
2
32u L
d
1 2
p p
L
=
2
32u
d
Therefore, for laminar flow through a pipe, the pressure drop per unit length increases in inverse proportion
to the cross-sectional area.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-442, Equation-10.11.
Q.8 Ans. (mean velocity)
The head loss due to friction in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe is given as
h
f
=
1 2
P P
g
=
avg.
2
32 u L
gd
Head loss in laminar flow over a length L of circular pipe varies as the first power of the mean velocity of the
flow.
13.18.
Q.9 Ans. (two)
In fully developed laminar flow through circular pipe of radius R mean velocity and maximumvelocity are
given as
V
mean
=
2
1 p
R
8 x
c | |
|
c
\ .
V
max.
=
2
1 p
R
4 x
c | |
|
c
\ .
Therefore,
max
mean
V
V
=2
13.15.
Q.10 Ans (a)
FromPrandtls hypothesis
Prandtl mixing length, l =y where =a constant of proportionality known as Karman universal
constant and y is the distance fromthe wall.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-507, Equation-11.5.
133
Fl ow Thr ough Pi pes
10
Year 2012
1. Oil flows through a 200 mmdiameter horizontal
cast iron pipe (friction factor, f =0.0225) of length
500 m. The volumetric flow rate is 0.2 m
3
/s. The
head loss (in m) due to friction is (assume
g =9.81 m/s
2
)
(a) 116.18 (b) 0.116
(c) 18.22 (d) 232.36
Year 2009
2. Water at 25C is flowing through a 1.0 kmlong
G.I. pipe of 200 mmdiameter at the rate of 0.07
m
3
/s. If value of Darcy friction factor for this
pipe is 0.02 and density of water is 1000 kg/m
3
.
The pumping power ( in kW) required to maintain
the flow is
(a) 1.8 (b) 17.4
(c) 20.5 (d) 41.0
Year 2007
3. In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow velocity
on the nozzle axis is given by
0
3x
v u 1 i,
L
| |
= +
|
\ .
where x is the distance along the axis of the nozzle
fromits inlet plane and L is the length of the nozzle.
The time required for a fluid particle on the axis
to travel fromthe inlet to the exit plane of the
nozzle is
(a)
0
L
u
(b)
0
L
In(4)
3u
(c)
0
L
4u
(d)
0
L
2.5u
Year 2004
4. For a fluid flow through a divergent pipe of length
L having inlet and outlet radii of R
1
and R
2
respectively and a constant flow rate of Q,
assuming the velocity to be axial and uniformat
any cross-section, the acceleration at the exit is:
(a)
2
1 2
2
3
Q R R
LR
b g
t
(b)
2
2
1 2
2
3
Q R R
LR
b g
t
(c)
2
2
1 2
2
2
5
Q R R
LR
b g
t
(d)
2
2
2 1
2
2
5
Q R R
LR
b g
t
5. The following data about the flow of liquid was
observed in a continuous chemical process plant
Flowrate 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5
(litres/sec.) to to to to to to
7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.7
Frequency 1 5 35 17 12 10
Mean flow rate of the liquid is
(a) 8.00 litres/sec (b) 8.06 litres/sec
(c) 8.16 litres/sec (d) 8.26 litres/sec
Year 2003
Linked Data Question 6 and 7
A syringe with a frictionless plunger contains
water and has its end a 100 mmlong needle of 1
mmdiameter. The internal diameter of syringe is
10 mm. Water density is 1000 kg/m
3
. The plunger
is pushed in at 10 mm/sec and the water comes

out as jet
water jet
100 mm
needle
1 mm
Syringe
10 mm
10 mm/sec
F
6. Assuming ideal flow, the force F in newtons
required on the plunger to push out the water is
(a) 0 (b) 0.04
(c) 0.13 (d) 1.15
7. Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume fully
developed laminar viscous flow throughout the
needle; the Darcy friction factor is 64/Re, where
Re is the Reynolds number. Given that the
viscosity of water is 1.0
10
3
kg/s m, the force
F is newtons required on the plunger is
(a) 0.13 (b) 0.16
(c) 0.3 (d) 4.4
Year 1998
8. The dicharge velocity at the pipe exit in figure is:
(a) 2gH (b) 2gh
(c) g H h + b g (d) 0
Year 1994
9. Fluid is flowing with an average velocity of V
through a pipe of diameter d. Over a length of L,
the head loss is given by
fLV
gd
2
2
. The friction
factor f for laminar flow in terms of Reynolds
number (Re) is.......
135
Chapter-10
Answers
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (b) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (b) 7. Ans. (c) 8. Ans. (b)
9. Ans.(
64
Re
)


