C9234 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

1. Define Computer graphics.

Computer graphics is a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for
digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to the
study of three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional graphics
and image processing.
2. Define piel.
!iel is shortened form of picture element. "t is the smallest discrete component of an
image or picture on a C#$ screen. %ach screen point is referred to as piel or pel.
&. 'hat is bitmap(
A raster graphics image or bitmap is a data structure representing a generally
rectangular grid of piels, or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display
medium.

). 'hat is resolution(
#esolution is the number of piels contained on a display monitor, epressed in terms
of the number of piels on the horizontal ais and vertical ais. "t can be also referred as
maimum number of points that can be displayed without overlap on a C#$. $he sharpness
of the image on a display depends on the resolution and the size of the monitor.
*. Define #andom scan and #aster scan displays.
#andom scan is a method in which the display is made by the electronic beam which
is directed only to the points or part of the screen where the picture is to be drawn.
#aster scan system is a scanning techni+ue in which the electrons sweep from top to
bottom and from left to right. $he intensity is turned on or off to light and unlight the piel.
,. 'rite two techni+ues for producing color displays with a C#$.
-eam penetration method and shadow mas. method.
/. 'hat is a video controller(
"t is a special purpose controller, which is used to control the operation of the display
device. A fied area of the system is reserved for the frame buffer, and the video controller is
given direct access to the frame buffer memory.
0. 'hat is frame buffer(
A frame buffer is a video output device that drives a video display from a memory
buffer containing picture definition. $he information in the buffer typically consists of color
values for every piel on the screen.
1. 'hat is beam penetration method(
$he beam-penetration method is an inepensive way for displaying color pictures has
been used with random-scan monitors. $wo layers of phosphor, usually red and green, are
coated onto the inside of the C#$ screen, and the displayed color depends on how far the
electron beam penetrates into the phosphor layers.
12. 'hat is shadow mas. method(
3hadow-mas. methods are commonly used in raster-scan systems which has three
phosphor color dots 4red, green and blue5 at each piel position. $his type of C#$ has three
electron guns, one for each color dot, and a shadow-mas. grid 6ust behind the phosphor-
coated screen.
1
11. 'hat is run length encoding(
#un length encoding is a compression techni+ue used to store the intensity values in
the frame buffer, which stores each scan line as a set of integer pairs. 7ne number each pair
indicates an intensity value, and second number specifies the number of ad6acent piels on
the scan line that are to have that intensity value.
12. 'hat is 8CD(
%lectronic device comprising of the molecules of a semi-li+uid material sandwiched
between sheets of a transparent material. $he molecules are oriented by an electric current
applied to them, and reflect light of different colors according to their orientation. "t is used
mainly in computer monitors and handheld devices such as cell phones and digital cameras,
8CD usually consume very little current and have long service life.
1& . 8ist out the merits and demerits of D93$(
Merits
"t has a flat screen
#efreshing of screen is not re+uired
De-merits
3elective or part erasing of screen is not possible
"t has poor contrast
!erformance is inferior to the refresh C#$.
1). 8ist out the merits and demerits of !lasma panel display(
Merits
:#efreshing is not re+uired
:!roduce a very steady flic.er free image
:8ess bul.y than a C#$
Demerits
:!oor resolution of up to ,2 dpi
:"t re+uires comple addressing and wiring
:"t is costlier than C#$
1*. 'hat is aspect ratio(
$he ratio of vertical points to the horizontal points necessary to produce length of
lines in both directions of the screen is called the aspect ratio.
1,. 'hat is #egion Code(
"n Cohen-3utherland line clipping algorithm, every line end point in a picture is
assigned a four-digit binary code, called a region code, which identifies the location of the
point relative to the boundaries of the clipping rectangle.
-it 1 ; 8eft
-it 2 ; #ight
-it & ; -elow
-it ) ; Above
1/. 'hat are the advantages and disadvantages of DDA algorithm(
Advantages
<aster method for calculating piel positions
%liminates the multiplication operations
Disadvantages
Accumulation of round off error
#ounding operations and floating point arithmetic are time consuming
2
10. 'hat is clipping(
Any procedure that identifies portions of a picture that are either inside or outside of a
specified region of space is referred to as a clipping algorithm or simply clipping

11. 8ist down types of clipping.
!oint clipping, line clipping, area clipping, tet clipping and curve clipping
22. 8ist down the techni+ues used in tet clipping.
All or none string clipping
All or none character clipping
$et clipping
21. 'hich of the algorithm cohen sutherland algorithm or liang bars.y algorithm is more
efficient Algorithm( 'hy(
8iang--ars.y algorithm is more efficient than the cohen-sutherland algorithm, since
intersection calculations are reduced. %ach updates of parameters =
1
and =
2
re+uires only one
division> and window intersection of the line computed only once, when the final values of
=
1
and =
2
have been computed.
1. 'hat is $ransformation(
$ransformation is the process of introducing changes in the shape size and orientation
of the ob6ect using scaling rotation reflection shearing ? translation etc.
