Development of Ene 00 Part

SCHOOL OF
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
INDIANA
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS
JOINT HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT

JHRP-85/5
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY AUDIT MANUAL FOR INDIANA DEPARTMENT

OF HIGHWAYS BUILDINGS
FINAL REPORT
Brett Michael Partridge
^^.
%.
UNIVERSITY

JHRP-85/5
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY AUDIT MANUAL FOR INDIANA DEPARTMENT

OF HIGHWAYS BUILDINGS
FINAL REPORT
Brett Michael Partridge
Final Report
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY AUDIT MANUAL FOR INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS BUILDINGS
by
Brett Michael Partridge Graduate Instructor in Research

File: Project:
9-11-18 C-36-67R
Prepared as Part of an Investigation Conducted by Joint Highway Research Project Engineering Experiment Station, Purdue
University, in Cooperation with the Indiana Department of Highways.
Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana
January 30, 1985
Digitized by the Internet Arciiive

in
2011 with funding from Indiana Department of Transportation
LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation;
http://www.archive.org/details/developmentofeneOOpart
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank the

of
Indiana
of
Department
Highways for their financial support

He would also like to thank his
the
research.
Dr.
major
professor,
Donn
E.
Hancher, who allowed him the freedom to work on the
research while at the same time

dance,
offering
the He
needed
gui-
suggestions
and
encouragement.
Walker
for
would like to
his
recognize professor Richard 0.
input
and
efforts in providing valuable research material.

The suggestions of Mr. Gary R.
Smith
in
putting
and
a
the
manual
together
were
greatly
for
appreciated,
her
special
the
thanks to Mrs. Sally Munson
help
in
typing
manuscript.
Finally,
the support
and encouragement
from
his
wife
Kimm throughout the graduate course work and during the long
hours spent
on
this
research was greatly appreciated.
ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
"
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER
1.1 1.2 1.3
1
xii
1
INTRODUCTION
Statement of Purpose... Objectives Energy Audit Process

2
2 3
7
CHAPTER
2.1
BUILDING SELECTION
2.2 2.3
Introduction Procedures for Selecting a Building Building Selection Example

3
14
29
CHAPTER
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
BUILDING INFORMATION FORM
Introduction Required Material for Completing the BIF Form.... Procedures for Completing the BIF Form Instructions for Filling Out the BIF Form with Examples Major Section I, Division A,B,C 3.4.1 Major Section II, Division A 3.4.2 Major Section II, Division B, Part 1 3.4.3
and 2.
29 29 32
35 44 48
50
3.4.4
3.4.5 3.4.6
3.4.7
3.4.8 3.4.9
Major Section II, Division C, and 2, Sections a and b Major Section II, Division D, Sections a and b Major Section II, Division D, Continued, Sections c, d, e Major Section II, Division D, Sections a and b Major Section II, Division E, Sections a, b, c, d, and e Major Section III, Division A
Part
Part
53
1,
55
Part Part Part
58
2,
62
1,
64 68
iv
3. A. 10
3.4.11 3.4.12 3.4.13 3.4.14
Major Major Major Major Major
Section Section Section Section Section
III, III,
IV
V
Division Division
B C
69 73 75
78 78
VI
CHAPTER
4.1 4.2
BUILDING SITE VISIT
99
99
4.3
4.4
Introduction Required Material to Complete the Building Site Visit Procedures for Completing the Site Visit.. 4.3.1 Interior Building Inspection 4.3.2 Exterior Building Inspection Procedures for Completing a Building Survey 4.4.1 Determining Building Dimensions 4.4.2 Building Material Identification 4.4.3 Major Energy Using Systems Identification
5
100 101 102 105 106 107 110
112
CHAPTER
5.1 5.2
HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS
114
114 115 128
131
5.3 5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7 5.8
Introduction................... Transmission Heat Losses........... Infiltration Heat Losses Required Material to Complete Heat Loss Calculations.... Procedures to Complete Heat Loss Calculations... 5.5.1 Instructions for Form 5.1 5.5.2 Instructions for Form 5.2.. Transmission Heat Loss Calculations... 5.6.1 Floor-on-Grade. 5.6.2 Floor-Below-Grade 5.6.3 Wall-Below-Grade 5.6.4 Wall-Above-Grade.... 5.6.5 Partitions Separating Conditioned and Unconditioned Space 5.6.6 Roof.... 5.6.7 Windows and Skylights 5.6.8 Doors Infiltration Heat Loss Calculations Determining Annual Heating Requirements 5.8.1 Annual Heating Requirement Example
. .
.
132 132 138

141 141 145 150 155
162 166 172 177 180 189 192 195
CHAPTER
6.1 6.2
LIGHTING CALCULATIONS
6.3 6.4
Introduction Lighting Systems 6.2.1 Fluorescent Lighting. Required Material for Completing Lighting Calculations Lighting Calculation Procedures
195 197 201 206 206
6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4
Lighting Level Determination Lighting Level Determination Example Zonal Cavity Lighting Calculations Zonal Cavity Calculation Example
207 217 218 235
CHAPTER
7.1
ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY
242
242 243 245 253
7.2 7.3 7.4
Introduction..... Required Material for Completing the Energy Consumption Survey.. Procedures for Calculating the EUI EUI Example
8
CHAPTER
8.1
ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS
256
256 259 259 259
8.2 8.3
8.4
Introduction Required Material to Complete ECO Analysis Procedure for Completing ECO Analysis..... 8.3.1 Instructions for Form 8.1 8.3.2 Energy Conservation Opportunity Analysis Example..... Potential Capital ECOs..
9
265 272 279

279 281 284
28
6
CHAPTER
9.1
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....
9.2
9.3
Introduction Energy Audit Manual Recommendations... Recommendations for Continued Study
REFERENCES APPENDICES
Appendix A Energy Audit Forms... Appendix B Noncapital Energy Conservation Opportunity Check List
287
315
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table
3.1
5.1
Page
Climatic Data for Indiana

Thermal Properties of Typical Building and Insulating Materials - (Design Values)
Surface Conductances and Resistances for Air
76
120
5.2
123
5.3
5.4
Thermal Resistances
of
Plane Air Spaces
....124
Construction Percentages For Walls and Roof Framing................

Heat Loss of Concrete Floors at or Near Grade Level per Foot of Exposed Edge
Soil Temperature for State of Indiana
Heat Loss
for Below-Grade Walls...
135
5.5
143 147 153
5.6
5.7
5
.8A
Overall Coefficients of Heat Transmission of Windows and Skylights, BTU/ (hr /f t /F )
175
5.8B
5.9
Adjustment Factors for Windows (Multiply U-values in Part A by These Factors)

Coefficients of Transmission (U) for Slab Doors, Btu/(hr/ft /F )
Curtain Wall Classification
Window Classification....
176
178
5.10
5.11
184
185 185
191
5.12
Residential-Type Door Classification

Full Load Efficiency (n)
5.13
vil
5.14
6.1
Fuel Heating Value
192 200
Typical Surface Reflectances
6.2
6.3
Typical Fluorescent Lamp Data Currently Recommended Illuminance Categories and Illuminance Values for Lighting Design-Target Maintained Levels. Illuminance Values, Maintained, in Lux, for a Combination of Illuminance Categories and User, Room and Task Characteristics
205
209
6.4
216
6.5
Percent Effective Ceiling or Floor Cavity Reflectance for Various Reflectance Combi nat ions ... 229
6.6
Coefficients of Utilization for Typical Luminaires

Factors for Effective Floor Cavity Reflectances Other Than 20%..
231
6.7
235 274
275
276
277
8.1
Building Type
Alternatives....
8.2
8.3
Building Type II Alternatives Building Type III Alternatives Building Type IV Alternatives..... Building Type
V
8.4
8.5
Alternatives.
278
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.1
Page
Energy Audit Flow Diagram

Form 2.1 Building Selection
2.1
13 16 18
2.2
Form 2.1 Building Selection Example
2.3
3.1
Building Type Classification....,

Building Type IV With Separate BIF Forms For Each Section
30
3.2
Location of Heat Losses Through Major Building Components

Example Building Floor Plans..
Example Building South Elevation
33
3.3
36
37
37
3.4
3.5
Example Building North Elevation

Example Building West Elevation..
3.6
3.7
38
38
Example Building East Elevation..
3.8
3.9
Typical Roof Section
39
39
Typical Brick/Block Wall Section
3.10
3.11
Typical Exterior Sheeting Section

Typical Basement Wall Section
Typical Basement Floor Section
40
40
41 41
3.12
3.13
Typical Garage Floor Section
ix
3.14
Typical Wood Siding For Office Area

BIF Form Breakdown by Major Sections
BIF Example Major Section I, Divisions A, B, and C BIF Example Major Section II,
41 43
3.15
3.16
47
3.17
Division A.....
49
3.18
3.19
BIF Example Major Section II, Division B, Part 1 BIF Example Major Section II, Division B, Part 2.. BIF Example Major Section II, Division C, Part 1 and 2, Section a and b BIF Example Major Section II, Division D, Section a and b
51
52
3.20
54
3.21
.57
3.22
3.23
Window Frame Width Measurement

Part
BIF Example Major Section II, 1, Section c, d, and e
...
58
Division D,
61
3.24
BIF Example Major Section II, Division D, Part 2, Section a and b....
63
3.25
Location
of
Roof Measurement s .............
65
3.26
BIF Example Major Section II, Division E, Part 1, Sections a, b, c, d and e BIF Example Major Section III,
67
3.27
Division A
69
3.28
Example Building Basement Floor Plan With Li gh ting Information.......

BIF Example Major Section III,
71
3.29
Division
Division
B C
73 74
3.30
3.31
BIF Example Major Section IV.,...,.,.
75
3.32
5.1
Form 3.1 Building Information Form (BIF) Example..
79
Location of Thin Air Films

Location of Plane Air Spaces,,
119
119
5.2
5.3
Major Building Components for Determining Heat Losses
127
5.4
Infiltration Caused by Broadside and Quartering Wind

Exterior Wall Heat Transfer Paths
Form 5.1 Transmission (U) Calculation Sheet
Form 5.2 Heat Loss Calculation Sheet
130
5.5
133
137
5.6
5.7
140
141
5.8
5.9
Floor- on-Grade
Plan View of Floor-on-Grade From Which the . . , Perimeter of the Floor is Calculat ed
, . .
142
144
5.10
5.11
Floor Section for Example

Floor -Be low-Grade
<..
145
5.12
Plan View of Floor-Be low-Grade

2
146
148 149 150
5.13
5.14
Example
Form 5.1
5.15
5.16
Wall- Be low-Grade
Section of Wall-Below-Grade from which the Area is Calculated in sq ft

.
152
154
155 157
5.17
Wall Section for Example 3.
5.18
5.19
Wall- Above-Grade
Wall Section for Example 4A
5.20
5.21
Example 4A Form 5.1

Wall Section for Example 4B
158 159
5.22
5.23
Example 4B Form 5.1

Wall and Floor Partitions Separating Conditioned and Unconditioned Space
Wall Partition for Example
5
160
163
164
5.24
5.25 5.26
Example
Form 5.1
165
167
Typical Roof Construction
^1
5.27
Roof Area Calculation
168
169
171
5.28 5.29
Example 6A Form 5.1
Example 6B Form 5.1 Typical Window and Skylight
5.30
5.31
173 183
Velocity Head vs Wind Velocity

or One
5.32
Curtain Wall Infiltration For One Room Floor
183
5.33
5.34
6.1
Window and Residential Type Door Infiltration Characteristics
184
191
Correction Factor,
vs.
Degree Days.
Typical Interior Lighting and Reflectance Values
199
6.2
Fluorescent Lamp Construction Details

Form 6.1 Zonal Cavity Calculation Form Zonal Cavity Room Cavities
.202
219
221
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
7.1
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD)

Form 6.1 Zonal Cavity Example
Form 7.1 Energy Management Form....
228
.....240
252
254
255
7.2
Utility Data for EUI Example.