136
Chapter-10
Q.1 Ans. (a)
Head loss due to friction in flow through pipe is given as, head loss h
L
=
2
fLV
2gd
where, L =Length of the pipe
d =Diameter of the pipe
V =Mean velocity of flow
f =Friction factor
h
L
=Head Loss due to friction
Therefore, h
L
=
2
2
0.2
0.0225 500
0.2 /4
2 9.81 0.4
| |

|
t \ .

= 116.18 m
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-536, Equation-12.3.1.
Q.2 Ans. (b)
Given: Pipe length, L =1.0 km=1000 m
Pipe diameter, D =200 mm=0.2 m
Flow rate, Q =0.07 m
3
/s
Friction factor, f =0.02
Density of water, =1000 kg/m
3
FromDarcy Weisbach equation, head loss due to friction in pipe is given by
h
f
=
2
2
2
Q
L
D
LV
4
2 D 2 D
f
f
g g
| |
|
t
|
\ .
=
=
2
2 5
8 Q L
D
f
g t
=
2
2 5
8 0.02 0.07 1000
9.81 0.2

t
= 25.304 m
Therefore, pumping power to overcome this loss, P =w.Q.h
f
=.g.Q.h
f
=1000 9.81 0.07 25.304
=17376.26 W = 17.4 kW
11.2
Q.3 Ans. (b) Given :
t
x
=0
=0
t
x
=T
=L
x
Equation of motion, v =
0
3x
u 1
L
| |
+
|
\ .
137
or
dx
dt
=
0
3x
u 1
L
| |
+
|
\ .
dt =
0
dx
3x
u 1
L
| |
+
|
\ .
Integrating both side,
T
0
dt
}
=
L
0
0
dx
3x
u 1
L
| |
+
|
\ .
}
| |
T
0
t =
L
0 0
L 3x
ln 1
3u L
( | |
+
|
(
\ .
T =
0
L
ln(4)
3u
Q.4 Ans. (c)
R
1
R
2
L
Flow direction
Inlet velocity, V
1
=
2
1
Q
R t
Outlet velocity, V
2
=
2
2
Q
R t
Acceleration =
dv
dt
=
dv dx
dx dt
=
vdv
dx
Since,
dv
dx
=
2 1
2 1
2 2
V -V Q 1 1
= -
L L R R
(
(

Acceleration at exit =V
2
2 2
1 2
2 2 2
2 1 2
R -R dv Q Q
=
dx R L L R R
(
-
(

=
2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
2 1 2
(R -R )(R +R ) Q
R L R R
(
(

Assuming velocity axial and uniformat any cross section i.e. V
1
=V
2
Therefore, R
1
=R
2
Hence acceleration at the exit =
2
1 2
2 5
2
2Q (R R )
LR
138
Q.5 Ans (c)
Mean value frequency
Flowrate fx
of flowrate(x) (f )
7.5 7.7 7.6 1 7.6
7.7 7.9 7.8 5 39
7.9 8.1 8.0 35 280
8.1 8.3 8.2 17 139.4
8.3 8.5 8.4 12 100.8
8.5 8.7 8.6 10 86
f 80 fx 652.8
E = E =
Mean flow rate =
fx
f
E
E
=
652.8
8.16 litres/sec.
80
=
Q.6 Ans. (b)
2
2
10 mm/sec
1
1
At section 11 & 22 fromcontinuity equation for incompressible flow
A
1
V
1
=A
2
V
2
V
2
=
2
1 1
1 1
2
2 2
A d
.V .V
A d
=
V
2
=
( )
( )
2
2
0.01
0.01 1m/sec
0.001
=
Now applying Bernoullis theoremat sections (1-1) and (2-2)
2
1 1
1
P V
z
g 2g
+ +
=
2
2 2
2
P V
z
g 2g
+ +
P
1
=
2 2
2 1
(V V )
2

