0

Book one. S
t
dgar




1


S
t
dgar is the first of the Avesta codex and second of the
GIic division.
There are two forms of the name of the book: swtkl
/sd
e
gar/
1
, and stwtkl /std
e
gar/
2
. In the Prs
g
Book of Psalms
the word swtyklyy /s
t
d
e
garih/ occurs three times to translate
Syriac "#$%& and '#()% prayer, supplication
3
. It is possible
to suggest a possible connection of the name with Av. stt gar
with the meaning of the collection of praises (and)
invocations
4
.
The S
t
d
e
gar contains twenty-two chapters. A separate
chapter begins with a GIic phrase, illustrates it with ethical and
theological remarks, with sometimes allusions to the legends.
A concise description of the lost S
t
d
e
gar is found in the
eighth book of the Dnkird M 680 and also in the Persian
Rivyats
5
.

Dk viii M 680:
nam: xarrah i veh den m:desn.
sdgar mdavn abar : i abe:ag stvisn i fradom ohrma:d
gbisn, ped menidrih, guftrih ud kirdrih, ud pahre: i a: dd i

1
!" $ % & Dk viii M 678, !" $ '( M 680.
2
)* + $ % & ZVY 1.1, )* + $ ',( K 27, !"#$% MU I 3.
3
Cf. 122 Canon, 128 Canon, 129.2.
4
Cf. Y 34.2 vahme garbis sttm in a hymn with invocations
(consisting) of praises Z nivvisn |k fdag-g
b
ih | utn andar gar[-
dmn] stvem, Y 41.1 stt gar vahm5ng praises, invocations, hymns
(laudations) Z stvisn gir
r
isn ud nivvisn.
5
Cf. the three Rivyats of Kma Bohra, Narimn Hsang and Dastr
Burzj (MU I 4-13), and the Dng Vizrgird 2.
2
vattar pedvragenidrdar
6
mardm, ud stvisn i hunarn kirbag
den i veh hamghr, u-s girisnigih, ud nikhisn i hgn ba:ag
hn i~ vattar den ham-thmag, u-s hilisnig~ih. a: va:isn i
meng ud pahre: i getig amehrspend vas ghih. abar xir i
meng. ud % - . + /kahvan/ bd / . 0 /fum/ baved ke andar
frasegird-i: srav.
ahlvih bdih pahlom ast.
Homage to the Fortune of the Good Dan Mzdayasni.
The S
t
d
e
gar is, essentially, about the strength of the pure
praise (= Avesta)
7
, the first Word (= book) of Ahura Mazd, for
(our) thought, speech and action; (about) the abstinence from the
law of the evil people who are obstinately adversary; the praise
of the virtues and pious works which are of the same substance
as the good dan, and should be taken; and the blame of the
defects and impious works which are of the same seed as the evil
dan, and should be abandoned; concerning the worship of the
Savant Immortals in the world of thought and their protection in
the world of living beings, and also much information about the
things of the world of thought. About the ancient history and also
that which will happen in the Renovation.
asom voh vahistom asti.

A synopsis of each of the twenty-two chapters
8
of the
S
t
d
e
gar nask is found in the ninth book of the Dnkird.
A formula of four words concludes the account of each
chapter. The formula is permuted in the order of its words. In the
first, eighth, fifteen, (and twenty-third) chapters it is written in its
normal order: asom voh vahistom asti Asa vahista is good. It
recalls the name of the creator (daovah-/ daous-, Ahura

6
1 )" 23-45 / )" )6- & , J5 / )7 )6- + , cf. GV 4.74 patvrainidr rendered by
Skt. pratightavit-.
7
Cf. Bd 177.
8
fragard < *fra-karota- section from Av. fra-kart to cut up.
3
Mazd) for the first, eighth, fifteen and twenty-third days of the
month.

Observe. The following statement of the contents of the S
t
d
e
gar is taken
from the Dnkird, except where otherwise noted. Words in [ ] do not belong to
the transposition of the Avesta text, but are glosses or explanations of the
tradition-unbroken (# Skt. akhanita prampar). Words in parentheses ( ) are
added by me to complete the sense of the translation, or they are merely
explaining of those which precede or follow them.





4
Ch. 1 YaI Ah Vairy (Y 27.13 ; Dk M 787-788).

The YaI Ah Vairy (formula) is at the base of the daen
(= Avesta), and from it is the fashioning forth of the twenty-one
books (of the Avesta)
9
.
[The existence of the

threefold science (g/-, haoa.m/ra-,

and dta-)
10
, the foremost and uppermost of other sciences, has
been shown in its proper place.] Here (In this chapter) it is said
about the strength (ama-) and valour (voro/ra-) owing to a recital
of the YaI Ah Vairy formula at the beginning of each
action
11
:
One (YaI Ah Vairy is to be recited) when one wishes to
say something (to any one); one, when one wishes to request
something (of any one); one, when one goes for work
12
.
Two (YaI Ah Vairys are to be recited) when one wishes
to pronounce blessings (frivana-)
13
.
Four, when one celebrates the Gratification of the Ratus
(ratufriti-) [i.e. the ceremonial of the Ghnbr]
14
.

9
va/-ah-vairv ped bunih i den, u-s brihenidagih i naskn a:is. Cf. Y
19.3 ahunahe vairvehe: ahunver [hn meng ke den ravg kuned ke hn
den a: ahunver brihenid ested].
10
8- 8- /

si/ dnisn. Cf. Skt. tri-vidy- threefold knowledge, tray! vidy"

(i.e. !gved, Smaved, Yajurved).
11
Cf. n 19, Persian Rivyats MU I 13-14.
12
ka kr saved. Cf. n 19.2 ka-: kr-e vi:red when one goes to
discharge his natural functions? Pers. kr vi:rdan # Arab. $%&(&)+-. /0134.
,578-., cf. Dk vi M 568.
Cf. also Vd 2.18 Z pedgenid k ke xeskrih ped kr-e be kmed sudan
a-s si gm rabihvindar rn savisn, u-s va/ ah vairv-e be g
b
isn it is
revealed that: he who dutifully wishes to go for a work, he shall advance
three steps to the southerly state, he shall recite a va/-ah-vairv.
13
Cf. Y 8.4 Z va/-ah-vairv bismrdig guftan, Peymnag kadag-
xadyh 1 xnend harv do mobedn va/-ah-vairv do guftan. At the
beginning of the :frnagn dahmn va/-ah-vairv do br, asom voh si
br.
5
Five, when it is for the removal (ni:boroiti-) of the Lie
(druj-)
15
.
Six, when (one seeks) strength and valour in battle
16
.
Seven, when one (goes to) the ceremonial of the Savant
Immortals, or when one wishes to perform the ceremonial of the
Savant Immortals
17
.
Eight, when one (goes to) the ceremonial of the Iravasi of the
truthful ones
18
.
Nine, when one wishes to scatter seed into his land
19
.

14
Cf. the beginning of the :frnagn ghnbr va/-ah-vairv cahr
br, asom voh si br. Cf. also Y 9.14.
15
pan: ka dru: be-barisnih.Cf. Vd 11.3. Yt 11.3 m/r spont
ma#vovim drufom ni:bairist ahun vairv vacm voro/rafstom the Savant
Formula is the most getting rid of the spiritual Lie; the Ahuna Vairya is the
most obstruction-smashing of words. Cf. also the beginning of the Petit:
va/-ah-vairv pan:. Five va/-ah-vairvs are to be recited in the
ceremonial of Sraosa, and in the Visprad service with the xsnuman of Sraosa.
16
sas ka amvandih, sas ka per:garih kre:r. Cf. n 19.6 sas ke
amvandih xstan saved ud kre:r, d per:gardar bavd, MU I 13
& () #**+ #,- ./* 01 23+ 45 6" 7).* 89+:; 4#< + =4.>9 45 6" 7?@ A+1 B?C DE@ .) (@ D$3+
7F-#G H I
17
haft ka hn i amehrspendn va:isn ka va:isn i amehrspendn kmed
kirdan. Cf. n 7 haft ke va:isn i va:adn kirdan saved, amehrspendn
va:isn pestar resend. Seven va/-ah-vairvs are to be recited in the
ceremonial of Ng-nvar.
18
ast ka hn i ahlavn fravahr va:isn. Cf. n 8 ast ke va:isn i ardv
fravard kirdan saved. Cf. also the beginning of the :frnagn GI: va/
ah vairv ast br, asom voh si br. Eight yaI ah vairys are to be recited
in the xsnuman of the five GI-days (panz gh, #$%&')*)).
19
n ka-s thm :amig kmed abgandan. Cf. n 19.9 n ke frdv
kistan saved 8- e rv ce g
b
ed ce frdv ped n mh be rased d frdv pes
rased, ud xrafstarn :vn kam be kuned, MU I 13
& () J:>9 6" #F 2G6" (@ D$3+ =7??@ 86.K$L@ .* + 7??@ 8M*NOP .* + 7F6.@ J:>96" QOP (@ D$3+
7??@ 8M*NOP RS 7?F-#G #**+ #,- ./* (F 4.>9 45 6" =7F9.% (< , 45 T./> + 7?F.LF H I
6
Ten, when one wishes to release the male animals (for
mating)
20
.
Eleven, when one goes to seek a womans hand in
marriage
21
.
Twelve, when one wishes to go up on a mountain
22
.
Thirteen, when one wishes to go to a district
23
.
Twelve, when one goes away from the right path; or, when
one wishes to cross a ford
24
.
For the smashing of the Davas, one has to first recite the
YaI Ah Vairy.
(Before) all the good material creations there was a requisite
Word to be recited, (that is) the Ahuna Vairya
25
which assembles
the whole (sacred Formulas), which (Ahura Mazd) did declare
to ZaraIustra.
26


20
dah ka-s gusn kmed histan. Av. varsni.harsta- (adj.) rendered by Pers.
ke gusn-hilisnih [pedis andar ved].
MU I 352 (Dhabhar 314): Bahman Punjya: In India the priests who
perform the Yasna service of the lord Ahura Mazd or recite the :frnagn (in
His honour) recite ten yaI ah vairys (in the xsnuman-formula), but at no
place in the Rivyats written by the Dastrs of Persia we have seen that ten
yaI ah vairys are recited in (their) writings, seven yaI ah vairys are
ordered (to be recited).
21
v:dah ka :an xstan saved. n 19.10: 10, MU I 13: 11.
22
dv:dah ka-s ped kf-e ul varraved sudan. Cf. the beginning of the
:frnagn Rabihbin: va/ ah vairv dv:dah br, asom voh si br. n
19.12: 11, MU I 14: 12.
23
rstg (< /raot.stc-) rendering Av. si/r, cf. F 5. n 19.13: 12,
MU I 14: 13.
24
dv:dah aberh be saved, !5 % + /avb/ ka-s ped hn i bn vidarag be
kmed sudan. n 19.14: 13, MU I 14: 12.
25
Cf. Vd 2.18 Z hn abestg i va/-ah-vairv a: ahunver pedg The
Avesta of a YaI-ah-vairy is manifest from Ahuna Vairya.
26
dahisnn i veh abvisnig
u
smurisn soxan ahunver hangirdigih hamg
:ardust guftan. For translating this passage I follow the thoughts in Y 19.
7
Through enunciating (frasriti-)
27
[with a virtuous mind
28
]
every single word of the Ahuna Vairya a dava is disabled, and
(there is) protection of person and property from the adversary
29
.
The twenty-one books (of the Avesta) are classified
according to the first, second, and third verse-line
30
of the Ahuna
Vairya.
The abundance
31
of the creatures is more owing to the
thought, word, and deed of a caretaker
32
who is unmarried
33

[celibate]; and more reverence (asi-) is to be shown to him; the
constant contemplation of Truth, and the existence of its
recompense
34
.
ascm voh vahistcm ast.





27
ped fr:-srvisnih. Cf. Y 9.14 ahunom vairim frasrvav
xrao:dvehe [fra]sriti: ahunver fr: srd [k-t vast i nvar kird] ped
xr:d fr:-srvisnih [tuxsgih].
28
ped frrn-menisnih. Cf. Y 35.9 Z.
29
psebnih i tan ud xstag a: pedvrag. Pers. psebnih rendering Av.
spaxsti- (f.) watchfulness; Pers. tan rendering Av. tan- (f.) body; self;
Pers. xstag rendering Av. avarot- (f.) object of value; Pers. pedvrag <
Av. paitvra- (m.).
30
gh rendering Av. afsman- (nt.) line (of verse).
31
ab:n rendering i:- (f.) milk libation.
32
)9: + /
2
rd/ rendering Av. roa- (m), cf. Y 9.23 hai/im roomca
baxsaiti. hn i skrag hn i rd baxsed [k-sn sv be pedgened].
33
3-45 . ;<3=- + $ + /ayrav [a-grift]/ rendering Av. *ayru- (m.) unmarried
(Skt. gru-), ayr- (f.) virgin (Skt. agr#-). Cf. Y 9.23 ayrv: agrift [k ne
gd estend].
34
hamesag menidrih i ahlvih, ud astih i-s pdsn. Cf. Y 35.9 asom
manv (manav?) vahehv fravaocm we wish to proclaim with better
contemplation (zeal?) as truth Z ped ahlvih menidrih i veh fr: g
b
em [ped
frrn-menisnih].
8
Ch. 2 Ascm Voh (Y 27.14; Dk M 788).

The second chapter is about the reward of the praise of Truth
[the reward of] the dan
35
; and the punishment (poro/a-) of
(its) want of praise.
Well-being is through Truth
36
.
ascm vahistcm voh ast.

Ch. 3 Yeph Htam (Y 27.15; Dk M 789).

The third chapter is about the making of men for a long
life
37
, and when they live on for fifty (or, seventy)
38
years, they
become dust (psnu-) for a long time; the coming of death
(aosah-) even to a man who lives more tranquil than (others), at
the end of his life
39
.
The good things of this world are passed by, except the love
of Truth
40
which is given to the worthy.

35
stvisn i ahlvih den mi:d. Av. as.mi:da- (adj.) having Truth as
reward rendered by ahlvih-mi:d, cf. Y 55.2; Av. as.stiti- (f.) praise of
Truth rendered by ahlvih-stvisnih, cf. Hn 1.6. Cf. also Vd 19.22 satom
as.stitinm upa.stvis you should pronounce in praise a hundred praises of
Truth Z e-sad ahlvih-stvisnih abar-stvisn [asom voh]. About the
connection of Asa and dan to the (best) reward, cf. Y 49.9.
36
a: ahlvih pedixih. Cf. Y 28.1 spontahv as holy through Truth Z
bdih a: ahlvih-abgih [k-m pedixih ped frrnih daved].
37
-4<=>? '=( @ /dagr-:&visnih/ rendering Av. *daroy.fasti- (f.) long
request? We can read /dagr-:ivisnih/ rendering Av. daroy.fiti-/ G
darog.fviti- (f.) long life. Cf. Y 1.6 hufvt5e good living/ subsistence
rendered by A -4<=>? @ (corr. 47B? A - @ /hu-:ivisnih/).
38
M 2!", K 2!*.
39
ped brin i-s :indagih. Pers. brin renders Av. /arosah- (m.) cut, end,
cf. N 40; :indagih renders Av. fvtu- (m.) life, living, cf. Y 31.15.
40
ahlvih dsrm. Pers. dsrm renders Av. cinman- (nt.), cf. A 3.7, P
43, F 19.
9
An opulent person, who gives nothing to a worthy
suppliant
41
, shall propagate the law of davas
42
and give
strength to the davas
43
.
ascm ast vahistcm voh.

Ch. 4 Ynm.man (introductory formula to the first GI, Y
28.0; Dk M 789-790).

The best long life
44
is, firstly, when (one lives) till the Final
Body
45
; secondly, when now one possesses intelligence (xratu-),
bound tongue
46
, diligence
47
, and endurance
48
, which are the
factors of life; and (when) one is devoid of these five which
make (life) ineffective, (that is,) greediness
49
, sloth
50
,

41
tavnig kas ke ar:nig xstr tis ne dahed. Cf. Y 28.4 isi tavc I
shall be able, and I shall be capable Z xstr ud tavnig desirous, and able.
42
hn i devn dd the law of davas. Or, we can read hn i devn-dd
what is established by davas. Pers. devn-dd renders Av. daev.dta-
(adj.), cf. Y 9.5.
43
devn :r. Cf. Dk v M 465 :r i devn.
44
A4<=>? '=( @ /dagr-:isnih/.
45
ped tan i pasen.
46
1 )CCD A + ? A @ /frahd-u:vnih/. Av. hit.hi:vah- (adj.) with bound
tongue, cf. Y 65.9; Av. hita- (adj.) bound, harnessed, (m.) draught horse is
rendered by 1 )CCD + , cf. Y 9.22 aurvant hita taxsonti aronum the fleet
coursers who run, harnessed, along the race course Z ke arvand hend asn
hn i 1 )CCD tuxsg kuned [asp]. Cf. also Dk iv M 411 frahd-u:vn.
47
tuxsgih rendering Av. /axsah- (nt.).
48
1 $ + % % E4F3- /pettkkrih/? Cf. Bd 119 tuxskkrih. We can emend the
word thus: pettg<ih ud frrn>grih endurance and upright action.
49
:varih. Ant. xbarih, cf. Dk iii M 327-28; connexe (brdarod)
tuxsgih, cf. Dk iii M 289.
50
xaftagih. Ant. tuxsgih, cf. F 25.1; connexe hvansandih, cf. Dk iii M
289.
10
indolence
51
, ridicule
52
, and unlawful (sexual) intercourse
53
.
Dahka possessed these five defects, and <rataona who was
devoid of them became dominant, and conquered him in revenge
for Yima.
About the gravity of these four defects
54
which make life
grave
55
, that is, drunkenness
56
, evil companionship
57
, heresy
58
,
and self-love
59
. Yima removed these four defects from the world
of living beings, and afterwards he was able to prepare
immortality
60
.
About avoidance of a person who is violent in words and
thief (/ evil) in spirit, and association with (a person who is) firm
in words, of a good spirit, and friend. (Or: About avoiding him
who is inimical in words, thief in mind, and not keeping
company with a person who is stubborn in words, and not being
friend to him who has no ahu.)
61


51
a:gahnih. Ant. te:ih, cf. F 25.1; connexe hvansandih, cf. Dk iii M 53.
52
ridih # rihrih, connexe rmisn (i pk), cf. Dk iii M 289.
53
abrn-mar:idrih, cf. Petit 3.1 abrn-mar:isnih, AVN 88.4.
54
grvih i en cahr hg. Cf. Dk iii M 235 grv hgn, opp. pahlom
hunarn.
55
A4<=>? G3( @ /grv-vi:visnih/ grievous wrong, or /grn-:isnih/?
56
mastgih. Cf. DD 50 huden i srd ghn i husr ke-s mastgih ne
pedg.
57
H 2-49I- ++ @ /du
s
-hamxgih/. Av. haxv-/ haxi- (m.) friend, companion
is rendered by Pers. ha
m
xg, xb-ha
m
xg rendering Av. hus.haxv- (adj.)
being a good companion. The form H ++ is found in Dk iii M 205 H J ++ H A47 +
(Av. dus-manah-/ G du:.manah- adj. having bad thoughts rendered by Pers.
dus-menisn, cf. Y 49.11).
58
ahlemyih. Av. asomaoya- (m.) heretic.
59
xad-dsagih. Ant. den, cf. Dk vi M 474.
60
amargih svist vinrdan. Cf. RP 62.14 amargih vinrdan ped rh i
stih sved-bd.
61
This translation is not satisfactory.
11
He who propagates evil commands
62
in the world gives
courage to Lie (druj-).
About the complaint of a complaining
63
poor (driyu-) for a
best remedy (*darmn-), and owing to the complaint of the
complainant, the offender
64
is pressed back, rejected,
untrustworthy and deprived.
About the connection of the judges
65
from the lowest
grades up to the highest adjudicator
66
who is Ahura Mazd, to
the complaining of a true and reasonable complainant and the
reasonable complaint of the true complainers.
voh ascm vahistcm ast.







abar pahre: i a: v ke ped gbisn )9K- ++ ped A45 + du: ud abgih i staft
gbisn i A45A + i hamg.
)9K- ++ rendering Av. hazah- (nt.) violent force (rendered, elsewhere, by
stahmag)? Or, /a-rd-van/ (Skt. arti-vn- adj. hostile, inimical)? A45 + /ox/ <
ahv-/ ah- (f.) spirit? H L + /duz/ thief rendering Av. tvu- (m.), cf. Dk viii
M 721 du:-menisnih thievish mind; )* 1 $ + /staft/ (Skt. stabdha- adj. firmly
fixed; stiff; proud; obstinate, stubborn) rendering Av. staxta- adj.) (# Pers.
saxt hard, firm)? A45A + /hvox/ < hvahu- (adj.) with good existence (/
spirit)/ or /anox/ an-ahu- (adj.) having no ahu.
62
framn rendering Av. m/ra- (m.) formula.
63
mustomand from
2
must complaint < *musti-, cf. Dk vi M 478 must ud
gilag.
64
must
e
gar from
1
must offence (opp. :dih), cf. GV 14.37 must ud
abeddih, GV 11.17 must ud stahm.
65
ddvar rendering Av. kaesa- (m.) teacher.
66
vi:irgar, cf. Dk iii M 161.
12
Ch. 5 Xsmaiby (Y 29 ; Dk M 790).

A father may forget his son, a son his father, a brother his
brother, a friend
67
his friend, a husband his wife
68
, a wife her
husband, at the time of satiety and opulence
69
; but the Spirit of
the GIs
70
never forgets the reciter and chanter of the GIs
at the time of pressing the Haoma-juice (in the morning)
71
.
About the complaint of the Spirit of the GIs when a
scholar priest (ae/rapaiti-) [a high-priest]
72
passes away in a
foreign country
73
, and the body (kohrp-) of that man does not
come back to his own land (bmi-); because, without that (body),
there will be the engendering and oppression
74
of heretics in that
land.

67
dst rendering Av. urva/a- (adj.) friend (by vow) derived from an old
*urva/a- (nt.), cf. Yt 1.24 (opp. dusma#vu- > Pers. dusmen), or frya- (adj.)
friend, cf. Y 43.14.
68
mnbed nrig. Av. nmn.paiti- (m.) master of the mansion (/
house), husband, nirika (f.) woman, wife, cf. H 5.1 nirika v
nmn.paitis v the wife or the master of the home Z nrig avb mnbed [i
kadag-xadv].
69
andar :amn hand:isn ped sagrih ud hang. Pers. :amn hand:- to
cast the time (/ horoscope), cf. KAP 4.6; hang great capacity, cf. GV 4.81
kam-nergih ud abe-hangih.
70
meng i ghn. Cf. Bd 180 meng i ghn va:isn.
71
hvanig
u
smurdr ud srdr i ghn. Pers. hvanig renders Av. hvani-
(adj.) connected with the hvani (the time of the haoma pressing), cf. N 47
hvaninm g/anm. Pers.
u
smurdr renders Av. marota- (m.) mortal,
man, cf. Y 29.7 marotaeibv: usmurdrn [herbedn]. Pers. srdr renders
Av. sraotar- (m.), cf. N 21 upa-sraotr: abar-srdrn.
Then, the correct transposition is: hvanig mard i srdr i ghn a man
who chants the GIs at the Hvani watch.
72
herbed ud dastvar.
73
ped u:dehigih. Av. uzdahu- (adj.) who (/ which) is outside the
country, H 9.4 u:dahuci: ped u:dehigih.
74
:visn ud stahmagih. Av. :/a- (nt.) birth, engendering is rendered by
:visn, cf. Y 48.5. Av. hazah- (nt.) violence, violent force is rendered by
stahmag, cf. Y 33.12.
13
About the superior power
75
of the Spirit of the GIs, and
also that of generosity (riti-) to save the soul from hellish
existence (dao:aha-).
voh vahistcm ascm ast.

A passage of this chapter is quoted in the n (syist n-syist):
9.2 srg ke ped u:dehigih be videred ped grn dst este.
ud ast dastvar ke fud-ddestn, ast ke sahr i anern g
b
ed. 3
pedg k ka :ardusttom-e ped u:dehigih be videred ahlemy-e
andar mn be :ved. en grnih ev: ped :ardusttom guft ested.
The priest who passes away in a foreign country it should be
considered as grave. There is a high-priest who is of a different
opinion; there is a (high-priest) who says it is about a non-Aryan
land. It is revealed that: when a pontiff (zaraIustr.tcma-) passes
away in a foreign country, then a heretic will be born in that
house [this gravity is only mentioned as to the pontiff].
# Dk M 790 ka hrbed ud dastvar ped uzdehgh be videred
ud kerb hn mard abz xs bm n rased hn ry c az hn be
andar hn bm zyisn ud stahmagh ahlemh ahlemn
baved.

