J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol.

27, 2013,

WEEDS OF WHEAT IN NEPAL: A LITERATURE REVIEW

D. R. Dangol
ABSTRACT This paper reviews publications dealing with weeds and/or their control in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in Nepal and enumerates 370 weed species of !0 genera in "# families. This review shows that the $steraceae (%& spp.)' (oaceae (" spp.)' Leguminosae ( " spp.)' (ol)gonaceae (!& spp.)' *ar)oph)llaceae (!+ spp.)' ,crophulariaceae (!7 spp.)' -uphorbiaceae and Lamiaceae (!# spp. each)' .rassicaceae and *)peraceae (!3 spp.)' and ,olanaceae (!! spp. each) were the dominant families' which accounted for 7!.3"/ of the total weeds. This paper also documented %3 species reported as the principal or most common weeds and # species (Chenopodium album, Cynodon dactylon, Phalaris minor, Polygonum plebeium) as the most commonl) reported weeds of wheat in Nepal in the papers reviewed. This paper also highlighted the fact that the researchers from the Tribhuvan 0niversit)' 1epartment of (lant 2esources (then 1epartment of 3edicinal (lants/435) and Nepal $gricultural 2esearch *ouncil mentioned about the deposition of their herbarium specimens in the respective organi6ations. This paper also anal)6ed the publication media in which the reviewed papers appeared.

Key words7 (rincipal weeds' Triticum aestivum, weed flora' weed surve)' wheat INTRODUCTION 8n Nepal' wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the principal winter crop with an annual production of !7#% thousand 3. Tons in 0!! (www.inde9mundi.com). The average )ield of this crop is !300 :g/ha which is low in comparison to other countries. The low production of wheat ma) be associated with man) factors; among them' weeds are one of the ma<or problems. The weeds infesting the wheat crop reduce the crop )ield upto "0 / in Nepal (3alla and 2an<it' !&+0; 2an<it' !&+ ; .hatta' !&+!; ,hiva=oti et al.' !&77). To get ma9imum production' weeds of wheat should be managed properl). ,ince the weed management depends upon the t)pe and intensit) of weeds present in the crop fields' a sound =nowledge on wheat weeds is necessar) for determining economic control measures (4olm et al.' !&77; 5upta' !&+#). >ith the same viewpoints' weeds of wheat fields from different parts of Nepal were reported (,ee 2eferences). 4owever' these reports remain scattered up?to?date. This stud) was' therefore' underta=en to review the literature to prepare a list of species' determine the principal weed species and their distribution and herbarium specimen records mentioned in the papers dealing with weeds of wheat and their control in Nepal. TRENDS IN WEED SURVEY IN WHEAT FIELDS There are altogether % published papers on weeds and their control7 & dealing with ta9onom) and some aspects of weed flora' + with weed control on wheat and with weed flora and their control. Numata' a @apanese ecologist published a paper on Amethodolog) for the stud) of weed vegetationA giving e9amples of weeds of wheat of Nepal (Numata' !&+ ). The studies on weeds and /or their control was initiated b) 1r. B. (. 5upta in !&77 who wor=ed as a visiting professor at the 8nstitute of $griculture and $nimal ,cience' Tribhuvan 0niversit)' 2ampur' *hitwan' Nepal for )ears. 8n late !&70Cs the results of weed surve)s in crop fields of 2ampur (5upta et al. !&77) and :athamndu valle) (2a<bhandar) and B<ha' !&7&) were reported. 8n !&+0Cs' there were some wor=s on weed flora of @iri (Numata' !&+ )' :avre (@oshi and 5ret6macher' !&&&)' .irgan< (1angol' !&+7)' 2ampur (1angol et al. !&++' ,hah et al.' 0!!ab)' :irtipur' :athmandu (*haudhar) and ,hrestha' !&+!)' :ho=ana' Lalitpur (,ap=ota et al.' 0!0) and Nepal (2egmi et al.' !&+%). 2esearch wor=s on weed control trials were also conducted in different $gricultural 2esearch ,tations of Nepal (.hatta' !&+!; 3alla and 2an<it' !&+0; 2an<it +!/+ ; !&+ ; !&+3a; !&+3b; ,thapit' !&+%). 3a6e= (!&&!) studied the weed vegetation of cultivated fields in Nepal. There are two reports that deal with

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

weed and weed control aspect. The summar) of the famil)' genera and species along with stud) locations mentioned in the papers reviewed is given in Table !.
Table !. List of the number of famil) (D)' genus (5) and species (,) and stud) areas of the wheat weeds reported b) the authors in the papers reviewed

SN
! 3 # " % 7 + & !0 !! ! !3 !# !" !% !7 !+ !& 0 ! 3 #

Authors #
.hatta (!&+!) *haudhar) (!&7&)* *haudhar) and ,hrestha (!&+!) 1angol (!&+7)8 1angol ( 000? 00!)8 1angol et al. (!&++)8 1angol and *haudhar) (!&&!) 1angol ( 00!) 1ev=ota (!&+3) 5upta et al. (!&77)$ @oshi and 5ret6macher (!&&&) 3alla and 2an<it (!&+0) 3anandhar (!&7+)N 3a6e= (!&&!) Numata (!&+ ) 2a<bhandar) and B<ha (!&7&) 2an<it (!&+!/+ ) 2an<it (!&+3a) 2an<it (!&+3b) 2an<it (!&&&) 2an<it ( 003) 2an<it and .hattarai (!&++) 2an<it and ,uwan=etni=om ( 003) 2an<it et al. ( 00%)

F
3 3% # !% ! 7 !% !+ !! & " !& 3! 7 0 # 7 % % % !! !3 0 % +3 # 33 "# "7 3 7 !7 & #+ % +% + & 3# 7 !# !! !! + ! 3 #+

S
# !0+ " 3" %" 7# 30 3! !# & %# # ! !!3 !! 3& " !" + 7 %

Study !re!"
.hairahawa :athmandu valle) :irtipur .irgan< 8nner Terai and Terai 2ampur areas 2ampur 2ampur 2ampur :avre :humal :athmandu valle) Nepal @iri :athmandu valle) :hu' .hw and 4ar :humal :hu' .hw and 4ar

Re#!r$s""
Trifolium, Vicia

Ixeris, 0nidentified genus Melilotus, umex, Vicia,

Cyperus, Vicia,

Polygonum !eliotropium umex, Trifolium "lopecurus, umex, Trifolium "lepecurus, #naphalium, Polygonum "lopecurus, umex $othriospermum, %actuca, Ma&us, Polygonum, anunculus "lopecuros, "lternanthera, Cyperus, 'igitaria, ()uisetum, %actuca, %indernia, Ma&us, Polygonum, umex "ster, Pratia, Impatiens, Ma&us, Cerastium, *crophularia "renaria, $idens, Clerodendrum, Convolvulus, Cynoglossum, Persicaria, Torenia, Vernonia (rigeron, Vicia (rigeron, Vicia Campanula, Cremanthodium

Nepal :humal #3 Nepal

" % 7 + & 30 3! 3 33 3#

2an<it et al. ( 00&) 2egmi et al. (!&+%) ,ap=ota et al. ( 0!0) ,hah et al. ( 0!!a) ,hah et al. ( 0!!b) ,harma et al. ( 0!0) ,hiva=oti et al. (!&77) ,thapit (!&+%) Thapa ( 003) Thapa and :a)astha (!&&%)

% 3! !+ !! !! !& 3 " % %

+ 7! 3+ !& !& 3+ 3 " #+ #+

+ &% ## !& !& #3 3 " "7 "#

:humal Nepal :ho=ana 2ampur 2ampur 3anang 2ampur L$* (o=hara (o=hara

$othriochloa, (rigeron $othriochloa, ()uisetum, (rigeron, Marchantia, *onchus

E $uthor(s) name mar=ed with letters deposited their herbarium collections in different institutions in Nepal' $F1epartment of $gronom)' 8$$,' 2ampur' *F*entral 1epartment of .otan) (:irtipur)' 8F8$$, 4erbarium (2ampur)' and NFNational 4erbarium (5odawar))' G :hu' .hw and 4arF:humal' .hairahawa and 4ardinath' L$*FLumle $gricultureal *entre. GG 8dentified upto 5enus level onl)

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

WEED DIVERSITY 8n Nepal' 370 species of wheat weeds representing "# families and !0 genera of vascular plants were listed ($ppendi9 !). There were # non?flowering plants and 330 flowering plants ( &3 flowering plant dicots and 73 flowering plant monocots) (Digure !). $mong the total families' !% families include " or more species which accounted for 7&.!&/ of the total weed species recorded. Two most dominant families were the $seraceae and (oaceae which had %& and " weed species' respectivel). There were families with to # species and !% families with ! species each. 8n the papers reviewed' the best?represented genus was Polygonum (!" spp.) followed b) (uphorbia and *tellaria (+ spp. each)' (ragrostis, and *olanum (7 spp. each)' Vicia (% spp.)' and %indernia and Veronica (" spp. each). There were !" genera with # spp.' !% genera with 3 spp.' and 30 genera with spp. The rest !#! genera were represented with ! sp. each in the weeds of wheat in Nepal.