(Also P
2
=0, atmospheric pressure)
P
1
= ( )
2 2 2
1000
1 0.01 499.95N/m
2
=
Force on plunger required =P
1
.A
1
=499.95
2
(0.01)
4
t
=0.04 N
Q.7 Ans. (c)
Viscosity, =1 10
3
kg/s.m
139
=1 10
3
2
2
m s 1
kg. . .
s m s.m
| |
|
\ .
=1 10
3
Ns/m
2
We know, Reynolds number Re =
2 2
V d
=
3
1000 1 0.001
1000
1 10
Darcy friction factor, f =

64 64
0.064
Re 1000
= =
Head loss in needle, h
f
=
2
2
f.L.V
2gd
=
2
0.064 0.1 1
2 9.81 0.001

=0.326 mof water
2
2
10 mm/sec
1
1
Applying Bernoullis equation at sections (1-1) and (2-2)
=
2 2
1 1 2 2
f
P V P V
h
g 2g g 2g
+ = + +

P
1
= ( )
2 2
2 1 f
V V g.h
2
+
=
2 2
1000
(1 0.01 ) 1000 9.81 0.326
2
+
=3702.9 N/m
2
Now Force required =P
1
A
1
=3702.9
4
t
(0.01)
2
= 0.3 N
Q.8 Ans. (b)
Applying Bernoullis equation just before the entry into the pipe and just after exit fromthe pipe
2
1 1
1
P V
z
g 2g
+ +
=
2
2 2
2
P V
z
g 2g
+ +
Here, V
1
=0, P
2
=P
atm.
=0, z
1
=0, z
2
=H h (taking 1-1 as datum)
Therefore, the above equation reduces to
H =
2
2
V
H h
2g
+
140
V
2
= 2gh
Or
At exit, figure shows that height of liquid level above the centre of pipe is h.
Total potential energy =Total kinetic energy
m.g.h =
2
1
mv
2
V = 2gh
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-234, Section-6.6.3.
Q.9 Ans.
64
Re
In laminar flow friction factor, f =
64
Re
Head loss in laminar flow through a circular pipe is given by
(a) Darcy weisbach equation=
2
f Lv
2gd
(b) Hagen - Poisullie equation =
32 vL
gd
By equating the above two equations, we get,

f =
64
Re
whereas, in turbulent flow friction factor,
f = 1/4
0.3164
(Re)
Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, 2005 Edition, Page-536, Equation-12.3.1.
141
Hydr aul i c Tur bi nes
11
Year 2013
1. In order to have maximumpower froma Pelton
turbine, the bucket speed must be
(a) equal to the jet speed
(b) equal to half of the jet speed
(c) equal to twice the jet speed
(d) independent of the jet speed
Year 2010
2. A hydraulic turbine develops 1000 kW power for
a head of 40 m. If the head is reduced to 20 m,
the power developed (in kW) is
(a) 177 (b) 354
(c) 500 (d) 707
Year 2008
3. Water having a density of 1000 Kg/m
3
, issues
froma nozzle with a velocity of 10 m/s and the
jet strikes a bucket mounted on a Pelton wheel.
The wheel rotates at 10 rad/s. The mean diameter
of the wheel is 1m. The jet is split into two equal
streams by the bucket, such that each streamis
deflected by 120 as shown in the figure. Friction
in the bucket may be neglected. Magnitude of
the torque exerted by the water on the wheel,
per unit mass flow rate of the incoming jet, is
Deflected jet
Incoming jet
Deflected jet
120
120
(a) 0 (N.m)/(Kg/s) (b) 1.25 (N.m)/(Kg/s)
(c) 2.5 (N.m)/(Kg/s) (d) 3.75 (N.m)/(Kg/s)
Year 2007
4. The inlet angle of runner blade of a Francis turbine
is 90. The blades are so shaped that the
tangential component of velocity at blade outlet
is zero. The flow velocity remains constant
throughout the blade passage and is equal to half
of the blade velocity at runner inlet. The blade
efficiency of the runner is
(a) 25 % (b) 50 %
(c) 80 % (d) 89 %
5. A model of a hydraulic turbine is tested at a head
of
1
th
4
of that under which the full scale turbine
works. The diameter of the model is half of that
of the full scale turbine. If N is the RPM of the
full scale turbine, then the RPM of the model will
be
(a)
N
4
(b)
N
2
(c) N (d) 2N
Year 2006
6. In a Pelton wheel, the bucket peripheral speed is
10 m/s, the water jet velocity is 25 m/s and
volumetric flow rate of the jet is 0.1 m
3
/s. If the
jet deflection angle is 120 and the flow is ideal,
the power developed is
(a) 7.5 kW (b) 15.0 kW
(c) 22.5 kW (d) 37.5 kW
7. A large hydraulic turbine is to generate 300 kW
at 1000 rpmunder a head of 40 m. For initial
testing, a 1 : 4 scale model of the turbine operates
under a head of 10 m. The power generated by
the model (in kW) will be
(a) 2.34 (b) 4.68
(c) 9.38 (d) 18.75
Year 2004
8. At a hydroelectric power plant site, available head
and flow rate are 24.5 m and 10.1m
3
/s
respectively. If the turbine to be installed is
required to run at 4.0 revolution per second (rps)
with an overall efficiency of 90%, the suitable
type of turbine for this site is
(a) Francis (b) Kaplan
(c) Pelton (d) Propeller
9. Match the following
P. Reciprocating pump
Q. Axial flow pump
R. Microhydel plant
S. Backward curved vanes
1. Plant with power output below 100 kW
2. Plant with power output between 100 kW to
1 MW
3. Positive displacement
4. Draft tube
5. High flow rate, low pressure ratio
6. Centrifugal pump impeller
(a) P-3, Q-5, R-6, S-2 (b) P-3, Q-5, R-2, S-6
(c) P-3, Q-5, R-1, S-6 (d) P-4, Q-5, R-1, S-6
Year 1997
10. Kaplan turbine is
(a) a high head, mixed flow turbine
(b) a low head, axial flow turbine
(c) an outward flow reaction turbine
(d) an impulse inward flow turbine
143
Chapter-11
Answers
1. Ans. (b) 2. Ans. (b) 3. Ans. (d) 4. Ans. (c) 5. Ans. (c)
6. Ans. (c) 7. Ans. (a) 8. Ans. (a) 9. Ans.(c) 10. Ans. (b)