2. 'hat is translation(
$ranslation is the process of changing the position of an ob6ect in a straight-line path
from one coordinate location to another. %very point 4 , y5 in the ob6ect must under go a
displacement to 4@,y@5. the transformation is; @ A B t > y@ A yBty
&. 'hat is rotation(
A 2-D rotation is done by repositioning the coordinates along a circular path, in the -
y plane by ma.ing an angle with the aes. $he transformation is
given by; @ A r cos 4+ B f5 and y@ A r sin 4+ B f5.
). 'hat is scaling(
A 2-D rotation is done by repositioning the coordinates along a circular path, in the y
plane by ma.ing an angle with the aes. $he transformation is given by; @ A r cos 4+ B f5 and
y@ A r sin 4+ B f5.
*. 'hat is fied point scaling(
$he location of a scaled ob6ect can be controlled by a position called the fied point
that is to remain unchanged after the scaling transformation.
,. 'hat is shearing(
$he shearing transformation actually slants the ob6ect along the C direction or the D
direction as re+uired. ie> this transformation slants the shape of an ob6ect along a re+uired
plane.
/. 'hat is reflection(
$he reflection is actually the transformation that produces a mirror image of an ob6ect.
<or this use some angles and lines of reflection.
&
0. 'hat is antialiasing(
$he process of ad6usting intensities of the piels along the line to minimize the effect
of aliasing is called antialiasing.
1. Distinguish between uniform scaling and differential scaling(
'hen the scaling factors 3

and 3
y
are assigned to the same value, a uniform scaling is
produced that maintains relative ob6ect proportions. =ne+ual values for 3

and 3
y
result in a
differential scaling that is often used in design application.
12. 8ist the logical classification of input devices.
87CA$7# device ; device for specifying coordinate positions
3$#7E% device ; device for specifying a series of coordinate positions
3$#"FG device ; device for specifying tet input
9A8=A$7# device ; device for specifying scalar value
CH7"C% device ; device for selecting menu options
!"CE device ; device for selecting picture components
11. 'hat are three modes for input devices(
$hree input modes are referred to as re+uest mode, sample mode, and event mode.
12. 'hat is a polygon(
!olygons are small individual 2D shapes defined by verte which ordered in specific
way in &D space can produce comple &D ob6ects. Iore detailed &D ob6ects are defined from
of thousands of polygons.
1&. 'hat is conve and concave polygons(
A polygon is conve if all interior angles are below 102 degree.
A polygon is concave if at least one of its interior angle is greater than 102 degree.
1). Fame the different methods used for splitting a concave polygon(
4i5 %dge vector cross product method
4ii5 #otational method.
1*. Define forward and bac.ward rendering.
$he direction of rendering describes how the relation between the &D scene and the
viewport is determined. 'ith forward rendering points in the scene are pro6ected on the
viewport. "n bac.ward rendering, for each piel in the viewport a calculation is made to
determine what influence is of different points on the color and intensity of the screen piel.
1,. 'hat is bezier curve(
A -ezier curve is a mathematically defined curve used in two-dimensional graphic
applications. $he curve is defined by four points; the initial position and the terminating
position 4which are called JanchorsJ5 and two separate middle points 4which are called
JhandlesJ5. $he shape of a -ezier curve can be altered by moving the handles
1/. 'hat are the important properties of -ezier Curve(
"t needs only four control points
"t always passes through the first and last control points
$he curve lies entirely within the conve half formed by four control points
10. 'hat is a spline(
$o produce a smooth curve through a designed set of points, a fleible strip called
spline is used. 3uch a spline curve can be mathematically described with a piecewise cubic
)
polynomial function whose first and second derivatives are continuous across various curve
section.
11. 'hat are the different ways of specifying spline curve(
=sing a set of boundary conditions that are imposed on the spline.
=sing the state matri that characterize the spline
=sing a set of blending functions that calculate the positions along the curve path
by specifying combination of geometric constraints on the curve
22. 'hat is window and view port(
A window defines a rectangular area in world coordinates.
A viewport defines in normalized coordinates a rectangular area on the display device
where the image of the data appears
1. Define !ro6ection(
$he process of displaying &D into a 2D display unit is .nown as pro6ection. $he
pro6ection transforms &D ob6ects into a 2D pro6ection plane
2. 'hat is meant by differential scaling(
3caling transformation alters the size of an ob6ect. $he scaling factors 3

and 3
y
scales
ob6ects in the and y direction. 'hen 3

and 3
y
are assigned different values 43

KA 3
y
5 it
is called different scaling.
&. 'hat is 9iew plane(
$he plane onto which an ob6ect is pro6ected in a parallel or perspective pro6ection
). 'hat is parallel pro6ection(
"n parallel pro6ection, the observer position is at an infinite distance, so the pro6ection
lines are considered parallel. $his techni+ue is used in engineering and architectural drawings
to represent an ob6ect with a set of views that maintain relative proportions of the ob6ect
*. 'hat is perspective pro6ection(
"n a perspective pro6ection, ob6ect positions are pro6ected onto the view plane along
lines which converge at the observer, or Centre of !ro6ection 4C7!5. 3cenes displayed using
perspective pro6ections appear more realistic, since images are formed similarly in human
eyes and a camera lens.
,. 'hat is !ro6ection reference point(
"n !erspective pro6ection, the lines of pro6ection are not parallel. "nstead, they all
converge at a single point called !ro6ection reference point.