Ch. 6 A[.t.vaxsy (Y 30; Dk M 790-792).

The foremost of five boons are: the first through
righteousness
76
, the second through good offspring
77
, and the
third through the land (where) grow (plants)
78
, the fourth through
flocks of sheep
79
, and the fifth through preparation for duty
80
.

75
abardar-:rih. Cf. Dk iii M 129-130 abardar-:rig-i: xarrah i veh den.
76
pahlomih bdih ahlvih rendering vahista-, vohu-, asa-.
77
fra:end i nek rendering Av. fra:ainti- srir- good offspring. Cf. Yt
13.134 vahuva fra:antis.
78
:amig i rvisnomand. Cf. Y 10.4 staomi :om va/ra raooahe
hubaoiois aurv I praise the earths where you grow, fragrant, O fleet
courser! Z stvem :amig k rust este [hn gvg ped nmcist] hubvih ud
14
About the distribution of fortune to the diligent, and of
poverty to the indolent
81
.
About the finding of Fortune, singly sitting
82
, two-fold
going
83
, threefold rushing
84
, fourfold running (on foot)
85
, five-
fold riding a horse
86
, six-fold driving in a chariot
87
, seven-fold by
acquaintance and resolution (of a legal case) in a trial (or, in
understanding and interpreting the law)
88
, eight-fold by good

arvandih, Vd 19.18 urvaranmca uru/mvanm to growths of plants Z
urvar i rvisnomand.
79
ramag i mesn. Cf. Yt 10.28 g5usca v/a herds of cattle.
80
frahdih i ped xeskrih. Cf. Y 9.22 aurvant hita taxsonti fleet
coursers run, prepared, Z arvand hend asn hn i frahd tuxsg kunend
[asp].
81
baxsisn i tuxsgn xarrah, a:gahnn skhih. The word xarrah (<
Av. xaronah-) is interchangeable with xeskrih, cf. Dk iii M 394 xarrah
xeskrih-i: baved. Cf. Dk iii M 294 tavn i tuxsgih ped xeskrih (/ xarrah).
Pers. skhih (< OPers. skau/i- poor, weak) renders Av. ainisti- (f.)
inability; inactivity, cf. F 7. Cf. also Dk vi M 563 a: a:gahnih a-hunarih
veh-dusmenih, a: veh-dusmenih a-xeskrih, a: a-xeskrih skhih
82
nisivn rendering Av. ahna- (ptc. from h to be seated, sit), cf. N
37, P 10.
83
ravn-: rendering Av. a-vant- (ptc. from -i to come), cf. Vd 6.26
poa avantom walking, going on foot Z ped pv ravn.
84
ta:n rendering Av. tacant- (ptc. from tac to flow, run), tacan- (adj.),
cf. N 37 av v taca v, Vd 6.26 avantom v tacintom v. ravn avb ta:n.
85
)CCD ++ A L /davn-:/ rendering Av. *davant- (ptc. from du, Skt. dhv to
run, flow, go quickly).
86
barn-: ped asp. Av. bar.aspa- (adj.) riding a horse, cf. Vd 6.26
baromnom v va:omnom v: avb barn avb va:n [bar.asp va:.ra/],
cf. also N 37.
87
v:n-: ped rah. Av. va:.ra/a- (adj.) driving (in) a chariot.
88
ped ddestn snxtrih ud vi:rdrih. Pers. ddestn law; legal
process; legal case and its resolution < *dta-stna- law-court, lawsuit.
About the knowledge of legal matters (aro/ra-) see F 5. Pers. vi:rdrih
explanation; resolution, rendering a decision; remission (of sins), cf. Dk iv
M 426 frasn pursidrih vi:rdrih.
15
protection of wealth
89
, nine-fold with expert industry in the
cultivation of land
90
, and ten-fold by teaching the Savant
Formula
91
.
About the grievous regret of an aged man
92
owing to his
indolence in youth
93
.
There are four things which when a man has amassed in
youth, he becomes more tranquil in old age: first, correct
instruction
94
; second, property which brings revenue
95
; third, a
virtuous wife
96
; fourth, an inhabited mansion
97
.
Five boons are best to be amassed
98
: duty
99
, diligence
100
,
contentment
101
, presence of mind
102
, and applying a remedy
103
.

89
ped hubnagih i xstagn-:. Av. hvapah- (adj.) artful, artistic, (m.)
artful work(s) is rendered by Pers. hubnagih, cf. Y 37.2; Pers. xb <
hvapah- (Skt. svpas-). The correct transposition may be: ped xbih i
xstagn-: (avarot-) by artistic work on objects of value.
90
ped snsagih tuxsgih i abar var:idrih i :amig. Cf. F 3.5
:aintivaitis: snsagih. Av. /axsah- (nt.) diligence, zeal is rendered by
tuxsgih, cf. Y 33.3. Av. vstrva- (m.) forager, herdsman; farmer is
rendered by var:idr, cf. Y 51.5. Cf. also HAM 123 var: i :amig kun!
91
ped ham:grih i mnsrspend. Pers. ham:gr teacher, cf. PXA
ham:gr ud rad, Dk iv M 412 ham:gr i frahd-u:vn, GV 1.44 pvag i
ham:grih. Pers. mnsrspend/ mahrspend < Av. m/ra- sponta-.
92
:armn mard rendering Av. :aurura- nar-. Cf. Vd 3.19 :aurur:
:armn [sast slag, pes ud pas].
93
ped favnih. Av. y
a
van- (m.) youth, young man is rendered by favn,
cf. Vr 3.3. Cf. HKR 20 andar favnih.
94
frahang i frrn # frahang i a: den kirdan, cf. n 13.29.
95
xstag i baromand. Cf. MHD 342 xstag i ravn dahend agar
baromand
96
:an i nek < yon-/ nirik- srir- beautiful woman? Cf. HP I 5 :an
nek.
97
mnd i bdn. Pers. mnd renders Syr. '(*+, sanctuary, cf. Ps.
96.6, and &-. enclosure; court; homestead, Ps. 96.8. Cf. also M 853 vas
mnd ud varisn.
98
panz LM/ -47 + /hand:isn/ i bdih pahlom.
99
xeskrih also is used for xarrah < Av. xaronah-. HVfp 1 tuxsg baved
ud kirbag hand:ed ud a: xeskrih be ne varded.
16
About avoidance of keeping company with drunkards
104
.
One should not drink an intoxicating beverage
105
in the
pleasure of the Yazatas
106
, (for) he becomes, by drinking
intoxications
107
, with a twisted mind
108
, violent
109
, and annoyer
of people
110
, and misbehaving with others
111
.

100
tuxsgih renders Av. /axsah- (nt.). Note too the use of tuxsgih to
explain rv < Av. rv- (m.) wealth. Cf. Y 60.4 ravmca xaronahmca of
riches and of Fortune Z rv ud xarrah [i ohrma:d xeskrih ud tuxsgih].
101
hvansandih rendering Av. usan- (nt.) wish, cf. Y 45.9 us5n at will,
at liberty Z ped hvansandih; and Av. saoa- (m.) appearance, look, cf. F 12
saioe: hvansandih. Cf. also Dk iii M 312 hvansandih ud xeskrih ud tuxsgih
ud bavandag-menisnih ud sarm ud abrig hunarn.
102
+ A )C6( N @ /vigrd-usih/? vigrd wakeful, vigilant (from gar to be
awake, Pers. vi-grs-: vigrd to wake; rouse from sleep); us mind,
intelligence (Av. us-i).
103
crakkarih. Cf. Dk iii M 182 kirrgig crakkarih. Av. carokoro/ra-
(nt.) hymn of praise, laud is rendered by crakkirdrih, cf. Y 29.8; Skt.
carkt- (f.) praising, Fars. !< /cargar/ singer, minstrel.
104
pahre: i a: nisastan i abg mastgn. Cf. HAM 21 abg mastg mard
ham-xarisn m bs!
105
mavenisn xred. Cf. Dk viii M 730 gst ud pem ud nn ud mavenisn-:,
M 735 xrisn i mavenisn. Pers. maven- renders Av. maoava- (caus. Pres.) to
intoxicate, cf. N 30 maoaite: mavened.
106
ped dsisn i va:adn. Cf. Y 33.2 ahurahv :aose ma:da: ped dsisn
i~ ohrma:d.
107
ped mavisnn xrisn. Pers. mavisn renders renders Av. maoa- (m.)
intoxication, cf. Y 10.19 frasa fravantu te mao: fr: franm ed i t mavisn.
108
abrn-menisn rendering Av. ara/v.manah- (adj.) whose thoughts
are not according to the models, cf. Y 61.4 drvatm ara/v.manahm:
drvandn abrn-menisnn.
109
:adr renering Av. aka- (adj.) evil, bad.
110
besidr i kasn. Pers. besidr renders Av. bisvant- (adj.) hostile,
opp. rmenidr. Pers. kasn (other) people (opp. xesn). Cf. Dk iii M 234
abar kasn ped rmenidrih, N 40 ped hn i xes ped hn i kasn.
111
;* + H )" '- i krn.
1/dabenidr/ = daftr, from dab- to be coarse with somebody < *zab.
2/vebenidr/ shaker; who commits pederasty, from veben- < vip.
17
The food (xaro/a-) which you eat, you should deserve it
112
,
so that what you have eaten may become light not heavy [that is,
when you eat, do good deeds, and abstain from sin]
113
, so that
what you have eaten (may make you) immortal (anaosa-) and
comfortably well-off (svta-) [that is, share it with the poor, and
the poor will bless you]. The poor who follows the righteous
law
114
, his blessing (frivana-/ frina-) is best.
voh asti vahistom asom.

Ch. 7 T.v.urvt (Y 31).

The seventh chapter of the lost Stdgar was itself an Avesta commentary
on the GIic Yasna 31 (T.v.urvt Hiti). ZaraIustra, as a seer (orosi),
inquires of Ahura Mazd about the things which are coming and may come
(Y 31.14 t v :i iti f5nghatic). The idea of the four periods, in a
millennium, was re-interpreted by Persian magi, in the Sasanian time, to fit
the Mazdayasnian version of the Perso-Aryan history.
There are two versions from the Prs
g
Commentary (zand) on the seventh
chapter of the Stdgar. One is found in the ninth book of the Dnkird, M 792:

The seventh chapter is about the exhibition to ZaraIustra of
the four kinds of period which are in the millennium
(ha:ar.:vam- a thousand winters) of ZaraIustra:
First, that of gold (:aronaena-), in which Ahura Mazd
revealed the dan to ZaraIustra; second, that of silver
(oro:ataena-), [in which Vstspa accepted the dan from

Pers; krn others, (other) people, cf. KAP 10.1 sahr i krn.
112
ar:nigih. Av. han to deserve; gain is rendered by ar:nig bdan,
cf. Y 54.1.
113
hn i-tn xarisn xard ar:nigih, ud k-t xard sabuk bavd m
sangig |e k ka-t xard kirbag kunend ud a: vinh pahre:|. Cf. Y 8.2 xarata
nar aetom mva:dom vi dim hahna asca eat, men, this ritual meal,
whoever (among you) has gained (/ deserved) it by truth Z e xared mard hn
mva:d ke hn ar:nig ped ahlvih |k-s kr ud kirbag xes h baved].
114
drivus i ahl-ddestn rendering driyu- as.kaesa- poor, whose
teaching (/ teacher) is Truth, cf. Yt 10.84, P 44.
18
ZaraIustra]; third, that of steel (avahaena- xaena-), the period
in which was born the director of Truth (*asa.r:a-) [i.e.
:darbd son of Mahrspend]; fourth, that of a rusted iron
(*avahaena- upa-irista-), the period in which (there will be) the
proliferation and domination of the heretics and other evil ones.
About the destruction of religion (daen-) and of royalty
(xsa/ra-), the enfeeblement of every kind of good thing and good
wish, the decline of morale and rationality in the Aryan lands in
this (fourth) period; about the reckoning of many hardship and
the transition of the period
115
and the gravity of the life of the
good ones [who will be in need].
vahistcm ascm voh ast.

Another exposition of the seventh chapter of the Stdgar is found as the
first chapter of the Zand Vahman Yasn:
cn a: stdgar pedg k. :ardust a: ohrma:d a-
h
sih xst.
pas ohrma:d xrad i harvisp-gh be :ardust nimd. u-s van-e
bun pedis be did ke cahr a:g pedis bd. ek :arren, ud ek
asemen, ud ek plvaden, ud ek hun abar-gumixt estd. egis
ped ed dst k ped xamn did. ka a: xarm be bd a-s guft
:ardust k. xadv i mengn getign! nimved k-m draxt-e bun
did ke cahr a:g pedis bd.
guft-as ohrma:d spitmn :ardust k. hn draxt-e bun ke t
did hn getig ast i man ohrma:d dd~ hn cahr a:g hn
cahr vm ast i rased. hn i :arren, hn i ka an ud t
hampursem, vistsp |sh| den be pedired, |ud devn klbod be
skenned, ud devn a: skragih~ vireg ud nihn-ravisnih
estend|; hn i asemen |xadviih~ ardaser i kav sh|; ud hn i
plvaden |xadvih i ansag-ravn husr i~ kavdn|; ud hn
i hun abar-gumixt ested |dus-pdixsvih i~ devn i vi:rd-

115
O>? @ )* ++ /:mihistan/ i vm. Pers. :m-: :ft to lead, send < gam to
come.
19
vars i esm-thmag|, ka nhom sad:im i t sar baved, spitmn
:ardust.
As is manifest from the Stdgar: ZaraIustra asked for
immortality from Ahura Mazd. Then Ahura Mazd showed the
omniscient wisdom (xratm visp.viovahom) unto ZaraIustra.
Through it, he saw a tree
116
on which there were four branches
(*azga-): one of gold, one of silver, one of steel, and one of
rusted iron. Thereupon he considered that he saw it in a dream.
Once woken from sleep, ZaraIustra said: O spiritual (ma#yava-
) and material (gae/va-) lord! It seems that I saw a tree on which
there were four branches.
Ahura Mazd said to Spitama ZaraIustra: The tree which
you saw <is the material world which I, Ahura Mazd,
established>. The four branches are the four periods (aii.gma-)
which will come: That of gold, is that when I and you hold a
conference, [king] Vstspa accepts the dan, [breaks the body
shapes of the davas and the davas resort from publicity to
flight and concealment]; that of silver [the reign of ArtaxsaIra of
the Kavi-dynasty]; that of steel [the reign of Xusro (+&,-./0)
of immortal soul, son of Kavd]; and that of rusted iron [the evil
rule of the davas, having dishevelled hair, of the seed of Wrath],
when it will be the end of your ninth century (sat.:vam-), O
Spitama ZaraIustra!

Ch. 8 X
v
atumait (Y 32; Dk M 792-794).

One should avoid men who do not profess the dan
(religion)
117
on account of the performance of the sacrifice for

116
van-e bun. Pers. van-bun = draxt-bun tree; Fars. J)9#! /g:-bun/
walnut tree. Pers. van < Av. van- (f.) tree.
117
anstavn i den. Av. an-stta- (adj.) without having praised is
rendered by Pers. anstavn, cf. Vd 3.40 a ve:i aha anstt v
anaii.sravan v daenm m:davasnim but if he be not having praised or
20
Apra Ma=yu (destructive spirit); who are un-girded with the
dta (law)
118
on account of the performance of the sacrifice for
Indra and Saurva
119
; who walk with only one shoe, on account
of the performance of the sacrifice for Taurvi and Zairi
120
; who
deny insincerely on account of the performance of the sacrifice
for Akatas (evil-fashioner)
121
; and who follow the law of not

not being taught the dan mzdayasni Z agar ast anstavn |k agden, u-s
ped kirbag uskrd ested| avb-is anabar-asnd den i m:desnn |k veh den
ped xhisn ud pursisn, vinhgr ped abegumnih kirbag-menisnih kirdan].
118
anebvst dd. Cf. Vd 18.1 anaivst daenm not girded with the
dan` Z anebvst ped den [k-s vast ne kird ested].
119
'(- /indar/ < Av. indra- (m.) / Skt. ndra-.
-4* & /sval/ < Av. saurva- (m.) / Av. sarva-.
According to the Bundahisn, the business of Indra is this : He instils this
into the minds of men that they ought not to have the sacred shirt and gird.
And the business of Saurva is this: Misgovernment, oppression, injustice,
and violence! Cf. Bd 182 indar dev kr en k menisn i dmn a: frrnih n
afsred cn snixr i xb-afsard, en menisn i mardmn abganed k: sabig
kustig ne abved dstan. sval dev kr en k duspdixsvih ud stahm ud
addestnih ud mustg&rih.
120
$ - ;F: ;F3>? + + + /tar
v
iz ud zariz/ rendering Av. taurvi zairica, cf. Vd
10.10, 19.43. Av. taurvi- (m.)/ Skt. t#rvi-; Av. zairi- (m.). Bd 183 quotes from
the Avesta this: tar
v
i: tarvenidr :ari: i :ahrgirdr Taurvi is overcoming
(taraota-), Zairi poison-maker; this also: ke tis mard dahed ke gbed k
mg ek abved dstan, u-s e-mg-dvrisnih ped dd nihd ested, egis tar
v
i:
ud :ari: snvenid baved.
121
i:isn i aktas rv / N %+ '=B>3( /dus-nigirvgar/. Pers. nigirvih an
occasion for refutation, denial from *ni-grab to hold down; restrain, opp;
xustgih, cf. Dk vii M 718 nigirvih pas a: xustgih; Dk iv M 421 gugv
xustg nigirv.
2- $ E N /aktas/ < Av. akatas-. According to the Bd 184 Akatas holds back
men from proper thing. It cites from the Avesta this: ke tis hn tan dahed ke
mardm a: tis i frrn nigirv dred egis akatas dev snvenid baved.
21
(having) a serpent-scourge, on account of the performance of the
sacrifice for Vspe Dava (all the davas)
122
.
About the small-mindedness
123
of him who eats and drinks
chattering
124
, and the delight of the davas on that account. The
admonition as regards not uttering words while eating and
drinking.
The thanks and gratitude to the Yazatas before eating and
drinking, and also the praise of Truth (as.stiti-) after finishing
(meals) and cleaning mouth.
125

He who does not follow a religious authority
126
, owing to
his not being connected to the deity (Ahura Mazd)
127
, even if he

122
va:isn i hamg devn rv )C"+B3B!P- + /a-mrgan-dd/. Pers. hamg
devn # visp dev(n) rendering Av. vispe daeva, cf. Y 9.15 # Skt. visv-deva-.
Pers. mrgan serpent-scourge, gl. of xrafstargan < Av. xrafstrayna-, cf. Vd
18.2. Bd 185 cites from the Avesta this: ke tis hn tan dahed ke dd en ke
gbed k mrgan ne abved dstan egis ahrmen abg harvisp devn
snvenid baved.
123
-4<( % BQ + -47 @ /gisnag-menisnih/, ant. va:urg-menisnih, cf. Dk iii M
293.
124
ke drvn xared ud xred. Pers. drv- to speak (davic) < *:rd
(Skt. hrd). Cf. n 5 (vinh i) drvn-fvisnih.
125
ped sps ud stvisn i va:adn pes a: xarisn ud xrisn = v: griftan to
recite grace (in a suppressed tone) before taking meals, Guj. (Parsi) bj
dharvi/ levi, as below:
ped nm i va:ad
i/ va:amaide ahurom ma:dm v5 gmc asomc d apasc d
urvarasc vahis raocasc d bmimc vispc voh (= Y 37.1), asom voh
(3).
pe: pardaxt ud pkih i dahan u-s ahlvih-stvisnih v: guftan/
vi:rdan, Guj. (Pars.) bj melvi/ mukvi. One should pray, after washing hand
and mouth, as below:
asom voh (4), va/ ah vairv (2), asom voh (1). ahmi raesca ( = Y
68.11), ha:arom ( = Y 68.15), fasa.me avahe ma:da (= Y 72.9). kirbag
mizd.
126
dastvar ne dstan. Cf. n 12.2 hn i a-srsivr mard [ke dastvar ne
dred] a disobedient man [who does not have a religious authority], F 3.6
22
performs meritorious deeds, he does not attain to the Best
Existence (vahista- ahu-)
128
.
The watch
129
for the ceremonial (yasna-) of Sraosa asya is
mostly in the course of the first half of the night
130
, and the
celebrant
131
announces his watchfulness
132
against the spiritual
Druj (lie)
133
.
The watch for the ceremonial of Rasnu and Arstt is mostly
after that, in the period of Usahina (dawn)
134
, and the celebrant
announces the abundance of grains
135
.

dorot.sraosom : dst-srs [k ped dastvar kird ested] resolved on hearing
[that is, done according to the authority].
127
ped va:ad-ne-xesih. Cf. Dk vi M 532 tan a: xesih i va:adn be ne
barisn, CHP 2 va:adn xes hom ne devn.
128
A similar passage was to be found in the
u
Skdum, cf. n 12.2.
129
Pers. gh # Av. ratu- (m.) model; time period; judgment; judge.
Pers. gh = Av. gtu- (m., nt.) place, (time, cf. Vn 99).
130
ped sa:isn i fradom nemag i sab.
131
vastr. Av. fr-va:omna- (adj.) is rendered by fr:-vastr, cf. Y 68.12,
Vr 12.5; Av. a-va:omna- (adj.) is rendered by a-vastr, cf. Vd 18.5.
132
ps
e
bnih. Av. pouru.spaxsti- (f.) much watchfulness is rendered by
pur-bs
e
bnih, cf. Y 57.26.
133
About the opposition of Sraosa and Druj, cf. Yt 11.3, Y 57.15.
134
a: hn pas ped - E4CC7 (K - -4CC7 ) /usahin/ radih. According to Y 1.7
Sraosa, Rasnu, and Arstt are connected with the Usahina watch, the daily
time period preceding dawn. According to Vn 108 the celebrant should recite
Sraosahe asyehe at the time period of Usahina. Cf. also Bd 38 usahin srs
ud rasn ped hamkrih vinrd He assigned Usahina to help Sraosa and
Rasnu.
Av. usah- (f.) dawn, usahina- (adj.) connected with the watch of
Dawn, (m.) genius of Dawn. Cf. Bd 159 a: nem-sab d strag abedg gh i
usahin from midnight upto the time when the stars become invisible is the
period of Usahina. Cf. also F 27.2 bahr i sidigar usm srm us i ab:r
xnend ke usahin pedis andar ved the third part is called usam sram the
morning dawn (the strong dawn), with which the Usahina commences.
135
Cf. Y 1.7 nivaeoavemi hankravemi usahini nivaeoavemi
hankravemi borofvi nmnvica I announce, I enumerate (the Yazatas in
the ceremonial) for (the watch of) Usahina , I announce, I enumerate (the
23
The watch for the ceremonial of MiIra vouru.gaoyaoiti
(contract of wide domains) and Rman xstra (peace with
good pastures) in the world of thought is mostly in the period of
Hvani (the time of the Haoma-pressing in the morning)
136
, and
the celebrant announces the herds of cattle
137
.
The watch for the ceremonial of Asa vahista (best truth/
order) and :tar (fire) of Ahura Mazd is mostly in the period
of RapiIina (noon)
138
, and the celebrant announces the herd
of Truth
139
.

Yazatas in the ceremonial) for Bcrcjya (worthy of esteem) and Nmnya
(related to the home) Z nivevenem hangirdenem usahin nivevenem
hangirdenem + . R 8/ [i meng-e abg usahin hamkr, ramag i frdvn be
ab:vened] ud + >Q ST/ [mardm andar xeskrih i ddvar].
Pers. frdv grain, corn, cf. Vd 5.52 vaomca asom barley flour Z
frdv-i: i - $ % + /rdag/.
136
Cf. Y 1.3. Av. hvana- (m., dual) (pestle and) mortar, hvani- (adj.)
connected with the time of the haoma pressing, (m.) the genius of the
Hvani watch.
137
gspendn ramag. Cf. Y 62.10 g5us v/a upa viranm pouruts a
herd of cattle with a multitude of men Z hn i gspendn ramag ud hn i
virn pur-ravisnih [mardn i gusn].
138
ped ;<: ;<=( U /rabihbag/ radih. Cf. Y 1.4. Av. rapi/- (f.) midday,
noon, ar5m.pi/- (f.) noon, (time) fitting for the meal, rapi/ina- (adj.)
noon (time), connected with the noon-time, (m.) the genius of the noon-
time. Cf. Bd 158-59 hmin bmdd gh i hvan, nemr: gh i rabihbin
ped :imestn meng rabihbin a: a:abar :amig a:er :amig saved in
summer the morning is the period of Hvani, and the mid-day is the period of
RapiIina In winter the spirit of RapiIina goes underneath the earth
from above the earth. F 27.2 ped :imestn bahr i rabihbin ab: hvan
gumixted in winter the RapiIina part merges into the Hvani. N 49
rabihbin andar sl-e do br
h
va:isn: ek, hn ke andar ved, ek, hn ke be
saved One should celebrate RapiIina twice each year: once when it comes
in, and once when it goes out. Pers. rabihbin i fradom the in-coming
RapiIina (Petit 9).
139
ahlvih ramag *asahe v/a.
24
The watch for the ceremonial of the exalted lord Apam Napt
(grandson of the waters), and also of :p (water) established
by Ahura Mazd, is mostly in the period of Uzayeirina
(evening)
140
, and the celebrant announces the teams of men
141
.
The watch for the ceremonial of Asaonam Fravasay (the
engaging troops of the truthful) and @n (divine women) who
have teams of men, the yearly Husiti (good dwelling), the well-
fashioned and well-shaped Ama (offensive force),
VcrcIrana
142
established by Ahura Mazd, and the conquering
Uparatt
143
, is mostly in the period of Aii.srIrima <Aibigya>
(watch for listening and chanting)
144
, and the celebrant

140
Cf. Y 1.5.
ped - V3W? /uzerag/ u:erin radih. Av. u:-avara- (nt.) the day-light day
after noon, fra-yara- (nt.) the day-light day before noon, u:-irah- (nt.)
afternoon, uzayeirina- (adj.) of the afternoon, (m.) the genius of the
Afternoon. Cf. Bd 38 evrag gh i u:erin meng the watch of evening (is
connected to) the Uzayeirina in the world of thought.
141
virn ramag. Cf. Yt 8.15 vir(a)vm istim vir(a)vm v/m wish for
(having) men, a herd of men.
142
per:gar-: and the victorious one.
143
vnidrih-i: i ped abar-ravisnih rendering vanaintvasca uparatt, cf.
Y 1.6.
144
Cf. Y 1.6. Av. aii.sr/ra- (nt.) name of a part of the night, cf. F 27.2
sab a: cahr bahr. bahr i fradom h frsm.ditim bahr i didigar
oro:aurvaes en do bahr aii.sr/rom night is divided into four parts: the
first part is called sunset, the second part evening. Both these parts are
counted in the AiisrIra. Av. aii.sr/rima- (adj.) belonging to the
AiisrIrima watch, aii.sr/rima aiigva- (m.) geniuses of the
AiisrIrima watch. Cf. N 51 aii.sr/rimanm g/anm haca h
frsm.dtoe maiovi xsape pairi.saciti the GIs of the AiisrIrima
watch passes through sunset up to the middle of the night. Bd 38
;5 )5 ;C" - + /abdvbn?/ ebisrsrim meng late evening (is connected to)
AiisrIrima in the world of thought, Bd 159 ka strag pedgih mad d
nemsab gh i ebisrsrim (from the time) when the stars have appeared up to
midnight is the period of AiisrIrima.
25
announces all boons [origins] whose manifestation is
righteousness [produces]
145
.
ascm voh vahistcm ast.

Ch. 9 yaI.is.iI (Y 33 ; Dk M 794).

About the dava-hood
146
, the state of a man whose Fortune is
blighted
147
, the much pollution, the grievous stench
148
, the heavy
sinfulness
149
, and the torment of all spiritual and material
goodness [that of a sodomite]
150
; the absolution of the heavy
sinfulness, the appropriation of great pious deed by him who is
hostile
151
to that sinner, and the tremendous sinfulness of him
who is his propitiator
152
.
Seven evil ones are accounted comparable to the Destructive
Spirit (ara- ma#yu-) in vileness
153
: Azi Dahka in witchcraft
154
;

145
harvisp bdih [bun] ud harvisp ahlvih-pedgih [bar]. Cf. Y 8.5
vispa voh asaci/ra O all boons whose seed is of Truth Z harvisp bdih [i
ohrma:ddd] ke a: ahlvih-pedgih [bun ud bar].
146
devih. Cf. GV 14.2 ba:agih ud devih.
147
:ad-xarrahih mis-fortune. Cf. VAM 69 :ad-xarrah ud nifridag. Pers.
:ad-brihih ill-fatedness, cf. Dk vi M 565.
148
pur-rimanih ud grn-gennagih. Cf. Dk viii M 736 rimanih ud genn,
GV 15.37 rimandar ud gennagdar gvg.
149
grn-vinhih grievous sinfulness or corruption. Cf. Dk viii M 716
grn-vinhih i anstih-xhih, CK 2 grn vinh.
150
kn-mar:, gl. of mard-vebig (rendering Av. nar.vaeipva, cf. Vd
1.11). Cf. Petit 3.1 kn-mar:ih vinh.
151
- L )" '- /:idr/ remover from -:in- (Av. *ava-:v, Skt. ava-fv to
spoil, deprive of by conquest), cf. M 9 II harv do trig ud adn ud :idr.
152
snvenidr. Av. xsnao/ra- (nt.) satisfaction is rendered by Pers.
snvenidrih.
153
az haft { ped} vad i abar vattarih hvand genng meng usmured. Cf.
DD 71 a: haft ba:akkar i ahrmen hvand.
154
a: i dahk ped fdgih. Cf. Dk viii M 747 (Ba nask) meh i ped
vinhgrih cn a: i dahk ped stahmagih, DD 71 a: i dahk ke-s fradom
fdgih stvid, u-s hn i dus-pdixsvih xadvih kird.
26
the horned Dragon (a:im srvarom) in oppression
155
; + $ % + (haot&-,
Dahkas mother?) in producing evil progeny
156
; Tra of
)CD . : E4<- (*br/r.is?) in killing the truthful (ZaraIustra)
157
;
and the heretic in falsehood
158
; and he who suffers pederasty
and he who commits pederasty
159
in grievous sinfulness.
vahistcm asti ascm voh.

Ch. 10 y.syaoIan (Y 34; Dk M 794-96).

The Fire in the world of thought (tar- ma#yava-) did
complain to Ahura Mazd against men with respect to seven
subjects
160
:

155
a: i sruvar ped stahmagih. Cf. Dk viii M 747 sruvar ga: ped fdgih,
DD 71 a: i sruvar ke-s andar gehn hn i samgenih rhdrih ud rh
bemenidrih ud asp-ud-mard-brih kird. The horned dragon was killed by
Kcrcsspa, cf. Y 9.11.
156
+ $ % + ped vad-hunusakih. Cf. DD 71 + $ % + i dahk md, Bd 229 a:
mdarn dahk i - $ % + . Cf. also ch. 19.
157
tr i )CD . : E4<- ped ahlganih. Cf. Dk viii M 747 tr i . )CD &+ E4<=: i
karapan ped ahlganih, DD 71 tr i )CD . : E4<- karapan i dus-den i fdg ke-s
hn i pasom a: mardmn margenid.
Av. (tuirv) *br/r-is- seeking brother(s) (or, *br/r.raesah-
fratricide?). Av. asavaynva- (nt.) harming of the truthful is rendered by
Pers. ahlganih, cf. Vd 5.14.
Dk v M 437 :adan i tr i )CD . : E4<=: xad :ardust, cf. also Dk iii M 334.
158
X3-45 + /ahlem/ ped grn-vinhih. Cf. Dk viii M 747 freftr ahlemy
ped dr:anih, DD 71 ek hn ke-s ahlemy ped freftrih vardenid abestg
ud :and a: xes vimand.
159
+ ;* $ )" % + + + ;* $ / )" % + /viftag ud viftenidag/. Cf. Vd 8.32 arsaca vipt
arsaca vaepav: gusn i viftag ud gusn i viftenidag, DD 71 ek viftag nar ek
vebenidag nar
160
Cf. RP 18d; Saddar B 18.
27
First, (the complaint) on account of the domestics
161

considering it as contemptible
162
, lighting it immoderately
163
, and
making use of it with unwashed hands
164
; and of the damsel
(kainik-) trampling it under the feet and breaking up live
coals
165
; and of one who brings a weapon (snai/is-) into its
glitter
166
.
Second, the complaint on account of those who bear fire
167

from the house where the care of the fire is according to the Law
(dta- = Avesta)
168
, to the house where the care of the fire is not
according to the Law; and there, owing to the arrival and
secretion
169
of the Davas, it is lying stunned (storota-) like a

161
kadagign. Pers. kadagig household; domestic; tame, tas kadagig
fire of the house, cf. Vd 8.78Z, Dk viii M 736.
162
ped xr ud ;5 E4F(+ dstan. The word ;5 E4F(+ is an adjective, meaning
despised, degraded, cf. MX 15.31 kr ud kirbag ped ;5 E4F(+ dred, 54.2 frh
i dngn ud vehn edn ped ;5 E4F(+ dred k avis hamuxtan dus
x
vr, Dk iii M
333 ka pediriftrih <nest> pesgh ;5 + E4F( u-s handar: agr.
We also find ;5 E4F(+ /abandih/ rendering Av. a-panti- (m.) pathless state;
deviation.
163
abevmn : L / )" ++ /r:enidan/. Pers. r:en- (Av. raocaya- pres. caus.),
r:eng illuminator, cf. M 39 (Parth.) frid bavh pad vas frivan r:eng
rsnsahr va:ad; r:enidrih illumination, cf. MX 49.24 r:enidrih i gehn.
164
a-sust dast kr pedis kirdan. Cf. Sad-dar B 18 7?@ J> ) .U*7:VS ($E1.F 2%"
165
tas andar a:er pv - '( ( - '=- J5) kirdan ud xarg skastan. a:er <i>
pv renders Av. haxa- (nt.) a part of the sole situated between the heel and the
beginning of the toes, cf. F 3.7; cf. also Vd 8.69 aoairi haxom: er hax.
Av. xah to grind is rendered by xh- (xohen-), and glossed by skenn-,
cf. Y 57.10 paiti.xahaveiti: abar-xohened [k-s andar skenned].
Pers. xarg skastan # Sogd rwy wyskyr-.
166
brh. Cf. Y 1.2 tas [xarg ud brh].
167
burdrn i tas. Cf. F 7 borotom: b-burdr water-bearer (priest).
168
ped dd. Cf. N 52 ped dd ud :and.
169
rasisn ud pessin:isn.
28
youth who is scab, feverish and frostbitten
170
; and its cure
from that sickness
171
is by offering to it their pure urvsn, or
vohu.gaona, or vohu.kcrcti, or hanapAt, or whatever there is
of the most fragrants of plants
172
.
Third, the complaint on account of the (bad) woman (fahi-)
who, when the menstrual period comes, brings the stench and

170
>3( Y + $ + ZU 1 -47 - Y ;5 + ZU )[>3-4* -47 - Y ZU . >3( Y + ZU /garromand/, Pers. garr
renders Av. garonu- (m.), cf. Vd 7.57; Fars. ! /gar/ scab, mange. $ 1 -47 - Y ZU
/tabisnomand/, tabisn renders Av. tafnu- (m.) fever, cf. Vd 7.57 tafnusca:
tabisn [tab i garm]. ;5 )[>3-4* -47 - Y ZU /afsrastisnomand/; Av. srasti- (f.), cf.
Vd 7.57 srastisca: sard-astisnih [tab i sard]; Av. srastva- (nt.), cf. Vd 20.3.
Cf. also Yt 13.131 garonusca tafnaosca nae:aheca srastisca.
171
!5 \ @ /xendagih/ rendering Av. axti- (m.) pain (Skt. sirs-akt- f.
head-ache, Armen. axt disease), cf. Vd 7.57 axtisca garonusca: xendagih
[vistagih], garr [sng]. Pers. xendag # Sogd. yntwh, Armen. hiwand ill.
Pers. vist-ag # Armen. vist, vsti pain, suffering.
172
!5 + 1 - / !5 + + 1 - % )F: !5 + !5 1 1 0 ( 4<>: 2- + M) +!F>: avb kadr-:-e hn i
hubvdom a: urvarn. Cf. Vd 8.2 urvsnava v vohu.gaonahe v
vohu.korotis v haonaepatava v kmci v hubaoioitomanm urvaranm:
/4F >: + avb vohugn avb A % )D + avb !5 1 0 avb kadr-:-e hn i hubvdom a:
urvarn.
Av. urvsn- (f.), Fars. J%-6 Inula helenium, elecampane, scab-wort,
Syr. /0-, see Bern, Vestiges, 9.43 about the feast :bnagn:
D8EG.H* J951-. KLN8O&- QP.H-0* SU95&* R5VKXY['6 .
[The Perso-Aryans] fumigate their houses with juniper, that the dead
may enjoy its smell.
Av. vohu.gaona- (adj.) blood-coloured, blackish (or, having good
colour?) rendered by Pers. sv-mv of black hair, cf. F 3.2; (m.) name of an
odoriferous plant, cf. Vd 19.24 vohu.gaonanm baoioinm /re frabaris
you should bring the vohu.gaona incense to the fire; cf. also Dk iii M 166.
Av. vohu.koroti- (adj.) blood-bringing?; (f.) name of a fragrant fuel
plant.
Av. haonaep&t- (f.) pomegranate.
29
filth from the menstruation to it, and its sickness and stunned
state
173
resulting therefrom as written above.
Fourth, the complaint on account of the (bad) woman who is
allowed to set foot (lit. knee) to the fire-place
174
, and she
dishevels her locks
175
, and the falling of damp and moisture from
her head with the hair and filth from it on the fire; the
swallowing of it discontentedly, and its sickness and stunned
state (resulting) therefrom.
Fifth, the complaint on account of the father or guardian
176
of
a child of not keeping the child away from the fire, and the fluid
filth
177
and other unlawfulness which come upon it from such
children.
Sixth, the complaint on account of the smith
178
who pours
upon it impure metal
179
, and blows it with his mouth
180
, and
becomes peerless in putting it to use
181
.

173
xendagih ud stardih. Cf. Y 71.17 axtinmca astaromanmca : <i>
xendagih ud stardih. Cf. also RP 18d10 ka-m fah i drvand ped dastn genn
be avis rased u-m vemrih baved ud rimanih xarem.
174
feh ke sng ped )5 )C7+ + /dust/ andar hist. Cf. RP 18d 11 ka-s fah i
fdg ped )5 )C<( /dist/ andar hiled. Cf. also DD 47.13.
175
ges vi:red. Cf. RP 18d 11 + L+ ]F: B3- - ]F-4" + ZU : / ZU /vars vi:rend ud
ges rnend/ (cf. MHD A 14.16 vars-rnisnih pulling out of hair).
176
slr rendering Av. harotar- (m.) guardian, watcher, cf. Y 57.15.
177
hixr < Av. hixra- (nt.), Vd 5.14. Cf. Rp 18D 12 /xav
g
ih/ ud rimanih
avis abganend. Sad-dar B 18 7??W;- J>6" #:G
Cf. also Vd 3.14Z ke hixr b ud tas bared edn baved cn ka-s nas
mard i ahl burd he.
178
1 )" 23-45 smith. Av. pisra- (m.) smithy is rendered by 1 )" '- , cf. Vd
8.87 v trom pisra haca: ke tas i a: 1 )" '- . Cf. RP 18d 13 ka avesn 3=( %
% '- avxsust i riman abar barend.
179
- 2- '==-4F-47 +!" /a-v:dhr hun/. Cf. RP 18d 13 av
x
sust i riman.
180
u-s vd i dahan abar damed. Cf. RP 18d 13 u-m vad ped dahan
damend ne ped dam.
30
Seventh, the complaint, which is more tremendous and
graver than others, on account of those who falsely use it as an
ordeal (varah-)
182
, and when the acquitted and convicted are
made manifest thereby
183
, they will disagree.
In its complaints there is one as regards (those who) bring
upon it that which is polluted with that which is pure, and kindle
it with them; who burn and kindle it indifferently for lawful and
unlawful work, as though both might be necessary; it combusts
and blazes reluctantly and forcibly, it consumes polluted matter
discontentedly by burning it, and it is hurt in those unlawful
works (e.g. theft helped by its) blaze
184
.
(The Fire in the world of thought) says this too: Let me not
be here, let me go from here, from the earth up to the sky
(asman-), I who am your son (/r ahurahe ma:da pu/ra), I who
am more (requisite)
185
than any other creartion (dman-)!
Ahura Mazd said: So you, O Fire, be established in your
function, carrying that club (vazra-), the most strong (club)
186
in
the world of thought, which I give you, and you swing it in the
entire osseous existence (visp ahus astva), the endless light
(anayra raoca) as well as the endless darkness (anayra toma)
187
.

He who shall take proper care of the fire, will have paid the
greatest reverence towards Ahura Mazd.
The satisfaction (xsnao/ra-) of the righteous is the best, and
hostility (baesah-) toward them is the worst; when satisfied

181
ped kr framdan - '>I- /an-haml?/ baved.
182
avesn ke-s ped dr var abar var:end. Cf. RP 18d 15 ped var i pesxt.
183
ka-s {ped} bxt ud eraxt pedg kird baved. Cf. RP 18d 15 ka-m bxt
ud eraxt pedg be kird. Pers. bxt acquitted, innocent, cf. F 16 buji: bxt.
Pers. eraxt (or, andraxt) condemned, guilty, cf. F 9 urvioveiti: eraxt.
184
Cf. RP 18d 8.
185
frv < frvah-. Cf. RP 18d 17 veh ud sdomanddar.
186
;5 )6>? .+ /ab:rdom/ rendering Av. *sr.toma- (superl. adj.)?
187
Cf. RP 18d 22.
31
(xsnuta-), the Yazatas further the world
188
[that is, they increase],
when antagonized (bista-)
189
the Davas hurt (the world) [that
is, they decrease].
ast ascm voh vahistcm.

Ch. 11 Yasna (Hapaphiti, Y 35-41 ; Dk M 796-800).

(Ahura Mazd convoked) an assembly with the Yazatas in
the world of thought
190
considering the complaint of Fire. The
fire said, in its eloquent
191
complaints, this too: Let it not be that
I remain here, may I go from here, the earth, up to the sky, and
there I will shine on the seven continents (hapta karsvn) of the
earth (zam-), like the moon (mh-) and sun (hvar-), and also the
stars established by god
192
that shine with their own rays of
light.
193

The discourse of Ahura Mazd about the rightful complaint
of Fire, and the impossibility of keeping the fire free from
adversity
194
in the mixture of the creatures
195
, and the

188
frdenend va:ad gehn. Av. frda.gae/a- (adj.) furthering the world
is rendered by frd/vdr-gehn.
189
husnd bist. Cf. Yt 10.87 xsnt bist.
190
han:aman i mengn va:adn. Cf. Vd 2.20 hanfamanom frabarata v
daova ahur ma:da ha/ra ma#vaoibv va:ataeibv: han:aman-e fr: burd ke
ddr ohrma:d |k :amn be kird| abg mengn va:adn. Cf. also RP 18d3
pedg k ohrma:d abg amehrspendn han:aman kird, ud tas-i: ped
han:aman bd.
191
han:amanig rendering Av. vvxana- (adj.) able to debate,
challenging; eloquent, cf. Yt 13.85 /r urv:istahe spontahe vvxanahe the
Holy and eloquent Urvzista-Fire.
192
star-: i bavdd. Cf. Vd 19.23 va he strm bay.dtanm
aii.raocavante so that the stars established by the lord (or, god) may shine
upon him Z k v star i bavdd rsnenend.
193
Cf. RP 18d16.
194
abedvrag. Av. apaiti.orota- (adj.) unimpeded; free from opposition
is rendered by Pers. abedvrag, cf. F 3.8. Cf. also GV 11.142 apatvraa.
195
andar gumixtagih i dm. Cf. CK 45 gehn i gumixtagih ud vi:risn.
32
impossibility of the creation of the creatures in the world with
adversity without (the coming of) Fire (to that world)
196
, (and
the fact that the material creation) is better than the non-creation
and the freedom from adversity of Fire
197
; (thus,) He contented
(Fire), and revealed the care (of it)
198
.
The fire said: If there be not that mode, as I have requested
[that is, I may shine (as a luminary in the sky)], O Ahura Mazd,
you know, among the creatures
199
[that is, I cannot be
established in this way], then take me, O Ahura Mazd, then
establish me there in the middle of Airyana Vajah (the
homeland of the Perso-Aryans)!
He took the prosperous Fire
200
which is from the creator
Ahura Mazd and established that without negligence
201
, in
the house (of the sacred fire)
202
, by aid of collecting (things
required for a fire-house)
203
. Then He said thus: Thus you who
are my fire, may you kindle
204
, in every house (nmna-/ G

196
Cf. RP 18d17 an dm (jud) a: tas be getig ddan ne tavn.
197
Cf. RP 18d19.
198
pahre: pedgenidan. Cf. Sad-dar B 79 4"@ 0P5 M:,S
199
ohrma:d gh he andar dmn. Av. vist you know is rendered by
Pers. gh hend they know, cf. Y 28.10. Cf. also Y 57.2 ma:da dmn
Mazds creation Z andar ohrma:d dmn.
200
tas i ab:nig>. Cf. Y 17.11 trom sp5nistom va:amaide we
worship the most holy Fire Z tas i ab:nig va:em [hn i andar gardmn
pes ohrma:d ped mengih ested], Ny 5.6 tars sponta ra/aestra O Fire,
holy, warrior Z tas ab:nig arsestr.
201
. + !" E $ % + /be-sdag/ = a-sdag. However, Av. aipisiti- (f.) is rendered
by be-sdagih with negligence or indolence, an-aipisiti- by a-be-sdagih,
cf. Y 19.5.
202
andar mn dd. Cf. RP 18d19 u-s andar mn <ped> vahrmih nisst.
203
ped ham-barisnih avvrih. Pers. ped avvrih renders Av. avahe,
cf. Y 4.6; Pers. ham-barisnih renders Av. hm.boroiti- (f.) collection,
maintenance, cf. Vd 8.85.
204
- -4<(: E4<( /rsnenes/? Or, /man ud va:adn xes/, cf. CHP 1
ohrma:d xes hom va:adn xes hom. RP 18d20 ped mardmn nekih kunes.
33
domna-) where you come, in every village (vis-/ G vis-), every
district (:antu- # G si/ra-), and every country (dahu-/ G
daxvu-), then Water (p-), Plant (urvar-) and the Fravasis of the
truthful will exalt you by praise, when men bring unto you a
libation (:ao/ra-), which has been transferred
205
, when they offer
to you dry firewood, which is inspected in the lights
206
(of
day).
207
And He said thus: This is the fire Gusnasp (with male
horses)!
208

About the equal reward of him who sows timber
209
, of him
who hews (or, cuts) firewood out of sawn timber
210
, and of him
who kindles
211
fuel; when all the three discharge their function
for love of Truth, they are equal
212
.
About the reward in kind
213
of (an snatar-priest) who washes
(the ceremonial utensils and requisites)
214
, and (a Irabcrctar-

205
be ped abesprisnih. Cf. Y 65.11 nisrita has (been) transferred Z ped
be-abesprisnih [ka-s drisn be avis kird hd]. Av. nisriti- (f.) act of
restoring is rendered by be-abesprisnih, cf. H 10.1.
206
esm fr: barend husk i ped rsnih-nigerid. Cf. Y 62.10 (Vd 18.27) v
ahmi aesmom baraiti hikus raocas.pairist (Vd raocas.pairistom) asahe
borofa vao:dt Z ke v (Vd tas) bared esm (Vd esm bared) i husk i ped
rsnih-nigerid ahlvih dsrm-r:g (Vd r:g rv abvist) [i kr ud
kirbag rv] i v:dhr [k pk].
207
Cf. RP 18d20.
208
dar gusnasp *varsnaspa- (Armen. vsnasp); or, *arsnaspa- (Yt
14.31 asp arsa, Vd 14.11 aspahe arsn). Cf. Ny 5.5Z nm i en tas dar
gus
n
asp ast, ud kr i en tas artestrih pes ohrma:d nlid ud fravd kird en
dar gusnasp bd. Cf. also RP 18d19. :dar Gusnasp was one of the three
great fires of the Aryan Land. It was made for the station of warriors. Cf. Dk
vi M 536.
209
3( $ '- /drdr/ = drdgar, durgar; Sogd. (B) r"w carpenter.
210
1 )F-4<=: '- (S 1 )F-4F=: '- ) /frisidr/ (fris
n
/ fras
n
stick, dandn-fras
tooth-pick)?
211
rsnenidr.
212
dsrm rv kunend hvand ahlvih hend.
213
cihr-mi:dih.
34
priest) who cleanses and purifies the corners of the fire (stand)
215
,
and of him who brings forth fuel to the fire
216
, and of him who
performs ablution
217
, and of him who lets a fire go out
218
, and of
him who takes fuel away
219
; and the sin of him who shakes
(the fire)
220
.
About him who does evil to the corners of the fire (stand).
221

About him who brings on damp firewood (to the fire).
222

About the blessing of the fire (/r frivanom) upon men by
whom it is satisfied.
223

About the counsel of not bringing on to the fire the libations
(:ao/r&-) which are procured through theft (tva-) and violence
(hazah-)
224
; and the heavy punishment of him who carried
polluted matter to it
225
; and the hurtfulness of the fire, whereas it

214
+!F- $ '- rendering Av. snatar- (m.), cf. Vd 5.57, Vr 3.1 Av. sn to
wash, -sn, fra-sn; Pers. snv-: snd, snid to wash, bath; cleanse.
215
pk-ud-pdvb-girdr i hn tas sraxt. Av. sraxti-/ /raxti- (f.) corner,
edge, cf. N 74.
216
esm-abar-burdr. Av. aesm.boroiti- (f.) offering of fuel is rendered
by Pers. esm-barisnih, cf. P 23.
217
fr:-sndr. Av. fra-snt5e to perform ablution is rendered by Pers.
ped-[gme:-]fr:-svisnih, cf. Vd 8.98; cf. also NM II 3.2.
218
fr:-girdr i tas. Cf. N 70 tas fr: kuned.
219
be-burdr esm i grn framd ddig kr sag ud kudmag. Pers.
kudmag lump of earth, cf. AVN 41.1 devn ped sang ud kudm hame
kbend.
220
u-s vinh i v i fumbenidr.
221
:adr i hn i tas sraxt. Av. aka- (adj.) evil is rendered by Pers.
:adr who strikes; destructive; hostile.
222
burdr )F? O!F- & /hn i tarr esm/.
223
Cf. Y 62.10.
224
Cf. P 21, n 15.12.
225
/- +-4CC7 -46( + +-4" + $ 1 + '-+ ^ + _ ^ +3- `3=( $ + ^ /ud grn puhl i v i
burd ldag/. Pers. ldag polluted, opp. sndag, cf. Dk iii M 321. Pers.
grn puhl *gruna- poro/a-, cf. Dk iv M 429 grn bim ud puhl.
35
was fit to be treated well
226
became thus from the stain
227
of the
davas.
Owing to not taking care of the fire
228
(it would so happen
that) when a woman is followed
229
by the state of conception
(or the time of bearing a child)
230
, they will not grant to the
progenitor a child, at every menstrual cycle.
About the atonement
231
for the blowing out (of a fire)
232

and other iniquity with respect to the fire.
About the person who has attained to the trusteeship over a
(privately) instituted sacred fire and does not lawfully act as a
trustee
233
.
About a counsel to ZaraIustra as to consecrating (yaz) to the
Yazatas whatever one would eat, and as to not eating what is not
consecrated
234
.
The will of Angra Ma=yu is this that no one shall perform
worship and praise
235
to the Yazatas, and people shall not possess

226
hu-barisn. Av. hu-boroiti- (f.) good treatment is rendered by Pers.
hubarisnih, cf. Y 60.6. Cf. also Dk vii M 655 ul u:ed hn tas hubarisnih ud
ul hn mardn i ahlavn [k-sn pahre: ne kunend ].
227
hgenisn rendering Av. hiti- (f.) stain, pollution, cf. Y 10.7; cf.
also Vd 5.27 hitica : ud hgenisn [agrih].
228
tas abahre:isnih. Cf. the Prs
g
Commentary on the Ascm Voh
formula 3: dusvarst abahre:isnih b ud tas.
229
abgened rendering Av. hacaite, cf. Y 27.6.
230
1 + )D ]" @ /pus-vardih/? Av.
1
varota- (adj.) in rut. However
vard(ag)ih is used for female animals, cf. Bd 109 :an dastn, gspendn
vardagih. Or /pus-radih/ the time of (bearing) a child (from pu/ra- son and
ratu- fixed time)?
231
t:isn rendering Av. ci/- (f.) fine, penalty, cf. F 19.
232
1 : +-47 . /fravisn/ (from Av. fru, frava-). Cf. Dk iii M10 fravisn-: i tas
a: hn tarrih; Dk viii M 729 fravidan i tas.
233
slrened rendering Av. nishaurvaiti, cf. Y 57.16.
234
- )C<( + /an-vast/.
235
va:isn ud niyvisn rendering Av. vasnomca vahmomca, cf. Y 72.6.
36
a lord and a religious authority
236
[that is, they may have no
desire for any uprightness].
About a counsel as to the worship of the Yazatas, with the
sacred girdle
237
, with the best worship (yasna-), that of a priest
(/ravan-/ a/aorun-)
238
without sin, with the average (worship),
that of a priest whose sin is not more than one arcdus which is
not to his account, and with the lowest (worship), that of a priest
whose sin is not more than one xara which is to his account.
Whoever, in a village (vis-) of Mazd-worshippers, has failed
to recite the GIs
239
after the age of fifteen, is in sinfulness just
like a dog to whom they throw morsels
240
; the sin of speaking-
while-eating will be to his account
241
, and his soul will not be
welcome by MaIra Spcnta (in the world of thought).
Ast.vtu (partition of bones, the dismemberer-Dava)
comes, at all times, to mortals (aosahant-) whom death (aosah-)
has reached, or whom it has not yet reached.
About the idea of the lieful (drvant-/ G drogvant-) that the
best existence (vahista- ahu-) does not exist, that the renovation
(fras.koroiti-) does not occur, that they do not resurrect the dead
body (irista-)
242
, that (the existence) does not reach the turning
point.
243
The lieful (ones) teach the false (teaching), since the

236
xadv ud dastvar. Pers. xadv lord, king renders Av. ahu- (m.) lord,
master, and Pers. dastvar (religious) authority, high-priest renders Av. ratu-
(m.) judge, cf. Vr 2.4 ahmca ratmca: ox ud rad [k xadv ud dastvar].
237
;5 )[- A Y E4CF( /ebvstomandih/.
238
ped hn i pahlom va:isn hn i srg (i a-vinh, ud mevnag hn i
srg ke-s ud nidom hn i srg ke-s ). Cf. Dk viii M 734 abar herbed
ud pevmnag i srg i pahlom ud hn i mevnag, hn i nidom.
239
a-srd ghn. Cf. N 103 g/anm asrutom.
240
cn sag avesn pih abgand. Cf. Dk viii M 725 pih i sag.
241
vinh i drvn-fvisnih bun bd. Cf. Petit 10.
242
ne rist ped hn ul - )* Ma// /estenend/. Cf. Bd 220 rist ul hange:end.
243
ne hn vardisn rased. Pers. vardisn renders Av. urvaesa- (m.) turn,
turning point, cf. Y 51.6 ap5me ah5us urvaese at the final turn of the
37
best existence does exist, the good renovation shall occur, and
they resurrect the dead body, and thus (the existence) shall reach
the turning point.
About the counsel as to not making lamentation and
mourning
244
over the departed; and, after the passing away of a
companion (haxv-) one is not to augment wailing to his mind
(/ heart, manah-)
245
; and the affliction of Hadis (house)
246
in the
world of thought because of making lamentation and mourning
over the dead. The fravasis of the truthful (men and women,
asunm fravasis narmc nirinmc) demand after (death) the
ceremonial (yasna-) and blessing (frivana-) of truthful men
(narm asunm), and not lamentation and mourning.
In every one the body (tan-) is not of the same dsire (kma-)
as the soul (urvan-). Food (xaro/a-) is the desire of the body, and
so also the accumulation of wealth
247
; (whereas) the act which
makes (the soul) truthful is the desire of the soul, and so also the
gifts (d/ra-) which they obtain
248
(from the truthful)
249
.

existence Z d hn i abdom oxn vardisn [k-s d tan i pasen]. Cf. also
AVN 61 ped bdan i ristxe: ud tan i pasen gumn bd hend.
244
sivan ud mv. Pers. sivan renders Av. xsva- (m.) lamentation,
weeping, cf. Y 31.20 xsv: sivan [k-s ped ravn sivan baved]. Pers. mv(ag)
renders Av. amavav- (f.) distress, cf. Y 71.17 paitistt5e xs
a
vasca
amavavavasca for withstanding weeping and distress Z ped ab:-estisnih i
sivan ud mvag. Cf. also AVN 16.4 vas ars i mardmn a: pas i
vidardagn a: casm be hilend ud sivan ud mvag kunend.
245
!" + +-4<- /snhisn/ menisn. Av. snaoo.manah- (adj. cf. VYt 31) from
snud to weep, wail, snaooa- (pres.), snaooant- (act. ptc.), cf Yt 19.80 ta
(fainis) snaooontis goro:na these weeping and complaining (women) # Dk
vii M 633 ped hn snhisn gar:id.
246
meng-i: i xnag. Cf. Vr 1.9 hadisaheca: hadis [meng <i> xnag].
247
xstag-i: hambr. Pers. xstag renders Av. saeta- (m.) possession;
wealth, cf. F 5, and also Av. avarot- (f.) object of value; (piece of)
possession, cf. F 20.
248
ud dsr-: i be dahend. Cf. Y 31.14.
249
Cf. VAM 42-43.
38
The truthful ZaraIustra asked: Who it is who has
removed
250
all goodness and excellence from himself, but yet
thinks he has not removed them, and does not feel regret for
that loss (:vni-)?
Ahura Mazd said: It is he who has damaged
251
his own
tongue (hi:-), for the saying forth of words
252
[that is, through
telling lies, he has become guilty on a capital charge].
(He said) this also: He is the smiter (sna/a-) of the
Destructive Spirit
253
, that man when, with perfect-mindedness
(spont- rmaiti-)
254
and with hold
255
, and also with the
enfeebling of the Lie (druj-)
256
, (at a time of) fury does not give
(lieful) reply
257
[that is, he may not tell a lie on account of fury].


250
apprenid ested. Pers. appren- to remove renders Av. apa-rud to
exclude (from service); leave out; lose, cf. Vd 7.78 asom apa.raooaveite
loses Truth Z ahlvih apprened [k-s appr baved].
251
:inenid ested. Pers. zin(en)- to damage renders Av. :i (OPers. di),
:in- (pres.) to take away, deprive, cf. Y 11.5 v mm ta draon :in he
who deprives me of that share Z a: man hn sr :inened.
252
ped soxan fr:-g
b
isnih. Pers. soxan (< saxar/n-) renders Av. vacah-
(nt.) word, speech, cf. Y 19.1, and also Av. uxoa- (nt.) utterance, cf. Y
19.15. Pers. fr:-g
b
isnih renders Av. fra-vka- (nt.) proclamation,
expression, cf. Vr 15.2 vasnahe haptahtis fravkaeca : ped vasn i haft-
hd fr:-g
b
isnih.
253
genng meng sneh rendering arahe ma#v5us sna/om, cf. Vd 10.16.
254
bavandag-menisnih spendarmed. Cf. Y 37.5 rmaitim: bavandag-
menisnih [spendarmed].
255
xadvih rendering Av. xsa/ra- (nt.) command, (ruling) power; hold,
cf. Y 9.4.
256
druz +!F-45+ /nven-/ :ih. Av. nidvah- (comp. of dra-) more lowly,
weaker (rendered by -4<-4" +!F!5+), opp. aojyah- (comp. of ugra-) stronger,
cf. Y 34.8.
257
grn-menisnih rv ne pasox. Cf. Dk iv M 419 rst-gbisn andar-:
grn-menisnih, Dk vi M 482 andar grn-menisnih-e rst-guftr. Pers. grn-
menisn # grnmn rendering Av. gramont- (adj.) furious, cf. Y 9.28.
39
One who is an unqualified person
258
and performs the office
of the chief officiating priest (zaotar-)
259
, before him who is a
wise libator, worships the Davas with a thousand-fold libation
(:ao/r&-)
260
. You should establish
261
for the office of libator
(:ao/ra-) one qualified in rituals (dahma-), and not one not so
qualified, for thus you go forth
262
to the House of Song (paradise,
gar.nmna-). To have a wicked libator
263
is worse than (not to
have) any libator
264
.
One who does commit a sin
265
, first it is the good thought
(vohu- manah-) which will be withdrawn from his mind (/ heart,
manah-)
266
, then mercy (/ pardon)
267
, then shame (fsaroma-),
then listening (/ obedience)
268
, and, afterwards, through the
sinfulness of deception (druj-), he becomes a contract-breaker
(mi/r.druf-).

258
b-4CF- /a-dahm/ < Av. a-dahma- (adj.), cf. Yt 10.138 :aota anasava
adahm a libator who is not truthful, who is not expert.
259
ped :tih ested. Cf. Vr 3.7 tm n /raom :aotaste you, priest, are
present here for being our libator Z t a: am srg ped :tih est.
260
ped hn i e-ha:r $ E /t
g
/ :hr. Cf. Vd 18.72.
261
)F- / E4<( /estenes/ opt. s2.
262
fr:-rasisnih rendering Av. fra-gaiti- (f.) going forth, advance, cf. F
27.2.
263
dus-:t. Cf. VYt 12 afrv.:aotr dus:aotr: adst-:tig dus-:tig.
264
? $ @ /

a-:tih/.
265
v i vinh- !5 )5 '- /vuxtr/. Cf. Dk iii M 6 vinh-v:ih i mardmn,
M 68 vuxtrih i mardm vinh.
266
M 1 - E4<( Y BQ $ -47 ;5- + )F-4" + , J5 -+ Y Y BQ -47+ BQ + ;5- +-4" )F-4" /pes
vahman a: menisn nbihed/.
267
M ;5 +-4<=-4<- + U , J5 ;5 + +-4F=-4F- a /abuxs(v)isn/.
268
M + H % )F-47 '- , J5 + / % )F-4" E4F3- . Cf. Dk vi M 586 vidarag nivsidrih.
40
They shall treat well (hu-boroiti-) every man who has
abandoned (his country)
269
, and also any priest who is
Iryavan
270
, and even any priest who is in the country
271
, and
any priest who is out of the country, and any priest who is their
own relative.
Thus I say unto you, O Spitma: Never break a contract
(mi/ra-), whether you conclude it with lieful ones [that is, you
make an agreement, and there is not any great accordance with
the law in it], or with the truthful ones who follow your own
religion [in any case, of great accordance with the law]; for the
contract applies to both, the one who is lieful and the truthful
one.
272

asti voh asom vahistom.

Ch. 12 Ustavait (Y 43; Dk M 801).

About the exaltation of ZaraIustra for his satisfaction of :p
(water)
273
, and the hope of the whole creation (dman-) in him.

269
M )F-4<=: '- , J5 )F-4<=: '- @ /residr-deh/ rendering Av. dahu.iric-
(adj.) who abandons land (/ country), cf. Yt 10.75. Cf. also Dk vii M 655
residr-deh srn.
270
A4<=>3=( 45 + H )5 '- /srvisn-vuxtr/ rendering Av. /rvavan-/ /rvaon-
(adj.), cf. Yt 5.86, Yt 14.46.
271
dehig belonging to the country, countryman rendering Av. -daxvu-
/ dahu- (adj.), cf. Y 26.9.
u:dehig belonging to a foreign country ; exiled rendering Av. u:-daxvu-/
dahu- (adj.), cf. Vr 16.2.
272
edn t gbem spitmn k m mihr abar dru:es m ka abg
drvandn hampurses [k past kune ud meh-ddestnih andar ne hd] m ka
abg xes-denn i ahlavn [ped tis-i: meh-ddestnih]; ce harv do mihr ast
drvandn-: ahlavn-: # Yt 10.2 mi/rom m fanva spitama m vim drvata
porosahe m vim xdaen asaona
u
vava :i asti mi/r drvataeca
asaonaeca. Cf. also AVN 52.3.
273
ped husndih i b. Cf. MX 1.55 ped husndih i meng i xrad.
41
About the recitation of the Formulas (m/ra-), not
correctly
274
[that is, one who utters the formulas (of the religion)
not according to the canon
275
].
The Formulas (recited by) a defiled man may bring injustice
to an undefiled place.
276

This is revealed that: A greedy and glutton man
277
who
278

cares only for the rejoicing
279
of the body, every sin has a
tendency to him just like a ditch
280
to which (comes) every
filthiness (by) a slope
281
.
Vayah
282
drags (or, puts in pieces)
283
even those [that is, it
kills them] who have been thick-waisted, who (have been on the
side of) :zi (greed) established by the Davas
284
.
The invocation of the Yazatas
285
is efficacious
286
(when)
thinking (agrees) with speaking, speaking (agrees) with acting,
and acting is without deceitfulness
287
.

274
ne abe:ag usmurdan i mnsr. Av. oro:v upright(ly) is rendered by
Pers. abe:ag, cf. Y 9.13.
275
ped dastvar.
276
mnsr i mard i hgenidag !F- E4<- (J5 !F- E4F- ) /a-ddestnih/ hn i
anhgenidag gvg bared.
Pers. (an-)hgenid(ag) renders Av. (an-)hita- (adj.), cf. F 5.
Pers. a-ddestnih injustice, impropriety, cf. CHP 1.
277
mard i :var i 2-4<- . J ++ \ + /
e
skam-bannag/. Cf. MX 2.56 :var mard.
Pers.
e
skam-bannag, Fars. X7?) QK1 (lit. slave of ones belly) glutton.
278
Y /ke/ rendering Av. v.
279
rmenidrih merriment, giving of joy rendering Av. rafoora- (nt.)
support and rafnah-/ G rafonah- (nt.) id., cf. Y 41.4, Y 51.20.
280
'-4" 1/dr/ wood, tree; gallows, gibbet; 2/dr/ edge, blade. Faute de
mieux I propose % + '-4" /kandr/ ditch.
281
;[-47 + /seb ?/ i harv rimanih avis. Cf. Dk vi M 584 ;[-47 + avis baved.
282
+ 0 /vv/ < Av. vayah- age; time (of death).
283
+ R )" + /varzed/ from Av. varc to drag, put in pieces.
284
: i devn-dd Av. :i- daev.dta-, cf. Y 16.8, Vd 18.19.
42
About the pure goodness
288
of the Holy Immortals (amosa-
sponta-), and the communion of their thoughts, words, and
deeds
289
, and the prosperity of living beings
290
(through) their
establishment, fostering, and protection
291
.
Ahura Mazd established (or, created) ZaraIustra with a
goodness like His own.
Whoever gives a thing (a fee or present) to the disciples of
ZaraIustra, his reward (mi:da-) and recompense are just as
though he had given the thing to Zara/ustra (himself).
292

asti vahistom voh asom.

Ch. 13 Ta[.I.pcrcs (Y 44 ; Dk M 801-802).

About the strength and firmness
293
of the Draonah
(sacrificial cake) in the world of thought.
Every night the Davas rush from hell (dao:aha-) into the
world of living beings (gae/-), for the corruption and
destruction
294
of the creatures; and when they consecrate the

285
a:bvisn i va:adn. Cf. MX 2.64.
286
krig rendering Av. vhi? Cf. Y 46.14 (the Prs
g
translator of the
GIs derives vhi from yah to strive after).
287
ped ;5 ;[: $ E4F3- /a-freftrih/. Cf. Y 9.18 davi/va who deceive Z ke
ped 1 ;[: $ E4F3- /freftrih/.
288
abe:ag-vehih gl. of meh-magih < Av. maz- maga- great ceremony of
donations, cf. Y 29.11.
289
hamih i-sn menisn gbisn kunisn genin. Cf. Yt 13.83.
290
M ;5 )5 ^@ -4C* -4C" , J5 ;5 )5 ^@ -4C* /bdih i gehn/.
291
ddrih ud parvardrih ud pnagih. Cf. GV 15.25 ddrih ud
fridrih ud parvardrih, GV 8.57 parvardrih ud pnagih.
292
Cf. Matthew 25.40.
293
: ud tagigih. Cf. Yt 10.140 mi/rom aofahom taxmom ra/aestm
MiIra, the strong (and) firm warrior.
294
M L!F3Q / )" ++ /marn:enidan/ to destroy, J5 )"!F3Q ++ /margenidan/ to
cause to death (of).
43
draonah, that spirit (ma#yu-) sets in motion
295
to smash and keep
away the davas, and comes down ninety-nine times every night
for the combat
296
with the davas, and it smashes and defeats
them, and keeps them away from destroying living beings
297
(/
the world).
298

Anyone among those men who offers this Word sacrifice
becomes truthful (asavan-), except those men who contentedly
and willingly bring on the badly-put-into-practice Formulas
299
,
who suffer pederasty or who commit pederasty
300
; and those who
undertake (contracts) by word, (however) their evil thought
(dusmata-) is more than good thought (humata-), their evil word
(du:uxta-) is more than good word (hxta-), and their evil deed
(du:varsta-) is more than good deed (hvarsta-).
About the taking away of the accidental (sin) worthy of
death
301
, and the wiping away of other sins through the
profession of faith
302
, like the harsh-running wind when
speedily sweeps the plain.
303


295
v:ed. Cf. Y 65.4 vao:aiti: v:ed.
296
ku
x
sisn rendering Av. posan- (f.) battle, combat, cf. Y 9.20
vana.posan: vnidr-ped-kusisn.
297
marn:enidrih i gehn. Cf. Vd 18.55 moroyonte gae/a astvaitis asahe
(Druj) destroys the osseous (/ material) living beings of Truth.
298
Cf. Abar Cim Drn 12-16; RP 9.2-3.
299
hn i dus
h
varst framn rendering Av. *du:varsta m/ra, cf. Y 4.1
hvarsta m/ra: hn i hvarst framn.
300
viftend avb viftenend. Cf. Vd 8.26.
301
fahisnig margar:n the one accused on an accidental capital offence.
302
stavnih rendering Av. stiti- (f.) praise, cf. Y 12.9 daenava
m:davasnis stitis : den i m:desnn stavnih.
303
vd i skeft-tag humng ka te: dast fr: mled. Cf. Vd 3.42 va/a vt
doro:i.taka/r /som dasin pairi framaro:i like the steadily running
wind would wipe away from the right (/ west) the firmament Z cn vd i
skeft-tag ka te: dast fr:-mled [ud khi:ag-e (MX givhi:ag-e) ud tis-e be
bared]. Cf. also Vd 8.30, MX 52.16, 19 (Av. daro:i.taka/ra- is rendered by
Pers. staft-tag). Pers. te: renders Av.
1
/sa- (adj.) swift (Skt. tvarita- swift,
hasty),
2
/sa- (nt.) firmament.
44
ascm voh ast vahistcm.

Ch. 14 A[.Iravaxsy (Y 45; Dk M 802-803).

Ahura Mazd showed unto ZaraIustra the soul (urvan-) of
Kcrcsspa in a terrible state. ZaraIustra was scared of that
terrible state. Kcrcsspa spoke regretfully concerning his
smashing of innumerable men; he paid respect to those who were
resolved to abstain from sin. The establisher Ahura Mazd
attracted his attention as regards his having smashed fire (tar-/
/r-).
Kcrcsspa requested the Best Existence (/ heaven, vahista-
ahu-) on account of his exploits, that is:
He slew the dragon Srbara, and (put an end to) the
oppression of that adversary (paitvra-).
304

He defeated the yellow-heeled Gandarca, and (put an end
to) the harshness of that fiend.
305

He smote the (evil) sons of Nivika and Dstayni, and (put an
end to) their grievous calamity and damage.
306

He pacified the swift wind
307
, and brought it back from
inflicting losses on (the world of) living beings to the benefit of
the creatures.

304
ka-s kust ga: sruvar ud stahmagih i hn pedvrag. Cf. Y 9.11 v fana
a:im srvarom: ke-s :ad a: i sruvar. Cf. also Yt 19.40, Dk viii M 747, Dk ix M
794.
305
ka-s vnid ,/ ;<3( + ^ 1 c3B>? -4<- - + (gandaroom vim :airi.psnom) ud
skeftih i hn dru:. Cf. Yt 5.38, Yt 19.41. Gandarca is called uppa- (living)
in the water, in the Rm Yt 28. Cf. also MX 27.50 big gandarb.
306
ka-s :ad hunusak i \/ - (J5 + / \ - ) ud )C<-4" - \ - (J5 )C" )* - \ +- ) ud
grn angih ud vi:end i a:isn. Cf. Yt 19.41 v fana hunav va pa/anava
nava hunavasca nivikahe hunavasca dstavnis who smashed the nine
(evil) sons of PaIana, the sons of Nivika, the sons of Dstayni.
307
tagig vd rendering Av. taxma- vta-, cf. Vd 19.13.
45
And when Dahka will come loose from fetters
308
, and will
rush to destroy (the world of) living beings, and will clamour the
annihilation of the creatures (dman-), Kcrcsspa would be
roused to defeat that very strong lie
309
, and to come to the
rescue
310
of the creatures of the world.
311

The fire set against Kcrcsspa because of the offence which
he committed against it, and kept him away from (entering) the
Best (Existence).
(But), Gus Urvan (soul of the primeval cow) supported
him, gave thanks to him, and preserved him from hell.
ZaraIustra requested of the fire to forgive Kcrcsspas sin.
Thanks to that entreaty the fire pardoned
312
him.
Kcrcsspa departed to the Place of Misvan (limbo)
313
.
ascm vahistcm ast voh.

The Prs
g
version of the supplication of the soul of Kcrcsspa for
admittance into heaven was quoted at length in the RP 18f
314
:
It is revealed that: Fire is so esteemed that Ahura Mazd said
to ZaraIustra: Whose soul (urvan-) [it is the action (= daen-),
vital soul (= ustna-)
315
, consciousness (baooah-) and fravasi]
seems better, if you could see it?
ZaraIustra said: That of Kcrcsspa.

308
pe: hn i ka dahk a: bann har:ag baved. Cf. Bd 219 pas na:d
ha:rag sar i~ usidar-mh dahk a: bann har:ag baved.
309
hn i vas-: dru:. Cf. Y 9.8 v fana a:im dahkom as.aofahom
dae
i
vim druf he smashed the dragon Dahka the very strong, fiendish Lie
Z ke-s :ad a: i dahk i vas-: dev dru:.
310
1 )C9: )" + /fravded/.
311
Cf. ZVY 9.20-23.
312
- L )5 ++ /:axtan/ (J5 ) to pardon. Cf. N31 II R pd whmn "wzxt nw"g.
313
)[>I- -45 + - /hamest-oxn/ (J5 cI- )* \ -45 + - + ) = hamestagn. Av.
misvan- gtu- is rendered by Pers. hamesag-sd gh, cf. Sr 1-2.30.
314
Cf. also Sad-dar B 20; MU I 61-65; MU29 n 1.
315
!" 2- /gvg/ place is probably a mistake for gvn.
46
Ahura Mazd summoned the soul of Kcrcsspa. The soul of
Kcrcsspa related the calamity which he had seen in hell to
ZaraIustra: Would that I had been a teaching priest (ae/rapaiti-
) so that there would have been a bag
316
on my back, and I
wandered through the world in search of a livelihood, and the
world used to be hideous to my eyes, and the world would have
feared my dignity (varocah-).
317

Ahura Mazd said: Halt, O soul of Kcrcsspa! For you are
hideous in my eyes, for you killed (my son) :tars (fire), and
you did not take care of it.
The soul of Kcrcsspa said: Forgive me, O Ahura Mazd,
and grant me the Best Existence (vahista- ahu-), the House of
Song (gar.nmna-). (For) I slew the horned dragon (a:im
srvarom), which was horse-devouring (asp.garom), man-
devouring (naro.garom), and its teeth were as long as my arm,
and its ears were as large as fourteen felts (nomata-), and its eyes
(asi-) were as great as a wheel, and its claws were as great as a
horn in height (or: its horns were as high as a branch)
318
. I was
running half a day
319
on its back, till I seized its head at my hand,
I struck it with a club (gao-)
320
, and I slew it
321
. If I had not

316
$ + . - 0 (MR1, J - . - 0 ) /hambn-e/.
317
Y 8: + ^ & (J Y dD + &+ ) /a: var: i man/. Pers. varz/ Av. varocah- (nt.) #
Skt. vrcas- (nt.) illuminating power (of fire or the sun); dignity (of a
brhman).
318
u-s sr and-cand 2-4C" /sg/ ped blv. Pers. sr < Av. sr- (f.) horn ;
claw. Pers. sx/ sg branch ; horn < *)sk
h
-, Armen. c$ax branch, Fars.
Y1horn, Z.1, Sogd. s"h branch, un x%& branch. Cf. also Sad-dar B
20.6 "#) [6- ".$L, (@ "#) 4-7?< 8+% ,
319
1 U+ (MR1 1 ++ )/ nem/ r:. Sad-dar B 20.7 J:L:S 9.NF .P "-7>.)9-
320
gad-e garden :ad. Sad-dar B 20.7 \"@ -7C ]?G () +- % 9! ()
Kcrcsspas epithet is gaoavara- carrying a club, cf. Y 9.10, Yt 13.61.
Cf. also Dk ix M 818 tavnig kssp gad-dast.
47
slain that dragon, then it would have annihilated your whole
creation and you would never have found a remedy for Apra
Ma=yu.
Ahura Mazd said: Halt! For you killed my son :tars.
Kcrcsspa said: Grant me, O Ahura Mazd, the Best
Existence, the House of Song. For I slew Gandarca who
devoured twelve lands (dahu-) at once. When I looked into the
teeth of Gandarca, then I saw dead men were hung up among
its teeth. It seized my beard, and dragged me to the sea.
322
For
nine days and nights we maintained the battle, and then I became
prevailing upon Gandarca. I seized the sole of
323
Gandarcas
foot, and I flayed off the skin up to its head, and with it I bound
the hind and front legs of Gandarca, and I dragged it out from
the sea to the shore, and I entrusted it to :xrra
324
, and (then) I
slaughtered and ate fifteen horses, and I slept in the shadow
325
of
the large domestic animals (staora-). Gandarca dragged off
:xrra, (my) friend
326
, and dragged off my wife and my father
and wet-nurse (/ mother). All the people awakened me from
sleep, and I arouse, and every single step (gman-) I went
forward a thousand steps (gva-), and every thing that passed
under my foot was struck, then it burst into flames. I went to the
sea, and I brought them back; and I seized Gandarca and slew

321
u-m be :ad. Sad-dar B 20.8
#< 7F"#) ($O*+5 +- 4-7F" 9- \"> 9#?, =\"@ X.WF +- 4.," 6" 4 H
322
Gandarca was living in the water (upp), cf. Yt 15.28.
323
$ 0 /tah i/.
324
3-45 V: /xrrag/ < Av. xrra- (m.), a descendant of Haosravah, cf. Yt
13.137.
325
2-4[- / 2-4C[-/svag/. Paz. seaa, cf. GV 16.51 (rendered by Skt.
chv- f. shade, shady place). Av. a-saya- without shadow is rendered by
+ 2!C* /ne-svag/, cf. Y 57.27.
326
dst rendering Av. haxi-/ hasi (m.) companion, friend. In Yt 13.137
:xrra is against the lieful (person) who deceives friends (hasi-dava-).
48
it. If I had not slain it, Apra Ma=yu would have become
predominant over your creation.
Ahura Mazd said: Halt, for you are hideous to my eyes, for
you killed my son :tars.
Kcrcsspa said: Grant me, O Ahura Mazd, the Best
(Existence), the House of Song, for I have slain the brigands
327

who were so big in body that, when they were walking, people
supposed that: the stars and moon move below their (armpits)
and the sun moves below their ears, and the water of the sea
reaches up to their knees.
328
I reached up to their shanks. I
smashed them on the shanks; they fell down, and the mountains
on the earth were shattered by them. If I had not slain those
fallen brigands, Apra Ma=yu would have become predominant
over your creation.
Ahura Mazd said: Halt, for you are hideous to my eyes, for
you killed my son :tars.
Kcrcsspa said: Grant me, O Ahura Mazd, the Best
(Existence), the House of Song, for I have combated with
329
Vta
(wind) and defeated it. The davas deceived Vta, and they said
to Vta: Of all the creatures and creation you are the most
powerful! Then imagine
330
that no one is more powerful than
me! Kcrcsspa walks upon this earth, he despises the davas
and men
331
, and he despises you, even you who are Vta. When

327
rhdr, Saddar B 20.24 haft rhdr seven brigands. Yt 13.136
records that Kcrcsspa smashed pitiless robbers (gaoahe anamar:dikahe).
It is possible that Pers. rhdr renders Av. gaoa- (m.) robber (rendered,
elsewhere, by gayag). Cf. VZ 32.4 rhdrn ud gavagn.
328
ped ed dst k-sn a:er <kas> star ud mh, u-sn a:er gs xarsed
raved, u-sn b i :reh d sng baved. Cf. Saddar B 20.24
() .P -6 4.L*- ^:_> 8.*6" + "6`! DN, 4.L*- 0@ *9 a.$,.> + a.$;5 (@ 7?$1-7?S "#) #F-9 H
329
)CD + /eraxt/.
330
BQ E4<( /menes/ pres. Opt. s2 of men- to think.
331
devn ud mardmn. Cf. Yt 1.6 vispe daeva masvsca.
49
Vta heard this talk, it blew so hard that it uprooted all the trees
and shrubs which were in its path, and it trampled
332
all the
lands which were in its path; and darkness arose. When it came
to me who am Kcrcsspa, it could not lift up my foot from the
ground; I arouse and I set it upon the ground, and I stood with
both feet upon its neck
333
, until it made a pact (*pasti-) (saying):
I shall go again below the earth; I shall do what Ahura Mazd
ordered, that is, support the earth and sky, and I shall not
abandon (this duty). If I had not done that thing, Apra Ma=yu
would have become predominant over your creation.
Ahura Mazd said: Halt, for you are hideous to my eyes, for
you killed my son :tars.
Kcrcsspa said: Grant me, O Ahura Mazd, the Best
(Existence), the House of Song, for it is thus revealed in the
dan (= Avesta) that when Dahka will escape from the bonds,
no one except me will be able to seek a remedy against him. For
that reason grant me the Best (Existence) and the House of
Song!

The Sad-dar B 20.37-46/ MU29 10-11 substitutes a legend about the
gigantic bird Kamaka:
The soul of Kcrcsspa said: Grant me, O creator (/ omniscient) Ahura
Mazd, the Best abode as a reward for this that when Apra Ma=yu established
the bird Kamaka
334
, it spread its wings over all the living beings and

332
1 / - + )F-4" + /pav-xast/. Fars. 2EO:S. Saddar B 20.31 6" (@ D,#@ , "#) X-6
"@ () 4#>.,
333
'Q @ /mul/ (< Av. moro:u- m. peg; vertebra) rendering Av.
manao/ri- (f.) neck, cf. Vd 13.30. Kurd. mil/ mul neck.
E4F3Q can be read /mars/ < Av. mars- (f.) belly (davic) (rendered by
muln, cf. Y 11.1).
334
% 2Q /kamak/, cf. MX 27.50. MU29 10 kamak hn rv gbed k abar
hn i gehn ped andakih baved. If we accept this explanation, then 2ef
/kamak/ < kam
n
ak < kamna-ka- # Fars. bN@ /kamak/ few, scanty.
50
overshadowed the earth, and (the mist and) the rain
335
which rained fell on its
wings and was again poured by its tail into the sea, and it did not let a single
drop fall on the earth. The world of living beings perished through famine and
drought
336
; the people died; and the springs, rivers and fountains
337
dried up.
It ate up men and cattle as if a bird picked up grains of wheat. Nobody except
me could find a remedy for this. I took up my bow and arrows
338
, and seven
days and nights I shot at its wings with arrow-shafts like the falling of rain; its
wings became so weak that it fell down. Many men fell down beneath and
were killed. I bruised its beak with my cudgel (vazra-). If I had not done this,
it would have annihilated the world and no one would have survived.
Ahura Mazd said: O soul of Kcrcsspa, go away! For you have killed
:tars; you appear hideous in my eyes and you have made Asa Vahista, the
Holy Immortal, your enemy. I will not grant you the Best abode.

(Again, the soul of Kcrcsspa said:) If it is not possible to
grant me the Best (Existence) and the House of Song, then give
me back the strength (ama-) and victory (voro/rayna-) which
were mine in life. For if you give me back that strength and
victory as were mine when I was alive, I shall slay Apra Ma=yu
with the davas, I shall eradicate darkness from the Evil
Existence (/ hell, du:-ahu-), and I shall make it beautiful (srira-)
and light (raocah-), and I shall sit and walk alone within it.
Ahura Mazd said: This I shall not give you, O soul of
Kcrcsspa, for men commit sin; and until men commit no more
sin, it is not possible to make you alive again, nor is it possible to
make any other men alive again. For there will be the
resurrection of the dead when all men become quite sinless.
When men die, and their souls are lieful (drvant-), they leave all

335
+KQ + 2- >: + . Cf. Y 10.3 maeyomca vromca: KQ E45 /mi:n
n
/ ud vrn.
336
9.:F /niv:/ (sometimes) rendering Av. haecah-.
337
.UF.G + .,"+6 + .UNL<, MU29 var ud fv i nvdg lakes and navigable
rivers.
338
4.N@ + :P /tigr ud sanvar. Pers. tigr < Av. tiyri- (m.) arrow ; sanvar <
Av. /anvan-/r- (nt.) bow, cf. Vd 17.9 /anvaroca isavasca bows and
arrows.
51
comfort, and become exposed to all the calamity and discomfort.

When Kcrcsspa had spoken of his own exploits in this
manner, the Yazatas in the world of thought and the Yazatas in
the world of living beings wept, and Spitama ZaraIustra wept,
and said: Although you are not inimical
339
, O Ahura Mazd,
you are, in my eyes, inimical to the soul of Kcrcsspa. Since if
Kcrcsspa had not existed as a bodily and living being, nothing
of your creation would have been in the material state.
340

When ZaraIustra had become silent, :tars got up and spoke
of the sinfulness of Kcrcsspa unto itself, and it (finally) said: I
shall not let him into the Best (Existence).

In the Sad-dar B 20.54-57/ MU29 18-19 the speech of :tars is as follows:
The Holy Immortal Asa Vahista, stood up and groaned before ZaraIustra
on account of Kcrcsspa, and said: O ZaraIustra, you do not know what
Kcrcsspa has done unto me. In former times, there was this custom that, as
they would place fire-wood and sheaf
341
under a caldron for cooking food, I
would send the fire, until the caldron should be boiled, and its duty should be
performed, and then it would have come back to its own place. As for the
(horned) dragon which he speaks of having slain, he was hungry, but the fire
fell one hour later upon the fire-wood which he had placed below the
caldron because the wood was wet, he smote the fire with his club, and
cooled the fire. Now I will not allow Kcrcsspas soul to attain heaven.

After :tars, having spoken these words, the worthy of
worship, Gus Urvan (soul of the cow) got up, and said: I
shall not let him into hell (dao:aha-), for he did much good to
me.

339
freftr deceiver rendering an un-known Av. word. Cf. Y 49.2 daibit
doubly so Z freftr. Saddar B 20.512E:F #P X-6 6" J:@ + QLG
340
ped getig estisn. Cf. Bd 239 meng estisn.
341
L 8/ ;5+ E /e:m <ud> vf/. Pers. vf sheaf renders Syr. '#% sheaf,
bundle; handful, cf. Ps 125.6.
52
After Gus Urvan, having spoken these words, ZaraIustra
got up, paid homage to :tars, and said: I shall exert care for
you, I shall speak of your exploits in the world of living beings,
and I shall speak to Vstspa and Jmspa thus: Observe how
:tars acted uninimically (ainiti) when Kcrcsspa underwent
penance (paititi-), and it forgave him.
The Prs
g
version, in RP 18f 33-36, of the fourteenth chapter of the
Std
e
gar breaks off at this point. It is succeeded, however, by a fragment
which belongs to a different version of the legend of Kcrcsspa in another
chapter of the Avesta:
ZaraIustra enquired of Ahura Mazd: Who is the first
whose corpse (irista-) you will prepare?
Ahura Mazd said: That of Kcrcsspa.
342

ZaraIustra felt offended, and he said to Ahura Mazd:
When Kcrcsspas deed was the killing of men, why will you
prepare his corpse first?
Ahura Mazd said: Do not be offended, O ZaraIustra, for if
Kcrcsspa had not been, and had not done those many exploits,
neither you nor any creature of mine would have had existence.

Ch. 15 % Y ;FQ + /kam ncmi zam/ (Y 46; Dk M 803-805).

About the arrival
343
of (the dava of death) Ast.vtu
(partition of bones) on the spot to a person; and from him no
one of the mortals (aosahant-) will escape.
344

About the desire of people (masvka-) for the not-passing of
the mortal body
345
and transient wealth
346
.

342
Cf. Bd 220.
343
abar-rasisnih reaching (the destination), arrival; accident rendering
Av. aii.gaiti- (f.) onset, attack (> Pers. ebgad), cf. Vd 8.4. Pers. abar-
rasisnig accidental, opp. cihrig, cf. Dk iii M 145.
344
a-b:isnih i a:is kas-i: a: somandn # Aog. 58 vahma haca naecis
bunfav aosahatm masvnm.
53
Ast.vtu (binds) all mortals with terrible (fetters), and the
transparent water carries them off.
347
None of them can be saved
from him
348
, but some of them can save their soul
349
.
The soul alone
350
sees the reward (mi:da-) and punishment
(poro/a-) in the world of thought
351
. (The soul, when it is) with
body
352
does not see such things. If it, with body, could have
seen such as that, then it would not have performed the least sin

345
somand tan. Cf. Vd 4.50 aosahai/vaso.tanv, VAM 76 tan i
somand.
346
frasvand xir. Cf. Dk vi M 511 en xir i getig edn frasvand, 515
crag en aberdar ka mard frasvandih i tan ud xir i getig xes nimved,
VAM 77, CHP 57 frasvandih i xir i getig, HOD 42 frasvandih i tis
handesidan.
347
somandn hamg astvihd ped hn i skeft ud fr:-pedg ;<- a /b/
bared. J5 + ;5 +-4<=- L . + @ X:+ ^ 2-4" 1 $ 1 + ;5 ++ )" ;<- 2- 3=( a + g
Pers. skeft hard, harsh, terrible renders Av. skapta- (adj.) secret, cf.
F12, and darsi redoutable, bold, daring, cf. Y 3.20 darsi.draos: skeft-:en.
Cf. also Ch. 20 bastan i ped skeft bann.
Pers. fr:-pedg renders Av. frdorosra- (adj.) transparent, clear, cf. Y
57.27.
Cf. Vd 5.8 ast.viotus dim bandaveiti vav dim bastom naveiti fs
u:va:aiti fs niva:aiti Ast.vitu binds him, Vayah leads him bound, :p
(water) carries him up, :p carries him down Z astvihd v banned, vav |i
vattar| v bast naved, b (/ fs) ul-va:ened |k-s ul sar vared|, b nign-
va:ened |k-s frd bun bared|.
348
Cf. Aog. 58.
349
ke ravn b:ed. Pers. bxt-ravnih salvation of the soul, cf. GV
1.54. Cf. also Dk iii M 193 ravn-b:isnih ud tan-vinrisnih the salvation of
the soul and the recovery of the body.
350
ravn ev-tg. Cf. Ch. 18 (Dk M 807) ravn ev-tg bstn tan
xhisnig
351
meng mizd ud puhl. Cf. Dk viii M 712, 729, ix M 788.
352
tanomand rendering Av. astvant- (adj.) having bones, osseous, cf. Y
34.14. Cf. also Kirdr 1.21 "stwndy lwb"n /astvand ravn/.
54
for anything whatever of the ease and comfort of the material
world
353
, nor forgotten (to do) good work.
About the hideousness and dreadfulness of the body of man
after death. Even that which is considered most precious among
all requisite things is thrown contemptuously to the dust
354
, and
the living ones, even the closest relative, (will consider it)
useless
355
, and they will keep aloof from it.
During <three> days (asn-), the baoah (consciousness)
remains near the body (tan-)
356
, the dogs and birds
357
go forth
for the dismemberment of the body; the baoah fears from them
just like a sheep that (pursued by the wolf) is afraid of the
wolf
358
; it disputes with the dogs and birds about the
dismemberment of the body.
359
(The dogs and birds) perceive the
words (of baoah, which have been pronounced) spiritually
360
.
At first, they go back
361
, thinking the body is alive. Afterwards,

353
snih ud xrih i getig. Pers. snih renders Av. siti- (f.) happiness,
peace, cf. Vr 7.3; Pers. xrih renders Av. x/ra- (nt.) comfort, cf. Y 8.8.
354
afrasg andar xk-abgandagih. Pers. afrasg (adj.) contemptuous,
(nt.) contempt, cf. M 6032.1851-52 hmpd #yw "w b[yd] "frs"g u p"dys"g
qr(y)[nd].
355
abvisnig-tisih anbednigih requisite uselessness, cf. Dk iii M
358 :vn ud anbednih sd ud abvisnigih.
356
ka si~ asn-: bv ped na:digih i tan. Cf. VZ 30.32 bv hn si r: i
pas a: marg ped na:digih i tan pdag klbod i tan nigered pedis grived.
357
sag ud vay. Cf. Vd 2.8 snmca vavmca. sagn ud vavn, Vd 6.45
sn v korofs.xar vav v korofs.xar flesh-eating dogs or flesh-eating
birds.
358
bv a:isn cn mes a: gurg tarsenidan (tarsidan). Cf. VZ 30.32 bv
ka sag ud vav fr: savend ud tan darrenidan kmend fr: tarsed n cn
mes a: gurg. About the fear of the davas from the baoa (smell) of a
truthful one cf. Vd 19.33, Aog. 19, VYt 27.
359
sag ud vav abar ne visuftan i tan pehikrdan. Cf. VZ 30.32 sag ud
vav pehikred k m en i man kerb fr: xared.
360
avesn hn g
b
isn mengih mrdan.
361
ab: 1 )6=( ++ /pas-raftan/. Fars. J$;6 RS 9.) to retrogress, go backward.
55
when they dismember the body, the baoah runs to the vicinity
of the dismembered body just like a female sheep
362
when it
runs near its young ones , it looks at the body with grievous
unhappiness (a-siti-), reflecting thus: That body was (once)
with a beautiful face
363
, and to what misery it has now reached!
If the tan (body, person) was sinful during life, about its not
accepting in its lifetime that which the baoah gave advice to
that tan as regards abstaining from sin and practising good deed,
then (the baoah) weeps again. And (saying) this also: Your
time of happiness was short
364
, but that of misery is long.
Men who live on, in the temporal existence (sti-), for a
hundred years, (yet) live little [that is, one who lives on
365
a
hundred years, his life passes away, little by little, and his life
will be finished, wife and property and other worldly goods all
will leave him at once, and will come to another person].
When men even for a short voyage, on a friendly and thriving
road
366
, select and take with themselves dispensable provision
beyond (their requirement)
367
, then it is more proper to select,
prepare, and take with themselves indispensable provisions for
the other (voyage) which is eternal
368
.

362
mes i dendag. Cf. A 3.7 maesinm daenunm.
363
+-4FI!" andar nekih. The word +-4FI!" can be read /demagn/, cf. Yt
10.107 srira daemna, or smasn < Av. *smarsna- (adj.), cf. Yt 14.12
smarsn.daema: nektom-dem.
364
gisnag rendering Av. moro:u-, cf. F 11.
365
B? h: )" + /:ived/.
366
ka mardm nihang-i: evar: i ped hn i dstomand ud pedixomand rh.
Cf. Dk iii M 309 evar:ign tsag rv bdihomand rh.
367
abar vi:irisnig tsag vi:ihend ud frvih abar drend. Pers. tsag
renders Av. avaha- # Skt. avas- (nt.) food, provisions, viaticum, cf. Aog.
41.
368
nihang-i: evar: abrig hn i fvedn. Cf. Dk vi M 548 edar drang
andak ud evar: :d, ud nh dvvar rst ud abm ne vinded, HP II.2 fvedn
nh abved bdan.
56
About the seven immortal lords (ahu-)
369
who are placed in
the (central) continent X
v
aniraIa, the Fortune
370
and great
strength
371
and also the goodness of their assistants, living (jvant-
/ jva-) and being in command (xsavamna-) in both existence:
1) Van-vdvasa
372
is in the Airyana Vajah (the original
homeland of the Aryans)
373
on the fortunate throne
374
.
2) Gaopaiti
375
is in the non-Aryan lands (anairva
dahv)
376
.
3) PisisyaoIna son of Vstspa in Kapha
377
, with banners
held on high
378
, wherein there are a myriad believers
379
who wear

369
haft a
h
s xadv. Cf. DD 89 xadv i ahs, Bd 197 rad-e ahs.
370
abar-xarrah (lit. with superior Fortune). Av. aii.xaronah- (adj.), cf.
Yt 15.48.
371
va:urg-:ih. Cf. MX 57.11 meh-:ih.
372
+++ ^ / )" . i( Ej /van-i-fud-bes/ < *van-vidvaesa- lit. defeater (and) free
from hostilities. Not to be confounded with another van i fud-bes (lit. the
tree opposed to harm), name of a tree which is placed in the Vouru.kasa sea,
cf. MX 62.32 sen-murv svn ped van i fud-bes (

hu-bes?) i vas-thmag
(compare Yt 12.17).
373
van-i-fud-bes abar ern-ve:. Cf. Bd 197 van-i-fudbes ped ern-ve:.
374
ped hn i 1 -4F: -4" - (S 1 -4CD -4" - ) /farroxn/ gh. Cf. AJ (Paz. 5)
parvn gh.
375
H % 1 $ + /gbed/ < *gaopaiti- lit. lord of cattle # Skt. g-pati- (m.).
376
andar anern dehn. Cf. DD 89.4 gbed sh xadvih andar gbed
bm, ham-vimand i ern-ve: ped br i b i ddig the reign of King Gaopaiti
is over the land of Gaopaiti (# Gum yim suyo.savanom, Arrians 123$4)
neighbouring Airyana Vajah, on the bank of the river Ditya. However,
according to MX 62.3 king Gaopaiti is in Airyana Vajah, within the
continent of X
v
aniraIa: gbed-sh ped ern-ve: andar kisvar i xanirah. Cf.
also Yt 10.15 avi ima karsvaro va xanira/om bmim gavasavanom
gavasitimca baesa:vm toward this continent of X
v
aniraIa, the splendid, the
settlement of the Gavas (gava-savana # Arrians 123$4, Pers. gbedestn),
the healing settlement of the Gavas.
377
1 A4<-47 4" H + i vistspn ped kangdi:. Cf. Bd 197 1 4C<( H $ ++ i vistspn ke-s
L $ : % >Q + (TD2 $ L : >Q + )-: xnend ped kangdi: i bmig.
57
black fur from sables
380
, who are hearers of the dan (/
religion)
381
, who are truthful (asavan-), who follow PisisyaoIna
son of Vstspa.
382

4) Fradxsti son of Xunbya, a descendant of Haosyapha, who
is sovereign on the navigable waters.
383


Pers. kangdiz renders Av. kaha- (m.). Cf. MX 62.13-14 kangdi: ped
usastar rn na:dig sadves gumrd ested ped vimand i ern-ve: Kapha is
entrusted with the eastern quarter, near to Satavasa, on the frontier of
Airyana Vajah, Yt 5.54 upa dvarom xsa/r.sukom apan.tomom
(

pn.tomom) kahava boro:antava asavanava at the rule-shining door, the

best-welcome is Kapha, lofty (and) truthful, OPH 15 kangdi: haft-sad
frasang drahnv haftsad frasang pahnv the length of Kapha is 700
parasang, and its width 700 parasang, DD 89.5 kang i raftr (Ab-Nuws
6.$;c- b?@).
378
stendag-drafs rendering Av. oroo.drafsa- (adj.) with upraised
banners, an epithet of Bx
r
- (OPers. bxtri-), cf. Vd 1.6 bxo
r
im srirm
oroo.drafsm Bactria the beautiful with upraised banners Z baxl i nek |ped
didan| ud abrst-drafs. Cf. also Yt 1.11 oroo.drafsava. stendag-drafs |k
tuxsgih drend], Bd 206 cahrom baxl i pahlom dd nek ped didan,
mardm i nh drafs ped tuxsgih drend.
379
ke andar hn bevar hn i . :+ + A4C7 (bwlws"n # 4.1+), cf. Burhn: 4.1+)
71.) dNe:S 2>-). The word can be read /varravisnign/ # Arab. Q&V2\2, cf. GV
4.3.
380
ke sv samr drend. Cf. RP 49.12 pestan i vistspn abg hvist
ha:r ke kabh i svv samr drend, ZVY 7.22 fr: raved pestan i bmig
abg e-sad-ud-pan:h mard i ahl ke hvist i pestan hend ped sv samr
fmag ped meng veh drend.
381
den nivsidr. In the Manichaean church (Dn), nivsg is an ordinary
disciple.
382
Cf. AJ 7 kangdi: xb-:isn ud avvr ud~ veh-den hend, u-sn dd
vehih ud den prvdkesih, u-sn :indagih vas, ka mirend ahl hend, u-sn rad
pestan i bmig i asm pus, ud xadv ud slr hsr.
383
1 )CD )C<- + i xumbign i hsang pus ke pdixsv ped b i nvdg. Pers.
b i nvdg renders Av. p- nvav-, cf. Yt 11.4.
58
5) Asavazdah son of Pouruxsti, who is sovereign on the
highest of the brightest (land), the plain of Pisinah
384
.
6) . VK>: / Bairazd/ (< *boro:-d-?), the battle-maker
385
.
7) The best among the most
386
renowned (husravah-) kavis,
O Vistspa, it is he who is called Kavi Haosravah, who
propagates
387
my dan mzdayasni
388
, who also is

However, according to Bd 197 Fraxsti is sovereign in the plain of
Pisinah: 1 )D )C<- i xumbign ped dast i 1 A4CF( E4* , ed rv xumbign ke-sn bim
esm rv andar xumb-e parvrd.
384
A4<- MVK- ^ 1 :+ $ )C<- + pus ke pdixsv abar ped blist i pedgdom dast i
1 A4<( ]F- /pisinah/. Pers. dast i pisinah renders Av. vairi- pisinah- Lake
Pisinah, cf. Yt 5.37 korossp pasne varis pisinah, RP 47.10 kerssp
abar ped blisn i pedgdom. Pers. abar ped blist i pedgdom dast i pisinah
renders (possibly) *baro:iste paiti ci/r.tome varis pisinah. Cf. also MX
62.20 tan i sm ped dast i 1 ]F(A4CF( na:dig kf i damvand. Av. vairi- (m.) =
Pers. var lake, cf. Bd 91-93. Pers. var, influenced by Aram. br open
country (Syr. 123, Arab. KH*), interchanged with dast in the geographical
names: var i t:ign (E 25, 52), dast i t:ign (Bd 106); *var i pisinah,
dast i pisinah (Bd 198).
However, according to Bd 197 Ascm.yahmi.usta is in a place which is
called the navigable river (rd i nvdg), and Fraxsti is in the plain of
Pisinah.
385
. VK>: i kusisn-girdr. Cf. Bd 197 baira:d i kuxsisn-girdr.
386
)C<-+ $ k+ /vahisttom/ < Av. *vahist.toma-.
387
ravgih-i: dahed. Pers. ravg-dahisnih propagation renders Av.
:ra:diti- (f.) confidence, faith, cf. Y 43.11. Then, we can translate: who
also has faith in.
388
hn i 2: /man/ den m:desnn.
59
acquainted with it
389
, who gives good confidence to my
work
390
[that is, who considers my work (more) reliable
391
].
ascm voh vahistcm ast.

Ch. 16 Spcnt.ma=y (Y 47 ; Dk M 805-806).

About the compensation (poro/a-) of sinners
392
, as it is
manifest in the dan.
It is ordered for both man and woman to perform the
ceremony, and the priority of the woman over the man.
393

If one seeks to attain the House of Song (gar.nmna-), then
he should recite the ceremony-texts by himself, or he should
perform the ceremony of the Purchase of the World
(*gae/.xrit).
394


389
andar-: dned. Cf. Vd 9.2 v fraestom apivatite daenava
m:davasnis vao:d/rv haca who is most acquainted with the works of
purification of the dan mzdayasni Z ke hn i frvist andar dned den i
m:desnn v:dhrgarih |k nirang dned].
390
ke (M Y) hn i man var:isn i veh dahed fr:-vbarignih. Cf. Y 49.7
v5 voro:5ni vahim d frasastim who will give good reputation to the
community Z ke-t var:isn veh dahed fr:-vbarignih |k kird i t ped
vbarigndar dred agar hn i xes ermn].
391
k kird i man ped vbarign (M A4CF(, J5 +-4C<(, K l-4*) dred.
392
vinhgrn puhl. Cf. VZ 1.22 puhl ud pdifrh i ba:akkarn.
393
vast kirdan mard ud :an, ud :an pes a: mard framd ested. Cf. n
12.30. Pers. vast (< Av. vasta-) renders Av. yasna- (m.) worship, sacrifice,
liturgy.
394
gardmnigih ped vast xad srvisnig avb getig-xrid bd.
Cf. DD 79 hn i pursed k. ke vast xad~ ne kuned ud getig-xrid~ ne
framved egis ddestn ce ast?
psox e k. be avesn ke nmcistig andar den vi:id hn ke vast ne kird
ested i ka-s ves kirbag kird~ pas be gardmn ne rased vi:irenid ested.
en-: edn guft k v ke-s xad vast kirdan ne tavn ud~ ka getig-xrid
framved kirdan gardmnig sved bdan. ed ast va:urg fravdisnig.
60
If one seeks the freeing of the soul from hell (dao:aha-)
395
,
then he should give, for love of Truth (= desire of becoming
asavan after death)
396
, a rapid horse
397
, an arable land
398
, and a
good (srira- beautiful) woman
399
, to an unmarried man
400
.
And also a woman (should) give herself in marriage, (for love of
Truth,) to an unmarried man; and the caretaker (= husband)
401

should increase, hour by hour
402
, day by day, good works.
About the compensation of him who loses (his fees)
403
and
releases (or, dissolves a marriage)
404
, in the stws
405
; he is like

Question: Concerning him who does not perform the Yasna service by
himself nor does order a Purchase-of-the-World ceremony, what is then the
decision?
Answer: Apart from those who are especially elect in the dan, it is
stated that he who has not performed the Yasna service, even if he has done
many good works, does not attain the House of Song. This also is said that he
who is not able to perform the ceremony by himself, when he orders a
Purchase-of-the-World ceremony, then he can become fit for the House of
Song; this is greatly rescuer.
Cf. also Bd 227, n 5.6, Saddar B 42.
395
:dih i ravn a: dusox.
396
ped ahlvih dsrmih. Cf. P 43 v asahe cinmavastom.
397
- ;[ + ^ 8B: /asp i rav/. SS 17, Bd 210 !" E4F=( ^ 8B: + . Av. rava.aspa- (adj.)
with fast horses, cf. G 5.5 rava.aspm: frx sabuk asp, Yt 17.12 aesm
aspah bavente sav rav.frao/oman their horses are fearsome, swift,
light-moving.
398
:amig i kisve:r rendering Av. :om karsuva, cf. F 5. Cf. also CHP 6
:amig kisve:r kirdan ud var:idan.
399
:an i nek. Cf. HP I 5 hamb: i :an nek veh.
400
mard i 3-45 . + /ahl/. We have read mard i agrav (< Av. *ayru- m. #
Skt. gru-). Cf. Ch. 1 (Dk M 788) agrav [agrift].
401
)9: /rd/. I think it renders Av. roa- (m.) glossed by sv husband,
cf. Y 9.23.
402
+ H A45 U + H A45 U /:amnag :amnag/. + H E /:amn/ time; hour.
403
++ H )" '- /vinenidr/. Cf. DD 36.5 A . H )" E4F3- /vinenidrih/, Vd 8.21
nase disappear! Z nah [k vin bs], Vd 13.50 nast.:omanasca
pairist.xsudrasca who has lost his gains (/ fees), whose seed has desiccated.
61
(a man) who is alive and they pour molten metal (by the
ordeal)
406
on his breast.
407

About the punishment for the woman who gives herself in
marriage to an unmarried man, and comes back from him; she is
like a hedgehog (/ penis)
408
that as soon as
409
goes inside her
thighs
410
comes out; her road to the Best Existence is cut off
411

thereby.
About the non-salvation of the soul of the lieful (drvant-)
from the Evil Existence till the Final Body.
412

About the punishment of the lieful: As if you have hung a
sheep which is alive by the legs, head downwards, and you run,
as much thick as a finger
413
,
414
, at the nose.

404
)CF- '- /histr/. Cf. GV 12.59 histr: vimokt'- (adj.) who unyokes,
abandons, lets go. Av. harz to let go, release, Pers. hil-: hist to release;
discharge; divorce; leave; permit.
405
)* + N [stws] # Av. tisrm xsapanm of three nights rendered by Skt.
trirtra. Cf. Vd 7.52 Z pas a: si-sabag mr i stws pas a: si-sabag r:
va:isn. ce ne dnem k pdifrh ped si-sabag be kuned avb ped si-sabag sar
pdifrh i~ tisrm xsafnm , Bd 224-225 pdifrh i tisrm xsafnm
xnend, MX 21.10 pdifrh i stws, CHP 16 mr i ped stws, n 8.5, VZ
30.43 mr i stws.
406
hen vidxt. Cf. Y 51.9 avah xsust aibi (by the ordeal) with
molten metal Z hen vidxt abar.
407
hen vidxt ped + 3( % /varg/ ab: re:end. Pers. varg renders Av.
var breast, cf. F 3.7 var: var. Cf. also Dk vii M 644 hn i vidxtag rv
abar var rixtan, GV 10.70 vidxt rv i abar-var-re:isnih.
408
2?? /zuzag/ (Av. du:aka-) rendering Av. :u- (m.), cf. Y 53.7.
409
bstn rendering Av. boa- (adv.).
410
ped haxt. Cf. Y 53.7 bni haxtva at the bottom of (her) thighs Z ped
bun i haxt.
411
brid-rhih, cf. Dk iv M 425 hist-denih brid-rhih. Pers. T#S X7*)
/brida
g
-puhl/ whose bridge is cut off; who has not adopted a son, cf. MU I
594.
412
a-bxtisnih i drvandn ravn a: dusox d tan i pasen. Cf. Dk iii M 69-
71 (ch. 78).
62
The GIs in the world of thought are like mantle
415
which is
adorned
416
by all sorts of marvellous things (abda-), and dressed
by the truthful chanter of the GIs
417
.
voh ascm ast vahistcm.

Ch. 17 Yez (adis, Y 48 ; Dk ix M 806-807).

About him who, shall commit (any of) these five sins, having
become apostate
418
, his own life and Fortune (xaronah-) are
diminished thereby:
1) When a man (masva-) contentedly adores a dava as his
lord and judge
419
;
2) When one who professes the religion
420
(contentedly
adores) one who does not profess the religion
421
(as his lord and
judge);

413
angust-:avv-e, cf. Vd 6.16 oro:u.stavahom: angust-:avv [angust-
drahnv].
414
A4[>Q \ /mhnig/ (Fars. DF.,.>, a kind of stone)? K -4[>Q + /mavisn/
intoxication, /mvisn/ copulation. We can read /nimvisnig/, cf. Dk viii M
720.
415
+ & /varr/ rendering Av. varon- (f.) wool; covering (Armen. va(
royal mantle).
varr nihumbihistan, cf. Dk vii M 625 u-s abar varr nihuft.
416
1 )[- % + /pesidag/.
417
ghn srdr. Cf. Y 9.1 :ara/ustrom g/asca srvavantom
ZaraIustra (who was) chanting the GIs, Bd 180 srdr i ghn.
418
a: den vast.
419
ped oxih ud radih. Cf. Y 27.1 vispanm ma:istom ahmca ratmca
the greatest of all, the lord and judge Z harvispin mahist ped oxih ud radih
[k oxih ud radih rv a: va:adn meh].
420
stavn den. Cf. Y 13.8 fraoroitimc stao/anomc daenava
m:davasnis va:amaide we worship the (Text of) Choice and (the Text of)
Praise of the dan mzdayani Z franmisn ud stavnih i den i m:desnn
va:em |hn meng ka be den vend ud ped den stavn be bavend ped rh i
v|, CHP 4 ped den stavn bdan to profess the faith of the religion.
63
3) When a teacher (adores) one who is not a teacher [and is
ignorant]
422
;
4) When one who is acquainted with the GIs (adores) one
who is unacquainted with the GIs [and is unintelligent]
423
;
5) When one who discriminates in giving
424
(adores) one
who is squanderer [and is foolish]
425
.
Those who unlawfully slaughter small or large domestic
animals
426
, they also diminish their life and Fortune
427
. And so
also those who think scornfully of Ahura Mazd
428
, O pure
truthful Spitama (ZaraIustra)
429
, and also of the truthful
coreligionists
430
[your disciples].

421
anstavn den. Cf. Vd 3.40 anstt v anaiisravan v daenm
m:davasnim who does not praise or listen attentively to the dan
mzdayasni` Z (agar ast) anstavn [k agden, u-s ped kirbag uskrd ested]
avbis an-abar-asnd den i m:desnn [k veh den ped xhisn ud pursisn
vinhgr ped abegumnih i kirbag-menisnih kirdan].
422
csidr ka acsidr adn. Pers. csidr renders Av. casan- (m.), cf. Y
13.3 a/aurun casnsc priests and teachers Z srnn csidrn.
Cf. also Dk viii M 736 csidr ud~ ab:-pursidr.
423
gh-ghn ka an-gh-ghn [anesns]. Pers. gh-ghn renders
Av. vidus.g/- (adj.), cf. Vd 18.51 narom vidus.g/om vidus.vasnom a
man who knows the GIs, who knows the Yasna Z mard gh-ghn
gh-va:isn.
424
vi:idr-dahisn. Cf. RP 10d1 ka man vi:idr-dahisnih kunem, Dk iii M
95 ped vi:idr-dahisnih rdih.
425
ka avi:idr-dahisn [ud axrad]. Pers. a-xrad # Skt. a-krat- (adj.) free
from will; foolish. Cf. Dk iii M 262 axrad rh.
426
pah ud str. Cf. Vd 9.39 pasv staorca: pah ud str.
427
avesn ke pah ud str addih kusend i-sn :indagih ud xarrah khed.
Cf. Dk iii M 216 (:darbd:) a: addih kustan i gvn ud gspendn saxt
pahre:ed.
428
ke ohrma:d tar mened. Cf. Yt 10.139 v ma:dm tar ma#vete who
thinks disdainfully of Mazd.
429
abe:ag ahl spitmn rendering Av. oro:v asum spitama, cf. Yt
5.89.
430
A 4" E4<( H A + L /xes-denn-:/ i ahlavn. Cf. Vr 21.3, P 35 xdaenis
asaonis: xes-denn i ahlav(n).
64
voh vahistcm ast ascm.

This passage is quoted in the n (syist n-syist) 10.8:
ek en k skeft pahre:isn a: addih kustan i gspendn
sardagn. ce ped stdgar abar avesn ke gspend addih kust
pdifrh n guft ested k mv i~ avesn gspendn tey-e te:
humng baved ud v i addih kustr :anihed.
One (rule) is this: One should firmly abstain from
unlawfully slaughtering of animal species. For in the book
Stdgar it is said, concerning those who have slaughtered
animals, the punishment is such that each hair of those animals
become like a sharp edge, and he who has unlawfully slaughtered
is slain.

Ch. 18 A[.m.yav (Y 49; Dk M 807-808).

The davas wound
431
to Haurvatt (integrity) and
Amcrctatt (immortality) through him who, in sinfulness, talks
while eating, or who makes water when standing, or who wastes
his semen virile
432
, or a (bad) woman who chews (omits)
433
the
song (of praise) after sunset (h frsm.diti-), or who pours a
portion
434
of food to the north, at night, without a recitation of
the Ahuna Vairya
435
.

431
;5 + ]" @ /busih/ pregnancy rendering Av. vorona- (m.) wound, cf.
Vd 18.38.
432
ke suhr vinened. Pers. suhr-vinhisnih (sin of) wasting ones semen
virile, cf. Petit 3.1.
433
H )FM( + /fved/ rendering Av. aparaooaveiti, cf. Y 19.7, or viraooaveiti,
cf. H 13.1.
434
A4" & /danar/ rendering Av. danaro a measure of food or drink, cf. Vd
16.7.
435
Cf. n 10.7, 12.18, Sad-dar 30.
65
The soul alone requests often from the body, in these
words
436
: O perishable body
437
, praise (the praise of) Ascm
(as.stiti-) on stretching yourself in bed (/ on turning from one
side to another while in bed)
438
, when you are sleeping
439
;
(praise) Ascm on waking up, when you are awake
440
; (praise)
Ascm on rising; may (the praise of Ascm) bring you, in every
coming and coming out [in exhaling and inhaling the breath]
441
,
good rewards, abundant rewards, and the reward of Truth
442
.
When the body shall do so accordingly, then the soul is
rejoiced and shall invoke blessings on the body thus: May you
be beautiful (srira-), O perishable body, you who have made me
high (boro:ant-)
443
, who have brought me near
444
to the Best
Existence.

436
ravn ev-tg bstn tan xvisnig pe: en ev: k. Cf. Aog. 25 bv i
ravn tan g
b
ed edn. Cf. also Dk vi M 556 xad bstn evtg.
437
e tan i ;* A Y U m /si:omand/. Cf. Aog. 26 tanv i/vefahaiti.
438
ped ul-nibemisnih, cf. H 1.11 xafnoa ustrvamn: ped xb ul-
nibemisnih. Pers. ul-nibemisnih is translated by Arab. ^H_9, cf. Sad-dar B 27.7.
Cf. also Sad-dar 80.8
45 f #,+ Q1- g DF-#G () 2%6" + 8"! #VUS 6" #VUS 9- J$hG 9- (@ 2%- 45 2%- 6-MUK* [96- (@ H
439
ka be xafse. Cf. H 1.11 avahabdomn going to sleep Z be-xafsisnih.
440
ped 1 + ;5 A4" ++ A47 @ /fr:-bvisnih/ ka vigrd bave. Pers. fr: bv- to
wake up, cf. OPH 6 pas genng meng a: hn stardagih fr: bust. Pers.
fr:-bvisnih awaking (from sleep or ignorance) # Skt. pra-bodha- (m.). Cf.
H 1.13 n xafnoa frayrisomn frabiovamna a man, waking from sleep,
waking up Z mard a: xb fr:-vigrvisnih ud fr:-bvisnih.
441
ped harvisp visn be-savisnih [ped ven varisn barisn]. Cf. F 3.4
ntva parntva: visn ud savisn i ven, Bd 34 gvn hn i abg vd pevvast
ested, ven varisn barisn. Cf. also Sr 22 Z.
442
humi:dih ud vas-mi:dih ud ahlvih-mi:dih bavd. Cf. Y 55.2 ta (g/a)
n buvn humi:da as.mi:da as.mi:da par.asni ahe: ped avesn am
bavn humi:dih [frrnih] vas-mi:dih ud ahlvih-mi:dih [a: kr ud kirbag] be
ped hn i na:dik oxn.
443
Y $ + . & :+ % ZU + $ + /ke-t an buland kird/.
66
And when the body (/ person) shall not accept the advice
445

of the soul, and says the word woe
446
on stretching itself in
bed, the word woe on waking up, the word woe on rising,
then the soul shall sob
447
, and shall raise its complaining voice
thus: Woe
448
to you, O perishable body, you who have made
me short (moro:u-)
449
, who have brought me near to the Worst
Existence.
450

2-4<(A + and 2I-45 + and + A45 L % + are symptoms of short life
(moro:u.fiti-), and the remedy (baesa:a-) for them it is Ahuna
Vairya and Asom.

This passage is quoted in the n (syist n-syist) 12.32:
en si tis rv gisnag-:ivisnih ved i~ ast A47 2-47+ /snsag/ ud + 2!F- /v
iv
sag/
ud A47 L % , harv ek-e va/-ahu-vairv-e ud asom-voh-e be guftan, ud ka-:
snsag i kas
a
snaved, hamgnag guftan. vehn ped kirdag dstan. ped stdgar
g
b
ed k. 'ce snsag rved? [k ped ce kr ved?] u-s guft ohrma:d k.
gisnag-:ivisnih, :ardust! ce v ast besa:isnih? ahunvar, :ardust, ud ahlvih.`

444
Y $ + % MV==?+ & + $ + /ke-t an na:dik kird/. We can also read ke tar na:dik
, cf. Yt 10.13 tar harm snaoiti.
445
frh advice, counsel; report < Av. *-frsa- (m.). Av. -fras to
take counsel, -frasta- (adj.) consulted.
446
A : 2- . A47 @ /ang-ravisnih/ (lit. wickedness) rendering Av. avaett-
(f.) the word woe! (avi), cf. Y 31.20.
447
4" H )F- + + /snhed/. Av. snud, snaooa- (pres.) to sob, weep, cf. Yt
19.80 snaooontis goro:na weeping and complaining.
448
A 2- /ang/ (lit. evil, wicked) rendering Av. vva (ant. of usta), cf.
Yt 3.14 vva me woe to me, H 2.34 ka/a te daroyom vva aha how was
your long (journey) in woe? Z edn t dagr ang baved.
449
Y $ + A4<( & % % M+ + $ + /ke-t an gisnag kird/. Pers. gisnag short (Khot.
fs)ina-), opp. dr: (Dk ix M 804), buland (Dk viii M 697).
450
hn i vattom oxn. Cf. Vd 5.62 acisti ahe: hn i vattom oxn.
67
On account of these three things, there comes short life, that is, sneeze,
yawn, and belch (?)
451
. Each time one is to recite a YaI Ah Vairy and an
Ascm Voh; and also when one hears the sneezing of someone else, he should
recite in like manner the good (laity) consider it as a rule. It is said in the
Stdegar: What prepares sneezing? [i.e., for what purpose does it come?]
Ahura Mazd said: Short life, O ZaraIustra. What is the remedy for it? Ahuna
Vairya, O ZaraIustra, and Ascm.

Cf. also RP 13a1-4:
en-: pedg k :ardust a: ohrma:d pursid k. + 2-4<- + /v
iv
sag/, + A45 L % + ped
ce~ kr ve
n
d, snsag hamedn? ud ohrma:d guft k. ke kr kird ahrmen
ud devn :indagih kastan rv ved. :ardust guft k-s besa:isnih ce?
hrma:d guft k ka-s va/ ah vairv-e ud asom voh-e abar be g
b
end, a-s
tis-i: vinh ud :vn kirdan ne tavn, u-s sd nmcistig a:is baved.
This also is manifest (from the Avesta = Stdegar) that: ZaraIustra
asked Ahura Mazd: For what purpose does yawning come, and belching (?),
and likewise sneezing? He who does so, Apra Ma=yu and the Davas come
for shortening (his) life.
ZaraIustra said: What is the remedy for it? Ahura Mazd said: When he
recites a YaI-ah-vairy and an Ascm-voh, then (the Davas) can not do
any sin or harm against him, there will be the special advantage from this.
452


When you squat to make water, (first) recite the Ahuna
Vairya, and the Ascm, afterwards, when you get up, so that any
dava or druj shall least spoil you. When you go over to (your)
wife (nirik-)
453
, first recite the Ahuna Vairya, and the Ascm,
afterwards, when you go into (her) thighs, for so you shall make
him who will be, (i.e.) your son, more truthful and more
victorious owing to the Ascm. When you enter a house, pay
homage to and recite the Ahuna Vairya for the Spirit of the

451
In the Persian Rivyats we find these three things, that is: =i+65 =(jkl
X9.:NG(M 55 fol. 6).
452
Cf. also Sad-dar 7.
453
ka nrig abar rave. Cf. Vd 15.9 v kaininom upiti: ke kenign
abar raved |k-sn h gved|.
68
House (hadis-) and the whole household of the truthful ones
454

who are and were and will be.
The $ + )C7 ++ (force) of the lieful ones, as well as their
meal
455
are allotted not through (his) right power
456
.
voh vahistcm ascm ast.

Ch. 19 Ka[.mi.urv (Y 50 ; Dk M 808-810).

When the souls (urvan-) come together, they exalt by praise
the soul of the one in authority
457
, the good, the friend of the
soul
458
, since he did it no harm, and preserved it from hell.
The darkness (tomah-), the lack of luminosity
459
, the far-
reaching bottomless state of the blackness, and the lack of
goodness
460
of the hell; the dish of frogs
461
, the clothing of

454
harvisp hn i ahlavn sti. Cf. Y 35.1 vispm asaon stim.
455
sr rendering Av. draonah- (nt.) oblation; sacrificial cake. Cf. Y 35.8
utaviti draon: $ + A4<- + sr [mizd].
456
ped xadvih ne rst baxt. Cf. Y 44.9 orosv xsa/r : rst ped xadvih.
457
dastvar authorithy; high-priest, gl. of rad < Av. ratu- (m.)
judgement; judge, cf. Y 33.1.
458
ravn-dst, gl. of ahlvih-r:g who is desirous of truth rendering
Av. asahe borofvant- desirous of Truth, cf. H 1.2. Cf. also Y 62.10 asahe
borofa according to the rite of Truth Z ahlvih dsrm |r:g i kr ud
kirbag rv].
459
. R+ A ++ Y ZU @ /a-var:omandih/? Av. varocahant- (adj.) vigorous;
shining is rendered by Pers. varzomand, cf. Vd 20.1. Cf. also Y 65.12 Z
var:omandih.
Or .+ Gn+: Y ZU @ /vidardomandih/? Pers. vidardomand (Paz. vadargmandi)
renders Av. pairi/ surmountable, cf. Aog. 77.
460
a-vehih. Av. avahu- (adj.) un-good, who has no good is rendered by
Pers. a-veh, cf. Y 12.4 avahs: A @ A4C" + .
461
V?+ H A4<( @ /vazag-fvisnih/. Av. va:aya-/- frog.
69
frogs
462
, the cushion of
463
, the arrival of the snow
464
, the
painfulness, the affliction, and the terrible fright of those in
hell
465
.
Over it (= hell), there is the Bridge of the Accountant
(cinva.porotu-) which spans from the Peak (called) the Lawful
one (ditva-), which is in the homeland of the Aryans (airyana-
vaejah-), to (the two edges of the mountain chain) Har
Bcrczait
466
; and under it at the middle is the gate of hell. (The
Bridge) is the passage of the truthful (asavan) and the lieful
(drvant-); across it the passage for the truthful becomes in width
as wide as nine lances, each one lance being three reeds in
length
467
; the passage for the lieful becomes like the blade of a
razor
468
.
Thus I say to you, O Spitama, that: Truth (asa-) conducts
man
469
across the Ford [of atonement], the far-famed and
beautiful bridge
470
; because Arstt who is good and furtherer of
living beings (varoda.gae/-), and MiIra who provides wide
gaoyaoiti save only the man who possesses truth (asavan-) from

462
+ V?+ A 8Q Aj @ /vazag-nihumbisnih/. Pers. nihumb- to cover; conceal;
cloth renders Av. vah to be dressed, wear.
463
1 A4<( % . + 46- H @ (J5 1 A4* % + ) /-blenih/.
464
snixr-abar-rasisnih.
465
Cf. DD 26.
466
Cf. Bd 199; Vd 19.30.
467
n
h
ne:ag pahnv ek ek dagrandih si nv. Cf. RP 10g u-s hsag si
ne:ag blv i si nv bd.
468
ustarag tey rendering Av. vao:danahe dra, cf. F 4.7.
469
rstih mard franmed. Cf. VYt 42 nar asa vahista frvant.
mard hn i pahlom ahlvih fr:dar franmed.
470
tarist civ-vidarag i drnmig-i: nek puhl. Cf. Y 19.6 tar porotm:
tarist civ-vidarag, VYt 42 tar posm draesrtom vim cinvat. hn nmig-
a:-dr ke puhl i civvidarag.
Pers. dr-nmig with name going far ahead, cf. Dk iii M132; Dk vii M
628 dr-nmigdom. Cf. also Y 65.3 dr frasrtm. dr fr:-nmig [k-s
nm dr gvg sud ested].
70
that distress, (who cries loud) like a regiment of a thousand
men.
471

Thus I say to you, O Spitama, that: Do not become false to
the contract (mi/ra-), neither when you conclude it with the
infidel, nor with the righteous who follow your own dan, for
the contract applies to both, the infidel and righteous
472
. The
contract applies even, O ZaraIustra, to a wolf with (its) young
ones. (Breaking) the contract of a (bad) woman (fahik-) is more
terrible, O Spitama!
Thus I say to you, O Spitama, that: Do not accompany a
jahik (bad woman; whore) for making her [that is, do not
make her your wife], and lying with her [that is, do not sleep
with her]
473
. If you accompany a jahik for making her and lying
with her, do not abandon her afterwards, neither in distress nor in
prosperity, neither for the love of the body nor of the breath soul
(vyna-)
474
. Because he who accompanies a jahik for making
her and lying with her, and would abandon her for the love of the
body or of the breath soul, harms the house (nmna-), village
(v+s-), district (:antu-), and country (dahu-), and becomes,
owing to that, false to the contract (mi/r.druj-); he harms his
soul (urvan-), as well as his children [that is, the breach of
contract comes upon them].
475


471
cn hn i ;5 2: A % + (J5 ;5 23- - % + )/ ha:ragnag sph. Cf. VZ 2.13 vng
ohrma:d burd cn hn i ha:ragnag sph ka ped genin abar gar:end.
472
mihr m abar druxtr bave, m ka abg drvandn hampurse, ud m
ka abg xes-denn i ahlavn, ce harv donn mihr ast, drvandn-: ud
ahlavn-:. Cf. Yt 10.2 mi/rom m fanva spitama m vim drvata porosahe
m vim xdaen asaona vava :i asti mi/r drvataeca asaonaeca.
473
abg-nibemisnih [k-s abg m xafs]. Cf. Vd 18.64 (jahi)
apayasaite paiti.pasti : (jah) be appared ped abg-nibemisn<ih>.
474
m ped tan ud m gvn dsrm rv. Cf. CHP 23 ne tan ud ne gvn
dsrm rv a: veh den i m:desnn ab: ne estem.
475
hn v ravn :inened edn fra:endn |k-sn mihr-dru: abar rased].
Cf. Dk vii M 654 avesn ped fra:endn dru:end |k-sn mihr
g
dru: abar
rasisn| ud pe: hn i xes-tan.
71
The blasphemer
476
, the lieful, shall lie down without
offspring
477
at the bottom of hell [that is, there is no share, for the
lieful, of the bounty
478
established abundantly by Ahura
Mazd.
vahistcm ascm ast voh.

Ch. 20 Voh.xsaIrcm (Y 51; Dk M 810-815).

The exercise of power by Dahka, tyrannically, over the
sevenfold earth
479
, and the execution of his commands before a
wave of the hands
480
.
Dahka deliberates (in a contest). He wonders
481
about the
reason of the sorrowfulness
482
of the whole people (masvka-),
after the cutting of Yima to pieces
483
, and the accession of
Dahka.
The people say, in reply to Dahka, thus: Yima had
withheld from the world need
484
and poverty
485
, hunger and

476
ped dus-ham:isnih rendering Av. dus.sasti- (m.) person of bad
announcement, cf. Y 32.9.
477
ped a-fra:endih. Cf. Y 11.1 afra:aintis. afra:end.
478
nekih rendering, possibly, Av. vna- (nt.) boon.
479
abar bm i haft. Cf. Yt 19.26 paiti bmim haptai/vm.
480
pes ravgih i-s framn a: dastn vardisn. Cf. Dk ix M 815 ravgih i-s
framn te:dar a: dastn vardisn.
481
han:amanig pursisn i dahk. Cf. Yt 8.15 h i/ra vvxmanvete h i/ra
porosanveiti.
482
+ A4C<( Y ZU @ /visomandih/, cf. Y 9.11 a:im visavantom: a: i
visomand the poisonous dragon; or /besomandih/ (opp. rmisn), cf. Dk iii M
234.
483
kirrenidan i fim. Av. vim.koronta- (adj.) who cuts Yima to pieces,
cf. Yt 19.46. Cf. also Bd 211 devn fim be kirrenid.
484
fim ab: dst ested a: gehn niv: Cf. Aog. 95 fim en gehn
: ud niv: a: dm i ohrma:d ab: dst.
485
skhih rendering Av. ain-isti- (f.) weakness; indigence, cf. F 7
ainistis: skhi<ih> cn a-xstagih. Cf. also Yt 13.130. Pers. skh OPers.
s/skau/i- weak, poor.
72
thirst, old age and death, lamentation and mourning
486
,
immoderate cold and heat
487
, and the mingling of demons with
men.
488
This also: Yima established peace
489
[that is, he did
such things that from them there were the peace (/ happiness) of
men], granted (men and animals to go forth according to their
own) wishes [that is, he performed acts of beneficence]
490
,
(thereby) satisfied
491
[that is, he satisfied men according to the
(divine) models]. And $A % (Dahkas mother)
492
created you who

486
sivan ud mv. Cf. Y 71.17 xsavasca amavavavasca. sivan ud mvag.
487
suv ud tisn ud :armn ud margih ud sarmg ud garmg i abevmn.
Cf. Yt 9.10
u
va suoomca tarsnomca
u
va :aurvmca moro/vmca
u
va
garomomca vtom aotomca, Vd 2.5 ni mana (= Yima) xsa/re bva aot vt
ni garom ni axtis ni mahrk: ne ped hn i man xadvih baved hn i
sard vd ne hn i garm [vd], ne xendagih |vastagih| ud ne margih |hambun-
:]. Cf. also Yt 17.30, Dk vii M 595, MX 27.24-26.
vimahe xsa/re aurvahe ni aotom aha ni garomom ni :aurva aha
ni moroi/vus ni arask daev.dt: ped hn i fim xadvih i arvand ne
sarmg bd ne garmg, ne :armn bd ne margih, ud ne arask i devn-dd.
Cf. also Yt 15.16.
488
me:isn i dev abg mardm. According to the Yt 19.81 ZaraIustra
drove all davas under the earth.
489
snih-ddr rendering Av. *siti-d-. Pers. snih renders Av. siti-
(f.) happiness, peace, cf. Y 51.8 (OPers. sivti-, Pers. sdih).
490
kmag-ddr |k-s nekih (ped) dd]. Av. usti- (f.) is rendered by Pers.
kmag, cf. Vd 2.11, and Pers. nekih, cf. Y 48.4.
491
J5 snvenidr. Av. xsnao/ra- (nt.) satisfaction is rendered by Pers.
snvenidrih.
492
We have to read the word $A % + in all probability /hdag/. It is cognate
with Av. haota- (nt.) brood (?), cf. Yt 13.89 v paoirv ci/rom urvaesavata
daevaca haot masvaca who was the first to turn his seed away from
davas, haota, and men. Cf. also Vd 18.30 sraos asv drufim aporosa: srs
ahlv a: dru: pursed [a: $A % + . ast ke edn gbed k: a: xesm. ast ke a:
genng meng] Sraosa asya asked the Lie [the $A % + . Some say wrath
(aesma), and some the Destructive Spirit (ara- ma#vu-)], Bd 229 a:
mdarn dahk i $A % + i bavak
73
smashed Yima the radiant and with good herds
493
by killing him
deceitfully [unjustly]
494
, and you wished living beings need and
poverty, scarcity [and greed]
495
, hunger and thirst
496
, Wrath
with the bloody pike
497
, fodderless drought [terror]
498
,
clandestine danger
499
, old age with bad breathing
500
, and seven

In the later tradition hdag was changed to vadag, understanding h-
from Av. hu/ hao good, and replacing it with va
d
(Pers. vad bad, evil). Dk
vii M 612 a: hn gvg pedg k cn-is baved hn i + $ % + ud hvandih baved
margih as is revealed in that passage: There will be for him + $ % + , it will be like
plague, VZ 4.14 cn ped den pedg k: cn-is baved v i + $ % + |ka-s vattarih
gbend| u-t hvandih baved margih, u-s hn a: margih abar-gumixt |k-s a:-
i: margih vattar]. + $ % + /vadag/ < Av. vaoa- (m.) smashing weapon (# Skt.
vadh- m. a deadly weapon, esp. Indras thunderbolt), cf. Yt 19.92. Cf. also
GV 14.86 viftagn i devig-vadagn. Cf. also Stdegar, ch. 9, DD 71.5 + $ % + i
dahk md ke-s fradom rspigih kird. DD 77.2 fradom dahk ped
abrn-gume:isnih i-s kmag abg + $ % + i mdar.
There was also a confusion of this later word vadag with another name
vaoayana- (m.). Vd 19.6 vaoayan dahupaitis: $+ o ++ / + p( ++ dahebed the lord of
the land, Vaaana. In the MX 57.25 Vaaana has been identified with
Dahkas mother: + $ % A + dahebed dahk dd.
493
fim sed i huramag rendering Av. vim xsaet hv/, cf. Y 9.4.
494
ped :r-:anisnih [addestnih]. Cf. Vd 7.3 :r.fataca: :r-:ad
|ped addestnih].
495
tangih [ud :] rendering Av. :ah- (nt.) narrowness, constriction, cf.
Y 8.8. The word /:/ is a transposition of :ah.
496
suv ud tisn. Cf. Yt 19.96 suoom tarsnomca.
497
q-4<- ^ A r=s N rendering Av. aesma- xrvi-dru- Wrath, with the bloody
javeline (pike), cf. Yt 11.15, Y 10.8.
498
;C5+ ^ )[-+ E & /he: i avstar/ rendering Av. haecah- avstra-, cf. Vd
7.26 haecah avstrahe: husk avstar [sahm], VZ 32.2 he:-i: avstar sahm.
499
si: i nihn-ravisn rendering Av. i/vefah- marsavan- (or, marsavan-)
danger which brings about destruction (or, forgetfulness), cf. Vd 19.43.
74
davas which are unworthy of worship.
501
This also: Those
who look for a son, you make them devoid of pregnancy
502
, O
you whose fortune is evil (dus-xaronah-)! [that is, you castrate
them
503
], you make homosexuality (into a custom)
504
[that is, no
remedy could be sought for that]; it does not hand down (a heir)
from (one)self [that is, no lineage proceeds from him]. You chase
away
505
those cattle that roam free
506
. And you have seized from
us by force the luminous (bmva-) and light (roacah-) Yima,
who was radiant, who had good herds, who shone like the sun
507


500
:armn i / N 1 $ + /dusdaft/. Cf. Vd 19.43 :aurva du:dfoor, RP 48.91
:armn i / NN 1 $ + . Cf. also Bd 185 :armn hn dev ke ;<-47/ $ + kuned ke pirih
xnend.
501
haft dev ava:isnomand. Pers. va:isnomand is rendered by vesnva-
(adj.) worthy of worship, cf. Y 1.19 vispaeibv va:ataeibv vi honti
vesnvca vahmvca: harvisp hn i va:ad ke hend va:isnomand ud
nivvisnomand. Cf. also Yt 19.81 vispe daeva avesnva avahmva.
502
;5 a4"+ @ /busih/ rendering Av. vorona- (m.), cf. Vd 18.38.
503
;CC7 A )* % $ + $ + /sbestn-it kird/. Cf. Dk iii M 299 dahk sbestn
kirdan i BQ % + (genital organ, cf. n 10.5) ud BQ % + i mard ud :an
drsidan (to circumcise) handar:enid cn fehdn kes.
504
8- + % E + $ ;<=( + + /mard kird veb/. Av. *nar.vaepa- (m.)
homosexuality, nar.vaeipva- (adj.), cf. Vd 1.11 aya anporo/a svao/na v
nar.vaeipva bad inexpiable acts, that is, homosexuality Z hn i vattar
anbuhragn vinh ke mard-vebig |k kn-mar:].
505
V=( N !" )" + /si:denid/. Av. syazd/ si:d, si:dva- (pres.) to remove, move
away (from).
506
gspend i frx-raftr. Cf. Y 71.9 vispmca gm uppmca
upasmmca fraptoroftmca ravascartmca carahcasca. harvisp-i:
gspend i big ud nig ud vvendag ud frxraftr ud carag-ar:nig.
507
ped h-tbisnih tft. Av. hvaro.darosa- (adj.) whose aspect is like the
sun (Pers. xarsed-nigerisn), an epithet of Yima, cf. Y 9.4.
75
on the arrival of every ]C5,
508
in every winter [that is, he came
out immediately for doing good]. May you be mortal, O
*Bavarspa (= Dahka)
509
, break! This is (our) judgement: A
bad ruler (deserves) a thing which is so bad. We wish a good
ruler, who brings (worthy) shares [I shall give things to him who
wishes to exercise good power].
510

About <ra`taonas triumph over Dahka, for the sake of
killing him; striking his club (vazra-) upon his shoulders
(*frayik-), stomach (:orod- lit. heart), and skull (mastoroyan-
lit. brain), and Dahka not dying from those blows, and then by
striking him with a sword, and the going out of many kinds of
creeping monsters (xrafstra-) from the body of Dahka at the
first, the second, and the third striking.
The creator, Ahura Mazd, said to <ra`taona: Do not cut
apart (koronta) Dahka, because if you cut apart Dahka, you
will make this earth full of snakes crawling on their bellies
511
,
scorpions
512
, lizards
513
, tortoises
514
, and frogs
515
.

508
ped harvisp ]C5 abar-rasisnih. Cf. Vd 9.6 pasca isaos :om
aii.gaitim. pas a: :imestn snvomand abar-rasisnih after the arrival of the
frosty winter.
509
Pers. bevarasp < Av. baevaro.spasan-?
510
a-mn v i veh xadv kmag bahr abar-barisnih |tis v dahem ke
xadvih i veh abved ka kuned]. Cf. Y 51.1 voh xsa/rom vairim bgom
aibi.bairistom. -m v i veh xadv kmag bahr abar-barisnih |k bahr v
kas dahem ke xadv i nek abved].
511
A + t( 2>r( + rendering Av. a:inm udar./rsanm, cf. Vd 14.5, 18.73.
Cf. also Dk vii M 636 A t( ur( , Dk iii M 19 , RP 48.21 ;5 + ^ A 2>r( + .
512
gazdum scorpion < *gaza-duma- having a biting or stinging tail.
513
% 8s + % + /karbg/ (*karpa*aka-) rendering Av. kahrpuna- (m.), cf. Vd
14.5. Khwar. krbwn lizard, Lur. krb-k frog.
514
% !" % + rendering Av. kasyapa- (m.), cf. Vd 14.5.
515
+ V? /vazag/ rendering Av. va:ay&-, cf. Vd 14.5.
76
Then he bound Dahka with terrible fetters and imprisoned
him in (the place of) the most grievous punishment which is (the
place of) non-rest
516
. This also: When Azi Dahka was bound,
this news travelled (fast) all continents (visphu karsvhu)
[which are seven] that: Azi Dahka has been smashed. He has
been smashed by the high and mighty <ra`taona of :Iya. In
the tenth winter (year, zim-/ zyam-), the lands finally believed
(the news), and they said thus: Now we think they have
smashed Azi Dahka, because now neither he traverses all the
continents [which are seven], nor utters good and bad words, nor
demands the beautiful young women
517
and desirable
objects
518
. This also: When information came to him about
women or objects that seemed to him requisite to possess, then
he enticed the condemned servants, by the golden musical
instrument with holes
519
, into his invisible place
520
, the den
(gorooa-) of Azi Dahka. This also: He smote his brother,
kindred, descendant
521
, or any closest relative (nabna:dista-),
and that did not seem grievous to him. It did not occur to their
mind
522
[that is, they did not even entertain a memory thereof],

516
8/ + -4* /a-visn/. Pers. visn renders Syr. "456 rest; resting-place, cf.
Ps. 95.11, 131.8,4.
517
nek cardig rendering Av. srir- cariti- (tik-). Cf. Hn 2.10.
518
r:g (i) xstag, rendering Av. boroxo- avarot-, cf. Yt 17.7. Cf.
Also CHP 28 xstag (ud) r:g i getig.
519
J5 !" 2s - Y ZU / M 2r-4" A Y U m /srgomand/ i :arren rendering Av. sur-
:aranaeni-, cf. Vd 2.6. Cf. Tha#lab , Histoire des rois des Perses ( I0)X. IHb
ScH&P 6 dHe-. f5N2), H. Zotenberg, Paris, MDCCCC, 24 :
!"## $# "%&' (&!) *+,& $) -).) )/) $"01 2345 67 89: 2;3)- 1) <=> 1) ?@.#) (A3,B) 1) (
C).1;3'!) 67 -1D&!) 89:& E":F $#7 G-&.& $# HI0 J!/ 2K9:3 (3&,& $"7 *F/ $# (! .
520
ped meng-gvgih. Pers. meng-gvg renders Av. ma#vv-asah- (adj.),
cf. Y 57.27.
521
avb nf avb naft
i
. Cf. Y 46.12 naptvaesu nafsuc . nfn ud naft
v
n.
522
u-sn ne ped menisn menid. Cf. Y 13.4 i/ ma#v

mamnite. edn
ped menisn menem.
77
and they said thus: He smashed the master of the house
(nmn.paiti-, name of a fire) that master of the house
523
was
necessary for all the fires of the districts (/raot.stc-)
524
. He
smashed the master of the land (dahu.paiti-), the lord (ahu-) of
all of them. This also: In every place that he came to,
conflagration fell into (that place), and they kindled a huge fire
for (their) protection
525
. This also: Azi Dahka performed mixed
deeds, good deeds (hvarsta-) and also evil deeds (du:varsta-).
A conference was held, after the defeat of Dahka, by the
giants of the Mza=yan land
526
, as to turning to X
v
aniraIa, and
expelling <ra`taona therefrom, with a view to settle therein.
They rushed in great number. On account of their tallness, the
Vouru.kasa Sea reached, in some place up to the middle of their
thighs, in some other place up to the navel, and in the deeper
place up to their mouth. When they came to this continent
(X
v
anira/a), they subjected the poor (driyu-) to grievous harm
(:vni-) and smash (faiovi). The people went to <ra`taona, with

523
mnbed hn be :ad ke harvisp tasn i~ rstgn abved hn
mnbed. Cf. Y 17.11 trom vispanm nmnanm nmn. paitim. tas
harvispin mn mnbed.
524
-!" Y + /rstgn/. Cf. FP 2 Y E!" : $s )* 2- + .
525
harv gvg k v be mad ;<==- + i a: ;<=( + andar bast, u-sn hn i stabr
tas ;<==- $ + pahre: rv.
;<==- + /veb/ conflagration, cf. buhragn 295-96 h"n pd "wy ""yb ("c)ys
b" "wzyh"[d]; or, /seb/ injury; (flame of) calamity.
;<=( + /si:/ danger, trouble (Av. i/vefah-), or, /deb/ from *diHp to light
up.
;<==- $ + /vift/, cf. Dk vii M 610 tas ped vebisn abar vift ested, VZ 10.8
tas pedis abar vift, Dk iii M350 a: xesmenigih varan vift ak
a
man-grih,
viftag-xesm raging, cf. GV 14.9 ayItaa xasm.
526
m:andarn dehn. Av. m:a#va- daeva- the giant dava, cf. Y
57.17 m:a#vaeibv ... daevaeibv: m:anign devn.
78
complaints
527
, and said: Why did you smite Azi Dahka who
was a good ruler (huxsa/ra-) in the exercise of power [that is, he
kept away fear], who was investigator
528
and protected this
continent from (the giants of) the Mza=yan land? They also
said about the villany of the giants who held in contempt the
people of this continent. Then they said: They are eared [that is,
thay have ears]
529
, horned [that is, they are holes]
530
, endowed
with speech [that is, they call one another]
531
, we think they are
men (v+ra-) [we take them for the human beings].
The meeting (hanfamana-) of <ra`taona with those of the
Mza=yan land was held on the plain of Pisinah. He disputed
with them thus: O you of the Mza=yan land! I have smashed
Azi Dahka who was the most agile (aurv.toma-) person, who
was sovereign over both davas and men. Ahura Mazd

527
mardmn ped gar:isn fredn madan. Cf. AJ 4.
528
vi:ustr. Av. ha:ar&.vaoxsti- having a thousand faculties (of
perception), an epithet of Dahka (and MiIra). Cf. Y 9.8 a:im dahkom ...
ha:ar.vaoxstim: a: i dahk i ... ha:r-vi:ustr |i a-ddag ped ghrag]. AZ 3
ha:ar.vaoxstv bavhi va/a a:is dahki. ha:r-vi:ustr bed cn dahk
|vattar-den. v ped abrnih, asm ped frrnih bd].
529
gsomand [k-sn % 2s + ast]. Cf. Bd 21 casmomand gsomand
u:vnomand daxsagomand bd gavmard.
% 2s + /karrag/ (Paz. xarg) from Av.
2
karona- deaf, cf. GV 14.22;
/karrag/ from Av.
1
karona- ear; /kalag/ (Fars. (V@) face, cf. Dk vii M 659
fr: ped kalag favnn pir pedg.
530
sragomand |k-sn srag ast]. Pers. srag hole, sragomand
holed, cf. DD 17.4 ek sag i sragomand.
We can also read s0ragomand horned, s0r < *sr- horn, cf. Yt 14.7
:aranv.srvahe of a golden horned (bull), Arab. horn (of an animal); horn
(as a musical instrument). Cf. also Bd 150 (apropos of the mythical ass which
stands in Vouru.kasa) hn ek sruv :arren humng srgomand that single
golden horn is like a holed instrument (= sur- :aranaeni-).
531
xnisnomand [k ek v i did xnend]. Pers. xn- renders Av. :b to
call, invoke.
79
produced me, and set me beyond other (material) creatures
532
, to
smash him, and to defeat my own opponents. Then you come to
smash my land (dahu-), you who are of the Mza=yan land !
The giants thought lightly
533
of <ra`taona, and said in a tone
of mockery: Supposing that you smashed Azi Dahka who was
the most agile person, who was sovereign over both davas and
men, and Ahura Mazd produced you for smashing him, and set
you beyond other creatures, even then would we settle in this
(place), and would we stay in this (place), and even so you are
tall (boro:ant-), much grown-up
534
, possessor of large cattle
(pasu-/ staora-) and men (vira-), (conversant with) discourses
(uxoa-) (better) than any other, we would not admit you here!
Afterwards, the victorious
535
<ra`taona retreated, and ran to
the highest (place) of Pisinah
536
. His nose blew forth
537
[that is,
he breathed out]. From his right nostril fell down snows they
were cold like winter, and (fatal) like the sharp edged chase
538
.
While from his left nostril fell down stones they were the size
of a house
539
, blazing like fire, and (fatal) like the sharp-edged

532
tarvenidr a: A v A4P-4" /an
v
n dmn/, cf. Y 22.24 taraot a#vis
dmn: tarvenidrdom a: an
v
n dmn.
533
sabuk menid. Cf. Dk vi M 488 dru: taromed ... daxsag en k sabuk-
menisn the devil Tarmaiti (disdain) ...its mark is this: light-mended.
534
vas-rvisn rendering Av. *as.raooa-?
535
per:gar rendering Av. voro/rafan- (adj.) obstruction-smashing, an
epithet of <rataona, cf. Yt 5.61.
536
blist i 1 E4<( , cf. Dk ix M 805 abar ped blist i pedgdom.
537
1 s % )" + < Av. fru, frava- (pres.) to fly away, fr-fru to flap, flutter,
cf. Y 9.32. Cf. Also Dk viii M 729 fravidan i tas.
538
xehisn i burrg i te:. Pers. xehisn translates Av. vi- pursuit, chase,
and, possibly, here vayah- time (of death). Av. bri/r.tae:a- (adj.) is
rendered by Pers. burrg-te:, cf. Y 57.31.
539
sag padid hend i ka ;5 $ ++ /daft/ i kadag-mah. Cf. Vd 19.4 asn
:asta dra:imn kat.masah honti: u-s sag ped dast dst i kadag-mah
baved.
80
chase. They casted their (evil) eyes on him
540
. But, the
victorious and valiant <ra`taona
541
bound them beneath the feet
of the bull Barcmyaona
542
. He tossed them up in the air
543
, and
made them in the shape of stone. He smashed them, those of the
Mza=yan land by striking fifties, by striking hundreds, by
striking thousands, by striking ten-thousands, by striking
countless ones
544
. Thus he smote two thirds of those of the
Mza=yan land, and one-third came (back) smashed and sick
545
.
Never afterwards, O Spitama ZaraIustra, have they who are of
the Mza=yan land marched upon this continent of X
v
aniraIa,
nor have thought haughtily this that we shall go, except those
whose names are Spitis Uspasnaos and $rczrspahe Uspasnaos,
who will hurry in search of wisdom (*xratu.isti-), to Frasaostra
of the Hv
g
va
546
.
vahistcm voh ast ascm.

From the Dnkird vi:
M 548
en-: pedg k fredn a: i dahk :adan kmist. ohrma:d guft k-s
m :an ce purr i en :amig xrafstar
549
baved.
en-: pedg k :ardust a
h
sih xst, ohrma:d guft ka t nn a
h
s kunem
fraskird kirdan ne sved.

540
;5 +r=( E4<>s g /abar as burd/. Cf. Dk vii M 620 ped abar-barisnih as
burd.
541
per:gar i tagig fredn. Cf. Yt 5.61 voro/rafa taxm /raetaon.
542
az (a:er?) pv i gv i gusn i barmvn. Cf. Yt 17.55 aoairi poom
g5us arsn baromvaonahe.
543
u-s hn ped ulih ul-davenid. Cf. Yt 5.61 va dim usca u:dvnava ...
/raetaon.
544
ped pan:h-ganisnih ud e-sad-ganisnih ud e-ha:r-ganisnih ud bevar-
ganisnih ud amar-ganisnih. Cf. Vd 7.53.
545
Cf. Yt 5.21-22: Haosyapha sacrifices to Anhit and asks her to give
him that boon so that he may strike two-thirds of the giant davas.
546
Cf. Dk vii M 648.
81
en-: pedg k fraskird :amn rv bdan ka a: i dahk i edn margar:n
rv ohrma:d guft k-s m :an, ud :ardust i edn veh virstag baved a
h
s ne
kird.
This too is revealed: (When) <rataona desired to kill Azi Dahka,
Ahura Mazd said: Do not kill him, for this earth may become full of
creeping beasts.
This too is revealed: ZaraIustra demanded immortality. Ahura Mazd
said: If I make you immortal now, then it will not be possible to make the
Renovation.
This too is revealed: It was on account of the happening of the time of the
Renovation that Ahura Mazd said concerning Azi Dahka, who is worthy of
death, thus: Do not kill him! and that He did not give immortality to
ZaraIustra, who is so good and right.

Ch. 21 Vahist.stis (Y 53 ; Dk M 815-817).

The best quest is (that of) the good religion (vahi- daen-
)
547
.
Asma (wrath) once every night comes to the whole world,
and Bsyast (putting things off for the future; lethargy) twice,
to corrupt and diminish it; Sraosa asya (obedience/ readiness to
listen, being in charge of rewards) (comes) three times
548
, and
Dahma :friti (qualified blessing) four times
549
, to further and
increase it the most redeeming of the Yazatas is Dhama :friti.
The most wonderful of shapes of women
550
was Humy of
the high-born seed
551
daughter of Vstspa; of horses the Xsata

547
xhisnn pahlom den i veh. Cf. Y 53.1 vahist istis srvi
:ara/ustrahe: pahlom-xhisnih srav i :ardust [k a: hn i h xhend en
pahlom abestg ud :and]. Cf. also Vr 23.1.
548
Cf. Y 57.31, Bd 169.
549
Cf. Bd 157.
550
kerbn abddom a: nrign. Cf. Yt 5.34 hon-kohrpa sraesta
abdtome.
551
humv i :tthmag. Cf. Yt 5.64 (about Anhit) kainin raeva
ci/rom :tava. Cf. also AZ 77 2-q- /humv/ ke andar 2-q- /hamg/ sahr i
ern :an a: v hu:ihrdar nest.
82
horse
552
of Vstspa; of bulls the bull Barcmyaona
553
; of sheep
the ewe with spotted face
554
, ash-coloured
555
, with white jaws
556
,
star-studded
557
, the lower part with pinching members
558
and
gold-studded
559
, the upper part yellow
560
. And yet not one of
them attains to a single thousandth of the Fortune of a dahma
man (who accomplishes wonderfully religious deeds), who is
truthful
561
, for whom the Dahmm vahim fritim
562
is recited.

552
asp i sed. Av. xsaeta- (adj. of colour), Pers. sed; Fars. 7:1 # 7F@
sorrel (Q3 m*6.P); Armen. asxet d:i ariunagovn a xsata-horse blood-
coloured. Cf. Dk vii M 639 hn i abdih i abar sed i asp i vistspn, Bd 120
fradom asp i arus i :ardgs i )F-47 + E4F: /sed-vars/ i sped-casm fr:-brihenid,
hn i ast aspn~ rad.
553
gv i gusn i barmvn. Cf. Yt 17.55 g5us arsn baromvaonahe. Cf.
also Bd 120 fradom gv i sv-mv i :ard-husng (Av. hu-xsnao/ra-) dd, hn
i ast gvn rad. Barcmyaona was apparently <rataonas brother, as
mentioned in Bd 229.
554
1 A4<: )5 & /pars-vaxtar/? Av. parsu- (adj.) spotted, parsv-anika- (adj.)
with spotted face, cf. Yt 14.15; Av. vaxoora- (nt.) < *vax/ra- < *vak-tra-
speech organ, Skt. vaktra- (nt.) mouth, face, muzzle.
555
;* & /dabr/. Pers. dabr mv translates Av. harot gaonanm, cf.
Vd 22.4. Av. darmaesi- (pr. n. m.), Pers. dabr-gv (pr. n. m., Arab. $60gH)g
60g hH*Z).
556
sped-ervrag Av. *spaet.haharona-. Cf. Bd 120 mes [i svg] i
dabr i sped-ervrag mesn rad.
557
star-pesid Av. stohr-paesah- (adj.).
558
;5 : 2I/ + /a:er-nemag/ ped pisdag. Cf. Yt 14.19 aoara.naemt pisat.
Pers. 1 )CC7 % + /pisdag/ < *pis pinching + a.ka- (m.) garment; member
(# Skt. atka-). Cf. AVN 17.9 :an i feh pisdag i fr:-sng i ab:gn.
559
:arren-pesid Av. :aranv.pis-/ paesa-.
560
abardar-nemag :ard. Av. upara.naema- (adj.) is rendered by Pers.
abardar-nemag, cf. Vd 6.50; Av. zairita- (adj.) tawny, yellow # Pers. zard/
zerd, cf. Vd 8.16.
561
dahm mard i ahl. Cf. Y 1.15 dahmaheca nars asaon.
562
= Y 60.
83
There is as much goodness (possessed) by the man and
woman as wickedness (possessed) by the (bad) man and (bad)
woman.
563

Kavi Usa(a)n ruled, powerfully
564
, on the sevenfold earth,
over the davas and men
565
; the execution of his commands was
faster than a wave of the hands.
He built seven houses in the midst of Har bcrczait, one of
gold, two of silver, two of steel, and two of crystal.
566
He
restrained many giant davas (daeva m:a#va) from spoiling the
world of living beings, and bound them to their own duty.
567
Any
mortal man whose (vital) force (:var-) was overcome by old
age
568
, whose life (breath)
569
was near to depart from the body,
he had to reach
570
that house and be conveyed rapidly round that
house, then the old age would leave him and his vital force and
youth would return. Kavi Usan issued a command that: Keep no
man away at the gate, introduce him as a young of fifteen years!

571


563
en-: and-cand ped mard ud :an vehih ped mar ud feh vattarih. Cf. Y
53.6 i/ i hai/v nar a/ f5nav: edn cn ped hn i harv do [tis i meng ud
getig| skrag mard ud :an |ped vehih edn feh ud mar ped vattarih].
564
xadvih ped cerih, cf. Yt 10.109 uyrom xsa/rom. Av. uyra-/ G ugra- is
rendered by Pers. cer, cf. F 9.
565
abar bm i haft ped devn mardmn, cf. Yt 19.26 paiti bmim
haptai/vm daevanm masvnmca. Cf. Yt 5.46.
566
Cf. Bd 209-210.
567
According to the Yasts Haosyapha subdued the giant davas. Cf. Yt
5.22, Yt 9.4, Yt 13.137.
568
:armn rendering Av. :aurv- (f.)/ zaurvan- (m.).
569
gvn rendering Av. ustna- (m.).
570
;CF- $ + /avft<an>/. Pers. ;CF- /avb-/ renders Av. p, apaya- (pres.)
to attain, reach, cf. Y 57.29 apaveinti: ;CF- )" .
571
Cf. Bd 210 u-s harv mi:ag xnig ansag b a:is ta:ed ke :armn
tarvened k ka :armn-mard ped en dar andar saved aburnv i pn:dah slag
ped hn dar bern ved ud margih-i: be :ad.
84
Afterwards, the davas planned the death (aosah-) of Kavi
Usan. Asma (wrath) undertook his death, and came to Kavi
Usan, and presented in his mind as modest that great sovereignty
(xsa/ra-) over the sevenfold earth by instigating him to desire for
the sovereignty over the sky (asan-/ asman-), the place of the
Holy Immortals.
572
Owing to the delusion of Asma and the
other demons who were his cohorts, Kavi Usan persisted in that
improper work, and did not give up (his intention) even despite
the responding argument of the Yazatas. He sped over beyond
Har Bcrczait with many davas and lieful men till the border of
the darkness (= hell)
573
; on that limit (karana-), the Fortune of
the Kavis (kavaem xaron) which accompanied Kavi Usan , in
the shape of a bird of prey
574
hastened away from the army (of
Kavi Usan). But despite the superior argument of the Supreme
Yazatas he persisted anew in his foolishness. Then the creator
(dtar-) called back the Fortune of the Kavis to himself. The
army of the Kavi Usan fell down to the earth from that height,
and Kavi Usan himself flew to the Vouru.kasa sea.
575

This also is said (in this chapter): After his life flied
Nairy.sapha, the furtherer of the world of living beings

572
Cf. Aog. 60.
573
1 & /par/ i tam. Pers. p&r < Av. pra-, drae-pra- (adj.) with distant
borders ; Khot. pra- boundary ; Pers. br, rd
e
br. Pers. tem/ tam < Av.
tomah- (nt.) darkness; Sogd. tam hell.
574
kavn xarrah $ H E kerb bd. In the FP 2 the word $ H E is the Aramaic
TYN" /+in/ mud, clay representing Pers. gil clay. But it makes little sense
here. One might conjecture a reading TYR" /+air/ a bird, (esp.) a bird of
prey (Syr. 1257, Arab. HG0j). Cf. Yt 19.35 susa xaron moroyahe kohrpa
vroynahe the Fortune hastened away in the shape of a bird of prey.
575
Cf. Bd 212 andar xadvih i kavus, andar ham ha:rag, devn
stahmag bd hend menisn vivbnenid d kre:r i asmn sud, sar-nign
bast, xarrah a:is appr bd.
85
(varoda.gae/a-), and at the turning point of his life
576
(the
fravasi of) the unborn Haosravah cried out with a cry of an army
of a thousand
577
: Do not smite this (man), O Nairy.sapha,
furtherer of the world! For if you smite this man, O
Nairy.sapha, there will not then be found the connection (with)
the wise minister of the Tiryan (land)
578
; because owing to this
man will be born one Syvarsan by name, and owing to
Syvarsan I shall be born, who am Haosravah, who will make the
very strong man
579
of the Tiryan (land) (i.e., Fraprasyan) who
has more troops and armies in need of men
580
[that is, I will
destroy his troops and armies], who will drive the ruler
581
of the
Tiryans far away.
With these words the fravasi of Haosravah calmed
Nairy.sapha, furtherer of the world; and owing to these [words],
Nairy.sapha released him, and he became mortal [Kavi
Usan].
582

vahistcm voh ascm ast.


576
ped vardisn i hn i v E4<=- (J5 A4C" + ) /gvn/. Cf. Y 71.15 ustome
urvaese gavehe: d hn i abdom vardisn i gvn | ped abdom vardisn i
gvn ]. Cf. also Y 51.6.
577
edn ham )[>3- + /xrust?/ vng cn hn i ;5 2: A % + /ha:ragnag/
sph. Cf. VZ 2.13 vng burd cn hn i ha:ragnag sph.
578
. + + E A4* H )" '- dastvar i trn. Pers. + A4* H , cf. also Dk ix M 903.
579
)6(+ k+ /virdom/ rendering Av. *virtoma-; Skt. vir-tama-.
580
+ 4F-45 H + + E4F3( /nven-virih/. Pers. nven-dahisn (most Holy, opp.
:omand) renders Av. nidvah- (comp. of dra-) more lowly, weaker, cf. Y
57.10 va/a aofa nidvahom as a strong one (treats) a weaker one Z cn
:omand v i nven-dahisn.
581
pdixsv rendering Av. xsavamna- (adj.), cf. Y 65.14, F 5.
582
ped hn |gbisn| fr: hist ud hn ped somand bd [kayus]. The
original words are found in the Zand of Vd 2.5 kavus rv a: hn gvg pedg:
ahmi (a,i) dim paiti frahoro:a ahmi (a,i) h bava aosaha.
86
Ch. 22 Airyaman ( airym isy Y 54.1; Dk M 817-818).

Kavi Haosravah has a meeting with Vayah of long
dominion
583
, at the moment of the approach of Renovation
(fras.koroiti-). Kavi Haosravah asks Vayah of long dominion
about his having smitten so many of the ancients who had been
supreme in dignity (varocah-) and Fortune (xaronah-) among
men. And Vayah of long dominion replies him about his having
smitten them. On that reply Kavi Haosravah seizes Vayah of
long dominion, and changes him into the shape of a camel,
mounts him, and goes along with the Aryan champions
584
to the
place where the immortal Haoisti son of Gcurva lies down
asleep
585
, and he raises him up. Then he goes with him to that
place where the battle-driving Tusa
586
lies asleep, and he raises
him up. He goes with him to that place where Kavi Aipi.vohu
lies, and he raises him up. He goes with all of them, and on the
way he meets the beneficial victor [Saosyant]
587
, and of him
inquires the beneficial victor, thus: What man are you who sit
aloft on Vayah of long dominion [that is, you drive Vayah of
long dominion] changed into the shape of a camel?
Kavi Haosravah tells Saosyant in reply, thus: I am Kavi
Haosravah.
Then Saosyant exalts Kavi Haosravah by praise, as regards
his having dug up the idol-temple on the shore of lake

583
vv i dagrand-xadv. Av. vayah- (nt.) duration; microcosmic time,
(m.) personified age; Skt. vayas- (nt.) food, meal; vitality, strength; age.
Av. vay(i)- # Arab. klm. Cf. Ny 1.1 vavn daroy.xaotom: vv i dagrand-
xadv. Aog. 77 vavis anamar:dikahe: vv i anmur:id. Cf. also DD 35.3.
584
ern han:amanign. Pers. han:amanig renders Av. vvxana- (adj.).
585
!" # $% # &&'&() + , - + . Cf. Yt 13.118 v()istahe gaoravanahe (/
gurvavanahe).
586
tus i ardig-rvenidr. Cf. Yt 5.53 taxm tus ra/aestr.
587
sdomand i per:gar ss
v
ns. Cf. Y 26.10 saosvant voro/rayna.
sdemand i per:gar [ss
v
ns]. Cf. also Y 59.28, VYt 30.
87
Cacasta
588
, and his having smitten the wizard Fraprasyan
589
, and
his having praised the Conscience of those who worship Ahura
Mazd (daen- m:davasni-).
Then, the powerful (hero)
590
Kcrcsspa comes, with a mace
in hand
591
, opposite them. The battle-conducting Tusa stands
upon the wizards building (= the cavern of Fraprasyan)
592
,
calling to Kcrcsspa for the profession of the faith of the
GIs
593
, and for union with them. Kcrcsspa praises Ascm (i.e.
he recites the Ascm Voh formula), and overthrows the hook
which he has in his arm
594
.
This also is said in this chapter as well as in other places: So
these men meet for the fulfilment of the Renovation (of the
existence), all are agile (aurvant-) and with supreme feats
(upairi.kairya-), all are firm (taxma-) and beautiful (*naiva-),
and they make the existence excellent (frasa-), ageless,

588
A L ;5 + '- (J5 - L ;F/ '- ) /u:dese:r/ abar br i var i cecast. Cf. Yt 5.49
pasne varis caecastahe. Cf. also Bd 125 kav-hsr u:des:r hame kand,
E 7 gu:astak frsvk i tr u:des:r (ud) basn pedis kird. According to
Yt 5.41 the abode of Fraprasyan (hankana, Pers. hang) was built inside the
earth. Cf. also Bd 210, Aog 61Z.
589
fdg frsvb. The Av. epithet of Fraprasyan is mairya, cf. Yt 19.56,
Yt 5.41, Y 11.7.
590
$ )F- + . A \ /had-tavnig/ < Av. *haoa.tavah- (adj.) possessed of
power.
591
kerssp gad-dast. Cf. Y 9.10 korosspasca upar.kairv vava
gaesus gaoavar.
592
abar i v ]F( /des/ fdg mn be estd. Pers.- Parth. desmn
structure, building, cf. M 100.709-10 (ky p)d (dy)sm["n] #ystyd.
593
stavnigih i abar ghnigih. Cf. Y 45.2 ni daena: ne den |ce man
den ghnigih ud t fdgih].
594
abgandan i-s hn i arm :adr. Pers. arm < Av. ar(o)ma- (m.) arm.
Pers. :adr smiter renders Av.
1
aka- (adj.) evil, bad; but, here, it translates
Av.
2
aka- (m.) hook, cf. Yt 10.125 darota hukorota upairispt aka bastm
xsa/rim vairim the upairispt attached to a metal aka which is solid and well-
made.
88
immortal, un-decaying, not putrefying, ever-living, ever-life-
giving, and ruling at will.
595

ast vahistcm voh ascm.

595
harvisp arvand hend ud abargr, harvisp tagig hend ud nev, ud avesn
kunend frasegird ped kmag andar oxn a:armn ud amarg ud asvisn ud
abvisn d hame-ud-hame-ravisnih. Cf. Yt 19.11 va karonavn frasom ahm
a:arosontom

amarsontom afri/vantom apuvantom vavaefim vavaesm

vas.xsa/rom.