144
Chapter-11
Q.1 Ans. (b)
Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. It was invented by Lester A. Pelton, an American engineer
in 1870. It is preferably used in case of high head and low volume flow rate.
u
1
u
u
2
|
|
V
r2
V
f2
V
r1
V =V
1 w1
V
w2
V
2
Power developed =
2
w1 w
wQ
V V u
g
( +

......(i)
Fromexit velocity triangle, V
w2
=V
r2
cos | u
2
=

V
r1
cos | u
2
(If friction in the runner bucket is neglelected, then V
r2
=V
r1
)
=(V
1
u
1
) cos | u
2
(since in Pelton turbine u
1
=u
2
=u

)
Fromequation (i), Power developed =
| |
1 1
wQ
V (V u)cos u u
g
+ |
=
| |
1
wQ
(V u)(1 cos ) u
g
+ |
=
2
1
wQ
(V .u u )(1 cos )
g
( + |

=
2
1
K.(V .u u )
where K =
wQ
(1 cos )
g
+ |
......(ii)
For maximumpower,
d (Powerdeveloped)
du
=0
Fromequation (ii),
{ }
2
1
d K(V u u )
du
=0
V
1
2u =0
Therefore, u =
1
V
2
For maximumpower froma Pelton turbine the bucket speed u must be equal to half of the jet speed,
1
V .
21.13.
Q.2 Ans. (b)
Given : P
1
=1000 kW, H
1
=40 m, H
2
=20 m
The power developed by a turbine, working under a head of one meter is called unit power of the turbine.
145
Unit power is defined as, P
u
=
3
2
P
H
......(i)
Therefore fromequation (i),
1
2
P
P
=
3
2
1
2
H
H
| |
|
\ .
P
2
=
3
2
2
1
1
H
P
H
| |
|
\ .
=
3
2
20
1000
40
| |

|
\ .
=353.55 W
Hence, power developed, P
2
=354 kW.
Reference: Hydraulic Machines, Dr. Jagdish Lal, Edition 2004, Page-69, Equation 3.3.
Q.3 Ans. (d)
Given:
Water jet velocity, V
1
=10 m/s
Diameter of wheel, D =1 m
Radius of wheel, R =0.5 m
Angular speed, e =10 rad/s
Density, =1000 kg/m
3
Clearance angle | = 180
o
- 120
o
=60
o
Tangential velocity, u
1
=u
2
=e R =10 0.5 =5 m/s
60 =|
|
120
u
1
u
u
2
|
|
V
r2
V
f2
V
r1
V =V
1 w1
V
w2
V
2
Power developed by Pelton wheel means the shaft power. Since there is no mechanical loss, hence shaft
power is equal to the runner power. Runner power is equal to the work done per second by water on runner.
Power developed =
2
w1 w
Q V V u ( +