/. Differentiate perspective and parallel pro6ection.
Perspective:
visual effect is similar to human visual system...
has Lperspective foreshorteningL
size of ob6ect varies inversely with distance from the center of pro6ection.
angles only remain intact for faces parallel to pro6ection plane.
Parallel:
less realistic view because of no foreshortening
however, parallel lines remain parallel.
angles only remain intact for faces parallel to pro6ection plane
*
0. 'hat are the two principle types of parallel pro6ection.(
Orthographic : direction of pro6ection is e+ual to normal to the pro6ection plane.
Oblique : direction of pro6ection is not e+ual to normal to the pro6ection plane
1. 'rite short note on classification of visible surface detection methods.
9isible-surface detection algorithms are broadly classified according to whether
they deal with ob6ect definitions directly or with their pro6ected images. $hese two
approaches are called ob6ect-space methods and image-space methods, respectively.
An 7bject-Space Method compares ob6ects and parts of ob6ects to each other within
the scene definition to determine which surfaces, as a whole should label as visible.
"n an "mage-Space Algorithm, visibility is decided point by point at each piel
position on the pro6ection plane.
12. 8ist few surface detection methods
-ac.-<ace Detection
Depth--uffer Iethod 4M--uffer Iethod5
A--uffer Iethod
3can-8ine Iethod
Depth-3ort Iethod
-inary 3pace !artitioning4-3!5 $ree Iethod
Area-subdivision Iethod
7ctree Iethod
#ay-Casting Iethod
11. 'hat is the use of color loo.up tables(
$here are several advantages in storing color codes in a loo.up table.
4i5 =se of color table can provide a reasonable number of simultaneous color without
re+uiring large frame buffers.
4ii5 Color table entries can be changed at any time allowing a user to be able to
eperiment easily with different color combination.
12. 8ist different color models.
#G-
H83
CID
H39
D"N
1&. Define animation.
3imulation of movement created by displaying a series of pictures, or frames
1). 'rite down the steps in designing an animation se+uence.
3tory -oard layout
7b6ect definitions
Eey-frame specifications
Generation of in-between frame
1*. 'hat is .ey frame(
A .ey frame is a detailed drawing of the scene at a certain time in the animation
,
se+uence. 'ithin each .ey frame, each ob6ect is positioned according to the time for that
frame.
1,. 'hat is tweening(
"t is the process, which is applicable to animation ob6ects defined by a
se+uence of points, and that change shape from frame to frame.
1/. Define Iorphing.
$ransformation of ob6ect shapes from the form to another is called morphing, which is
a shortened form of metamorphosis. Iorphing methods can be applied to any motion or
transition involving a change in shape.
10. Define forward and bac.ward rendering.
$he direction of rendering describes how the relation between the &D scene and the
viewport is determined.
'ith forward rendering points in the scene are pro6ected on the viewport. "n bac.ward
rendering, for each piel in the viewport a calculation is made to determine what influence is
of different points on the color and intensity of the screen piel.
11. 'hat is .inematics or dynamic description of animation(
Animation can be specified with motion parameters 4position, velocity, and
acceleration5 without giving reference to the forces that cause the motion. "t is called
.inematics or dynamic description of animation. <or constant velocity 4zero acceleration5, we
designate the motions of rigid bodies in a scene by giving an initial position and velocity
vector for each ob6ect.
22. Define depth curing.
A simple method for indicating depth with wire frame displays is to vary the intensity
of ob6ects according to their distance from the viewing position. $his is .nown as depth
curing.
1. Define Iultimedia
Iultimedia is the use of the computer to present and combine tet, graphics, audio
and video with lin.s and tools that lets the user to navigate, interact, create and communicate.
2. 8ist out the building bloc.s of multimedia.
$et
"mage
3ound
Animation
9ideo
&. How audio files are stored in 'A9 format(
$he 'A9 format is one of the simplest for string audio information. $he data is
stored in the raw with no preprocessing. $he 'A9 format is a Iicrosoft proprietary format
and is a special case of #esource "nterchange <ile <ormat.
A 'A9 file contains three chun.s of information.
$he #"<< chun. O identifies the file
$he <7#IA$ chun. O identifies the parameters
$he DA$A chun. contains the actual samples
/
). Define the following respective to sound; 4i5 'aveform 4ii5 <re+uency 4iii5 Amplitude
i) Waveorm
3ound is produced by the vibration of matter. During the vibration pressure variation
are created in the air surrounding it. $he pattern of the oscillation is called a waveform.
!ii) "requenc#
$he fre+uency of the sound is the reciprocal value of the period. "t represents the
number of period s in a second and it is measured in Hertz 4Hz5 or cycles per second.
!iii) Amplitude
A sound also has amplitude. $he amplitude of a sound is a measure of the
displacement of the air pressure wave from its, or +uiescent state.
*. Define +uantization 4or5 resolution(
$he resolution 4or5 +uantization of a sample value depends on the number of bits used
in measuring the height of the waveform. An 0-bit +uantization yields 2*, possible values,
1,-bit CD-+udra +uantization results in over ,**&, values.