Digure !. Dloristic anal)sis of weed species of wheat in different groups (D(1F flowering plant dicot' D(3F flowering plants monocot' ND(F Non?flowering plants) %RINCI%AL WEEDS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION $lmost all authors of the reviewed papers mentioned some species as ma<or/principal/ important weeds of wheat on the basis of visual estimation. 4owever' 1angol et al. (!&++) used summed dominance ratio H,12F (relative densit) and relative freIuenc))/ J to calculate ma<or/minor weeds. Numata (!&+ ) also suggested such t)pe of ,12 e9pression for determining ma<or weeds in farmlands. 3a6e= (!&&!) followed .raun?.lanIuet method for estimating the cover value of weed species. ,ome authors used other ecological parameters for identif)ing dominant weeds (1angol' 00!; 2an<it et al.' 00%; ,harma et al.' 0!0; ,ap=ota et al.' 0!0). The %3 weed species' which were reported as dominant/principal/abundant or ma<or wheat weeds in the literature reviewed' are listed alphabeticall) in Table . Bf the %3 ma<or weeds' "3 were reported from hill) regions' !# from the 8nner Terai and ! from Terai regions of Nepal. The species li=e Chenopodium album (.ethe)' Phalaris minor (2agate <har)' and Cynodon dactylon (1ubo)' Polygonum plebeium (,u=ul<har) and Vicia sativa (:util=osha) were mentioned as ma<or weeds for the three wheat growing regions of the countr) (Table ). ,ome of the weeds such as Chenopodium album,
3

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

Phalaris minor' Vicia sativa, Polygonum plebeium (,u=ule <har) were the principal problem weeds of wheat in the Terai (.hairahawa and .irgan<) and hill) (:athmandu valle)) regions of Nepal. Bf the above three weeds' Chenopodium album and Cynodon dactylon were not reported as the ma<or weeds of wheat in western hill) area (,thapit' !&+%) and Phalaris minor in the central 8nner Terai (1angol et al.' !&++). ,ome of the weeds were locall) important; for e9ample Cannabis sativa (5an<a or .hang) was reported as one of the most problematic weeds in wheat in the :athmandu valle). T!&'e () $lphabetical list of principal weeds reported in wheat of hills' inner Terai and Terai in Nepal.
SN ! 3 # " % 7 + & !0 !! ! !3 !# !" !% !7 !+ !& 0 ! 3 # " % 7 + & 30 3! 3
!

%r*+,*-!' s-e,*es "geratum cony&oides "geratum houstonianum "lopecurus ae)ualis "lopecurus nepalensis "lopecurus pratensis "lternanthera sessilis "nagallis arvensis "eschynomene indica $idens pilosa $otrhiospermum tenellum Cannabis sativa Capsella bursa-pastoris Carex nubigena Centella asiatica Chenopodium album Convolvulus arvensis Coronopus didymus Cynodon dactylon Cyperus cyperoides Cyperus rotundus 'igitaria adscendens 'igitaria sanguinalis 'rymaria cordata (clipta prostrata ()uisetum debile (uphorbia hirta .umaria indica #alinsoga parviflora #naphalium luteo-album !ydrocotyle nepalensis Imperata cylindrica %athyrus aphaca

H*''s. :

I++er Ter!*( *

Ter!*/

: : N : * @ ( * : : @ ( :'3'N' ( 3 : :'N'( @ ( L L ( : ( :'L ( : : .'2

S N 33 3# 3" 3% 37 3+ 3& #0 #! # #3 ## #" #% #7 #+ #& "0 "! " "3 "# "" "% "7 "+ "& %0 %! % %3

%r*+,*-!' s-e,*es %olium temulentum Ma&us +aponicus Medicago denticulata Melilotus alba ,xalis corniculata ,xalis latifolia Paspalum distichum Phalaris minor Phleum alpinum Phyla nodiflora Plantago ma+or Polygonum aviculare Polygonum capitatum Polygonum hydropiper Polygonum plebeium Polygonum viscosum Polypogon fugax Polypogon monspeliensis orippa palustris umex crispus umex dentatus *enecio vulgaris *ennebiera pinnatifida *olanum carolinense *olanum nigrum *oliva anthemifolia *tellaria media Vicia angustifolia Vicia hirsuta Vicia sativa Vicia tetrasperma

H*''s. : ( : : @ :'L'N' ( 3 : : : L :'L'N :'N'( N N

I++er Ter!*( * * * *

Ter!*/ . 2 2

.'4'2

.'4'2

* * *

.'2

2 : : .'2 : : @ @ : : : : : :

* *

. .'4'2

* * *

4ills7 @F@iri; :F:athmandu valle); LFLumle $gricultural *entre; 3F3anang; NFNaldung; (F(o=hara; 8nner Terai7 *F*hitwan ( # m)' 3 Terai7 2F2upandehi (.hairahawa (!0& m)' (a=lihawa' *hhotibansar); %F.irgan< (+% m); 7F4ardinath (!00 m)K in which a particular species of weeds is present and 3F3angang

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

Chenopodium album was the most commonl) reported weed of wheat in Nepal which was listed in 3! papers out of 3# papers reviewed (Table 3). Cynodon dactylon, Phalaris minor and Polygonum plebeium were the weeds mentioned in +' "' and ! articles reviewed. Cannabis sativa and #naphalium luteoalbum were listed in !+ papers and ,xalis corniculata was reported as weed in !" literatures reviewed. Bne?hundred sevent)?seven weeds were reported in onl) one literature (Table 3). Chenopodium album and Cynodon dactylon were regarded as being the most important weeds in wheat in the world (4olm et al.' !&77) T!&'e /) The most commonl) reported weeds of wheat in Nepal in the literature reviewed (total number of literature reviewed is 3#) ,N ! 3 # " % 7 + & !0 !! ! ,pecies list Chenopodium album Cynodon dactylon Phalaris minor Polygonum plebeium Cannabis sativa, #naphalium luteo-album ,xalis corniculata "nagallis arvensis' Centella asiatica' Polygonum hydropiper, *olanum nigrum' Vicia hirsuta' Vicia sativa "vena fatua, Capsella bursa-pastoris' %athyrus aphaca "lternanthera sessilis' !ydrocotyle rotundifolia' Ma&us +aponicus' Polypogon fugax , Vicia teterasperma "geratum cony&oides' "ndrosace rotundiflolia' $reea arvnsis' Cyperus rotundus, .umaria parviflora, ungia parviflora ' *tellaria media "lopecurus ae)ualis, Cardamine sylvatica ' #naphalium purpureum, Ma&us surculosus' Medicago denticulata, Melilotus alba , Melilotus indica, Phyla nodiflora ' *enebiera pinnatifida' *enecio vulgaris "geratum houstonianum' $idens pilosa,$lumea lacera' Convolvulus arvensis,Trifolium repens "maranthus spinosus, $othriospermum tenellum, 'igitaria ciliaris, (clipta prostrata, (milia sonchifolia, (uphorbia hirta, #alinsoga parviflora, Ixeris polycepala' Medicago lupulina, umex dentaus, *pergula arvensis, *oliva anthemifolia ' *onchus arvensis, *onchus asper, /anthium strumarium ,ee $ppendi9 ! ,ee $ppendi9 ! ,ee $ppendi9 ! ,ee $ppendi9 ! ,ee $ppendi9 ! Total species ! ! ! ! ! % 3 " 7 !0 " Total Literature 3! + " ! !+ !" !# !! !0 & + 7

!" !+ !7 3% %# !77

% " # 3 !