=
2
w1 w
Q V V R ( + e

......(i)
It can be written as power developed =torque e ......(ii)
Fromequation (i) and (ii), torque =
2
w1 w
Q V V R ( +

Therefore, torque exerted by water per unit mass flow rate =
2
w1 w
Q V V R
Q
( +

=
2
w1 w
V V R ( +

......(iii)
w2
=V
r2
cos | u
2
=

V
r1
cos | u
2
=(V
1
u
1
) cos | u
2
(since in Pelton turbine u
1
=u
2
=u

)
=(10 5) cos 60 5 =2.5 m/s
146
Fromequation (iii), torque developed =| | 10 2.5 0.5 =3.75 (N.m)/(kg/s)
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-924, Eq. 21.10.
Q.4 Ans. (c)
Given: Inlet and outlet velocity triangle of Francis turbine is shown in the figure below:
V
f1
=V
r1
V
1
u
u
2
|
|
o
u
V =u
w1 1
V
r2
V
2
=V
f2
Blade efficiency =
actual conversion of kinetic head
kinetic head available at inlet of the turbine
=
2 2
1 2
2
1
V V
2g 2g
V
2g
=
2 2
1 2
2
1
V V
V
......(i)
Fromquestion it is given that V
f1
=V
f2
=
1
u
2
Frominlet velocity triangle V
1
2
=V
w1
2
+V
f1
2
=u
1
+
2
1
u
2
| |
|
\ .
=
2
1
5
u
4
Fromequation (i) blade efficiency, =

2
2
1
V
1
V
| |
|
\ .
=1
2
1
2
1
u
2
5
u
4
| |
|
\ .
=0.8 =80%
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, Page-895, Equation-20.45, Fig. 20.9
Q.5 Ans. (c)
For complete similarity to exist between the model and prototype turbines, the following conditions must be
satisfied.
2 2
H
N D
m
g | |
|
\ .
=
2 2
P
H
N D
g | |
|
\ .
2
2
H
4
D
N
2
| |
|
\ .
m
m
m
g
=
P
2 2
P P
H
N D
g
147
Therefore, N
P
=N
m
Q.6 Ans. (c)
Given: Peripheral or tangential speed, u
1
=u
2
=10 m/s
Water jet velocity, V
1
=25 m/s
Flow rate, Q =0.1 m
3
/s
Density, =1000 kg/m
3
60 =|
|
120
u
1
u
u
2
|
|
V
r2
V
f2
V
r1
V =V
1 w1
V
w2
V
2
Power developed by Pelton wheel means the shaft power. Since there is no mechanical loss, hence shaft
power is equal to the runner power. Runner power is equal to the work done per second by water on runner.
Therefore, power developed =
2
w1 w
wQ
V V u
g
( +

......(i)
w2
=V
r2
cos | u
2
(V
r2
=V
r1
, since there is no friction)
=V
r1
cos | u
2
=(V
1
u
1
) cos | u
2
=(25 10) cos 60 10=2.5 m/s
fromequation (i), power developed = | |
9.81 0.1
25 2.5 10
9.81