,. 'hat are the types of sound ob6ects that can be used in multimedia production(
$here are four types of sound ob6ects that can be used in multimedia production;
'aveform audio
I"D" sound trac.s
Compact disc 4CD5 audio
I!& files
/. 8ist out the input devices of multimedia.
"nput devices for a multimedia system are as follows;
Eeyboards
Iouse
$rac.ball
$ouch screen
Iagnetic card %ncoders and #eaders
Graphics $ablets
3canners
7ptical Character #ecognition 47C#5 devices
9oice #ecognition 3ystems
Digital cameras
0. 8ist out the components of I"D" interface.
A I"D" interface has two different components;
Hardware
Data format
$ard%are connects the e+uipment. "t specifies the physical connection between
musical instruments, stimulate that a port I"D" port is built into an instrument, specifies a
I"D" cable and deals with electronic signals t that are sent over the cable.
Data ormat encodes the information traveling through the hardware I"D" data
format includes an instrument Oconnected data format. $he encoding includes, besides the
instrument specification, the notion of the beginning and end of a note, basic fre+uency and
sound volume> I"D" data allow an encoding of about 12 octaves, which corresponds to 120
notes.
0
1. Define the following terms; 4i5 Compression #atio 4ii5 "mage Nuality
&ompression 'atio:
$he Compression #atio represents the size of the original image divided by the
size of the compressed image.
(mage )ualit#:
Compression ratio typically affects picture +uality, the higher the compression ratio,
the lower the +uality of the decompressed image.
12. 'hat are the basic tools that are re+uired for the multimedia 3oftware(
$et %diting ? 'ord !rocessing $ools
!ainting ? Drawing $ools
"mage O %diting $ools
3ound %diting $ools
Animation, video ? Digital Iovie $ools
11. 'hat is I"D"( How audio files are converted to I"D"(
I"D"4Iusical "nstrument Digital "nterface5 is an industry-standard protocol that
enables electronic musical instruments, computers and other e+uipment to communicate,
control and synchronize with each other.
12. 8ist the challenges in multimedia.
3torage organization and management.
A viable physical bandwidth in the delivery path to the users.
Nuality of service 4No35 management4real time delivery and adaptability
to the environment5
"nformation management4indeing and retrieval5
=ser satisfaction
3ecurity4especially management of content rights5
1&. 'hat is called authoring tool(
Iultimedia authoring tools provide the important framewor. needed for organizing
and editing the elements of multimedia pro6ect including graphics sounds, animations and
video clips.
Authoring tools used for designing interactive and the user interface for presenting the
pro6ect on screen and for assembling elements into a single cohesive pro6ect
*#pes :
Card or page based tools
"con based, event O driven tools
$ime based and presentation tools
ob6ect oriented tools
1). Iention the various hypermedia document models
3GI8 43tandard Generalized Iar.up 8anguage5
7DA 47pen Document Architecture5
1*. Define the term flic.er in video.
A periodic fluctuation of brightness perception is called flic.er effect.
1,. 'hat is audio streaming(
$he ability to play audio as it is being received as opposed to downloading an entire
audio file and launching an audio player is called audio streaming.
1/. 'hat #$!(
#eal-time $ransport !rotocol 4#$!5 provides support for the transport of real-
1
time data such as video and audio streams.
10. 'hat is P!%G(
Point !hotographic %perts Group 4P!%G5 or P!G files are a type of compressed
bitmap file. $his lossy compression techni+ue reduces the size of an image by discarding
details that are typically too insignificant for the human eye to detect.
11. 'rite applications of multimedia.
Iultimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to,
Advertisements
Art
%ducation
%ntertainment
%ngineering
Iedicine
Iathematics
-usiness
3cientific #esearch
3patial $emporal Applications
22. 'hat is rasterization(
#asterization is the tas. of ta.ing an image described in a vector graphics format and
converting it into a raster image for output on a video display or printer, or for storage in a
bitmap file format.
1. 'hat are the minimum re+uirements needed for running multimedia application(
$o develop a multimedia application good hardware and software support is needed.
Iost importantly developing a multimedia re+uires creative s.ills.
$he minimum re+uirements are
$ard%are : "nput devices li.e mouse, trac.ball
Sot%are : 7perating system, multimedia authoring tools
2. Different between database and multimedia database
A conventional database system does contain tet and discrete data whereas
multimedia database system besides tet and decrete data, it contains audio and video
information. $he components of multimedia database include
$et
"mages
Audio
&. How is sharing of applications performed in a centralized architecture and replicated
architecture(
"n the case of centralized architecture every process has to wait and share common
memory. $hus applications are loaded and sharing is possible.
"n the case of replicated architecture copy of the application will be loaded in the
local memory of each processor, so they need not wait for sharing.
). 'hat are the N73 parameters(
$he N73 parameters describe the speed and reliability of data transmission. $hey are
$hroughput
$ransit delay
%rror rate
3ynchronization
12
*. Define synchronization
3ynchronization is time.eeping which re+uires the coordination of events to operate a
system in unison. "n a multimedia presentation, synchronization ensures that the audio and
video components are timed correctly. "n a computer to computer communications, the
hardware and software must be synchronized to that the file transfers can ta.e place.
,. 'hat is a session manager(
3ession management architecture is built around an entity session manager, which
separates the control from the transport. -y creating a reusable session manager, which is
separated from the user interface, conference oriented tools avoid a duplication of their effort.