!3 !# !" !% !7

HERBARIU0 RECORDS

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

The authors emplo)ed either in National 4erbarium (:athmandu) or in the academic institutions reported about the deposition of their weed collections (Table !). The herbarium specimens of weeds were housed in National 4erbarium' 5odawar) (3anandhar' !&7+); 8$$, 4erbarium' 2ampur (1angol' !&+7; 1angol et al.' !&++); $gronom) 1epartment' 8$$,' 2ampur (5upta et al.' !&77); and *entral 1epartment of .otan)' :irtipur (*haudhar)' !&7&; *haudhar) and ,hrestha' !&+!) and >eed ,cience 0nit' $gronom) 1ivision' N$2*' :humaltar' Lalitpur (@oshi and 5ret6macher' !&&&). -9cept the above?mentioned authors' the others did not mention in their papers whether the) had prepared herbarium specimens or not. PUBLICATION MEDIA The authors of the papers on weed control (e9cept 2an<it and .hattarai' !&++ who reported common weeds of wheat for Nepal in *rop >eeds and Their *ontrol) mentioned onl) few weed species from e9perimental plots of different locations of Nepal such as :humaltar (*entral midhill)' .hairahawa (>estern Terai)' and 4ardinath (*entral Terai). Their reports were published in A:rishiA (maga6ine in Nepalese language)' A>heat 2esearch 2eportsA' A>heat 2eportA' and A>heat' .arle) and Triticale 2eportA' A$nnual 2eportsA' etc. 2esearchers published their research findings related to weedflora' ecolog) and weed management in different scientific <ournals published from Nepal' 8ndia and other countries. The authors published their research articles in the A0. Inst. "gric. "nim. *ci.A (5upta et al.' !&77; 1angol' !&+7; 1angol et al.' !&++); A0. 1at. !ist. Mus.A (*haudhar)' !&7&; *haudhar) and ,hrestha' !&+!)' A 1epalese 0. "gric.2 (2a<bhandar) and B<ha' !&7&); A$ull. $ot. *urv. India2 (3anandhar' !&7+); A$otanica ,rientalis2 (,ap=ota et al.' 0!0); A"griculture 'evelopment 0ournal2 (,hah et al.' 0!!a)' AInternational esearch 0ournal of "pplied and $asic *ciences2 (,hah et al.' 0!!b)' A1epal 0ournal of *cience and Technology2 (@oshi and 5ret6macher' !&&&) and A3asetsart 0.A (2an<it and ,uwan=etnicom' 003). The article of 2egmi et al. (!&+%) was published in the proceedings of winter crops wor=shop held at 2ampur $griculture ,tation' *hitwan. 8t is obvious from the papers (Table !) that most of the wor=s were either conducted in the :athmandu valle) or in the *hitwan valle). The total number of weeds reported b) 2egmi et al. (!&+%) i.e. &% spp. for Nepal is ver) few in compared to the number of weeds reported from the two valle)s (:athmandu7 ! spp. and *hitwan7 7+ spp.). ,ome genera' which were not identified into species' are listed from the papers on weed control and some from the paper of 2egmi et al. (!&+%). CONCLUSION 8t is evident from publications that weed surve) wor=s were mostl) confined either to the :athmandu valle) or to the *hitwan valle)' and were conducted more than 0 )ears ago in the former valle)s' there opens a scope of conducting s)stematic and ecological surve)s of weed communit) in the wheat fields of Nepal in order to understand the succession of weed communit) in the wheat fields vegetation and prioriti6e the weed management researches. ,uch t)pe of surve) should lead to establish weed herbarium at least in the agricultural academic and research institutions' namel) in the 8nstitute of $griculture and $nimal ,cience/Tribhuvan 0niversit)' 0niversit) of $griculture and Dorestr)' 2ampur' *hitwan and National *ouncil of $gricultural 2esearch' :humaltar' Nepal. The herbarium records will aid in tracing the succession of weed communities in wheat in Nepal in future and aid as teaching and research materials for students' agriculturists' botanists and ecologists. -coph)siological stud) on the principal weeds of wheat need to be studied with respect to important wheat varieties grown in Nepal so that their interaction principles could be understood and applied in the weed management in wheat.

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013, ACKNOWLED E0ENTS

8 would li=e to than= two peer reviewers for their comments on the previous draft of this manuscript and 2upa= 1angol for t)pesetting.
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J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

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Nepal >heat (roduction b) Mear. http7//www.inde9mundi.com/agriculture/Ncountr)F npOcommodit)F wheatOgraphFproduction retrieved on @ul) %' 0!3.
Numata' 3.' !&+ . $ methodolog) for the stud) of weed vegetation. 8n7 >. 4ol6ner and N. Numata (eds.)' $iology and (cology of 4eeds. 1r. >. @un= (ublishers' The 4auge. pp. !?3#. 2a<bhandar)' :.L. and ,. B<ha' !&7&. Notes on weeds associated with wheat crop. 1ep. 0. "gri.' .6(!3?!#)7#&?"!. 2an<it' @.1. 003. 2esponse of wheat weeds to straw mulch in midhills. 8n7 D.(. Neupane' :.3. .a<rachar)a and 1inesh .hu<u (eds.)' (roceedings of 8nternational ,eminar on 3ountains?:athmandu' 3arch %?+' 00 . 2o)al Nepal $cadem) of ,cience and Technolog)' :athmandu' Nepal. pp. 37 ?377. 2an<it' @.1. and $.N. .hattarai' !&++. Crop 7eeds and their control in 1epal. $gricultural 2esearch and (roduction (ro<ect. >inroc= 8nternation/0,$81 (ro<ect No. 3%7?0!#&?3?"000 ' :athmandu' Nepal. 2an<it' @.1. and 2. ,uwan=etni=om' 003. 2esponse of weeds and wheat )ield to tillage and weed management. 3asetsart 0. 81at. *ci.)' 3773+&?#00. 2an<it' @.1.' !&+!/+ . >eed control trial in wheat. 4heat esearch eport. 435' 1epartment of $griculture' N>1(' ,iddharthnagar' .hairahawa' Nepal. pp. !#!? #+. 2an<it' @.1.' !&+3a. *ommon weeds of wheat crop and their control (Nepali). 3rishi' (5(#)7!7?!&. 2an<it' @.1.' !&+3b. >eed control trial on wheat. pp. 3%"?"77. 4heat eport' 435' 1epartment of $griculture' N>1(' ,iddharthnagar' .hairahawa' Nepal. 2an<it' @.1.' !&&&. ,tud) on the effect of tillage and weed management in wheat. 1epal "griculture 0ournal7 /7 +?3". esearch

2an<it' @.1.' 00&. 8mpact of mulching on wheat )ield and weed floras in the mid?hills of Nepal. 1epal "griculture esearch 0ournal, 47 !? %. 2an<it' @.1.' 2.2. .ellinder' (. 4obbs' N.:. 2a<bhandari' and (. :ata=i' 00%. 3apping Phalaris minor under the rice? wheat cropping s)stem in different agro?ecological regions of Nepal) 1epal "griculture esearch 0ournal' 87"#?%3. 2egmi' (.(.' (.L. :arna and L.,. :ar=i' !&+%. >eed problems of wheat crop in Nepal (t)ped manuscript). ,ap=ota' N.' ..2. 1ongol and 1.2. .hu<u' 0!0. >eed species composition and growth in wheat field of mountain ecos)stem :ho=ana' Lalitpur' Nepal. $otanica ,rientalis, 87+"?&!. ,hah' (.' :.2. 1ahal' ,.:. ,hah and 1.2. 1angol' 0!!a. -ffect of tillage' mulch and time of nitrogen application on )ield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). "griculture 'evelopment 0ournal, 27&?!&. ,hah' (.' :.2. 1ahal' ,.:. ,hah and 1.2. 1angol' 0!!b. >eed proliferation as affected b) long?term tillage' mulch and time of nitrogen application in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). International esearch 0ournal of "pplied and $asic *ciences, (( )7%"?7 . ,harma' L.N.' 2.(. *haudhar) and L.N.(. 5upta' 0!0. >eed diversit) in the trans?himala)an wheat fields of 0pper 3anang' Nepal. 8n7 (.:. @ha' ,... :armachar)a' 3.:. .alla' 3.:. *hettri and .... ,hrestha (eds.)' *ustainable 9se of $iological esources in 1epal' -cological ,ociet) (-*B,)' :athmandu. pp. 7 ?7+ ,hiva=oti' 5.(.' B.(. 5upta and ,.2. .a<rachar)a' !&77. 2esponse of wheat' rape and potato to weeding. 0. Inst. "gric. "nim. *ci.' . (!)7!03?!0&. ,thapit' ..2.' !&+%. 4erbicidal control of various hill weeds in the wheat field. 1epalese 0. "gric.' .87! "?! 7. Thapa' *... and 2.,. :a)astha' !&&%. >eed flora of wheat field in (o=hara valle). Prith7i5 " esearch Publication of P.1.C.' .(!)7!?+.

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

Thapa' *...' 003. ,urve) of weed flora of wheat field in (o=hara' Nepal. $otanica ,rientalis ($nnual 8ssue)' pp. !##?!#".

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013, Appendix 1. Weeds reported to occur in wheat in Nepal (Families are arranged as per the Bentham and Hooker s classi!ication s"stem# species are arranged alpha$eticall" in each !amil"% FAMILY NAME/Scientific names {S n!n ms" #Ne$a%i name# N!n'f%!(e&in) P%ants E*UISETA+EAE

Elevation ranges1
&'''()*'' m &''(&*'' m 1'''(&*'' m &8'(1''' m 18''(:''' m &''(15'' m 1)''():'' m. 18''()''' m. 18'(1:'' m ))1'( :'8'm &''(&18' m

Refe&ences

Equisetum arvense .!"n#$le g$ans!