=22.5 kW
Q.7 Ans. (a)
Given: Power generated, P
p
=300 kW
N
p
=1000 rpm
H
p
=40 m
Model testing head, H
m
=10 m, Scale is 1 : 4
Specific power is same for similar turbines
Specific Power = 3 3
2 2
2 2
P
P P
D H D H
m
| | | |
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .
P
m
=
2 3/2
P
P P
D H
P
D H
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .
m m
=
3
2
2
1 10
300
4 40
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
P
m
=2.34 kW
Q.8 Ans. (a)
Given, Available head, H =24.5 m
Discharge, Q =10.1 m
3
/s
Rotation, N =4 rps =4 60 rpm=240 rpm
Overall effeiciency, q
0
= 90%
Overall effeiciency, q
0
=
Shaft power
Water power
Shaft power =q
0
Water power
148
=q
0
(W Q H)
=0.9 9.81 10.1 24.5=2184.74 kW
Specific speed plays an important role for selecting the type of the turbine. Also the performance of a turbine
can be predicted by knowing the specific speed of the turbine. Specific speed is defined as the speed of the
turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensions etc. with actual turbine but of such size that it will
developed unit power working under unit head.
Therefore, specific speed N
s
=
5/ 4
N P
H
......(i)
= 5/4
240 2184.74
(24.5)
=205.80 ~ 206.
In equation (i), if P is taken in horse power (1 HP =746 Watt) the specific speed is obtained in M.K.S. units.
But if P is taken in kilowatts, the specific speed is obtained in S.I. unit.
The type of turbine for different specific speed is given in following Table
S.No.
(M.K.S.) (S.I.)
1. 10to35 8.5to30 Peltonwheel withsinglejet
2. 35to60 30to51 Peltonwheel withtwoor morejets
3. 60to300 51to255 Francisturbine
4. 300to1000 255to860 Kaplanor Propeller turbine
Specific Speed
Type of Turbine
Since the specific speed of the turbine is 206, therefore suitbale turbine is Francis turbine.
Reference: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Dr. R.K. Bansal, Page-832, 18.1.
Q.9 Ans. (c)
Reciprocating pump - It is most common positive displacement pump. The positive displacement pumps
are those pumps in which the liquid is sucked and pushed due to the thrust exerted on it by a moving member,
which results in lifting the liquid to the required height.
Mycro-hydel Plant - The hydro plant producing up to 100 kW of power using natural flow of water. More
frequently Pelton wheel is used in micro hydel power plant.
Axial flow pump - An axial-flow pump consists of a propeller (an axial impeller) in a pipe. The main
advantage of an AFP is that it has a relatively high discharge at a relative low head. For example, it can pump
up to 3 times more water and other fluids at lifts of less than 4 meters as compared to the more common
centrifugal pump. These pumps have the smallest of the dimensions among many of the conventional pumps
and are more suited for low heads and higher discharges. In India, millions of smaller horsepower (6-15 HP)
mobile units powered mostly by single cylinder Diesel and Petrol engines are used by smaller farmers for
crop irrigation, drainage and fisheries.
Backward curved vanes - A series of backward curved vanes/blades is mounted on the impeller of the
centrifugal pump.
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-1016, 1061,
Section-23.1, 24.3.
Q.10 Ans. (b)
It is an axial flow reaction turbine, which is suitable for relatively low head and hence requires a large quantity
of water. It was developed by Austrian professor Victor Kaplan in 1913. The head ranges from10 to 70
meters and used where power developed ranges from5 to 120 MW.
The difference of pressure or pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet of the runner is called reaction
pressure, and hence thses turbines are known as reaction turbines. Thomson, Francis, Propeller and Kaplan
are some important reaction turbines.
Section-22.18.
149
Cent r i f ugal Pump
12
Year 2007
1. Match the items in columns I and II
Column I Column II
P : Centrifugal 1 : Axial flow
compressor
Q : Centrifugal pump 2 : Surging
R : Pelton wheel 3 : Priming
S : Kaplan turbine 4 : Pure impulse
(a) P 2, Q 3, R 4, S 1
(b) P 2, Q 3, R 1, S 4
(c) P 3, Q 4, R 1, S 2
(d) P 1, Q 2, R 3, S 4
Year 2006
2. A horizontal-shaft centrifugal pump lifts water at
65C. The suction nozzle is one meter below pump
centerline. The pressure at this point equals 200
kPa gauge and velocity is 3 m/s. Steamtables
show saturation pressure at 65C is 25 kPa and
specific volume of the saturated liquid is 0.001020
m
3
/kg. The pump Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSH) in meters is
1 m
(a) 24 (b) 26
(c) 28 (d) 30
Year 2003
3. A centrifugal pump running at 500 rpmand at its
maximumefficiency is delivering a head of 30 m
at a flow rate of 60 litres per minute. If the rpmis
changed to 1000, then the head H in metres and
flow rate Q in litres per minute at maximum
efficinecy are estimated to be
(a) H =60, Q =120 (b) H =120, Q =120
(c) H =60, Q =480 (d) H =120, Q =30
Year 2002
Common Data Question No. 4 & 5
A centrifugal pump has an efficiency of 80%.
The specifications of the pump are : Discharge =
70 m
3
/hr, head =7 m, speed =1450 rpmand
diameter =2000 mm. If the speed of this pump is
increased to 1750 rpm.
4. Discharge and head developed are given
respectively:
(a) 84.48 m
3
/hr and 10.2 m
(b) 48.8 m
3
/hr and 20 m
(c) 48.8 m
3
/hr and 10.2 m
(d) 58.4 m
3
/hr and 12 m
5. Power input required is given by
(a) 1.066 kW (b) 1.96 kW
(c) 2.12 kW (d) 20 kW
Year 2000
6. When the speed of a centrifugal pump is doubled,
the power required to drive the pump will
(a) increase 8 times (b) increase 4 times
(c) double (d) remain the same
Year 1994
7. In terms of speed of rotation of the impeller (N),
discharge (Q) and change in total head through
the machine, the specific speed for a pump
is.........
151
Chapter-12
Answer
1. Ans. (a) 2. Ans. (c) 3. Ans. (b) 4. Ans. (a) 5. Ans. (a)
6. Ans. (a)
7. Ans .(
3/ 4
m
N Q
H
)