/. 8ist the various functionalities of session manager
3ession manager includes local and remote functionalities. 8ocal functionalities include;
Iembership control management
<loor control
Iedia control management
Configuration management
Conference control management
0. 'hy file format is necessary(
<ile formats are necessary to;
Define the storage of media data on dis.s
3pecify synchronization
3pecify timing
$o hold metadata
1. 'hat is virtual reality(
9irtual reality 49#5 is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-
simulated environment. $he user is presented with simulated environment which may be a
real world or an imaginary world but appears and feels li.e a real environment.
12. How virtual scenes are generated(
$wo methods are used for generating virtual scenes. $hey are
$he computer O generated scene is displayed through a load-mounted viewing system as
a stereoscopic pro6ection
Display stereoscopic pro6ection on a sister monitor, with the two stereoscopic views
displayed on a alternate refresh cycle.
11. 3tate the problems faced in the event-loop based programs method of
virtual reality.
3imulation loops; 3ets of ob6ects participated in a simulation. A procedure is
created, and a time step is allocated, for each ob6ect. $he simulation rate is bound to display
rate and each procedures is assigned a slot in the time line for the simulation. $his is called a
loop because the main process loops around a simple logic of which ob6ect is scheduled net.
Disadvantages: Controlling the duration of a procedure. %ample, A server may ta.e too
long.
12. 'hat are the higher levels of multimedia communication system 4IC35(
$he higher layers of the multimedia communication system are divided into two
architectural subsystems;
Application subsystem
11
$ransport subsystem.
1&. 8ist out the tools for collaborative computing
$he tools used for collaborative computing are as follows;
%lectronic mail
-ulletin boards4e.g. =senet news5
3creen sharing tools4e.g. show me from sunsoft5
$et-based conferencing systems 4e.g. "nternet relay chat,
Compu3erve,America online5
$elephone conference systems.
Conference rooms4e.g. video window from -ellcore5
9ideo conference systems4e.g.,Ibone tools5
1). 'hat is an I!C(
$he I!C computer is not a hardware unit but rather a standard that includes
minimum specifications to turn "ntel microprocessor-based computers into multimedia
computers.
1* . 8ist all the I!C standards
$here are currently three I!C standards as follows
I!C 8evel 1
I!C 8evel 2
I!C 8evel &
$he standards apply not only to des.top computers but also to increasingly more powerful
multimedia laptops.
1,. 'hat is meant by streaming video(
$ransmission of real time video over the internet is called streaming video.
%ample Fewscasts, distance learning.
1/. 'hat is a 9ideo dis.(
9ideo dis. serves as the output of motion pictures and audio. $he data are stored in an
analog-coded format on the dis.. $he reproduced data meet the highest +uality re+uirements.
9ideo dis. has a diameter of approimately &2cm and stores approimately 2., Giga bytes.
10. 'hat is interactive video(
=se of a videodisc or CD-#7I that is controlled by a computer for an interactive
education or entertainment program.
11. 'hat is video conferencing(
A videoconference 4also .nown as a video teleconference5 is a set of interactive
telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way
video and audio transmissions simultaneously
22. 'rite short note on video on demand(
9ideo on demand systems are systems which allow users to select and watch video
content over a networ. as part of an interactive television system. 9ideo on demand is a great
way of viewing films and television programs. "t eliminates the need to go to video store to
buy films and provides access to a wide collection of material.
12
Short questions !+ mar,s)
1. Give and eplain the action of at least four turbo CQCBB output primitives and output
of these output primitives.
2. Ia.e a short note on functional characteristics of various input device.
&. Derive the -resenham@s circle algorithm .Generate the intermediate points of a circle
whose centre is at 42, 25 and two given points on the circumference are 42, 125, and
4R12,R125 i.e., intermediate points in the second +uadrant.
). <ind out the transformation matri which reflects points above the line, &B)y A *.
*. Derive a composite matri which maps a rectangular window into a rectangular view
port using the basic geometric transformation in 2-D4i.e. using translation and scaling5
,. %plain the different algorithms used for region filling. 'hat steps are re+uired to be
added to a fill algorithm if a region is to be filled with a pattern(
/. 'hy need of hidden-surface algorithms( How does the M-buffer algorithm determine
which surface are hidden(
0. !erform a )* degree rotation of triangle A42,25,-41,15,C4*,25
4a5 About the origin 4b5 About the !4-1,-15
1. <ind the matri of mirror reflection with respect to the plane passing through the origin
and having a normal vector whose direction is FA"BPBE
12. 'hat do you mean by a pro6ection( Classify its different types. 'hat are the
perspective anomalies(
11. 'hat do you understand by the interactive computer graphics( 'hat are the essential
components of an interactive computer pac.age(
12. %plain -rehsenham@s line drawing algorithm and use it to find all points on a line
drawn between 442,25 and 4&,05 in a raster scan display.
1&. %plain viewing transformation and discuss the role of clipping in the applications of
these transformations. Describe any one 2-D clipping algorithm for lines.
1). 8ist and eplain functions of a Graphic pac.age.
1*. Fame various pointing and positioning devices. -riefly eplain the wor.ing of any 2
devices.