Equisetum debile Rox$. ex 1aucher 2 3urkure 4har2 Equisetum diffusum D. Don 2 Ankhle ghans2 MARSILEA+EAE Marsilea crenata 7resl. F%!(e&in) P%ants: Dic!ts RANUN+ULA+EAE Ranunculus diffusus D9. 2NakuroNakkore 4har2 Ranunculus sceleratus ;. 2Nakuro2 Thalictrum foliolosum D9. 2Dampate2 ,ER,ERIDA+EAE Berberis aristata D9. 29hutro2 PAPAVERA+EAE Argemone mexicana ;. 26hakal=at"anasi2 Hypocoum leptocarpum Hook.!. ? 6hompson FUMARIA+EAE Fumaria parviflora Wt. ? Ait. @F. indica (Haussk.% 7ugsle"A 2.angali ga0ar 4har- =oun!e 4har2 ,ALSAMINA+EAE mpatiens sulcata Wall. ,RASSI+A+EAE !apsella bursa"pastoris (;.% <edic. 2Banchamsur2

Regmi et al. (1+*,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- 6hapa (&'')% Regmi et al. (1+*,% .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Regmi et al. (1+*,% <anandhar (1+5*%- De>kota (1+*)%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Ran4it (1+++%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% =harma et al. (&'1'% De>kota (1+*)%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% =harma et al. (&'1'% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Ran4it (1+*)a- 1+*)$%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%- =harma et al. (&'1'% Ran4it (1+*)a% Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- Ran4it (1+++%Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Ran4it (1+*)a-%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%<a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%.oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- 6hapa

1)'()+'' m :''(:8'' m

!ardamine impatiens ;. 29hamsur2 !ardamine pretensis ;. !ardamine sylvatica ;ink @9. hirsuta ;.A 29hamsure 4har2

18''(:''' m. 1:'' m 1''(:''' m.

10

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

#asturtium indicum D9. @Rorippa indica (;.% Hiern.A 2Ban ra"o2 #asturtium officinale R. Br. ex Ait. 2=im ra"o2 Rorippa dubia (7ers.% Hara 2<ula4ari2 Rorippa islandica Bider Rorippa palustris % .& 'ess. Rorippa sinulata Nutt. Hipch. $enebiera parviflora % $enebiera pinnatifida D9. @$& didyma 7ers.- !oronopsis didymus (;.% =m.A 29hamsure ghans2 $inapis nigra ;. +APPARA+EAE !leome viscosa ;. 2Bantori2 VIOLA+EAE 'iola diffusa /ing. ex D9. 'iola patrini D9. 'iola pilosa Blume 'iola serpens Wall. @'& canenscens Wall.A +ARYOPHYLLA+EAE Arenaria glanduligera Cdgew.ex Cdgew. ? Hook. !. Arenaria serpyllifolia ;. !erastium glomeratum 6huill. @!& vulgatum ;.A 21artri2 !erastium holosteoides Fries (rymaria cordata (;.% Willd. @(& diandra (Bl.% DukeA 2A$hi0aloApi0alo2 )epyrodiclis glandulosa (Benth. ex /. Don% Bh$a *olycarpon prostratum (Forssk.% Aschers. $aponaria vaccaria ;. @'accaria pyramidata <edic.A 2=a$uni 4har2 $ilene conoidea ;. $pergula arvensis ;. 2."a"au 4har="al 4har2 $tellaria alsine /rimm. $tellaria aquatica (;.% =cop. $tellaria documbens Cdgew.

1''(&''' m 1:''(&1'' m 1&''(1,'' m 1)''(18'' m 1)''(18'' m 1:'' m 1:'' m 1:'' m

(&'')% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% 9haudhar" (1+5+% Ran4it (1+++% 9haudhar" (1+5+% Ran4it (1+*)a% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- <alla and Ran4it (1+*'%- Ran4it (1+*)$%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Ran4it (1+++%Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% <a0ek (1++1% Dangol et al. (1+**% <a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+% =apkota et al. (&'1'% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% 9haudhar" (1+5+% 9haudhar" (1+5+% <anandhar (1+5*% <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Regmi et al. (1+*,%- =thapit (1+*,%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% <anandhar (1+5*% <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%=hah et al. (&'11a$% Regmi et al. (1+*,% <a0ek (1++1% Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Ran4it (1+*)a%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- Ran4it (1+++%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% <a0ek (1++1%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')% <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')% =harma et al. (&'1'%

&''(58' m 1:''(&''' m 18''(&:'' m 1)''(81'' m. +''(&+'' m 18''()*1' m 5'' m 5''(&8'' m. 1)'' 15'' m &''(1:'' m Dp to 18'' 1&''())'' m +''(18'' m

1:''(:8'' m. 1:'' m )&''(:''' m

11

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

$tellaria himalayensis <a4umdar @$& latifolia (Benth. ex Ro"le% Cdgew. Hook. !.A $tellaria patens D. Don @$& longissima Wall.A $tellaria media (;.% 1ill. 23ukhure2

&,''():'' m 1)''(:''' m 1'''(&,'' m

<anandhar (1+5*% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- <a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%Ran4it (1+++%- Ran4it (&'')%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%Ran4it et al. (&''+%- =apkota et al. (&'1'%=harma et al. (&'1'% <a0ek (1++1% .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handa" and B4ha (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,% .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% =harma et al& (&'1'% <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Dangol et al. (1+**% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- <a0ek (1++1% =harma et al. (&'1'% =harma et al. (&'1'% /upta et al& (1+55%- <anandhar (1+5*%9haudhar" (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Dangol (&'''( &''1%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%<a0ek (1++1%- Ran4it (1+++% 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,% 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% Numata (1+*&%

$tellaria nepalensis <a4umdar ? 1artak $tellaria uliginosa <urr. PORTULA+A+EAE *ortulaca oleracea ;. HYPERI+A+EAE Hypericum +aponicum 6hun$. ex <urra" 2Drelo 4har2 $arothra laxa (Bl.% 3imura MALVA+EAE Malva verticillata ;. $ida cordifolia ;. $ida rhombifolia ;. 2Barena2 STER+ULIA+EAE Melochia corchorifolia ;. 27atuwa 4har2 TILIA+EAE ,re-ia sapida Rox$. @,& pumila Ham. ex D. DonA -ERANIA+EAE ,eranium nepalense =w. ,eranium polyalthes Cdgew. ? Hook.!. ,eranium pratense ;. O.ALIDA+EAE .xalis corniculata ;. 2 9hari amilo2

5''(&&'' m 1:''(15'' m &''(18'' m 18'(&,'' m 18'(&,'' m &1''()8'' m 8''(11'' m 1''(1+'' m &''(1)'' m. &8' m 18''(:''' m. &:''(&8'' m &&''()8'' m &''(&+'' m

.xalis corymbosa ;. 2 6hulo chariamilo2 .xalis latifolia HB3 29hari amilo2 RHAMNA+EAE /i0yphus +u+uba ;. 1Ba"er2 LINA+EAE )inum usitissimum ;amk. 2Alas2 LE-UMINOSAE Aeschynomene indica ;.

1&''(1*'' m &8'(1,'' m &''(1&'' m 18'()*'' m &''(1)'' m

12

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

Argyolobium roseum (9am$ass% .au$. ? =pach !assia tora ;. 26apre 4har2 !rotalaria +uncea ;. ndigofera linifolia (;.!.% Ret0. )athyrus aphaca ;. 2Banmatar7itpir- .angalimatar- .angali kheshar.angali kerau2 )athyrus sativus ;. )ens culinaris <edik. )otus corniculatus ;. 2Badami 4har7"auli 9haridana gera2 Medicago denticulata Willd. @M& polymorpha ;.A 2=ankhe p"auli2 Medicago falcata ;. 2Bhiren2 Medicago lupulina ;. 27ahenlo 4huppe p"auli2 Medicago sativa ;. Melilotus alba <edic. 2<ethi 4har2

1+''()&'' m &''(1)'' m &8' m. )''(1)'' m &''(1&'' m.