152
Chapter-12
Q.1 Ans. (a)
Column I Column II
P. Centrifugal compressor 2. Surging
Q. Centrifugal pump 3. Priming
R. Pelton wheel 4. Pure impulse
S. Kaplan turbine 1. Axial flow
Reference: Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Modi and Seth, 17th Edition, Page-919 & 1061, 21.4
& 24.4.
Q.2 Ans. (c)
2
1
1m
NPSH: Net positive suction head is defined as the absolute pressure head at the inlet to the pump minus the
vapour pressure head (in absolute units) corresponding to the temperature of the liquid pumped, plus the
velocity head at this point
Or
NPSH may be defined as the head required to make the liquid to flow through the suction pipe to the impeller.
Thus, NPSH =
2
V S 2
P P V P
2
| |
+ +
|

\ .
a
g g g g
...................... (i)
where,
P
2
=Gauge pressure at the inlet of pump
P
v
=Vapour pressure of the liquid in absolute unit
P
a
=Atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa)
V
s
=Velocity of flow in suction pipe =3 m/s
At 65 C,
Vapour pressure, P
v
=25 kPa
Specific volume, w =0.001020 m
3
/kg
Therefore, mass density of water at 65C
=
1 1
w 0.001020
=
=980.39 kg/m
3
Now given that at suction nozzle (at point 1)
P
1
=200 kPa (Gauge pressure)
V
s
=3 m/s
Applying Bernoullis equation at section (1) and (2)
2
1 1
1
P V
Z
2
+ +
g g
=
2
2 2
2
P V
Z
2
+ +
g g
But V
1
=V
2
=V
S
and Z
1
=0 (Taking (1) as datum)
153
Z
2
=1 m
2 3
S
V 200 10
0
2
+ +
g g
=
2
S 2
V P
1
2
+ +
g g
2
P
g
=
3
200 10
1

g
So fromequation (i) NPSH =
2 3
V S
P P V 200 10
1
2
+ +

a
g g g g
NPSH =
3 2
(200 101.325 25) 10 3
1
980.39 9.81 2 9.81
+
+

=28.73 1 +0.4587 = 28.1 m
Q.3 Ans. (b)
In a centrifugal pump for model testing there are following two conditions,
m
1
H
DN
| |
|
|
\ .
=
m
2
H
DN
| |
|
|
\ .
......(i)

1 2
3 3
1 1 2 2
Q Q
D N D N
=
......(ii)
For given pump, D
1
=D
2
, fromequation (i)
H
2
=
2
2
1
1
N
H
N
| |
|
\ .
=
2
1000
30
500
| |

|
\ .
=120 m
Fromequation (ii)
1 2
3 3
1 1 2 2
Q Q
D N D N
=
Therefore, Q
2
=
2
2
1
N
Q
N