1,. Draw and eplain the bloc. diagram of typical wor.station.
1/. %plain the architecture of vector scan display.
10. %plain the architecture of raster scan display.
11. %plain the simple raster display system.
22. %plain the raster display system with peripheral display.
21. %plain the raster display system with integerated display processor.
22. 'rite a short note on 9ideo Controller.
2&. %plain the random scan display system.
2). 'rite a short note on;
a5 Eeyboard
b5 Iouse
c5 $rac.ball and spaceball
d5 Poystic.
1&
e5 Digitizer
f5 8ight pens
g5 $ouch !anels
h5 3canner
2*. %plain the important characteristics of hard copy devices.
2,. Define dot size, addressability, "nterdot distance and resolution.
2/. Give the characteristics of !rinters.
20. %plain various types of printers.
21. Give the differences between line printer and dot matri printer.
&2. 8ist the features of in.-6et printer.
&1. 'rite a short note on 8aser printer.
&2. %plain the principle of thermal transfer printer.
&&. 'rite a short note on pen plotter.
&). 'rite a short note on;
a. !erspective transformation
b. %tend and bounding volumes
c. -ac. face cutting
&*. %plain the M--uffer algorithm for hidden surface removal.
&,. %plain the advantages and disadvantages of M--uffer
Algorithm
&/. %plain the depth sort algorithm for hidden surface removal.
&0. %plain the binary space partition tree visible surface
Algorithm and write a pseudocode for building a -3! tree.
&1. %plain the scan line algorithm for hidden surface removal.
)2. %plain any one area subdivision algorithm for visible surface
Detection.
)1. 'rite a pseudocode for 'eiler-Atherton algorithm.
)2. Give the important steps involved in 'eiler-Atherton
Algorithm visible surface algorithm.
)&. %plain A--uffer visible surface algorithm.
)). Describe floating horizon algorithm.
)*. Describe the bac.-face removal algorithm.
1)
MC9234 COMPUTER GRAPHICS QUESTION BANK
1. What s scan converson?
A ma|or task of the dspay processor s dgtzng a pcture defnton
gven n an appcaton program nto a set of pxe-ntensty vaues for
storage n
the frame buffer. Ths dgtzaton process s caed scan converson.
2. Wrte the propertes of vdeo dspay devces?
Propertes of vdeo dspay devces are persstence, resouton, and aspect
rato.
3. What s rasterzaton?
The process of determnng the approprate pxes for representng pcture
or graphcs ob|ect s known as rasterzaton.
4. Defne Computer graphcs.
Computer graphcs remans one of the most exstng and rapdy growng
computer feds. Computer graphcs may be defned as a pctora
representaton
or graphca representaton of ob|ects n a computer.
5. Name any four nput devces.
Four nput devces are keyboard, mouse, mage scanners, and trackba.
6. Wrte the two technques for producng coor dspays wth a CRT?
Beam penetraton method, shadow mask method
7. What s vertca retrace of the eectron beam?
In raster scan dspay, at the end of one frame, the eectron beam returns
to the
eft top corner of the screen to start the next frame, s caed vertca
retrace of the
eectron beam.
8. Wrte a short notes on vdeo controer.
Vdeo controer s used to contro the operaton of the dspay devce. A
fxed
area of the system s reserved for the frame buffer, and the vdeo
controer s
1*
gven drect access to the frame buffer memory.
9. What s btmap?
Some system has ony one bt per pxe; the frame buffer s often referred
to as
btmap.
10. Dfferentate pasma pane dspay and thn fm eectro umnescent
dspay?
In pasma pane dspay, the regon between two gass pates s fed wth
neon gas. In thn fm eectro umnescent dspay, the regon between two
gasses pates are fed wth phosphor, such as znc suphde doped wth
manganese.
11. What s resouton?
The maxmum number of ponts that can be dspayed wthout overap on
a CRT s referred to as the resouton.
12. What s horzonta retrace of the eectron beam?
In raster scan dspay, the eectron beam return to the eft of the screen
after
refreshng each scan ne, s caed horzonta retrace of the eectron
beam.
13. What s fament?
In the CRT, heat s apped to the cathode by drectng a current through a
co of wre, s caed fament.
14. What s pxmap?
Some system has mutpe bts per pxe, the frame buffer s often referred
to as pxmap.
15. Wrte the types of cppng?
Pont cppng, ne cppng, area cppng, text cppng and curve
cppng.
16. What s meant by scan code?
When a key s pressed on the keyboard, the keyboard controer paces a
code carry to the key pressed nto a part of the memory caed as the
keyboard
buffer. Ths code s caed as the scan code.
17. Lst out the merts and demerts of Penetraton technques?
The merts and demerts of the Penetraton technques are as foows
o It s an nexpensve technque
o It has ony four coors
o The quaty of the pcture s not good when t s compared to other
technques
o It can dspay coor scans n montors
o Poor mtaton etc.
1,
18. Lst out the merts and demerts of DVST?
The merts and demerts of drect vew storage tubes |DVST| are as
foows
o It has a fat screen
o Refreshng of screen s not requred
o Seectve or part erasng of screen s not possbe
o It has poor contrast
o Performance s nferor to the refresh CRT.
19. What do you mean by emssve and non-emssve dspays?
The emssve dspay converts eectrca energy nto ght energy. The
pasma
panes, thn fm eectro-umnescent dspays are the exampes.
The Non-emssve are optca effects to convert the sunght or ght from
any
other source to graphc form. Lqud crysta dspay s an exampe.
20. Lst out the merts and demerts of Pasma pane dspay?
Merts
o Refreshng s not requred
o Produce a very steady mage free of Fcker
o Less buky than a CRT.
Demerts
o Poor resouton of up to 60 d.p.
o It requres compex addressng and wrng
o It s coster than CRT.
21. What s persstence?
The tme t takes the emtted ght from the screen to decay one tenth of
ts
orgna ntensty s caed as persstence.
22. What s Aspect rato?
The rato of vertca ponts to the horzonta ponts necessary to produce
ength of nes n both drectons of the screen s caed the Aspect rato.
Usuay
the aspect rato s .
23. What s the dfference between mpact and non-mpact prnters?
Impact prnter press formed character faces aganst an nked rbbon on to
the paper. A ne prnter and dot-matrx prnter are exampes.
Non-mpact prnter and potters use Laser technques, nk|et sprays,
Xerographc process, eectrostatc methods and eectro therma methods
to get
mages onto the papers. Exampes are: Ink|et/Laser prnters.
24. Defne pxe?
Pxe s shortened forms of pcture eement. Each screen pont s referred
to as
pxe or pe.
1/
25. What s frame buffer?
Pcture defnton s stored n a memory area caed frame buffer or refresh
buffer.
26. Where the vdeo controer s used?
A speca purpose processor, whch s used to contro the operaton of the
dspay devce, s known as vdeo controer or dspay controer.
27. What s run ength encodng?
Run ength encodng s a compresson technque used to store the
ntensty
vaues n the frame buffer, whch stores each scan ne as a set of nteger
pars.
One number each par ndcates an ntensty vaue, and second number
specfes
the number of ad|acent pxes on the scan ne that are to have that
ntensty vaue.
28. What s pont n the computer graphcs system?
The pont s a most basc graphca eement & s competey defned by a
par of user coordnates (x, y).
29. Wrte short notes on nes?
A ne s of nfnte extent can be defned by an ange of sope and one
pont on the ne P=P(x,y). Ths can aso be defned as y=mx+C where C s
the Yntercept.
30. Defne Crce?
Crce s defned by ts center xc, yc and ts radus n user coordnate unts.
The equaton of the crce s (x-xc) + (y-yc) = r2.
31. What are the varous attrbutes of a ne?
The ne type, wdth and coor are the attrbutes of the ne. The ne type
ncude sod ne, dashed nes, and dotted nes.
32. What s antaasng?
The process of ad|ustng ntenstes of the pxes aong the ne to
mnmze the effect of aasng s caed antaasng.
33. What s Transformaton?
Transformaton s the process of ntroducng changes n the shape sze
and
orentaton of the ob|ect usng scang rotaton refecton shearng &
transaton
etc.
34. What s transaton?
Transaton s the process of changng the poston of an ob|ect n a
straght-ne path from one coordnate ocaton to another. Every pont (x ,
y) n
the ob|ect must under go a dspacement to (x|,y|). the transformaton s:
x| = x + tx ; y| = y+ty
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35. What s rotaton?
A 2-D rotaton s done by repostonng the coordnates aong a crcuar
path, n the x-y pane by makng an ange wth the axes. The
transformaton s
gven by: X| = r cos ( + ) and Y| = r sn ( + ).
36. What s scang?
A 2-D rotaton s done by repostonng the coordnates aong a crcuar
path, n the x-y pane by makng an ange wth the axes. The
transformaton s gven by: X| = r cos ( + ) and Y| = r sn ( + ).
37. What s shearng?
The shearng transformaton actuay sants the ob|ect aong the X
drecton or the Y drecton as requred. e; ths transformaton sants the
shape of an ob|ect aong a requred pane.
38. What s refecton?
The refecton s actuay the transformaton that produces a mrror mage
of an ob|ect. For ths use some anges and nes of refecton.
39. What are the two cassfcatons of shear transformaton?
X shear, y shear.
40. A pont (4,3) s rotated countercockwse by an ange of 45. Fnd the
rotaton
matrx and the resutant pont.
41. Name any three font edtng toos.
ResEdt, FONTographer,
42. Dfferentate serf and sans serf fonts. Gve one exampe
Serf fonts has a tte decoraton at the end of the etter, but serf font has
not. Tmes, new century schoobook s the exampes of serf fonts. Ara,
potma
are exampes for sans serf fonts.
43. Dstngush between wndow port & vew port?
A porton of a pcture that s to be dspayed by a wndow s known as
wndow port. The dspay area of the part seected or the form n whch
the
seected part s vewed s known as vew port.
44. Defne cppng?
Cppng s the method of cuttng a graphcs dspay to neaty ft a
predefned
graphcs regon or the vew port
45. What s the need of homogeneous coordnates?
To perform more than one transformaton at a tme, use homogeneous
11
coordnates or matrxes. They reduce unwanted cacuatons ntermedate
steps
saves tme and memory and produce a sequence of transformatons.
46. Dstngush between unform scang and dfferenta scang?
When the scang factors sx and sy are assgned to the same vaue, a
unform
scang s produced that mantans reatve ob|ect proportons. Unequa
vaues for
sx and sy resut n a dfferenta scang that s often used n desgn
appcaton
47. What s fxed pont scang?
The ocaton of a scaed ob|ect can be controed by a poston caed the
fxed pont that s to reman unchanged after the scang transformaton.
48. What s Bezer Bass Functon?
Bezer Bass functons are a set of poynomas, whch can be used nstead
of the prmtve poynoma bass, and have some usefu propertes for
nteractve
curve desgn.
49. What s surface path
A snge surface eement can be defned as the surface traced out as two
parameters (u, v) take a possbe vaues between 0 and 1 n a two-
parameter
representaton. Such a snge surface eement s known as a surface
patch.
50. Defne B-Spne curve?
A B-Spne curve s a set of pecewse(usuay cubc) poynoma segments
that
pass cose to a set of contro ponts. However the curve does not pass
through these contro ponts, t ony passes cose to them.
51. What s a spne?
To produce a smooth curve through a desgned set of ponts, a fexbe
strp caed spne s used. Such a spne curve can be mathematcay
descrbed wth a pecewse cubc poynoma functon whose frst and
second dervatves are contnuous across varous curve secton.
52. What are the dfferent ways of specfyng spne curve?
o Usng a set of boundary condtons that are mposed on the spne.
o Usng the state matrx that characterstcs the spne
o Usng a set of bendng functons that cacuate the postons aong
the
curve path by specfyng combnaton of geometrc constrants on
the curve
53. What are the mportant propertes of Bezer Curve?
o It needs ony four contro ponts
22
o It aways passes through the frst and ast contro ponts
o The curve es entrey wthn the convex haf formed by four
controponts.
54. Defne Pro|ecton?
The process of dspayng 3D nto a 2D dspay unt s known as
pro|ecton. The pro|ecton transforms 3D ob|ects nto a 2D pro|ecton
pane.
55. What are the steps nvoved n 3D transformaton?
o Modeng Transformaton
o Vewng Transformaton
o Pro|ecton Transformaton
o Workstaton Transformaton
56. What do you mean by vew pane?
A vew pane s nothng but the fm pane n camera whch s postoned
and orented for a partcuar shot of the scene.
57. Defne pro|ecton?
The process of convertng the descrpton of ob|ects from word
coordnates to vewng coordnates s known as pro|ecton.
58. What you mean by parae pro|ecton?
Parae pro|ecton s one n whch z coordnates s dscarded and parae
nes from each vertex on the ob|ect are extended unt they ntersect the
vew pane.
59. What do you mean by Perspectve pro|ecton?
Perspectve pro|ecton s one n whch the nes of pro|ecton are not
parae. Instead, they a converge at a snge pont caed the center of
pro|ecton.
60. What s Pro|ecton reference pont?
In Perspectve pro|ecton, the nes of pro|ecton are not parae. Instead,
they a converge at a snge pont caed Pro|ecton reference pont.
61. Defne computer graphcs anmaton?
Computer graphcs anmaton s the use of computer graphcs equpment
where the graphcs output presentaton dynamcay changes n rea tme.
Ths s often aso caed rea tme anmaton.
62. What s tweenng?
It s the process, whch s appcabe to anmaton ob|ects defned by a
sequence of ponts, and that change shape from frame to frame.
63. Defne frame?
One of the shape photographs that a fm or vdeo s made of s known as
frame.
64. What s key frame?
21
One of the shape photographs that a fm or vdeo s made of the shape of
an ob|ect s known ntay and for a sma no of other frames caed key
frame.
65. Defne Mutmeda
Mutmeda s the use of the computer to present and combne text,
graphcs, audo and vdeo wth nks and toos that ets the user to
navgate, nteract, create and communcate.
66. What s mutmeda PC:
A mutmeda PC s a computer that has a CD-ROM or DVD drve and
supports 8-bt and 16-bt waveform audo recordng and payback, MIDI
sound
synthess, and MPEG move watchng, wth a centra processor fast
enough and a RAM arge enough to enabe the user to pay and nteract
wth these meda n reatme, and wth a hard dsk arge enough to store
mutmeda works that the user can create.
67. Where to use mutmeda?
Mutmeda mproves nformaton reaton. Mutmeda appcatons
ncudes the foowng:
o Busness
o Schoos
o Home
o Pubc pace
68. Lst out the benefts of mutmeda
Benefts of mutmeda are
o Tranng
o Saes
o Communcatons
o Medcnes
69. What s hypermeda?
A set of documents n whch a gven document can contan text, graphcs
vdeo and audo cps as we as embedded references to other documents
word wde web pages are hypermeda documents.
70. What s hypertext?
Hyper text s an appcaton of ndexng text to provde a rapd search of
specfc text strngs n one or more documents. Hypertext s an ntegra
part of hypermeda documents. In mutmeda appcatons, a hypermeda
documents s the basc compex ob|ect of whch text s a sub-ob|ect. Other
sub-ob|ects n the basc ob|ect ncude mages, sound, and fu-moton
vdeo.
22