=harma et al. (&'1'% Dangol et al. (1+**% Dangol et al. (1+**% =apkota et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%De>kota (1+*)%- Ran4it (1+*)$%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Ran4it (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% =apkota et al. (&'1'% =harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- Dangol (&'''( &''1%- 6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% Regmi et al. (1+*,% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- =harma et al. (&'1'% =harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- Bhatta (1+*1%- Ran4it (1+*&- 1+*)$%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''( &''1% Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Ran4it (1+*)a%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- Ran4it (1+++%Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% Regmi et al. (1+*,% <anandhar (1+5*% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Ran4it (1+*)a%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%Ran4it (1+++%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- =apkota et al. (&'1'%=harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <anandhar (1+5*%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- 9haudhar" and =hrestha (1+*1%Ran4it (1+*&- 1+*)a%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Dangol et al.(1+**% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- 9haudhar" and =hrestha (1+*1%Ran4it (1+*)a- 1+*)$%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%-

&''(18'' m 18'(1''' m 18''()+'' m &''(:'' m

&5''(:''' m 1''(:''' m &+'' m &''(1'''m

Melilotus indica <ill. @M& parviflora Des!.A 2<ethi 4har2 *arochletus communis Buch.(Ham. ex D. Don 2Nilop"auli2 Trifolium pratense ; Trifolium repens ;. 2Beuli- 7"auli2

&''(),'' m

+''(:''' m 1)''(&8'' m 1)''(&8'' m

Trigonella emodi Benth. 'icia angustifolia ;. 'icia hirsuta (;.% =. F. /ra" 2Ankara.huse ankati- 3utlikosa2

1*''(1+'' m &''(:''' m &''(&5'' m

'icia parviflora 1=ano kutilkosa2 'icia rigidula Ro"le 'icia sativa ;. 23utilikosa2

&8' m &''(&5'' m

13

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

'icia teterasperma <oench. 2=ano kutilkosa2

&''(&5'' m

Dangol et al& (1+**%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%<a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%Ran4it et al. (&'',% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%<a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Dangol (&'''( &''1%- 6hapa (&'')% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- <a0ek (1++1% <a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- <a0ek (1++1% Dangol et al. (1+**%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%<anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- <a0ek (1++1%.oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% Dangol et al.(1+**% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1% Regmi et al. (1+*,% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%=apkota et al. (&'1'%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% Ran4it (1+++% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Dangol et al. (1+**%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Dangol (&'''( &''1%- 6hapa (&'')%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% Regmi et al. (1+*,% =harma et al. (&'1'% /upta et al. (1+55% <anandhar (1+5*% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%<a0ek (1++1%

ROSA+EAE (uchesnea indica Focke @Fragaria indica Andrs.A 27ahelo phul- Bhuikaphal2 (uchesnea nubicola ;indl. Fragaria rubiginosa ;aciata @F& vesca ;.A 2Bhuikaphal2 *otentilla 2leiniana Wight. *otentilla supina ;. 2Ba4radanti2 LYTHRA+EAE Ammannia rotundifolia ;am. Rotala rotundifolia (Rox$.% 3oehne ONA-RA+EAE )ud-igia perennis ;. 2;wang 4har2 .enothera rosea ; he rit. ex Ait. MOLLU-INA+EAE Mollugo hirta 6hun$. APIA+EAE !entella asiatica (;.% Dr$. 2/hod tapre2

1'''(&8'' m 1,''(:''' m 1'''(&8'' m 1'''(&&'' m &''(1:'' m &8'(&)'' m &8'(&)'' m &''(1:'' m 11''(&8''

1,''()&'' m &''(&1'' m

Hydrocotyle nepalensis Hook. Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Rox$. ex D9. @H& sibthorpioides ;am.A 2/hod tapre2 .enanthe +avanica (Bl.% D9. @.& stolonifera Wall. ex. D9.A RU,IA+EAE ,alium hirtiflorum ReE. ex D9. .ldenlandia aspera D9. .ldenlandia corymbosa ;. .ldenlandia diffusa (Willd.% Rox$. 2<a4ithe 4har2

1'''(&+'' m &''(&8'' m

&''(18'' m 1&''(&&'' m &8' m &''(&:'' m &''(1''' m

14

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

.ldenlandia gracilis Wall. 2<a4ithe 4har2 VALERIANA+EAE 'aleriana +atamassi .ones @'. -allichii D9.A 2=ugandhawala2 ASTERA+EAE Ageratum cony0oides ;. 2/anemane ghans2

&8' m. 18''()8'' m &''(&''' m

Dangol et al.(1+**% 9haudhar" (1+5+% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Regmi et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- 6hapa (&'')%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% <anandhar (1+5*%- Regmi et al. (1+**%Dangol et al. (1+**%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% - =hah et al. (&'11a$%<anandhar (1+5*% <anandhar (1+5*% <anandhar (1+5*% =harma et al. (&'1'% =harma et al. (&'1'% .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% <anandhar (1+5*% =harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Dangol et al. (1+**%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Dangol (1+*5%- <a0ek (1++1%6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')%=apkota et al. (&'1'% Dangol (&'''(&''1% Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- De>kota (1+*)%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Ran4it (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%Ran4it et al. (&'',% Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% Dangol (1+*5%- <a0ek (1++1% =harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+% .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <anandhar (1+5*%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%-

Ageratum houstonianum <ill. 2Nilo gandhe2 Anaphalis adnata Wall. ex D9. 2Bukephul2 Anaphalis contorta (D.Don% Hook. !. Anaphalis triplinervis (=ims% 9. B. 9larke Artemisia biennis Willd. Artemisia gmelinii We$er ex =techm Artemisia vulgaris ;. Bidens bipinnata ;. 23uro2 Bidens formosa (Bonato% =ch.(Bip. Bidens pilosa ;& 23uro2

&''(1:'' m

*''()&'' m. 15''(81*' m 1*''())'' m )5''(::'' m &*''(:)'' m )''(&:'' m +''(&)'' m 5''(&:'' m

Blumea lacera (Burm. !.% D9.

18'()8' m

Blumea laciniata (Rox$.% D9. Breea arvensis (;.% ;ess. @!irsium arvense (;.% =cop.!nicus arvensis Ho!!m.A 2/aidakanda- =ungurkanda2 !aesulia axillaris Rox$. 26huk4har2 !entipeda minima (;.% A. Br. et Aschers. !irsium falcorneri (Hook. !.% 7etrak. !irsium verutum (D. Don% =preng. @!& argyracanthum D9&3 !nicus argyracanthus (;.% 9. B. 9larkeA !irsium -allichii D9. @!nicus argyracanthus (;.% 9. B. 9larkeA 23ande thakal2 !ony0a canadensis (;.% 9ronE. !ony0a +aponica (6hun$.% ;ess. ex D9. !ony0a stricta Willd.

)''(11'' m. &''(11'' m

18'(18'' m &''(1,'' m )'''(:)'' m 58'()88' m 1)''(&&'' m. 5''(1&'' m. ,''(&,'' m ,''(&''' m

15

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

!otula hemisphaerica (Rox$.% Wall. ex 9. B. 9larke 2/alphule !rassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.% =. <oore. 2Bakhare ghans2 !yathocline lyrata 9ass. @9. purpurea (Buch.(Ham. ex D. Don% B. 3unt0eA 2/alphule2 (ichrocephala benthamii 9. B. 9larke 29hhiuki 4har2 (ichrocephala chrysanthemifolia (Blume% D9. 2Hachhuinkar 4har2 (ichrocephala gracilis D9. (ichrocephala integrifolia (;. !.% B. 3unt0e @(& latifolia D9.A 29hhiuki 4har2 Eclipta prostrata (;.% ;. @E. alba (;.% Hassk.A 2Bhringra42 Emilia sonchifolia (;.% D9. 2<ulapate 4har2 Erigeron floribundus (HB3% =chult0( Bip. @E& bonariensis ;.A Erigeron multicaulis Wall. ex D9. Eupatorium adenophorum =preng. @E& glandulossum HB3A 2Banmara2 ,alinsoga parviflora 9a>. 29hitalange ghans- Anikale 4har2 ,alinsoga quadrifolia Rui0 ? 7a>on @,& ciliata (Ra!% BlakeA 29hitalange 4har2 ,naphalium indicum ;. @/. polycaulon 7ers.A 2Bokephul2 ,naphalium luteo"album ;. @,& affine D. Don.A 2Bokephul2

:&'(1*'' m :''(1+'' m ,''(1*'' m ,''(&8'' m 1)''(&8'' m &8'(&,'' m *''()''' m &''(18'' m

Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%<a0ek (1++1% Dangol (1+*5%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% 9haudhar" (1+5+% <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Dangol et al. (1+**%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Dangol et al. (1+**%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+% <anandhar (1+5*% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%<a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Regmi et al. (1+*,%- =thapit (1+*,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% Regmi et al& (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%Dangol (&'''(&''1% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Numata (1+*&%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%Dangol et al. (1+**%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- Ran4it (1+++%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')% - 6hapa (&'')%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- Dangol (&'''( &''1% - =hah et al. (&'11a$%

8''(15'' m. &''(&:'' m ,''(&,'' m *8'(&:'' m &8'()''' m &8'()''' m &''(1:'' m &''()5'' m

,naphalium purpureum ;. 2Husure2

&''(1:'' m

16

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

,rangea maderaspatana (;.% 7oir. 2/o$re 4har2 ,ynura nepalensis D9. Hemisepta lyrata Burge xeris polycepala 9ass. @)actuca polycephala (9ass&% 9.B. 9larke% )actuca dissecta D. Don. )actuca graciliflora D9. )aunaea aspleniifolia (Willd.% Hook. !. )aunaea polycephala Benth. )aunaea procumbens (Rox$.% Rama"a and Ra4agopal 2Banko$i2 *arthenium hysterophorus ;. *icris hieracioides ;. 2Ban dudhi2 *ulcaria dysenterica (;.% /aertn. $enecio chrysanthemoides D9. $enecio orientalis ;. 2Dudheghans2 $enecio ramosus Wall. $enecio vulgaris ;. 2/a4ari 4har2

18'(18'' m &8'(&''' m &''(1:'' m &''(1*'' m 8''()1'' m &'''()5'' m 1''(&''' m 1:'' m &8'(1&'' m &''(18'' m 1*''()*1' m &''(&''' m 1:''(:''' m 1:'' m &8''(:1'' m 5''(1:'' m

<anandhar (1+5*%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% =harma et al& (&'1'% <a0ek (1++1%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% <a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%.oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- 6hapa (&'')%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% <a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''( &''1% 9haudhar" (1+5+% Dangol et al.(1+**% <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*% <a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% <anandhar (1+5*% <a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Ran4it (&'')%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%Ran4it et al. (&''+% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa (&'')% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Dangol et al. (1+**%<a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- 6hapa (&'')%- =harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% Dangol (1+*5%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% <anandhar (1+5*%- <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%=harma et al& (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%=apkota et al. (&'1'% Regmi et al. (1+*,%

$oliva anthemifolia (.uss.% R. Br. ex ;ess. $onchus arvensis ;. 23asnisag2 $onchus asper (;.% Hill $onchus brachyotus D9. $onchus oleraceus ;. $phaeranthus indicus ;. $pilanthes acmella (;.% <urr. 2;ato ghans2 Taraxacum officinale We$er Tridax procumbens ;. 2Husure 4harRamne 4har2 'ernonia cinerea (;.% ;ess. @!ony0a cinerea ;.A 2.hur4hure=alida"a2 'icoa indica (Willd.% D9. @'& auriculata 9ass.A 27ahelo

&''(1:'' m

&8'()88' m &8'(),'' m 1))'(18'' m &)''()88' m &''(*'' m &''(&)'' m 18''(:''' m. 1''(18'' m 1''(&)'' m &8' m.

17

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

4hur4hure2 4anthium strumarium ;. 23uchkucheBhende kuro2 5oungia +aponica (;.% D9. @!repis +aponica (;.% Benth.A 29haulane2 +AMPANULA+EAE !ampanula benthamii Wall. ex 3itamura @!. canescena Wall.- -allichii Ba$uA !ampanula pallida Wall. @!. colorata Wall.A 2Nepali $ikh2 6ahlenbergia marginata (6hum$.% A. D9. 2Nilo tika2 LO,ELIA+EAE )obelia chinensis ;our. *ratia nummularia (;am.% A. Br. et Aschers. 2Nilo ghodetapre2 PLUM,A-INA+EAE *lumbago 0eylanica ;. 29hitu2 PRIMULA+EAE Anagallis arvensis ;. 2Armalo3rishnanil2

1''(&8'' m. &)'(:''' m.

<anandhar (1+5*%- De>kota (1+*)%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''( &''1%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%

&''(1:'' m.

9haudhar" (1+5+%- <a0ek (1++1%

1'''(:8'' m. &''(1:'' m

9haudhar" (1+5+%- Dangol (1+*5%- <a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% Dangol et al.(1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*% /upta et al. (1+55%- <anandhar (1+5*%9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- 6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% De>kota (1+*)%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% <a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%Dangol (&'''(&''1%- 6hapa (&'')% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- =harma et al. (&'1'% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Dangol et al. (1+**%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:% =harma et al& (&'1'%

1)''(18'' m 1'''(&:'' m 1''(1)'' m &''(&5'' m

Androsace rotundiflolia Hard W. @A. saxifragaefolia Bunge- *rimula umbellata (;our.% Benth.A -ENTIANA+EAE !entaurium centaurioides (Rox$.% R. Rao ? Hemandri ,entiana capitata Buch.(Ham. ex D. Don. 2Hansko phul2 ,ORA-INA+EAE Bothriospermum tenellum Fisch. !ynoglossum 0eylanicum 6hun$. @!. furcatum Wall.ex Rox$.A 23anike kuro2 Heliotropium indicum ;. 2Hanthi sunde2 Heliotropium ovalifolium Forssk. )indelofia longiflora (Benth.% Baill.

&''(18'' m

,'' m. 1'''(:8'' m. &''(18'' m &''(:1'' m 1''(&8' m &8' m ))''(:,'' m

18

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

+ONVOLVULA+EAE !onvolvulus arvensis ;. 2Hirankhuri2

1*1(:1'' m

Evolvumus nummularius (;.% ;. pomoea purpurea (;.% Roth SOLANA+EAE (atura stramonium ;. 2=eto dhaturo2 #icotiana tabacum ;. 2=urti2 *etunia axillaris (;am.% Britton =tern. et 7oggenp. *hysalis divaricata D. Don. @*. minima ;.A 2Ras$ari2 $olanum aculeatissimum .acE. 23antakari2 $olanum carolinense ;. $olanum indicum ;. 2Bihi- Nilo$ihi2 $olanum nigrum ;. 2 .angali $ihi2

18'(+1' m. +1'(&:'' m. &''(&&'' m 1''(1:'' m &8'' m 18'(,'' m &8'(1,8' m &''' m &8'(&:&8 m &''(&+'' m.

9haudhar" (1+5+%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- De>kota (1+*)%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%- =harma et al. (&'1'%Dangol (&'''(&''1% =apkota et al. (&'1'% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% 9haudhar" (1+5+% Dangol et al. (1+**% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol et al. (1+**%<a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+% Numata (1+*&% <anandhar (1+5*% /upta et al. (1+55%- <anandhar (1+5*%9haudhar" (1+5+%- De>kota (1+*)%-Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- Numata (1+*&%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%Dangol (&'''(&''1%- 6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% <anandhar (1+5*% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% <anandhar (1+5*% =harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Dangol et al. (1+**%Dangol (&'''(&''1% Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:% <anandhar (1+5*%- Dangol et al. (1+**%Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:% <a0ek (1++1% <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Numata (1+*&%- <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%6hapa (&'')% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%-

$olanum pseudo"capsicum ;. $olanum surattense Burn. !. @=. xanthocarpum =chard. ? Wendl.A 2Nilokantkari2 $olanum torvum =w. 2Ban$ihi2 S+ROPHULARIA+EAE Euphrasia himalayica Wettst. )indenbergia indica (;.% 1atke @)& utricaefolia ;ehm.A )indernia anagallis (Burm.!.% 7ennell @'andellia anagallis (Burn.% Fama0akiA )indernia antipoda (;.% Alston )indernia ciliata (9olsm.% 7ennell @'andellia ciliata (9olsm.% Fama0akiA 2=anokani2 )indernia crustacea (;.% F. <uell. @'andellia crustacea (;.% Benth.A )indernia procumbens (3rock.% Bor$as @'andellia erecta Benth.A Ma0us +aponicus (6hun$.% B. 3unt0e @M. rugosus ;our.A 2Baghmukhe 4har2

1:''(&)'' m &''(+'' m &8'(&)'' m )&''(:&'' m )''(&,'' m &''(1:'' m &''(&)'' m &''(18'' m. &8'(1*'' m &''(&:'' m &''(1,'' m

Ma0us surculosus D. Don.

+''()''' m

19

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

@M& pumulus (Burm.!#% >an =teenisA 2Ramne 4har2 Mecardonia procumbens (<ill.% =mall Mimulus nepalensis Benth. $coparia dulcis ;. 29hini 4har2 'eronica agrestis ;. 'eronica anagallis"aquatica ;. 'eronica biloba ;. 'eronica +avanica Bl. 'eronica persica 7oir. 2=anoghattephul2 A+ANTHA+EAE (icliptera bupleuroides Nees Hygrophila auriculata (=chum.% Heine @H& spinosa 6. Anders.A 26almakhana2 7usticia procumbens ;. @7& simplex (D. Don% Fama0akiA *eristrophe speciosa Nees Rungia parviflora (Ret0.% Nees 2Dkushe 4har2 &''(1)8' m 11''(&)'' m 1''(1&'' m. &''(:5'' m &)''(:&'' m 1&''(&,'' m 1)''(18'' m 8''(&''' m &''(5'' m

<a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%6hapa (&'')%- =apkota et al. (&'1'%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <a0ek (1++1% Dangol (&'''(&''1% 9haudhar" (1+5+% <a0ek (1++1% =harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% Regmi et al. (1+*,% <anandhar (1+5*% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%

&''(&8'' m 18''(&1'' m &''(&''' m

<anandhar (1+5*%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- 6hapa (&'')% <anandhar (1+5*% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- Dangol (&'''( &''1%- 6hapa (&'')% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al.(1+**%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%Dangol (&'''(&''1%- 6hapa (&'')% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Regmi et al. (1+*,% Dangol (&'''(&''1% <anandhar (1+5*%- <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*%. =harma et al. (&'1'% =harma et al. (&'1'% 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% 9haudhar" (1+5+% Ran4it et al. (&'',%- =harma et al. (&'1'% /upta et al. (1+55%- Dangol et al. (1+**% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%

VER,ENA+EAE *hyla nodiflora (;.% /reene @G)ippia nodiflora (;.% Rich. ex <ich.A 23okana- 3urkur2 'erbena officinalis ;. LAMIA+EAE A+uga macrosperma Wall. ex Benth. !linopodium umbrosum (<.(Bie$.% 9. 3och !raniotome furcata (;ink% B. 3unte @!. >ersicolor Reicher$.A 2Bosi 4har2 Elsholt0ia ciliata 6hun$.% H"land. Elsholt0ia densa Benth. Elsholt0ia eriostachya Benth. Elsholt0ia stacyides (;ink% B. 3unt0e @E. incisa Benth.A )amium amplexicaule ;. )eucas cephalotes (Roth% =preng. 2/umpate2 )eucas indica (;.% R. Br. ex 1atke @). lavandulifolia ..C. =mith.- )& linifolia =preng.A 2/umpate2 )eucas plu2enetii (Roth% =preng. @;. aspera (Willd.% ;inkA 2/umpate2

&''(1:'' m

+''(&:'' m 58'(18'' m 1*'():'' m 1'''(&:'' m

&:''(:,'' m ):'' m. 1&''(1*'' m. 18''(:8'' m 18'(&:'' m 5'(1''' m. &8' m

20

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

)eucas 0eylanca R. Br. 2/umpate2 Mentha arvensis ;. $alvia plebeia R. Br. PLANTA-INA+EAE *lantago erosa Wall. *lantago lanceolata ;. 2Hsa$gol2 *lantago ma+or ;. 2Hsa$gol2 AMARANTHA+EAE Alternanthera philoxeroides (;.% D9. Alternanthera sessilis (;.% D9. 2Bhiringi 4har- .i$repate4har2

1&''(&''' m. 15'(11'' m. +''(:1'' m

Regmi et al. (1+*,% <a0ek (1++1% Dangol (&'''(&''1% - =hah et al. (&'11a$% =apkota et al. (&'1'%- =harma et al. (&'1'% 9haudhar" (1+5+% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Ran4it (1+++% Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%.oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- 6hapa (&'')%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% Dangol et al. (1+**%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Regmi et al. (1+*,% /upta et al. (1+55%- =hi>akoti et al. (1+55%<anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- <alla and Ran4it (1+5*%- Bhatta (1+*1%- 9haudhar" and =hrestha (1+*1%- Ran4it (1+*&- 1+*)a1+*)$%- De>kota (1+*)%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%Ran4it (&'')%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- 6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%Ran4it et al. (&''+%- =apkota et al. (&'1'%=harma et al. (&'1'%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% <anandhar (1+5*%- <a0ek (1++1%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- =harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%Dangol et al. (1+**%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Ran4it (1+++% <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%-

1700 (. 900)4100 (
1)8' m &''(&''' m

Amaranthus hybridus ;. 2;unde 4har2 Amaranthus lividus ;. @A& blitum ;.A 2Ban lunde2 Amaranthus spinosus ;& 2Ban lunde2 Amaranthus viridis ;. 2;unde2 !elosia argentea ;. 2=eto chaude2 (igerea arvensis Forssk. ,omphrena decumbens .acE. 2<akhamali 4har2 +HENOPODIA+EAE !henopodium album ;. 2Bethe2

18''(15'' m. &''(&5'' m 18'(&1)) m 18'(1)'' m 18'(1,'' m &''()'' m 18'(&'' m &''(:''' m

!henopodium ambrosioides ;. 2Rato $ethe2 !henopodium botrys ;. 2/anaune $ethe2 !henopodium murale ;. 23alo $ethe2 POLY-ONA+EAE *olygonum amplexicaule D. Don. 2Ratn"aule 4har2 *olygonum aviculare ;. *olygonum barbatum ;. @*ersicaria barbata (;.% HaraA

1)''()''' m. ):''(:''' m 1)''(18'' < 1&''(&''' m )8''(:&'' m. &''(11'' m.

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J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

*olygonum capitatum Buch.(Ham. ex D. Don. @*ersicaria capitata (Buch.(Ham. ex D. Don.% H. /rossA 2Ratn"aule 4har2 *olygonum chinense ;. *olygonum hydropiper ;. @*ersicaria hydropiper (;.% =pachA 27ire 4har- =im 4har2

,''(&:'' m

<anandhar (1+5*%- Numata (1+*&%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- =thapit (1+*,%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- =thapit (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1%6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Ran4it (&'')%- 6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%Ran4it et al. (&''+%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <a0ek (1++1% <a0ek (1++1% <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%6hapa (&'')%- =harma et al. (&'1'% <a0ek (1++1% /upta et al. (1+55%- =hi>akoti et al. (1+55%<anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Numata (1+*&%- De>kota (1+*)%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- 6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%- =apkota et al. (&'1'%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% <anandhar (1+5*%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++% Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- Ran4it (1+++%Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- Ran4it (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&''+% Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% =hah et al. (&'11a$% Regmi et al. (1+*,% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1%- =harma et al. (&'1'% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%

1&''(&+'' m 5''(&)'' m

*olygonum lanigerum R. Br. *olygonum lapathifolium ;. *olygonum minus Hods. *olygonum mite *+$ran# *olygonum nepalense <eisn. @*ersicaria nepalensis (<eisn.% H. /ross.A *olygonum perfoliatum ;. *olygonum plebeium R. Br. 2=ukul 4har- <asinopire 4har2

&'' m &8' m ,''(&8'' m 1)''(18'' m 1&''(:1'' m +''(1:'' m &''(&8'' m

*olygonum posumbu Buch.(Ham. ex D. Don. 2=etopire 4har2 *olygonum viscosum Buch.(Ham. ex D. Don. 27ire 4har2 Rumex crispus ;. Rumex dentaus ;. @R. obtusifolius ;.A 2HalhaleBanpalungo2 Rumex hastatus D. Don. 2Halhale2 Rumex nepalensis =perng. 2Halhale2 EUPHOR,IA+EAE !hro0ophora prostrata Dal0. 27annapati2 !hro0ophora rottleri (/eis.% A. .uss. 2=ur"ahart2 !roton bonplandianus Baill. @!. sparsiflorus <orongA 2<irchai"a

&''(&''' m 58'(1*'' m 1:'' m &''(1:'' m 11''(&,'' m 1&''(:&'' m

*'(&'' m *'(&'' m 1''(:'' m

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J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

ghans2 Euphorbia cyparisias ;. 2Dudhe 4har2 Euphorbia dracunculoides ;am. 2Dudhe 4har2 Euphorbia helioscopia ;. 2Dudhe 4har2 Euphorbia heterophylla ;. @E. geniculata Brt.A 2Dudhe 4har2 Euphorbia hirta ;. @E& pilulifera ;.A 2Dudhe 4harIRato maslahare2 Euphorbia microphylla He"ne ex Roth. 2<asino dudhe2 Euphorbia parviflora ;. 2<asino dudhe2 Euphorbia prostrata Ait. 23anike ghans2 *hyllanthus glaucas Wall. ex <uell.( Arg. @*. flueggeiformis <uell.(Arg.A *hyllanthus niruri ;. 2Amala 4har2 *hyllanthus urinaria ;. 2Amala 4har2 URTI+A+EAE ,onostegia hirta (Bl.% <iE. 2<aslahare2 *ou0ol0ia 0eylanica (;.% Benn. ? Brown 29hiple 4har2 +ANNA,A+EAE !annabis sativa ;. 2Bhang- /an4a2

&''(18'' m. 1*1(18'' m up to )''' m. &8'(1,'' m 18'(18'' m.

Regmi et al. (1+*,% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Dangol (1+*5% <anandhar (1+5*%- Dangol et al. (1+**% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- 6hapa (&'')% Regmi et al. (1+*,% Dangol et al. (1+**%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%<a0ek (1++1% Dangol et al. (1+**% <anandhar (1+5*%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%6hapa (&'')% <anandhar (1+5*% <anandhar (1+5*% <anandhar (1+5*%- Dangol et al. (1+**% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- 9haudhar" and =hrestha (1+*1%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- Ran4it (1++)a- 1+*)$%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- 6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%Ran4it et al. (&''+%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% =harma et al. (&'1'% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Dangol et al. (1+**%6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,% <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*% <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% Regmi et al. (1+*,%

18'(:'' m. &''(1:'' m. &8'(&1'' m. &8'(1,'' m. &''(15'' m. 8''(&:'' m &''(&:'' m &''(),'' m.

F%!(e&in) P%ants: M!n!c!ts ARA+EAE Arisaema +acquemontii Blume +OMMELINA+EAE !ommelina benghalensis ;. 2Bankane2 !ommelina diffusa Burm. !. Murdannia nudiflora (;.% Brenan /UN+A+EAE 7uncus bufonius ;. 7uncus concinnus D. Don. 7uncus prismato"carpus R. Br. LILIA+EAE Asphodelus tenuifolius 9a>. 2Ban p"a42

&5''(:''' m &''(&5'' m &''(&8'' &''(18'' m 11''(),'' m &1''(8&'' m &''(1,'' m &''()'' m.

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J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

+YPERA+EAE Bulbostylis capillaris 3unth Bulbostylis densa (Wall. ex Rott$.% Hand.(<a00. !arex nubigena D. Don. !yperus aristatus Rott$. !yperus cyperoides (;.% B. 3unt0. !yperus difformis ;. 2<othe2 !yperus rotundus ;. 23asur mothe2

18'(1)'' m 18''()8'' m 18''(:''' m &''(&5'' m &8'(&''' m 1''(&5'' m 1*1(&:'' m

Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <a0ek (1++1% Numata (1+*&% <anandhar (1+5*% Numata (1+*&% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- =apkota et al. (&'1'% /upta et al. (1+55%- <anandhar (1+5*%9haudhar" (1+5+%- De>kota (1+*)%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% Ran4it et al. (&'',% Dangol (1+*5%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%=apkota et al. (&'1'% Dangol (1+*5% =harma et al& (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- <a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- 6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&''+% <a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+% Ran4it (1+*)a%- Ran4it (1+++% <anandhar (1+5*% Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- De>kota (1+*)%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%- =apkota et al. (&'1'%- =harma et al. (&'1'% <a0ek (1++1% Regmi et al& (1+*,% <a0ek (1++1% /upta et al. (1+55%- =hi>akoti et al. (1+55%<anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%<alla and Ran4it (1+*'%- Bhatta (1+*1%Ran4it (1+*&- 1+*)a%- De>kota (1+*)%Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol et al. (1+**%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%-

Eleocharis pellucida 7resl. Fimbristylis aest valis (Ret0.% 1ahl Fimbristylis littoralis /audich. Fimbristylis squarrosa 1ahl 2<othe2 8yllingia breviflolia 6ott$. @9!yperus brevifolius (Rott$.% Hassk.A 2<othe2 8yllinga monocephala Rott$. @!yperus 2yllingia CndleA POA+EAE Agrostis pilosula 6rin. Alopecurus aequalis =o$ol.

&''(&)'' m &8'(&''' m 1''(&''' m &''(18'' m 1''(&)'' m &''(1&'' m &'''(:,'' m &)''(&+'' m

Alopecurus geniculatus ;. Alopecurus nepalensis 6rin. ex =teud. 2Ragate2 Alopecurus pratensis ;. Arthraxon lancifolius (6rin.% Hochst. Avena fatua ;. 2.angali 4ai2

15'' m 1:'' m 1:'' m +''(1*'' m &1''()5'' m

Brachiaria ramosa (;.% =tap!. !hloris barbata =wart0 !hrysopogon aciculatus (Ret0.% 6rin. :Raphis aciculatus (Ret0.% HondaA !ynodon dactylon (;.% 7ers. 2Du$o2

&''(1*'' m. 18'(15'' m 1''():'' m

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J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

!yrtococcum patens (;.% A. 9amus @*anicum patens ;.A (actyloctenium aegyptium (;.% 7. Beau>. 26auke 4har2 (ichanthium annulatum (Forssk.% =tap!. (igitaria ciliaris (Ret0.% 3oel. @(& adscendens (3unth% Henr.A 29hitre $anso2 (igitaria longifolia (Ret0.% 7ers. (igitaria sanguinalis (;.% =cop. (igitaria violascense ;ink Echinochloa colona ;. 2=ama2 Echinochloa crus"galli (;.% 7. Beau>. 2=ama $anso2 Eleusine indica (;.% /aertn. 23ode4har2 Eragrostis atrovirens (Des!. 6rin. ex =teud. 26auke 4har2 Eragrostis gangetica (Rox$.% =teud. Eragrostis +aponica (6hun$.% 6rin. 2Ranki2 Eragrostis nigra Nees ex =teud. Eragrostis nutans (Ret0.% Nees ex =teud. @E& stenophylla HochstA Eragrostis tenella (;.% 7. Beau>. ex Roem. et =chult. 2Dule ghans2 Eragrostis unioloides (Ret0.% Nees ex =teud. Eulaliopsis binata (Ret0.% 9. C. Hu$$ard 2Banki 4har2 Hemarthria compressa (;.!.% R. Br. mperata cylindrica (;.% 7. Beau>. 2=iru2 schaemum rugosum =alis$. )olium temulentum ;. *aspalum distichum ;. *aspalum scrobiculatum ;. 2<ane 4har2 *ennisetum flaccidum /rise$. *halaris minor Ret0. 2Ragate 4har2

1)''(18'' m &''(+'' m 18'(11'' m. &''(18'' m. &''(11'' m. 18'(&&:' m 1&''(1*'' m &''(&:'' m. &''(&:'' m. &''(&,'' m &''(1*'' m &8' m. &''(15'' m +''()''' m. 5''(&''' m &''(18'' m &''(&&'' m 18'(&,'' m. &''(1:'' m. &''(&''' m &''(18'' m. +''(18'' &''(&''' m &''(&&'' m. 15''(:)'' m &''(18'' m.

<a0ek (1++1%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%- 6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%- =apkota et al. (&'1'%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% 9haudhar" (1+5+% Dangol et al. (1+**%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Dangol (1+*5%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- Ran4it (1+++%Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% <a0ek (1++1% <a0ek (1++1%- =hah et al. (&'11a$% <a0ek (1++1% 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,% Dangol (&'''(&''1% <anandhar (1+5*%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% <anandhar (1+5*%- <a0ek (1++1% Dangol (1+*5% <anandhar (1+*5%- <a0ek (1++1% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,% 9haudhar" (1+5+% 9haudhar" (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%<a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+*5%- <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*% Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% Dangol (1+*5%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%6hapa (&'')% 6hapa (&'')% Dangol (1+*5%- <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++% Numata (1+*&%- 6hapa (&'')% Dangol (&'''(&''1% =harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- <alla and Ran4it (1+*'%- Bhatta (1+*1%-9haudhar" and =hrestha (1+*1%Numata (1+*&%- Ran4it (1+*&- 1+*)a1+*)$%- De>kota (1+*)%- Regmi et al.

25

J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013,

*hleum alpinum ;. *oa annua ;. 27ode ghans2 *ogonantherum paniceum (;am.% Hack. 2<use khari2 *olypogon fugax Ness ex =teud. @*& littoralis =m.A 29hha"a ghans2

1)''()+8' m. +''()&'' m 18''(),*' m

(1+*,%- =thapit (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%Dangol et al. (1+**%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%Ran4it (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1%- Ran4it (&'')%- Ran4it and =umaketnikom (&'')%6hapa (&'')%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%- Ran4it et al. (&''+% =harma et al& (&'1'% Regmi et al. (1+*,%- <a0ek (1++1%- Ran4it et al. (&'',%- =apkota et al. (&'1'%- =harma et al. (&'1'% <anandhar (1+5*% <anandhar (1+5*%- Ra4$handar" and B4ha (1+5+%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%- Dangol (1+*5%Dangol et al. (1+**%- Ran4it and Bhattarai (1+**%- <a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Ran4it (1+++%- Ran4it et al. (&'',% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%<a0ek (1++1%- .oshi and /ret0macher (1+++%- Dangol (&'''(&''1% Dangol et al. (1+**%- 6hapa and 3a"astha (1++,%- 6hapa (&'')% <anandhar (1+5*%- =apkota et al& (&'1'% <a0ek (1++1% Regmi et al. (1+*,% <anandhar (1+5*%- Regmi et al. (1+*,%Dangol et al. (1+**%- Dangol and 9haudhar" (1++:% <anandhar (1+5*%- <a0ek (1++1% <anandhar (1+5*% <anandhar (1+5*%- 9haudhar" (1+5+%=apkota et al. (&'1'%

*olypogon monspeliensis (;.% Des!. 27uchhre 4har2 $accharum spontaneum ;. 23ans2 $acciolepis indica (;.% A. 9hase $acciolepis myosuroides (R. Br.% A. 9amus $etaria geniculata (;am.% 7. Beau>. 23agune 4har2 $etaria pallide"fusca (=chum.% =tap!. ? 9. C. Hu$$ard 2Bale $anso2

&''(18'' m &''(15'' m &''(&1'' m 8''(18'' m 5''(&&'' m. 1''(&88' m.

$etaria tomentosa (Rox$.% 3unth &''(1*'' m. $porobolus diander (Ret0.% 7. Beau>. 1''(1:'' m $porobolus fertilis (=teud.% W. D. 1'''(&:'' m. 9la"ton @$& indicus R. Br.A 2Bandar ghans2 Tripogon filiformis Nees ex =teud. +''(&5'' m <anandhar (1+5*% Tripogon trifidus <unro ex =tap!. 1&''(&1'' m <anandhar (1+5*% 1 G $ased on Dangol (1++*%- Hara and William (1+*&%- Hara et al& 1+5*- 1+5+

$0T4B2C, $112-,, D)R) D!+9o' Natural 4istor) 3useum Tribhuvan 0niversit) ,wa)ambhu' :athmandu' Nepal -?mail7 dharmadangolPhotmail.com

26