=
1000
60
500
=120 lit/minute
Q.4 Ans. (a)
Given, Efficiency, q =80%
Discharge, Q
1
=70 m
3
/hr =0.0194 m
3
/s
Monometric head, H
m1
=7 m
Diameter, D
1
=2000 mm
Speed, N
1
=1450 rPm
Increased speed, N
2
=1750 rpm
For Discharge frommodel analysis,
1
3
1 1
Q
D N
=
2
3
2 3
Q
D N
......(i)
Fromquestion, diameter is constant, i.e. D
1
=D
2
Fromequation (i),
1
1
Q
N
=
2
2
Q
N
70
1450
=
2
Q
1750
154
Therefore, discharge Q
2
=84.48 m
3
/hr =0.0235 m
3
/s
For head frommodel analysis of pump
1 1
3/4
m1
N Q
(H )
=
2 2
3/4
m2
N Q
(H )
......(ii)
3/ 4
1450 0.0194
(7)
=
2
3/4
m
1750 0.0235
(H )
Therefore, head
m2
H =10.2 m
Q.5 Ans. (a)
Overall effeiciecy of pump, q
o
=
m
WQH
Shaft Power
Shaft Power =
m
WQH
q
=
9.81 0.0235 10.2
0.8

Shaft or Input Power =2.94 kW
Q.6 Ans. (a)
In a centrifugal pump for model testing, 5 3
m
P
D N
| |
|
\ .
= 5 3
m
P
D N
| |
|
\ .
Fromquestion,
1
5 3
P
D N
| |
|
\ .
=
( )
2
3
5
P
D 2N
| |
|
|
\ .
Therefore, P
2
=8P
1
Q.7 Ans. 3/ 4
m
N Q
H
Speed at which a geometrically similar centrifugal pump runs discharging 1 m
3
of volume running under a
head of one meter is called specific speed of the pump.
Specific speed, N
s
= 3/ 4
m
N Q
H
where, N =Speed of pump in rpm
Q =Discharge fromthe pump in m
3
/s
H
m
=Manometric head of the pump in m
155
Year 2000
1. For a compressible fluid, sonic velocity is
(a) a property of the fluid
(b) always given by (RT)
1/2
where , R and T
are respectively the ratio of specific heats,
gas constant and temperature in K
(c) always given by c c p
s
/
/
b g
12
where p, and s
are respectively pressure, density and entropy
(d) always greater than the velocity of fluid at
any location
Year 1999
2. An aeroplane is cruising at a speed of 800 km/hr
at an altitude, where the air temperature is 0
o
C.
The flight Mach number at this speed is nearly
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.254
(c) 0.67 (d) 2.04
Compr essi bl e Fl ow
13
Q.1 Ans. (c)

Exp. In case of compressible fluid,
Sonic velocity is denoted by C which is given by
s
p | | c
|
c
\ .
where, p =pressure intensity
=desntiy of the liquid
Reference: Fluid Mechanis, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-723, Equation 15.29.
Q.2 Ans. (c)
Speed of aeroplane, V =800 km/hr
=
800 1000
m/s
60 60
=222.22 m/s.
Temperature =0 C =273 K.
Sonic speed, C = RT (assuming process as Adiabatic process)
= 1.4 287 273
=331.196 m/s.
Mach number =
V 222.22
C 331.196
=
=0.67
Equation-19.7.
Chapter-13

Fluid Mechanics GATE 1991-2013 Topic Wise Solution

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Fluid Mechanics GATE 1991-2013 Topic Wise Solution

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Mec hani c al Engi neer i ng

Here, u =e r =20 0.02 =0.4 m/s

If du is small, then tan du ~d u.

Net force =PressureArea.

is the velocity vector, which one

(c) zero (d)

15. The force F needed to support the liquid of density

It can also be written as ( )

Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R. K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-172, Equation 5.32.

( Since pipe is horizontal, hence Z

Therefore, flow velocity V

Since venturi is horizontal, therefore Z

=0.984 0.008945 3.427 =0.0302 m

Di mensi onal and Model Anal ysi s

Similarly, drag force on the rear half,

Reference: Fluid Mechanics, R.K. Rajput, Edition 2005, Page-357.

where, d is the characteristic dimension of the pipe.

Q.7 Ans (c)

is pushed in at 10 mm/sec and the water comes

Darcy friction factor, f =

By equating the above two equations, we get,

Fromequation (i) blade efficiency, =

Q.1 Ans. (c)

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi