PHYSICS basic concepts and equations by Dr.

John Colton
Translational Motion vectors: add like arrows Fx = F cos Fy = F sin
F = Fx + Fy
2 2

%or& ! 'ner(y & = F " cos (negative for eg. friction) '( = ' mv2 gravity: () = mgh gravity )general*: +( =

v ave a ave

vinstantaneous = slope of tangent line on distance graph.

x = t

= tan1(Fy/Fx)

GmM r

spring: +( = ' kx2 (x fro" e%#ili$ri#") &ork,(nergy heorem: ( (nergy ) -ef +&ork = ( (nergy ) aft +ower = energy/time = rate of work $eing done 'quilibriu$ translational equili-rium: F =! rotational equili-rium.: = ! torque: = rF sin = rF = rF r= *lever ar"+ Mo$entu$
p = mv

ainstantaneous = slope of tangent line on velocity graph. kinematics equations: If a = constant (in x-dir) then:

v = t

x = x! + v! t + 1 2 at 2
v = v ! + at

v 2 = v! + 2a x
(si"ilar in y- z-directions with relevant ay az) freefall: ay = g 1! "/s2 ax = az = ! deco#pling of co"ponents Force Motion ! "ra#itation N1: if no F no a (i.e. inertia) N2: F = ma N3: F12 = F21 always NG: FG =

p ) -ef = ( p ) aft conserve" if no o#tside forces: ( especially #sef#l for collision pro$le"s .elastic collisions/ = ,) is conserved
Periodic Motion perio" $ $ ti"e in which "otion repeats itself freq = 1/ $ 2% amplitu"e = center to peak x = xampcos(t,) - xave spring: pen"ulum:

GmM r2

weight: FG = w = mg friction: Ff = N ropes: p#lls on $oth ends spring: F = kx (x fro" e%#ili$ri#") Circular $otion concept 1! inwar" force

= 2

m k
0 g

= 2

(for angles close to vertical)

a# = Fnet

v (centripetal) r mv 2 = ma # = r

v = 2 r/perio" freq = 1/perio" $ 2%perio" concept 2! kinematics eqns " = r ( in radians) v = r ( in rad/s) a = r (a in rad/s2) tangential& not the sa"e as ac

%a#es wavelength = = distance over which wave repeats spee" of wave: v = f interference: a"plit#des add when waves cross -eats: f -eat = f 1 f 2 (if f1 close to f2) stan"ing waves: wave "oves #p/down $#t doesn.t travel pict#res if nodes on ends antinodes or "i/ed no"es (no oscillation) vs. antino"es (largest oscillation) harmonics (1 2 0 1) vs. overtones )2#nd. 1 2 1) longitu"inal (osc. // to v) vs. transverse (osc. to v) Sound f pitch yo# hear longitu"inal wave: press#re oscillation is parallel to direction of travel 1oppler effect: fre%#ency increases (decreases) $eca#se wavefronts $#nch #p (slow down) "eci-els:

= ! + ! t + 1 2 t 2 = ! + t

= ! + 2
2

3 1! 1! (eg. 33!d4 = 1!! 35!d4)

"2

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PHYSICS basic concepts and equations by Dr. John Colton

Fluids and Solids "ensity: = m/4 specific gravity: 5G = /62! 62! = 1 g/cm0 = 1!!! kg/m0 press#re: + = F/6 #nderwater: + = +atm - g" +ascal7s 0aw: any applied press#re is trans"itted thro#gho#t fl#id 6rchime"es7 +rinciple: fl#id helps s#pport weight $#oyant force: 2 = flui" 4o-8ect g (= weight of the *displaced fl#id+) Moving flui"s at positions 1 and 2 along path: 61 v1 = 62 v2 ((qn of continuity "ass conserved) +1 - 'v12 - gy1 = +2 - 'v22 - gy2 (2ernoulli7s 0aw energy conserved) 5oli"s with applied loads (p#shes or p#lls): stress: = F/6 strain! $ 0/0 tensile strength: "a/i"#" $efore $reaking 9oung7s mo"ulus: 7 = / slope of stress/strain 'lectrostatics #oulom-7s 0aw: F# = electric fiel": ( = 5$. 2ar fro" all charges look like single charge (if there is a net charge) Ma(netic Fields magnetic force: F = qv2sin = qv2 = qv2 electric current! 3 = q/t force on current,carrying wire! F $ 302sin constant 2; no (: circ#lar/helical "otion r = mv/q2

kq: (force $etween q and :) r2

kq (potential to feel a force fro" q) r2

F = :( (act#al force felt $y :) fiel" lines: 1. 8o away fro" positive q towards negative q 2. 9o not cross 0. 6ave highest density where field is strongest 5a. :lose to a charge look like single charge 5$. 2ar fro" all charges look like single charge (if there is a net charge)

kq: (energy of : d#e to q) r kq electric potential: 4 = (potential to have () fro" r

potential energy: +( = q) work: & = : 4 (work to "ove : fro" 41 to 42) special case! if constant ( then 4 = ( x equipotential lines! 1. ;lways to field lines 2. 8o *aro#nd the hill+ 0. <ost closely spaced where ( is strongest 5a. :lose to a charge look like a single charge

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PHYSICS basic concepts and equations by Dr. John Colton

'lectric Circuits resistors! <hm7s 0aw: 4= = 3= (4= = resistor.s voltage drop) series resistors! =eq $ =1 > =2 parallel resistors: =eq = (1/=1 - 1/=2)1 +ower lost -y each resistor! += = 3=2= = 4=2/= power supplie" -y -attery: +2 = 42 32 'irchoff7s laws! 8unction rule: at a =#nction 3in = 3out loop rule: aro#nd a loop 4increases = 4"ecreases capacitors! 4# $ :/# series capacitors! #eq = (1/#1 - 1/#2)1 parallel capacitors! #eq $ #1 > #2 +(cap = ' # 42 charging%"ischarging capacitors! .>: ti"e constant+ = =# )i(ht f color yo# see transverse wave: oscillation in electric/"agnetic fields is to direction of travel (and ( 2 to each other) c = f (c = 01!? "/s) 0aw of reflection: inci"ent = reflecte" 0aw of refraction (@nell.s law): n1sin1 = n2sin2 "eas#red fro" the perpendic#lar n $ *inde/ of refraction+ speed of light = c/n total internal reflection! for A#? critical : $ sin@ 1 )n2%n1* )enses converging (conve/) vs "iverging (concave) lens equation: 1/f = 1/"o - 1/"i real image: can p#t paper/fil" there to see it virtual image: cannot p#t paper there at i"age spot to see it like looking thro#gh "agnifying glass 5ign conventions for lens e%#ation: (ass#"ing light rays co"e fro" the left) positive negative "o if on the left of the if on the right of the lens lens (can only happen in a "#ltiple lens pro$le") "i if on the right of if on the left of the the lens lens ("eans a real ("eans a virt#al i"age) i"age) f if a conve/ lens if a concave lens m if right-side #p if #pside-down magnification: M = hi/ho (definition) M = "i/"o (#sef#l for calc#lation) multiple lenses: "i of 1st lens $eco"es "o of 2nd lens each distance "eas#red fro" its own lens total "agnification: Mtot = M1 M2 1 spherical mirrors: f = =/2 *lens e%#ation+ still works slightly different sign conventions

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