EUI
7.3
8.1
Calculation Example
Form 8.1 Potential Energy Conservation Opportunities Simple Payback Analysis Form Form 8.2 Estimate Work Sheet
Form 8.1 Potential Energy Conservation Opportunities Simple Payback Analysis Form Example
,
263
264
8.2 8.3
267
8.4
Form 8.2 Estimate Work Sheet for ECO Example
268
xii
ABSTRACT
May MSCE, Purdue University, Brett Michael. Partridge, An Energy Audit Manual For Indiana of Development 1985, Donn E. Department of Highway Buildings. Major Professor: Hancher
.
The purpose of
this study
was
to
develop
an
Energy
Audit
in
Manual for the Indiana Department of Highways for use

of
completing in-house audits

major
their
existing
buildings.
a
The
objective in writing the manual was to provide

that
series of step by step procedures
would allow an
indiis
vidual to effectively audit an IDOH facility.
The manual
a
divided into seven chapters with each one covering

step in completing an energy audit.
major
The manual Instructs
the user
through
data
gathering
process.
This
data
Is
then used to determine how the build-
ing is using Its
energy supply*
Based on this
information,
alternative
cally
energy
to
conservation opportunities are economidetermine

which
energy
evaluated
conservation
A
opportunities can be cost effectively implemented.

payback period of four to five years
the
is
simple
used to determine If
energy conservation opportunities are cost effective.
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
. 1
Statement of Purpose
the
An energy audit
is
evaluation
of
energy consumption
of
within
facility to enable the determination
energy congoal
of
servation opportunities within that facility.

energy
The
in
conservation
a
is
to
reduce
the
amount
energy
required to operate
facility and still maintain an acceptA
able working environment.

a
reduction in the energy use for
facility will decrease the
dollar
amount
that
must
be
spent on its utility bills.
The purpose of
this
study
was
to
develop
of
an
Energy
The
Audit
Manual
for
the Indiana Department

is
Highways.
to
purpose of
energy
the manual
on
to
enable
the
IDOH
perform
audits
their
maintenance and office buildings.

constructed
prior
to
The majority of
the
these buildings were

of
energy
crunch
the
early seventies. Prior to this

to
time,
buildings were constructed without any regard

the
the
energy efficiency of
facility;
therefore,
several energy
of
conservation opportunities exist within this group

ings
.
build-
.2
Objectives
this
The primary objective of
study was
to
develop
an
Energy
of
Audit Manual that will enable the Indiana Department
Highways to continue their energy
conservation
program.
The
In
developing the manual four key objectives were set.

to
first objective was
write the manual
so
that
person
without
lot
of
experience in the energy auditing process

a
can effectively audit
building by using this manual.
The
first-time user
of
this manual should read
through the whole

more
manual and then study those

detail that seem unclear.
The second objective was
sections
of
the manual in
to
cover the major energy con-
servation
ings.
opportunities
this
that
exist within existing buildfocus on the physical comof

a
To do
the manual will
ponents
and
lighting
systems
floors,
building. The physical

roof,
components include the

doors.
The
walls,
windows
and
lighting
lighting.
system includes all interior lighting
and exterior
These two areas
of
building
can
often
have changes made in either the physical characteristo
tics or maintenance procedures
increase the
energy
of
con-
sumption
efficiency
of
the
building.
Other areas
energy
conservation such as electrical building loads and

cal
of
mechaniAnalysis
the
equipment will not be covered in this manual.

these systems
this
requires an expertise that goes beyond
scope of
manual.
However,
this
is
an important area in
energy conservation and analysis of

vide cost
these systems will
proThe
effective energy conservation opportunities.

manual
is
goal of tion
this
to
cover the major
energy
conserva-
opportunities that exist within the building structure

by
and lighting systems which can be identified

of
Department
Highway's personnel using this manual.

The third objective
was
to
identify
specific
areas
within
tunities
building where possible energy conservation opporexist.

Once these areas are identified,
alterna-
tive solutions
are the most
can then be evaluated to determine which ones
cost
effective.
on
These
of
alternative
a
solutions
will
be
evaluated
the basis
minimum four to five
year payback period.
The fourth objective was
to
present an evaluation
pro-
cedure
are
to
determine which energy conservation opportunities

economical, and are within the prescribed
pay-
the most
back periods.
This will enable the energy auditor to deter-
mine which energy conservation opportunities will return the
optimal energy dollar savings per dollar spent on implementing

the
energy
conservation
opportunities
within
the
prescribed payback period.
Energy Audit Process

in
This manual proposes seven major steps
the
a
energy
separate
audit
process.
Each
major
step
is
covered in
chapter.
Chapter
2
is
8
the
Introduction
the seven
to
this
manual.
of
Chapters
through
cover
major steps
the
energy audit process.
Chapter
2,
Building
Selection,
a
presents
of
selection
procedure to aid in selecting
building out
the possible
candidates for an energy audit.

mation
manual.
is
a
Chapter
3,
Building
Inforthe
Form,
is
probably the most
important chapter of
,
The Building Information Form
referred to as BIF,
data
gathering form used
to
collect the necessary data

If
for
completing an energy audit.

out,
if
the
BIF
is
properly
filled
experts
in the
energy audit field can be con-
sulted
the need arises
and the information
regarding
the
particular
Chapter
4,
problem can be effectively communicated to them.
Building Site Visit, explains the steps
to
take
when the energy auditor walks

to
5,
through the building, and what

energy conservation.
be
looking for in terms
of
Chapter
Heat Loss Calculations,
explains how to use the informaa
tion on the BIF for determining

ing
the
building's heat
6,
loss
dur-
winter
months.
Chapter
Lighting Calculations,
explains how to use the information on the BIF for analyzing

the
lighting systems. Chapter

a
7,
Energy Consumption Survey,
explains how to determine

using
bills.
a
comparable
energy
consumption
standard measure for each building from the utility
Chapter
8,
Energy Conservation Opportunity Analysis,

for determining what
a
outlines
the procedures
energy conser-
vation opportunities have
cost effective
return.
The flow of
l.l.
the
energy audit process
is
shown in Figure
that
the
Due to the age of some buildings and the fact
State purchased some buildings from previous
owners,
blue-
prints are not available for all IDOH buildings.
Therefore,
depending upon whether or not
set
of
blueprints are availIs
able will determine in which order the BIF and Site Visit
completed
CHAPTER
Building Selection
YES
NO
CHfiPTER Form
CHAPTER
Buiiajng Infomation
Site Visit wltn
BullOlng Survey
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Form
Site Visit
Bullolng InronnaUon
CHAPTER
Heat LOSS Calculations
CHAPTER
Lighting CalculatJons
CHAPTER
Energy Consumption Survey
CHAPTER
Energy Conservation
Opporurlty Analysis
Figure 1.1
Energy Audit Flow Diagram
CHAPTER
2.1
BUILDING SELECTION
Introduction
of
The Indiana Department

the
Highways
of
Is
responsible
for
operation and maintenance

of
several hundred buildings.

ranges from good to
The energy efficiency
these buildings
poor.
Newer
buildings
constructed
after the 1973 energy
crisis are more energy efficient than buildings
constructed
prior
to
this
time.
or
Therefore,
it
makes sense to audit the
older buildings,
least energy efficient

to
buildings,
first.
To determine which buildings
audit
first would require an
in-depth study and would not be worth the expense.

few
Using
key
a
variables
that
affect
building's utility bills,

to
however,
can
of
quick estimate of which buildings
audit
first
be
made.
Based on the age
of
the
is
building,
in
the number
hours per week that the building

per
a
operation,
and the
dollars
bills,
square
foot
spent
on
the
building's utility
to
quick estimate of which buildings
audit
first
can be made
2.2
P roce
du res
for
S electing
Building
manageable,
It
To make the building selection process

Is
suggested
that
it
be
done
a
on a
district by district
the
basis.
task
ings
of
Within each district
person would be assigned
gathering the necessary data to select which buildaudit first.
to
Analyzing the buildings
by
districts
will
divide the several hundred buildings within the State
into six manageable groups.

A previous
study entitled "An Investigation
of
Poten-
tial
Energy
of
Conservation Opportunities for Indiana Depart[1]
ment
Highway Buildings" by G. Smith
classified
the
buildings within the State into six major building types and
buildings that did not resemble

sified
chapter,
as
particular type were claslocated at the end

of
"other".
the
Figure 2.3,
this
shows
of
six major building types and gives

type.
brief
descriptions
each
The selection process presented below is based on three
assumptions
that
should
be
understood prior to, and when

The
using this selection procedure.

that
first
assumption
is
all
buildings
that
have been previously audited are
excluded from the selection process.

Second,
buildings
the
of
that
are
of
similar construction
and
operate
under
same conditions should consume the same
relative amount
energy.
Operating conditions that effect
building's energy consumption Include many factors.

the major
Some
use
of
ones are
the weather,
peoples' habits
who
the
building,
and the building's energized systems.
Ener-
gized systems include lighting, HVAC equipment and any other
system
that
requires
energy
to
operate.
Two
buildings of
similar construction will have different energy

patterns
example,
State
a
consumption
For
the
a
if
the
operating
is
conditions are different.

in
building that
consume
the
northern section
of
will
more
energy
of
during the winter than

the
building in the southern section
State
due
to
Che
difference
in
weather.
is
However,
the
weather conditions
By
within each district

the
relatively the same.
evaluating
the
buildings against each other according to district,

be
majority of the weather bias will

example
eliminated.
Another
would
a
be a
building that
required large electrical

this would
loads to run
heavy piece of equipment,

then
a a
consume
more
energy
if
similar building without the operation.

an
Therefore,
group,
it
.
building has
not
be
operation
unique
to
the
should
grouped and ranked with the other
buildings
Third,
buildings that have been put

can
not
be
into
the
"Other"
classification
ranked against each other using
the procedure presented below.

the
These buildings
their
type
along
with
unique
buildings
a
within
will have to be
evaluated on
building by building basis.
10
Within each district,
the following procedures would be
followed to rank and select which buildings to audit first.

STEP
1:
Group the buildings into
type
through
VI
and
Other as shown in Figure 2.3.

STEP
2:
Determine the following items for each building.

*
year of construction
hours per week the building

gross
is
operated
conditioned floor area in square feet

12
utility expense for the previous
months
Form follows:
2.1,
STEP 3:
Enter the information from step
onto
as
Building Selection,
see Figure
2.1,
Column
Enter
descriptive
name
for
each
building and group according to type

Column
2
Year of
construction
"Year
1,
Column
Rank each building according to

of
construction," oldest year, No.
etc...
Column
Enter the hours per week the

is
building
occupied
11
Column
Rank the buildings according to "hours
used," most hours, No.l,
etc...
Column
Enter the area In square Feat
of
con-
ditioned floor space
Column
Enter the total utility

the preceding
expenses
for
twelve month period.
Column
Divide the utility expenses

by
(Col.
7)
area
(Col. 6)
Column
Rank the buildings
by
8),
unit
cost
of
utilities
(Col.
1,
with the highest
cost equal to
etc.*.
Column
10
Total the numbers in columns

9.
3,5
and
Column
11
Rank the buildings

total
in
.
according
10
to
the
column
1
,
with the lowest
total No
et c
The
buildings should
in
he
audited
according
to
their
ranking
column 11, with the lowest number audited first

One may audit
and so on.
each building
within
or,
each
group
first,
before going to the next group;
the worst
build-
ings within each group
could be audited first.
12
This selection process

to help
in
Is
offered only as
suggestion
This
determining which buildings to audit first.

audited
method will not guarantee that the buildings

will
have the greatest amount
of
first
energy conservation opporfirst
tunities.
the
To determine which building to audit
from imporA
"other"
group should be based on the building's

the State Highway
tance to the operation of

copy
of
Department.
Form 2.1 can be found in Appendix A.
13
Form
2.1
Building Selection
îidltor
DISTRICT
. .
.
Date
.
Type
Building
2
3
8 9
10
11
Year
Usage
Area
Utility
$/SF
Tot
Ro*
Figure 2.1
Form 2.1
Building Selection
14
2.3
Bu ilding Selection Example
The following example Is presented
to
i.
llus
ra
(^.
Che
building
is
selection procedure.
The
data used In the example

a
fictitious but would resemble the data for
given
dis-
trict.
Figure 2.2
with
the
is
Form 2.1
Building
Selection
filled
in
fictitious data.
Entries for Building A from the
type IV
group are explained below.

I-
Column
Buildlng
1935
1
Column 2Column 3Column 4Column 5-
Year of construction
Of the type I building A is the oldest
40
40
Building A is occupied hours a week
Building A is occupied the second highest time (NOTE A,B,C all 2's)
600
Column 6Column
7-
Building A has 600 sq ft of conditioned space

Building A had 2100 dollars in utility bills over the last twelve months
2100/600
=
2100
Column 8-
3.5
2
3.5
Column 9Column 10Co lumn

11-
3.5 is the second highest No. in column 8
Columns 3,5 and 9 5 for building A
sura
to
Building A has the lowest Total in column 10 for buildings A to E of type I
15
Looking at the results

ing
A
of
the
type IV buildings,
buildC
should
probably be audited first,

B
buildings
and
second,
building
we
third and building
fourth.
If
look,
at
types
C
to
IV
collectively,
building
from
III,
type
I,
building
from type II,
building A from type
and building A from type IV should be the first
build-
ings
audited.
but
it
The
is
final
order
would depend on personal
judgement,
bui Idings
.
suggested that one start with the older
16
Form
2.1
Building Selection
A.Kiitnr
Joe smltn
ni?;TR!nT
Exaiiple
....
4 6 5
Date
_
. .
1
Type
Bullolng
8 9 $/SF
10
11
Rank
Year
usage
Area
Udllty $
TOL
Type!
Building
A
c
1980
1981
40
40 40
1 1 1
2852
5740
3000 naao
130
4
6
EMldlngB
Building
Z 3
2852
2852
LOO
1.40
3
1
3 2
1982
Typen
BUlldJf^
Bulldir^
A
B
1970 1965
3 2
1
40
40
2 2
1
1900
20(H1
1870
LOO
LIO
4
2
1
3 2
1
2200 3000
1700
16tK]
6 3
11
Building
1960
1971
50
40
25W
190)
1500
L20
.90
BuUdlngD
BuliaingE
4
1
5
3
4 2
1960
40
L07
Type ra
Building
Building
A
B
1960 1965 1970
50
40 40
6420 5oao 4000
6003 55ra 5000
.90
3 2
1
5
6 6
2 3
2
2
LIO
1.25
2
2
Building
Type IV
Building
A
B
1935
40
2 2 2
1 1
600
2100 2700 2400

18OT
33
3
2
3
1
5
8
7 7
11
Building
1950 1960 1940 1965
3 4
2
40
40
900 600 900

1000
3
2 2
BidldlngC
Building Building
4
2
D
E
50 50
1500
L5
Figure 2.2
Form 2.1
Building Selection Example
17
Figure 2.3
Building Type Classification
Building Type
I:
New Block, Design
General Description:
Frame
-
Block construction with
gabled roof
Length:
Widths
Roof
62
feet
feet
46
Wood truss construction and an asphalt
shingle roof
Walls
12"
concrete blocks filled with granular
Insulat ion.
Use
Maintenance unit building.

-
Picture
One front view and one back view,
IB
_,
^,
T-r^j^^w-r
.,
-:J^--
"^l?^^
I-C-V- '"It^^-'^'.'^^^^-lh.'
'."'
'
!^-^
Building Type
Figure 2.3
Building Type
las
L F I
cat
on
19
Figure 2.3
Continued
Building Type II:
Small Metal Building
General Description;
Frame
Steel frame construction with
gabled roof
Length
Width:
63,5 feet
30.0 feet
Roof
Galvanized metal roofing with two

inches of insulation.
Walls
Galvanized corrugated metal siding

with two inches
of
insulation.
Use
Unit
storage building.
Picture
One
front
view.
20
Building Type
II
Figure 2.3
Continued
21
Figure 2.3
Continued
Building Type III:

Frame
Large Metal Building
Steel frame construction with
gabled roof.
Length:
Width:
160.5 feet
40.0 feet
Roof
Galvanized metal roofing with

two inches
of
insulation.
Walls
Galvanized metal siding with

three inches
of
insulation.
Use
Traffic operations building.

One front
Picture
view and one back view,
22
Building Type III
Figure 2.3
Continued
23
Figure 2.3
Continued
Building Type IV:

Frame
-
Regular Block Design
Block wall construction
Gabled roof for center section

Flat
roof for end sections.
Length:
Width:
165.8 feet
63.0 feet
Roof
Center:
Insulated metal panels.
Outside:
Concrete slab with

bui
1
t-up
roof
Wall
East section:
8" block and
bri ck veneer
Center section;
Wes
At
t
t
12" block.
sect Ion
12" block.
ic
walls
Insulated raetal
s
Ld
ng
Use
Office and maintenance building.

One front
Picture
view and one rear view,
24
!^^rr*j^-;;'i;,*-^'-"^^^^^'':''"~"'v
Building Type IV
Figure 2.3
Continued
25
Figure 2.3
Continued
Building Type
V:
Arched Roof Brick Design
Frame
Masonry wall construction with

an arch roof
Length:
Width:
Roof
121.8
f-eet
52.8 feet
Arched steel joist construction

with
a
built-up roof.
Walls
Use
Brick and concrete pilasters.
Sub-district garage.
One front
Picture
view and one side view
26
Building Type
Figure 2.3
Continued
27
Figure 2.3
Continued
Building Type VI:

Frame
Shed Type Building
Wooden frame construction with

a
flat pitched roof.
Roof
Roll roofing with wood truss

const ruction
.
Wall
Paneling (outside walls insulated

)
Use
Supply building;
Two front
storage
Picture
views and one back view..
28
Building Type VI
Figure 2.3
Continued
29
CHAPTER
BUILDING INFORMATION FORM

Int roduc t ion
3.1
After
building has been selected for an energy audit,

to
the next step is
fill out the Building Information Form

.
referred to as
to
BIF
complete set
of
BIF
forms
that
are
be
used
in
the
is
energy
a
audit process can be found in
Appendix A.
The BIF
data g'athering form
used
by
the
person doing the audit to collect the necessary physical and
operational information about the facility

audit
.
to
do
an
energy
3 .2
Required Material for Completing the BIF Form

out the information
To fill
required
a
on
the
BIF
of
the
energy
auditor
will need to obtain
complete set
If
of
bluethis
.
prints for the building being audited.

set
of
possible,
blueprints
to
should
a
be
set
as-built drav/ings
the
Also,
ing.
the
try
obtain
set
of
specifications for
the
build-
This will help in filling out

BIF.
descriptive part of
In most
situations,
a
only one set
of
BIF
forms
will
be
needed
to
audit
building.
However,
for
buildings such as
30
the Type
IV
that have
multiple
sections,
it
is
suggested
there are
that
the
energy auditor use as many BIF forms as

For example,
for
a
sections.
BIF
the
energy auditor would
use
three
forms
Type IV building that had three distinct

below.
sections,
see Figure 3.1
SECTION A
SECTION B
SECTION C
common
wall section
and B
Common
wall section B and
Elevation
Common
BIF
Walls
SEC A
BIF SEC B
BIF SEC
Plan
NORTH
Figure 3.1
Building Type IV With Separate BIF Form; For Each Section
When auditing
using
3.1,
a
building with
for
multiple
as
sections
and
separate
BIF
each section,
shown in Figure
to
special attention will have to be paid
the
common
walls
between
the
different
B
sections.
The
B
common walls
and
C
between section A and
and between sections
would
31
not
be
identified
C
on
the BIF
if
the inside
temperature in
is
sections A,B, and
were the same.

there is
When the temperature

no heat
the same in all sections,
loss
the
between secsame
tions.
If
in Figure
3.1
each section had

A.
inside
temperature,
then the BIF for section
would have descriponly.
tions for the West, North,
and EAST walls
Section
would
have descriptions for the West and East walls and for
of
the portions
the North and South walls

B
that were not
com-
mon with section

for the Eastj
and C,
Section
would have descriptions
South and West walls

an inside
of
section C,
When there
two sections,
to
be
is
temperature difference
between
heat
losses between the two sections will have

For example,
of
accounted for.
temperature
of
assume section A
B
had
an
inside
60
and section
had an inside tem12

F
perature
in be
72
Therefore,
there is
difference
temperature between the two sections and heat loss would
occurring from section

sections A and B.
to
section A
at
the
common
the
wall
between
Under this condition,
energy
secin
auditor would have to identify the common wall between

tions
A
and
loss
on
the
BIF and account
for
the heat be
loss
the heat
calculations.
5.
This point
will
discussed
further in Chapter
If
building that does not have

is
set
to
of
blueprints
filled out
available
selected,
the
BIF will have
be
during the site visit.

without
a
The specifics of filling out the BIF
set
of
blueprints are covered in the next section.
32
3.3
Procedures for Completing the BIF Form.

to
The purpose of filling out the BIF Is

that
collect
data
will enable the energy auditor to do the heat

5
loss and In
lighting calculations in Chapters

order
to
and 6,
respectively.
it
is
do
the heat
loss
calculations
necessary to
identify each exterior building component

ponent
that
and interior com-
separates conditioned and unconditioned space.

is
A conditioned space
defined as one that has
heat
one
added
that
via
mechanical systems.
An unconditioned space is
does not have heat added.
Figure 3,2
the
indicates
the
major
building
space.
the
components
and
conditioned and unconditioned

taking
place
Areas that heat loss will be

floorsj
roof,
include
that
exterior walls,
and walls and floors
surround the unconditioned space.

It
is
important to identify the building components

and
by
material
dimensions, and to identify the areas
of
dif-
ferent construction within the same component.

if
For example,
the North wall

8
in Figure
3.2 was
constructed of block for

remaining
9
the first
feet and wood for the

the
of
feet.
The
section
of
BIF
for
the
North
wall
with
would have one

its
description
the
a
block construction,
respective
dimensions and
tion with
its
separate description for the wood construcdimensions

listed.
This
point
will
be
explained in more detail in section 3.4.
33
BuUding Components Where Heat Losses Take Place
LEGEND
mi
r/.v.'!
Roof
&
Ceiling
r.'sW^vl
Basement Floor
Interior Partition
b^Y>:^ Exterior Wall (wood)

Wall Below Grade (concrete)
IXsWi
Pitched roof
Exterior Wall
(nortji side)
Figure 3.2
Location of Heat Losses Through Major Building Components
34
The general procedures

are
to
follow in filling out the BIF

a
explained
below for
Next,
a
building that has
set
of
blue-
prints available.
out the
the
of
general procedures for
filling
The
BIF without
of
set
blueprints are explained.
specifics
are
filling out the BIF form along with an
example
covered in section 3,4,

The general procedures for filling out the BIF
with
set
of
blueprints are as follows:

major
1,
Review the blueprints and identify the

components.
building
2,
Fill out the BIF as completely as

the
possible.
Some
of
Information
requested
on
the
BIF will have to
be
filled out during the site visite

3,
Complete site visit
(see Chapter 4),
4,
Complete BIF and go on to Chapter
5.
The general procedures

a
for filling out
the BIF
without
set
of
blueprints are as follows;
1.
Complete site visit and perform

Chap ter
4
) .
building
survey
(see
2.
Complete BIF and go on to Chapter
5.
35
3,4
Instructions for Filling Out the BIF Form with Examples

This
section
out
of
Chapter
deals with the
specifics
of
filling
ling out
the BIF form.
Instructions are given for filidentify what type

of
the BIF and to help
informa-
tion
is
of
required
by
the BIF.
To help one understand the
process
is
filling out the BIF and what type of
information
This
required, an example building was created^.
example
The
building was then used to fill out an example BIF,
com-
pleted example BIF can be found at the end of this chapter.

Figures 3.3 to 3.14 on the
the
following
fill
of
pages
represent
example
building
used
to
out
the example BIF.
These figures represent the type
information
that
that
one
to
would
^
obtain
from the blueprints

a
or
one would have
determine from
BIF.
the
building survey in order to
fill
out
the
Following Figure 3.14 are instructions for filling out

BIF
form.
36
28' 0"
18' 0-
-10' 0"
Wall Construction
Mech.
15' 0"
room
s
30" 0"
""
Basement
Concrete
Main Floor
Conference room
Brlck/Block
Storage
15'
wood
Siding
room
BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN
70' 0"
3"
by
r
ooor
man
50'
(metal)
IV by IV ovemead ooor
IV by IV ovemead door
MAIN FLOOR PLAN
Figure 3.3
Example Building Floor Plan;
37
BricK/Block Typical
Basement
Area
Wood
Siding Typical
Figure 3,4
Example Building South Elevation
2S' 0"
42' 0"
Figure 3,5
Example Building North Elevation
38
Exterior Sheating
m-iii'iinn
Brick/Block
Figure 3.6
Example Building West Elevation
II
II
Ext Sheating
Wood
Siding
Figure 3.7
Example Building East Elevation
39
Asphalt shingle roofing
Felt building
membrane
Plywood sheating,
0.5 inch
Nominal 2incn by 6inch ceiling 24 inches o.c.
rafter^
Figure 3.8
Typical Roof Section
i.
8 inch concrete block, cinder aggregate
F=t^
I
V
^ inch face brick
Y-
Figure 3,9
Typical Brick/Block Wall Section
40
Air Space, 3.5 inchies
Gypsum Wallboard,
0.5 inch
Nominal 2inch by 4inch wood studs

16 inches
o.c.
Exterior plywood sheating, o.5 inch
Figure 3,10
Typical Exterior Sheeting Section
8 Incn TnicK concrete
Figure 3.11
Typical Basement Wall Section
41
4 Inch Thick Concrete

K K K K
'
* K K ^ K K K K K K . / . / / y y y ./ / \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ % N \ S < / ^ / . y y y y / / . / y
. .-
*-.
Soil
Figure 3.12
Typical Basement Floor Section
6 inch Thick concrete
y
f
\ \ \ y ^
'^
-^
__
-soil
'
"
Figure 3.13
Typical Garage Floor Section
Siding,
wood
0.5 by 8 inch
Sheating, o.Sinch Asphalt impregnated
Nominal 2 by 4inch wood stud 16

Batt Insulation, 3.5 Inch
in. o.c.
Gypsum Wall Board
Figure 3.14
Typical Wood Siding For Office Area
42
In
order to explain in greater detail how to

the
fill
out
the
BIF,
example BIF
at
the
end
of
this
chapter has been

a
divided into figures.

the
Each figure
represents
portion
of
BIF
and is accompanied with instructions

the BIF.
for filling out
that portion of
the
BIF
The instructions for

by
filling
out
are
followed
the figure
that
the
instructions
pertain to
A word of
caution;
each building is unique

that
is
and
a
thereBIF will
fore
the
information
contained within
The
vary from building to building.
example
building
was
the
created
to
try
to
cover
the
basic information that

to
energy auditor will be required
determine
for
his/her
buildings.
Therefore,
the
buildings
the
that will be audited

is
may or may not contain some of

on
information that
shown
the
example.
divided into six major
Roman numerals
the
I
The BIF is
sections
which
are
identified
section
The
3
I
by
to VI.
For example,
of
major
covers
general description
the
building.
breakdown
.
under
each major section is
shown in Figure
.15
43
I.
-MAJOR SECTION
A.
General Description
A,
-Major Section, DIVISION
General
-Division A, PART
a.
-Part
-Part
1,
SECTION
b.
1,
SECTION
PART
2,
-Division
a.
A.
-Part -Part
2,
SECTION
b.
2,
SECTION
B.
-Major Section
I,
DIVISION
(repeated )
B,
Buildng Type
II.
-MAJOR SECTION 11
Building Characteristics
to VI)
(repeated for MAJOR SECTIONS III
Figure 3.15
BIF
Form Breakdown by Major Sections
44
Each figure has been identified with its Roman
numeral
major
are
section,
and what divisions within the major section For example,

C
discussed in the Instructions.

I,
Figure 3.16
the
covers major section

BIF.
divisions A,B, and
for
example
BIF
Figure 3.17 covers major section II

etc.
of
the example
and includes Division A,
3.4.1
Major Section
covers
the
3
I,
Division A,B,C
of
Major section
general description
the
building
as
and is broken into
divisions^
The divisions are
follows:
Division A General
Division
Division
is
Building Type
Operating Schedule
the
Division A
general information about

is
building.
This
portion of the BIF

the
straight forward with the exception of

The
"contact person".
contact person should be
person
who
works
in
the building or who is

of
familiar with the conThis person should
struction and operation

be
the
building.
able to walk the energy auditor through the building durthe site
ing
visit and answer any questions about
the
build-
ing he/she might have.
Division Describe
the
is
brief
description
of
the
building type.
the
major building materials used to construct
45
exterior
and roof
of
the
building.
This
includes the exterior
walls
Next,
ing
was
indicate the year or approximate year the
buildof
constructed.
(
Year(s)
and
description
modif ica t ion

that
pertains to any modification to the building

the
may have affected
energy consumption
items as additional
of
the
build-
ing.
This
can include such
insulation,
storm windows,
may not be
new roofs,
on
and additions to the building that
shown
the
can
blueprints.
be
Information
about
building
visit
.
modifications
filled out during the site
Division
The
is
the
operating schedule
is
of
the
building.
evening,
times
the
building
in use
during the day,

This
weekend and other times will be indicated.

can
f
information
be
obtained during the site visit.
The entries are as
ollows
This
that
Days /wk
refers
the
to
the number of
is
days
per
week
building
3.16
occupied.
is
For example,
in Figure
the building
occupied
days a week
Time
This
refers
it
to
the
time the
building
opens
and when
closes.
total hours
that
Hou rs
This
is
the
the building is
operated
between opening and closing times.
46
For example,
in Figure
3.16
the
building
is
occupied
This
a
days
a
week
5
from SAM to 5PM.

days or 45 hours
is
hours
day for
week.
Ope rat Ing
Tempera tu re
This
is
the
normal
operating
temperature
(thermostat
setting)
.
during the summer and
winter months
No.
of
Occupant s
This
refers
to
the average number of

the
people
who
work
in
building during the time
specified.
time
of
This may vary depending upon the
the year and
should be noted.
47
FORM
3.
BUILDING INFORMATION FORM (BIF)
I.
General Description
A)
General:
Name of Suilding
==.T
Address
^TFÊLT
Telephone Number
City UE'ST lAFA-fen&
^^^-QOOO
District
<^gAt^Fg'^Cl>'îLlE-
Sub-District
(:;lp=4-iFt7^C>^^ltLE.
Contact Person
Building use:
!(:?.
MAII-tTEhiAMcE.
Position
(^fAPAÊ-
Q)
Building Type:
6rAÂ/:^h
Description
AÂ
6gl6l^
g'U
g)U76l^
kUlL
^fFi6
Ae&A-
jJggî?
"îc7ii-J<:^
iJa^g-t?
^Tucx
Year of Construction
\^ jC/
(
Year(s) and Description of Modif icat ion
iJaLL
uJiTi4
tûfrLs- CK^-i^C>.
C)
Operating Schedule:
Time Days from per to
u)k
Hours
Operating Temperature
SUM. WIN.
No.
of
Occupants
DAY
"^
g,A^_
_
^fH
Eveninq Ueekend
Other
Figure 3.16
BIF Example Major Section Divisions A,B, and C
I,
48
3. A.
Major Section II, Division A

II
5
Major section
and is broken into
covers
the
building
C,
characteristics
and E.
divisions A, B,
of
D,
Division A Photographs
Division
B
Building
Building Floor Plans

Floors
Walls
Roof
Division
Division
Division
A will
Division building
B,C,D,
the
be
completed during the site visit.

has
a
If
the
being
audited
set
of
blueprints,
divisions
If
and E
can be
completed prior to the site visits

audited
does
to
building
being
not have
be
set
of
blue-
prints,
these divisions will have
completed during the
sitevisit.
Division
the
A
provides room for
exterior
photographs
of
of
of be
building*
During the site visit photos
all sides
the building should be taken.
Photographs
should
also
taken
of
building conditions that may be causing energy con-
servation problems.
attached
tion of
on
These
additional
photographs
is
a
can
be
separate sheets.
of
Figure 3.17
representa-
two photographs
the example
building.
49
II.
A) Photographs of Building:
.^^[^
\
^plli"
fti6Sigi!isiî
1'
ffgr^
p
\
"
--...-,..,-,.-...----.-.
6^7UT^1
Elevation
Uie^T
Elavation
Elevation
Elevation
Figure 3.17
BIF Example Major Section II, Division A
50
3.4.3
Major Section II. Division

for
the
B,
Part
and
Division
plans.
is
preparation
of
building
floor
Building floor plans are prepared so that the energy

build-
auditor can enter Information about the rooms in the

ing
during
the
site visit.
This
of
information will include
lighting layouts and location

lems
.
energy
conservation
prob-
From the blueprints,

floor.
If
a
sketch the
floor
plan
for
each
set
of
blueprints are not available, floor

after
plans will have to be prepared
measuring
the
rooms
during
the site
visit.
1
The BIF has

2,
room for describing two

many
floor plans. Part sheets

as
and Part
but use as
additional
needed.
During the site visit,
verify the floor

any
plans prepared from the
blueprints
floor
and
record
major
changes
in
the
building
plans.
for
On the floor plan

its
identify what each room is
used
is
and
approximate
dimensions.
Figure 3,18
the
basement floor plan for the

is
example building and Figure 3.19

the
the main floor plan

of
a
for
example
building.
The
use
numbering system to
plan
identify each room will leave enough room on the floor

for entering the information during
the
site visit.
51
D)
Building Floor Plan:
Floor Â-serjEKiT
MECK RCOM
10'
Dy 15'
STORAGE ROOM
10'
by
15'
CONFERENCE ROOM
18"
by 30'
Figure 3.18
BIF Example Major Section II, Division B Part 1

,
52
!)
Floor
Ma1|4
r^-
'~
(l)
GARAGE AREA
REST ROOMS
ID'
42' Dy 30"
(?) OFFICE
la'oy lo'
(D
(T)
Dy 12*
OFFICE
(t)
13'
by
ID*
STCRAGE
14"
by
12'
STAIRS
(a) HALL
Figure 3.19
BIF Example Major Section II Division B, Part 2
53
Major Section II, Division Sections a and b
C,
Part
and
2,
Division
is
Is
for the description of
the floors.
1
There
Sec-
room for describing two floors,

"a'
is
part
and part
in
2.
tion
for describing the material used
the
floor
construction
dimensions.
ditioned
the floor
the
and
section
that
'b'
is
for
describing the floor
For floors
are
on
grade or separating con-
and unconditioned space,
sketch
cross
section of
construction.
of
Describe the material and
indicate
thickness
each material
Figure 3,20 Indicates the two floor sections
that
are
identified
4
for the example
building.
The basement
floor is
in
inch thick concrete and Is approximately 28 feet

In width.
length
and 30 feet
The garage area is
inch
thick conIt
is
crete and is 42 feet in length and 30 feet

not
in
width.
necessary to identify the floor construction between the

since
basement and the office area in this example building

both
areas are conditioned space.
However,
if
the
basement
floor floor
in the example
building were
to be
not
heated
then
,
this
would
not
be
have
identified on the BIF
This
would now
and
the
separating conditioned and unconditioned

loss
space
heat
through the floor to the basement would
have to be accounted for.
5A
C> Floors:
1)
Location
a)
fÂÊKlE^T
Floor Construction
Description
U"
THICK CONCRETE
/L
'yjjjx
SOIL
Cross Section
b)
Floor Dimensions
Ulidth
Length__&__
2) Location
a) Floor
"^^
6j'AgA(;-jE.
Construction
Description
6"
THICK CONCRETE
SOIL
Cross Section
b) Floor
Dimensions
Width
Length
^l.
^^
Figure 3.20
BIF E Example Major Section II, Division C, Part 1 and 2, Section a and b
55
3.4.5
Major Section II, Division D, Part Sections a and b

for the description of
1,
Division
tion.
is
the wall construc-
There are four parts to Division D.

a
Each part
is
for the
describing
four
separate wall.
This will usually

If
include
exterior walls.
However,
there
is
an Interior wall
it
separating conditioned and unconditioned space,

to
will have
if
be
identified
on
the
BIF
Use additional sheets
required.
Section
wall
*a'
is
for describing the material used in
the
construction
and
for
a
sketching
the wall elevation.
From the blueprints sketch

ical
As cal
cross section through each typ-
wall
section and describe the material and thickness.

it
discussed earlier,
is
a
important to identify each typigiven wall.

For example,
construction
within
Figure
3.21,
of
section *a' represents the North wall example building.
cross
sections
the
Note that for this particular wall

The wood siding
there are three typical wall constructions.

is
the
exterior
construction
of
the
office
area.
The
brick/block combination is the construction for the exterior

garage walls.
The
concrete
is
the
construction
of
the
base-
ment wall under the office area.

Next,
sketch the wall elevation
from
the
blueprints.
During
ble
the site visit,
inspect the exterior wall for possiIt
energy conservation problems and note
on
the
sketch.
This
should
be
done for the type of
information that will
56
not
show up in
as
the
photographs.
the
This
can
include
such
Information
doors,
condition of
sealants around windows and

The North elevation in
the
cracks in the wall,
etc.
example
building has
broken window pane and this has been

3.21
noted on the sketch,
see Figure
section â'.
Section *b'
and dimensions.
is
for
a
the
wall
construction
description
Enter
descriptive name for each wall sec*a'
tion identified in section
and
enter
the
length
and
width
of
each
wall section.
Figure 3.21, section ^b' has

there were three typical
three wall descriptions since

sect ions
.
wall
'
57
D)
uns
1)
Location
.jJÊOl
Description
siding,
a) Wall Construction
wood
Q.5
by Sinch
aspnalt Impregnaxeo
WOOD
SIOiNG
sheallng, ttBincn
nominal 2 by 4lnch wood stud 16 la

Datl insuiallon, 3.51ncn
aa
gypsum wall board, dSinch
BLOCK
^
*
. ; l ;
!
i |
.n
I I
.
;
^^^^^^
4"
face brick
8" concrete block
BASEMENT WALL
Cross Section
8"
iWck concrete
Ditxen wiTOT^
pam
Elevation
b) Wall
Construction Description and Dimensions
Construction
Construction
Uo?^
^''Î^^ Length
1^
M"^'
Height
\^
\^
1^
feJ^^^K - l^LonK.
Length
Height Height
Construction W^ME>^T UklJLength
2g>'
Figure 3.21
BIF Example Major Section II, Division D, Section a and b
58
Major Section II, Division Sections c, d,
D,
e
Part
Continued,
Section
in
*c'
is
for describing the
window
construction
the
exterior walls.
Single,
double and Insulating glazed

layers of glass
of
refers to the type and number of

dow.
in
the winis
Enter the area for each type
glazing.
This area
of
calculated
dow
from outside to outside measurements

The space
the win-
frame.
refers to the distance in inches

of
that
separates the two layers

have
glass.
Indicate
of
if
the
windows
storm
windows
or
any other type
window and their

inside
approximate areas.
This
ft
of
Windows may also
have
shading.
can
be
provided by curtains,
blinds,
etc.
Enter the sq
the
window that the shading covers.

type.
Indicate
window
frame
This will usually be aluminum,

The width
edge
of
steel or wood.
is
Indicate the frame width in inches.

from
the
measured
frame,
edge
3
.
of
,
the
glass
>.
to
the
the window
see Figure
22
'
in
Figure 3.22
Window Frame Width Measurement
59
Section *d'
The
Is
for describing
the
door
construction.
entries are as follows:

-
Description
NO. -
Describe the door construction and type. Indicate the number

of
each type of
door.
Usage -
Estimate the number

use
of
If
people per
the
hour
that
these doors.
doors are used only
in emergency
situations,
of
enter zero.
door in inches.
Thkness -
Enter the thickness

-
the
Height/Width
Enter the height and width

feet and inches.
of
the
door
in
Area -
Calculate the area for each door type by multiplying the NO., height, and width together
Section 'e' is for describing the infiltration

the
through
exterior
a
walls.
Infiltration
refers to the air that
enters into
building through cracks in the exterior

and
wall,
around
lets
window
door frames, and any other opening that

be
air into the building where the flow or air can not
controlled.
are None,
of
Indicate
or Many.
if
the
cracks in the exterior walls

and
Few,
Indicate the condition
number
loose-fitting windows.
loose-fitting doors.
weather
Indicate the condition and number

Also,
of
indicate
the
if
the
of
doors
the
are
properly
hold.
stripped
and
condition
thres-
Indicate the condition of the seal between the window
60
air-conditioners
ducts do
not
and
the building.
Indicate
if
the
exhaust
have
properly
working
back-draft
dampers.
Draft
the
dampers
prevent
Is
air entering into the building when

In use.
exhaust duct
of
not
Finally,
indicate any other

into the
type
crack
and/or opening that
lets air enter
building uncontrolled.
Figure 3.23
is
Major Section 11, Division
D,
Part
1,
Sections
that feet
c,
and e.
of
Section 'c' of Figure 3.23 indicates

the example
the North wall

of
building
has
60
square
singled glazed window with no shading.

2
The window
frame type is aluminum and is
inches wide.
Section *d' of
no
Figure
3.23 indicates
the In
that
the North wall has
doors.
doors
a,
In
or
b,
some cases
exterior walls will not

these situations
ê'
have
any
windows.
and e.
no
just
fill out sections

that
Section
of
Figure 3.23 indicates
there
is
special infiltration problems with the North wall.

it
Genwill
erally
is
expected that newer constructed buildings
have fewer infiltration problems.
61
c> Window Construction
Single Glazed Double Olaied

(space
G^C?
sq,
ft. ft.
sq.
inches)
sq. ft.
Insulating Glazed
(space
inches)
sq. ft.
Storm Windows
Other (specify)
sq.
ft.
ft.
Shading (soecifu)
H/A-
s^.
Window Frame Tgpe

Frame Width
d>
ALlirllMUKl
(z.
inches
Door Construction
Description
No.
Usage
(Per/hr)
Thkness (inches)
Height
(ft-in)
Width
(ft)
Area
<sf)
M/A
>
Infiltration
Cracks through walls None
Few
e>fe^lÊhi
Many
Loose-fitting windows
Loose-fitting doors
hi
^
/A
'4
^^C^\a>^
Loose-fitting air conditioner s
jJA
H/A
Ventilation exhaust ducts without dampers

Others observed (describe)
v^'P^
Figure 3.23
BIF Example Major Section II, Division D, Part 1, Sections c,d, and e
62
3.4.7
Major Section II, Division

Sect ions
a
D,
Part
2,
and
The Instructions same

for part
1
for division D,
part
3
are
4
exactly the
of
division D.
Parts
and
of
division
will also be the same and therefore are not
Included in
3
the
instructions.
However,
division
at
D,
parts
the
and 4,
are
Included in the example BIF
the end of
is
chapter and it
should noted how the Information

Once
a
entered for these parts.

a
wall section has been des cri bed on

it is
previous
the
wall
section,
not
necessary
to
repeat
description.
Figure 3.24
illustrates this point.

of
Section *a' section

the East
of
part
in Figure
3.24 describes
the
the wall
plywood siding that occurs at
roof
of
it
level on
and West
elevations.
Since this
type
wall
is
con-
struction
was
not
it
described on the North wall

here.
neces-
sary to describe
Next,
on
notice in Figure 3.24
that
there are
no
comments
the
East
elevation.
This
indicates that
Also,
there are no
noticeable problems with the East wall.

even
not
be
notice
that
though
the wood
siding and concrete wall sections were

the
Identified on this page,

entered.
length and width must still
63
2> Location
Z^>^
Description
exterior plywood sneaiing. 0.51ncn
a) Uall Construction
PLYWOOD
SIDING
^<fm !
WOOD
SIDING
nominal 2 by alnch wood studs 161a
ac
gypsum wall Doard, asincn
SEE
NORTH WALL
WOOD
SIDIM3 CeSCRIPTlON
BASEMENT WALL
SEE NORTH WALL CONCRETE DESCRIPTION
Cross Section'
Elevation
b> Uall

l'^'
Can.trurtion fWulg^'^g'^lC'igtfLenoth Construction

Ult:t?(?'olPlU6r
Height
Height
g'
\^
^'
Length
^^'
^<^'
Can. trtiction &A^hEMTlÛ. Length
Height
1^
Figure 3.24
BIF Example Major Section II, Part 2, Section a and b
Division D,
6A
3.4.8
Major Section II, Division Sections a, b, c, d, and

for
2
E,
e
Part
1,
Division
tion.
and
2
is
the description of
the
roof
construcPart
1
There
are
parts with five sections each.

roof
are for describing two different
constructions.
the
Section 'a'
roof
is
for
describing the material used in

sketch
a
construction.
cross
sec-
tion through each typical roof

of
section.
Describe the
pitch
the
roof,
material used,
for the
and material thickness.
Section ^b'
in
is
dimensions
the width
of
the
roof
described
the
section
distance
â'.
is
Enter
and
length of
roof.
of
This
measured from the outside to outside

It
the
exterior
that
wall.
does
not
include any portion

If
of
the
roof
overhangs the exterior wall.

the
of
the
roof
is
pitched,
3.25
for
enter
distance
along
the pitch.
See Figure
location
measurements.
65
Figure 3.25
Location of Roof Measurements
Section
of
*c'
is
for describing the color

to the
and
condition
the
roof.
The color refers
exterior portion of
is
the
roof
and for most
roofs
of
the
color
if
usually
dark.
Indicate the condition

the age of
the
of
the
roof and
possible determine
may
roof.
its
The age of
the
roof
give
some
Indication
condition.
for describing skylights that may
a
Section 'd'
in
is
exist
the
a
roof.
sketch
cross section
thru
typical skylight and describe the construction.

*e'
is
Section
for
determining
the
area
of
of
the
,
skylights
the
in
section *d'.
Enter the number
skylights
length and width measured from outside to outside of

t f
the
sky li gh
rame
66
Figure 3.26
ing. roof
For
this
is
the
roof
section
of
the
example
build-
example building,
2
there is
is
only one typical
section and therefore part
not
necessary.
67
E) Roof:
1)
Location
Eh4Tigg.
g>Uilpi'-'6r
a) Roof Construction
Description
AspTialt sfilfigles
Felt building
membrane
0.5 i^cês
Plywood shealing,
Nominal 2inch by 6inch ceiling rafter

2fl
Inches
on center
Cross Soction
b)
Roof Dimensions
le'
Width
-ho
Length
70
8'^"
Pitch
c> Roof
Color and Condition

light
dark
Color
^
poor
Condition
good age
fair
d)
Skv Lights
Descr iption
Single pane glass
Cross Section
e)
Skglight Area
No.
'2-
Length
lO
Width
eUidth
4
S(l.
No.
Length
ft.
Figure 3.26
BIF Example Major Section II, Division E, Part 1, Sections a, b, c, d and e
68
3.4.9
Major Section III, Division
Major Section III covers the major energy using systems

and
is
broken Into
A -
divisions A,B and C.

Cooling, Hot water and
Division
Heating,
Kitchen Systems
Division
Division
B C
Lighting Interior
Lighting Exterior
is
Division A
for
describing the space

of
heating,
equipment
space
that
cooling and hot water systems and the type

is
located in the kitchen areas.

is
page of
numbered
codes
follows Division A that

ate information.
used for filling in the appropri-
Figure 3.27 indicates how this section was

for
the
a
filled
out
example
building.
The
energy auditor may need to
consult
the
building systems book to familiarize himself
with
different mechanical systems.
69
III
Major Energy Uiing Sgstvns

A) Fill
in the approprlatv numbers for items numbered codes listed on the neit page:
1
thru S using the
Fuel Tgpe(A>
Mechanical Equipment (B>
Terminal Unit <C)
Thermostat Setting- F
Sum. Win.
1.
Space Heating
O'^
OT.
l-=b
vJ/A
7<=^
2.
Space Cool ing

Hot Water
ZZ
Z'^
t^/A
lo
no"
>J/A
\\o
3.
37
hJA
4.
9.
Kitchen
(J/A
(J/A
KiA
Kitchen equipment description
Figure 3.27
Division
3.4.10
Major Section III. Division

for a
Division
is
lighting survey
of
the
interior.
been
During
the
site
visit
use the floor plans

a
that have
prepared from either the blueprints or from

vey
to
building
sur-
enter information about the lighting systems.
This sys-
information will then be used to evaluate the lighting

tem using the procedures discussed in Chapter 6.
On
the
floor plan for each room indicate the followin g
the number of
fixtures in use
the
ceiling height for each ro om
70
the fixture height
distance from floor to bottom of
fixture)
number
of
lamps per fixture
lamp
abbreviation
number
(see
Chapter
section
6.2.1)
*
the footcandle
level for
several
locations
in
the
room.
The footcandles
can be
measured
with
of
light
meter
described
cedures,
in
the
equipment section
4
the site
visit pro-
see Chapter
section 4.2,
Figure 3.28
is
the
basement floor plan
of
the
example
building after the lighting information has been filled out.

If
the
floor plan
is
large enough,
the
energy auditor should

This
indicate the light fixture locations.

be
information will
if
useful in
determining what fixtures to eliminate

can
6.
the
lighting
levels
be
reduced.
This will be discussed
further in Chapter
71
ceiling- 9 ft
(T)
MECK ROOM
10'
Dy
15*
90 fC
^
y
(F)
STORAGE ROOM
10'
Dy
15'
80 fc
90 fc
CONFERENCE ROOM
18'
by
30'
15- 4 lamp flxlui es
lamp abb. FAOTlJZCW

fc
Figure 3.28
Example Building Basement Floor Plan With Lighting Information
After the energy auditor has completed the site
visit,
he/she
can
finish
the lighting survey back at
the office.
This will involve the transfer of information from the floor
plans
to
Division
of
Major Section III and some simple

follows:
calculations.
Room
-
The entries and calculations are as
Enter
descriptive name
of
of
the
room.
Area -
Enter the area
each room in square feet
Ceil Hght. Fix. Hght.

-
Enter the ceiling height in feet Enter the fixture height in feet
-
Total Watts
Calculate the total watts

The
for
each
room.
total
watts
is
the
number of
fixtures
6
times
the watts
per fixture.
See Chapter
7 2
section 6.2.1
lamp of
ple,
a
for
determining the watts per

For
fluorescent fixture.
exam-
the
15
conference
4
room in the basement

lamps
has
fixtures with
per
4
each
at
46
watts
ture is
lamp.
The total watts per fix-
times 46 watts or 184
watts
per
for
fixture.
the
Therefore,
the
15
total watts
conference room is
fixtures
times
184 watts
per fixture or 2,760
total watts.
Avg. Lgt. Lev. - Calculate
the
is
average lighting level in the

the total number
of
room.
dles
This
footcan-
divide by the number of
measurements.
room
4
For
example,
the
conference
from
had
total of 330 footcandles
measurefootcan-
ments
dles.
or
an average
level of
82.5
73
B) Lighting
Interior:
Room
Area
(sf
)
Ceil. Hght.
<ft.
)
Fi Hght. <ft
Total Matts
Avg.
Lgt Lev.
<fc)
Usage (hrs/uk)
-ZO
tjibeACxt-
l<oO
\o
^
ZlfÔ
\o
gz.^
hJ/A
^MFeeeiîCE
^.Mo
cÂeAi^t
lZd:P<5'
IL'
M860
7^
^bo
M'S
PKT &r^4
'=b-TT>eA6rt.
\zc
\(og
3
lO
8
^
^<^g S7fc
lo
=.
3o
O-aLL
(5FFvce
C>PPI6.
(OA
loo
\^>o
8
.^
Ms
'^TAl^^
Figure 3.29
Division
3.4.11
Major Section III, Division

for
1
C,
Division
lighting.
is
lighting
for
the
survey
of
the
exterior
Part
is is
perimeter lighting of the

The major
building and part

cern
how
this for
for the parking area.
con-
with the exterior lighting is

the
the method of
control or
for
lights are
turned on and off.
The
information
section can be placed directly on the BIF.

the
The entries
perimeter and the parking area are as follows:
74
Location
Type -
Enter the location
of
the
llght(s).
Enter the type

-
of
light fixture
Total-watts
Enter the total watts for the

-
location,
Method-of -cont rol
Describe how the lights
are
activated.
or
Manual,
(specify)
Usage
-
Photocell,
Timer
Other
Determine the
that
the
average
hours
per
week
lights are on.
C)
Lighting Exterior:
1)
Building Perimeter
Location
Type
Total Uatts
Method of control
Usage
(hrs/uik)
|\g>
^ E^T
-SoottA
FLg'g'p
2QOO
'5
MaiûaL
Matû/^L
f Lgcc?
coo
U&
2) Parking Area
Location
Tgpe
Total Watts
Method of control Ma>ooa.L
Usage (hrs/uk
'-^'^
'ôotA
Zccxx>
Figure 3.30
Division
75
3.4.12
Major Section IV
for entering the climatic
5
Major section IV
will
be
is
data
that
used
in Chapter
for
the heat
loss
calculations.
by
The climatic
in Table
data is provided for Indiana
cities
district
3.1.
Select the city nearest to the building being

data.
1
audited and enter the necessary climatic
heating
a
degree-day
base over
a
(HDD)
is
an average temperature
below
day
65
24-hour period.
of
For
F
example,
15
with
an
average
days.
1
temperature
A
50
would have
is
heating degree-
cooling degree-day
a
(CDD)
an average
temperature
over
65
base.
Heating
degree-days and cooling
degree-days are one parameter used to estimate fuel consumption.
IV.
Climatic Data
0ut3icle Temperature
(winter)
^"='F
CEplcit=>
Average Annual Heating Degree Days Average Annual Cooling Degree Days
Main Wind Direction and Velocity
ns^
>^^P-T^
/lO '^fA
Figure 3.31
BIF Example Major Section IV
76
Table 3.1
Climatic Data for Indiana
Dislricf
City
OuUlde
Temperature
AVG
Annual
AVG
Annual
AVG
Winter
HDD
ODD
Wind
Vel.
MPH
CRAWFORDSVILLE
crawfordsvllle
3 3
5755
5351
983
1110
10
Lafayette
Terre Haute
6223
818
FORT WAYNE
Fort Wayne
1 1
1
6209 6272 5914
74a
Gosnen
Huntington
708
15
830 794
1081
Marlon
Penj
-1
6125
5585
GREENFIELD
Anderson
indlaiapolls
6
2
5580
5577
981
974
10
1081
Kokomo
Muncle
2 2
5585 5500
5897
900
702
Ricnmond
snelDvllie
5399
1025
LAPCDRTE
Laporte 3 2
2
1
6349
6036
796 830
15
Gary
HoDart
Soutn Bend
Valparaiso
6036
6462
6277
830 695
705
77
Table 3.1
Con t 1 nued
Outside
District/
AVG
Anrninl
AVG
Annual
AVG
Winter
CUy
Temperature
HDD
SEYMOR
Bloomlngton
5
7
ODD
wina
vei.
MPH
4905
1177
Columous
Jeffersonvllle
5266
4132 4132 5187
889
10
10
10
1461
New
Albany
1416
1157
Seymor
VINCENTS
Beafora
5 9 6
4790 4624 4946
1139
1364
10
EvansvUle
vincermes
1295
CXitslde design winter weather condition temperature. Design Dry-BuID at 97.5'8.
78
3.4.13
Major Section
Major Section
pertains to existing energy

can
be
management
programs.
This
section
filled out during the site
visit with the assistance of
the
contact person.
3.4.14
Major Section VI
for field
Major Section VI
during
the
is
inspection
notes
notes
taken
site
visit.
These
should contain any

help
information about the building that will

information
contained
in
clarify
the
the
BIF
or
clarify any possible
energy conservation opportunities.

Note:
The
rest
of
Chapter
is
Form 3.1
the example
of
Building
Informa-
tion Form (BIF) filled out for
building shown in
how
a
Figures 3.3 to 3.4.

BIF would appear.
This
is
an example
completed
79
FORM
3.
BUILDINC INFORMATION FORM (BIF)
General Description
A)
General;
Nam. of Building
Address _J
E/AMPL Û\10\^C^
Telephone Number 4'^'^-gig'gO
'^TPEE-T
City UE'^T LApAtenE.
Diatrlct
<:^gAUfg'g<?^vîllfc
Sub-District Cp^FcÔ^'-^^^î.
Position
Contact Person
Building use:
lg?IJAlMTEhlAI-iÊ
(Âl^^rE.
B)
Building Type:
Description
ÂgA/^L
AÂ
6gl6|C
g>i-|
|5>U7^|C
|JaLL
^FFlÊ A/w-
l^g-tyP
ît7ii-J<S^-
UJgg'l?
^TLjg^
M Ax
)
Year<s) and Description of Modif ication(s
C> Operating Schedule:
Days
per
uik
Time from to
Hours
SUM.
No.
of
Occupants
DAY
"^
g^_
_
^m
WIN.
Eveninq
Weekend
Other
Figure 3.32
Form 3.1 Examp le
Building Information Form (BIF)
80
II.
Building Charactariatic*
A) Photographs of Building:
li--^:.
-^
'^LmL. Elavation
Oi^r
Elevation
Elevation
Eltvation
Figure 3.32
Continued
81
D) Oullding Floor Plan

1)
Floor &A^ttî->^T
ceiling- 9 ft
(T)
MECH.
ROOM
10'
Dy
15'
V"^
90 fc
(?)
STORAGE ROOM
10"
Dy
15'
15-
90 fc
70 ^c
CONFERENCE ROOM
18'
by 30'
a lamp fixtures
larp ID F40T12CW
80 fc
Figure 3,32
Continued
82
>)
Floor
MA)H
(2) 60fC
eofc
(r20fc
20fc
85fC
7Qfc
2-a lamp
3-2 lamp
27-2
70fC
lamp fixtures
SfC
F40T12CW
flOfC
FaOT12CW
30fC 30fc
22
75fc
F60T12CW/HO
75fC

65fc
4-2 lamp
60fC
65fc 70fc
Oy
10'
5-2 lamp
_Li
(?)
F4QT12CW
90fC
F40T12CW
90fC
(T)
G/VÂGE AREA
42'
Dy
30'
OFFICE
10"
(2)
REST ROOMS
10'
Dy
12'
(?)
(7)
OFFICE
13'
Dy
10'
(?)
STORAGE
HALL
Ifl'
by
12'
STAIRS
(4)
Figure 3.32
Continued
83
C> Floarc:
1>
Location
fÂêtÊMT
a) Floor Construction
Dotcription
4"
THICK CONCRETE
SOIL
Cros* Section
b) Floor Oincnsions
Lngth_^^_
2) Location
Width
'^'^
G^/^9~^C-^^
a> Floor Construction
Dtscription
6"
THICK CONCRETE
SOIL
Cross Soction
b) Floor Dimonsions
Lonoth
^t
Width
'^tP
Figure 3.32
Continued
'
84
0> Mai If
1)
Location
i)
\-dCP^\\i
Wall Construction
Dticrlption
Siding,
wood as by 81nch
aspnalt Impregnaied
Alncfi
WOOD
sheallng, asinch
nominal 2 by
wood said 16 ia
o.c.
Datt insuiailoa 3.51ncn
BRICK/
BLCK
gypsiffn wall board, OSincfi
I
I
"
face brick
8" concrete block

I;!;!;!;!;.''!
'
- ^
-'-'--
BASEMENT
W(OiLL
8"
tnick concrete
Cross Section
otm
winoK' pajn
Elevation
b) Wall
Construction
Uio^
'
"^'t^'^^ Length
^loc\C. Lenoth
"Zg'
M'^'
Height Halght Height
\Lff
Construction t^\C^
Construction ^/VbEMl-'T UAll-Lenoth
gg>'
|C?
Figure 3.32
Continued
85
c)
Uindew Construction
Singl* eiaiad
Doublt 01id
<spc
C^CZ^
sq.
s<i.
ft. ft.
>
inchas
sq.
Insulating Olazod
(spac*
ft.
inches)
sq. sq.
Storm Windows
Othar (spcifv>
ft.
ft. ft.
Shading <sp*cifg>
î/A
sq.
Window Fram* Tgpa

Fram* Width
d)
ALUMIt-l
UK
inches
Ooor Construction
Description
No.
Usage
<Per./hr)
Thkness
(inches)
Height
<ft-in)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf)
hi/A
>
Infiltration Cracks through walls

None
Few
Many
Loose-fitting windows Loose-fitting doors
tÎ^
Loose-fitting air conditioners
M/A
H/A

H'A
Figure 3.32
Cont Inued
86
2) Location
.^T
Description
a> Wall Construction
PLYWOOD
SIDING
m ^^^
?,
exterior plywood srteattr^ O.Slnch
'V/^ g
? l^:^ ^ .^^^ ^/// .
^'î^
rwmlnal 2 Dy lnch wood sluds

gypsitfn wall Doard, o.5lrx5n
l61n.
o.a
WOOD
SIDING
SEE
NORTH WALL
WOOD
SIDING CCSCRIP-nOM
BASEMENT WALL
SEE NORTH WALL CONCRETE DESCRIPTION
Cross Section
Elevation
Construction Description and Dimensions g'^'' Construction f^b<t'^g^<g^g^'PlUTLength 1^' Height

b) Mali
Construction
Ulcfe'C?4>lPl>J6r
Length
Length
^^'
^g^'
Height Heioht
1^'
Construction &^'^HEf-lT
l4^ll
Ig'
Figure 3.32
Continued
87
c)
Uindew Construction
Singl* 01itd Doubl* dated
(space
sq. sq.
ft.
ft.
inches)
Insulating Glazed
(space
__^_^____
sq.
ft.
inches)
sq.
Storm Windows^'
Other (specifg)
ft.
ft.
_^______
sq.
Shading (specify)
UindoiD Frame Tgpe
sq.
ft.
____________^_^___^.^^.^^_^_
inches
Frame Width
d)
Door Construction
Description
No.
Usage (Per/hr)
Thkness (inches)
Height
(ft-in)
Ulidth
Area
(sf)
(ft)
e)
Infiltration
Cracks through walls
Nona ____ Few ____ Many
Loose-fitting windows Loose-fitting doors

Figure 3,32
Continued
88
I)
Location
a> Wall
'^^L^TP
Construction
DsBcription
f ^tt
hlî2Tr]
Ui/^LL
p^îfTic7hJ^ )
Cross Section
Qan^ " "

psral
i.
n
irwn
n D
v\x pnverly
'
nor
does net
Elevation
b> Uall

Length Length
Contruction U<^(7 ^H?|M6r Construction

fe^l^>^ -&Lt?dl^
Z^
'^'Z-'
Height Height
\^
^'^
Construction 6A^W\Et^ UaLL Length
2^'
Height
'O
Figure 3.32
Continued
89
c)
Window Construction
Single Olaied
Double eiid
(space
q
S(i.
t.
it.
inches)
Insulating Glazed
(space
"^^ ^'^
__^_^.^^_
sq-
^t.
inches)
<!
Storm Windows
Other (specify)
Shading (snecifu)
*' *t.
^^'^
sq.
ft.
Window Frame Type

Frame Width
d)
ALUHlKJOti
inches
Door Construction
Description
i^tpo
-riAvi
No.
Usage (Per/hr)
Thkness (inches)
i.-s
Height
(ft-in)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf)
\o
7'
zi
\Aooo-6if^^.
\Ae3oO-
^2
-7'
z.\
MAti
to
l-"^
e)
Infiltration
Cracks through walls
None
Feu
Many
Loose-fitting windows
Loose-fitting doors
^TAgACf^ - Mai4
\^/A^
Cfcg-e
Ventilation eihaust ducts without dampers

r*/^
>^/A
Figure 3,32
Continued
90
4) Location
i^^'^
a) Wall Construction
DBtcription
( ^tL a^T UaLL
fP^
^\.-<\Aoa^
^l(?l(J(ir
Cross Section
NOTE: Even mougn me

basement wall occurs
at tne office area you
(lusi account for tr
neat loss tnrou7> tne

wall on (Ms elevatloa
Elevation
b)
Uall Construction Description and Dimensions

I'o'
^=?<?'
Construe tionfll!iW.^llU^ Length
Height
Height
5'*=^'
\iA
Construction
6g-'<^t
- 6Lg!::.K-
Length Lpnnth
Construction 6A'SEHEUT
l4tIl
'^xg'
Height
lO'
Figure 3,32
Continued
91
c>
Window Construction
Single 01zd Double Olated
(pace
sq.
sq..
ft.
ft.
___^.^^.^ inches)
sq.
Insulating Glazed
(space
ft.
inches)
Storm Windows
Other (specify)
Shading (specify)
_____^_^^
sq. sq.
sq.
ft. ft.
ft.
Window Frame Type

Frame Width
d)
________^____________^_^__
inches
Door Construction
Description
No.
Usage
(Per/hr)
>^/a
Thknets (inches)
Height
(ft-in)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf)
t.1
MTAL-MAr4
U/A
7*
^'
e>
Infiltration
Cracks through wall*
None
Few
Many
Loose-fitting windows Loose-fitting doors Loose-fitting air conditioners

Figure 3,32
Continued
92
E) Roof:
1)
Location
EhJTlgg.
g'Ullpll-l^
) Roof Conttruction
Description
Asphalt shingles
Felt building
membrane
0.5 inches
Plywood sheating,
Nominal 2inch by 6inch ceiling rafter

2a Inches
on center
Cross Ssction
b) Roof Oifliensions
I
\'i'
Width
3C7
Lonoth
70
8'^"
>itch_\
c> Roof Color and
Condition
dark
Color
light
good ag
^
Condition
d>
fair
poor
14
Skv Lights
Description
Single pane glass
Cross Ssction
)
Skglight Area
No. No.
Length
Ô
Width
eUidth
5<^
sq.
ft. ft.
Length
sq.
Figure 3,32
Continued
93
2) Location.
Otccription
Cross Section
b> Roof Difliensions
Width
c> Roof Color and
Length
Condition
dark
Color
light
good
Condition
d)
fair _____
poor
Sky Lights
Dascription
Cross Saction
)
Sky Light Arta

No. No.
Length Length
.Width.
sq.
sq.
ft.
Width.
ft.
Figure 3,32
Continued
94
III.
Major Energy Using Systems

in the appropriate numbers for items numbered codes listed on the next page:
1
A> Fill
thru 3 using the
Fuel Tupe(A)
Mechanical Equipment (B)
Terminal Unit (C)
Thermos tat Setting - F

Sum.
Win.
1.
Space Heating
'
VJ/A
7<^
2.
Space Cooling
Hot Water
tz
ZM
rJ/A
l^/A
_
wo"
Vi/A
3.
37
\\o
4.
5.
Kitchen
lO/A
tJA
Kitchen eciuipment description
Figure 3.32
Continued
95
A.
Furl Typ:
01 Coal
02 Electricity 03 No. 2 Fuel Oil 04 No. 6 Fuel Oil 05 Natural Qa%

B
06 07 08 09
Propane Purchased Stean Mood Other (specify)
Mechanical Etiuipment: Heating Systein ' 10 Lou pressure steam boiler 11 High pressure steam boiler 12 Hot uater boiler 13 Forced air furnace 14 Resistance 15 Heat pump 16 Other (specify
)
Cooling System 17 Absorption 18 Centrifugal 19 Reciprocating 20 Mindoui/uall unit 21 Heat pump 22 Other CEjOT^LAjg. (specify)
Hot Mater System 24 Hot uater heater 29 Boiler heat exchanger 26 Booster/reheat 27 Solar assisted 28 Other (specify)
C.
Terminal Units
29 Radiator 30 Fan coil/radiator 31 Single zone 32 Multi-zone
33 34 35 36
Dual duct Variable air vol. Induction Terminal unit
37 38 39 40
Self-contained Circulating Non-circulating Other (specify)
D.
Efficiency analysis
Unit Description
Nameplate Output(BTU/hr).
Unit Description
Namep late Input(BTU/hr).
_=
Efficiency.
Nameplate Output(DTU/hr)
Unit Description
Nameplate Input(BTU/hr).
_=
Efficiency.
Nameplate Output (BTU/hr)
Nameplate lnput(BTU/hr).
_=
Efficiency.
Figure 3.32
Continued
96
B)
Lighting Interior:
Room
Araa
(sf.
>
Ceil. Hght.
<ft.
)
Fi. Hght.
(ft.
>
Total Watts
Avg.
Lgt.Lov.
<fc)
Usage (hrs/uk)
-^-T&gAdt^
)(pg
to
276.
3c
4>TA\es
Figure 3.32
Continued
97
C> Lighting Eiterior:

1)
Building Perimeter
Location
Tgpe
Total Uatts
Method of control
Usage (hrs/uk>
Ue^T
-ÔOTjA
FLc7ct7
2Ct>o
'=5>COO
HamoaL
MA)Û/s.L
H&
\\t>
PU5&C7
2> Parking Area
Location
Type
Total Watts
Method of control
Majoa.L
Usage (hrs/uk
=0(^
'Soot A
Z.CCOO
Figure 3.32
Continued
98
IV.
Climatic Data
OutsidB Temperature
(winter)
^"F
Average Annual Heating Degree Days
Average Annual Cooling Degree Days

Main Mind Direction and Velocltg
V.
^ ^^ ^P^
i
SIdP-tA
/tO ^fA
Description of Energg Management Activities

Energy Management Team Formed
Energg Management Coordinator Designated
Yea Yes
NO NO
None
Energg Audit
Completed
Started
Detailed Studg bg Architect or Engineer
Completed
Started
None
Energg Management Measures Implemented and Dates
VI.
Field Inspection Notes
Figure 3.32
Continued
99
CHAPTER
BUILDING SITE VISIT
4.1
Introduction
the
building site visit enables

filling
in the information
the
in
energy
auditor
to
finish
to
requested on the BIF and

conditions
this
is
a
become familiar with
operating
mind
of
the day day
building.
However,
keep
that
one
to
observation and operating conditions change from day

and season to season.
Arrangements for the building site visit should be made

after completing as much of
the site visit
the
BIF
as
possible.
Preferably
should be done during regular business hours.

is
However,
if
it
necessary to do
to
complete building survey

a
the energy auditor may wish
arrange
time
when
the
building
will
not
be
occupied. This will allow ample time

and investigations
of
for making the necessary measurements

the
building for completing the building survey. See section

for
4.4
general instructions on completing the building surthe
vey.
After
energy
auditor has completed the building

site
survey,
arrangements should be made for completing the
visit during the normal business hours.

to
This will allow him
inspect the facility under normal operating conditions.
100
4 .2
Required Material to Complete the Building Site Visit

*
Form 3,1
Building Information Form (BIF)
Clip board with paper and pencil

50 and
12
ft.
tape measures
flashlight
light meter
35
mm camera
thermometer
contact thermometer
With the exception of the light meter and contact

ter
the
thermomeA
equipment
should
be
readily available.
light
meter can be purchased from the following companies:
General Electric Lamp Business Division Nela Park Cleveland, OH 4A112 Phone (216) 266-2121
Huygen Corporation
0. Box 316 Wauconda, XL 60084 Phone (312) 381-4050
P.
It
is
highly recommended that
each
of
auditor
obtain
light meter since an important part
the
lighting survey
101
is
to
determine existing lighting levels.

is
However,
light
meter
not
mandatory for completing the lighting survey.

thermometer or surface pyrometer
is
The
contact
used in
assessing heat losses through walls when the material in the

wall can not be identified.
face
250
to
There are two classes

is
of
surof
pyrometers. The first class

deg F and
the
good to temperatures
second class
is
good for
temperatures
up
600-700 deg F.
The first class surface pyrometer will be
more than sufficient for this energy
auditing
process.
surface
panies:
pyrometer
can be purchased from the following com-
Alnor Instrument Company 7301 N. Caldwell Avenue 60648 Niles, IL Phone (312) 647-7866
4,3
Procedures for Completing the Site Visit

gath-
During the site visit the energy auditor will be

ering
data
and
inspecting
the building to determine what
energy conservation opportunities
(ECOs) exist.
ECOs
are
divided into two groups.

type;
The first group are the noncapital

if
implementing
noncapital ECOs involves little,

The second group are of
any,
monetary expense.
and to implement
a
the capital
of
type,
capital ECO requires the outlay

ECOs,
money.
must be
Therefore,
for
capital
an economic analysis
completed to determine which capital ECOs
are
economically
102
feasible.
is
The
economic analysis procedure for capital ECOs
covered in Chapter 8,
Several of the noncapital ECOs that exist can be determined

by
visual inspection.
check list of possible non-
capital ECOs can be found in Appendix B.

visit,
During
the
site
simply check off the items pertaining to the building

is
being audited. This list
not
inclusive of all energy cona
servation
idea
of
measures,
but will
to
give the energy auditor

be
good
the
type of items
looking for during the
site
visit.
4.3.1
Interior Building Inspection

and
After meeting with the contact person
having
any
questions
blueprints,
begin.
answered
a
about
the
of
building from reviewing the

building's interior should
room by
the
walk-through
at
the
Begin
one end of
the building and do a
room inspection of the building.
For each
room,
mark
necessary
information
on the floor plan sketches
that have
been prepared
beforehand.
The
following
items
require
visual
can not
inspection in order to determine their condition and

be
determined from the blueprints. Note

on
the
condi-
tion of
the following items
the the floor plan sketches.
A.
Window Construction
*
Inspect the windows for
cracks
between
the
window
103
frame
and the wall and between the windows' operable
sections.
*
Inspect windows for broken panes. Inspect windows for curtains,

ing.
blinds,
etc.
for
shad-
Identify window frame type and width.

Verify
the window
types
as
described
on
the
blue-
prints and note any changes. Door Construction Inspect doors for weather stripping and the condition
of
the
thresholds.
Inspect the bottom gasket seal on garage doors.
Verify the door types described on the blueprints and

note any changes.
C.
Infiltration
*
Inspect the exterior walls on the inside
for
cracks
oropenings.
*
Inspect the
exhaust
ducts
.
for
-.
proper
back
draft
dampe r s
104
D.
Lighting System
Identify the type of light fixtures
and
lamps,
see
Chapter 6.
Determine the number of light fixtures in use.
Determine
If
ballasts
have
been
disconnected
for
light fixtures not in use.
Measure the average footcandles with the light

in
meter
three or four locations. More measurements may be

This
that
is
required for larger areas.

of
the
only
be
section
completed
the
a
lighting
survey
can not
without
light meter.
Verify
the
lighting
system
layout
and
note
any
changes from the blueprints.

E
General Inspection
*
Photograph any unusual conditions within the building

that are
causing excessive energy waste.

they
of
Ask the people who work in the building if

any
have
the
comments
about
the
operating conditions
in
building,
levels
to
such as,
low
drafts
the
winter,
lighting
to high,
lighting or windows causing

etc.
glare on the task plane,
105
Identify the major equipment used in the building.

Inspect
the
overall conditions of walls,

for
floors,
and
light fixtures
and
dirt
and dust. Clean walls,
floors
light fixtures will improve the lighting

.
systems
perf ormance
A. 3.
Exterior Building Inspection

the
After completing the interior building inspection,
energy
auditor
should
then inspect the building exterior.

the
The main concerns with
exterior inspection
is
the
condi-
tion
of
the
building's walls and roof. The following items
should be identified on the BIF or on the building elevation
sketches prepared beforehand.
A.
Exterior Walls
*
Photograph all sides
of
the
building.
Inspect the exterior walls for cracks or openings and

loose construction joints.
Inspect the windows for
cracks
between
the
window
frame and the exterior siding.
Verify the building component

from
the
descriptions
obtained
i.e.
blueprints and note any changes,

etc.
room
additions, additional insulation,
106
B.
Roof
Inspect the roof
to
determine its color and condition
Identify the major equipment on the roof

Inspect any skylights
Verify the roof dimensions and the material

the
used
in
construction and note any changes.
By following the outline of
the
as
building
building
information
is
form
the
(BIF)
and
filling
it
out
the
inspected,
be
proper information to do an energy audit will

It
obtained.
may
also be
good idea to rewrite the field inspection
notes after getting back to the office.
This will
help
to
clarify the information and may also prompt the energy auditor
to remember
items forgotten during the site visit.
A .4
Procedures for Completing

is
Building Survey
when
the
The building survey
necessary
of
building
being
audited
does
not have a set

is
existing blueprints.
determine the
same
The purpose of
the building survey

a
to
information available from

This
tion,
set
of
architectual blueprints.
includes the physical dimensions, material

and major energy using systems the
of
identificaIt
the
building.
energy
is
strongly suggested that
inexperienced
auditor
107
does
of
not
audit
building for the first time without

a
set
blueprints. After he/she has audited
building,
he/she
will
and
know what building dimensions, material identification

major energy using systems are important to Identify.
4.4.1
Determining Building Dimensions

are
Measure the building components that

heat
loss
of
experiencing
as
identified
in
is
Figure 3.2 of Chapter 3. The

not
accuracy
cal
the
measurements
critical,
doors,
but
each typimust be
building component,
i.e. walls,
windows,
measured.
The following general steps
should be followed in
measuring the building dimensions.

STEP
1:
Sketch the building floor
outline
and
enter
the
dimensions.
on
These
sketches can be drawn directly
the
BIF.
Floor Plan
108
'
1^10 '-^
k-10'-^
'
;4';
:4'; :4';
4'
L4
.J....
7.
West Eievauon
STEP
2:
Sketch the building

doors and windows.
elevations
and
identify
th.
Enter the dimensions.
Garage Area
85
fc
Cell 14'
80 fc
Storage
Light Fix. 12*
30-4
90 fc
lamp fixtures
Office
Ceil 8'
I
lamp aod. F96ti2CW

82
fc
0 fc Lght 8* 85 fc
4-2 Imp fix. F40T12CU
-80'-
20'100*-
STEP
3:
Sketch the rooms on the floor plan sketch from step

1.
Identify
the
rooms
ceiling heights and fix-
ture heights.
109
STEP 4:
Sketch the roof and measure the length,
width
and
pitch
no
4,4.2
Building Material Identification material

used
Identifying the
building
of
Is
in
constructing
the
necessary for determining the thermal properties
the
building's
only
be
materials.
Again,
the
energy
auditor
should
the
concerned with identifying the material in
components
experiencing
heat
loss
as
identified
In
Chapter 3.
For each typical building material,

Is
identify Its
composition and thickness. It

the
not
difficult to
determine
composition
of
the exterior and
interior material that

it
can be viewed with the naked eye. However,
may
be
very
difficult
to
determine the thickness

the
of
the
material.
component.
For
It
the material on the interior of
building
may
be If
impossible
to
determine its composition and thickor
ness.
the thickness
the
composition
of
building
material cannot be Identified,
then it is Impossible to cal-
culate its R value and U coefficient without first measuring

the
indoor and outdoor air temperatures and the inside surthe building component.
face temperature of
For buildings
that
the
building components can be idenprepare sketches for each typi-
tified by visual inspection,

cal component and identify
of
its
composition and the thickness

that
each
material.
For
buildings
by
the building com-
ponents can not be
identified
determine
[2].
visual
Inspection,
the
energy
with
the
auditor
can
the U coefficient
for walls
following method
Ill
STEP
1:
Measure the indoor
and
outdoor
air
temperatures
a
with an accurately calibrated thermometer on

less
sun-
day or at
night.
STEP
2:
Measure at the same time the

perature
of
inside
surface
tem-
the wall with an accurately
calibrated
contact thermometer.
STEP
3:
Calculate the rate

with
the
of
heat flow
through
the
wall
inside
air
temperature,
inside surface The

5
temperature, and the inside film coefficient.

inside
film
coefficient
Values
of
is
described in Chapter
inside film
of
.
in section 5.2,
the
coeffiThe
cient
can be found in Table
5.2
Chapter 5.
as
heat flow is calculated using Eq
4.1
follows:
,^ (4.1)
,,
Heat flow
- inside surface temp. inside air temp. '^ ^. , ,,. inside film coefficient
,
.
STEP
4:
Using the calculated rate

late
the
of
heat flow,
now
calcu-
overall
value using formula 4,2:
heat flow inside air temperature - outside air temperature
(A. 2)
For example,
determine the
coefficient for
an
exte-
rior wall with
the
following conditions:
68 F
20 F
Inside air temperature
Outdoor temperature
Inside wall surface temperature
59.4F
11 2
Inside film coefficient, from Table 5.2

68 59 .4
=
0.68
Rate
of
heat
flow
12.65
Btu/h
0.68
12 .6
Overall
value
0.263
68
20
This
calculation procedure
would be repeated for
each
it
typical exterior wall section. During the building survey

is
only necessary to enter

on
a
the
temperature readings and

The calculations
a
the
locations
the
wall
sketches.
It
is
can be
completed at
several
later time.
at
also
good idea
to
take
readings
different
locations for each typical

U
wall section. This will allow an average
value to be
cal-
culated and will be more accurate than

This method does not enable the U roof
or
single reading.
coefficient
if
a
of
the
floors to be calculated. Generally,
roof has an
to
attic,
identifying
the
building materials
U
is
not
diffi-
cult.
To determine the
coefficient for floors may require

the
U
an approximation based from similar type floors where
value is known.
4.4.3
Major Energy Using Systems Identification

systems,
to
Identifying the building's major energy using

such
as
the heating and lighting systems,

a
is
not
diffiIn
cult for buildings without
set
of
existing blueprints.
113
most
cases,
the
majority
of
the
older buildings will not
have the original energy using systems as
identified on
of
the
the
original blueprints.
BIF,
the the
By
completing major section III

visual
energy auditor will identify by energy using systems

that
inspection
major
are
necessary for com-
pleting the energy audit.
114
CHAPTER
HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS

Int roduc t ion
5.1
The
basic principles of heat

the
transfer will be
is
used
to
determine
amount
of
heat
that
lost from a building the
during the heating season.
Indiana's heating season on
average
is
from October to May.
This will vary from year to

The
a
year and location to

of
of
location within the state.
amount
heat
that
is
lost during the heating season is
function
with
the
many variables.
This manual will be concerned

loss
major contributing variables to heat

season.
To account
is
during the heating

a
for all
the heat
losses within
given
facility
the
beyond the scope of this manual.

a
By focusing on
a
major variables,
good understanding of how
building
losses heat
during the winter will be gained.
After
is
building's heat losses have been calculated,

of
it
possible to calculate the fuel consumption

The
the
buildcon-
ing during the heating season.
calculated
energy
sumption
tion.
ing
loss
can then be
compared to the actual energy consumpif
This will make it possible to determine
the
build-
components
have
been properly identified and the heat

In
calculations completed properly.
order to
evaluate
115
energy
point,
in
conservation
alternatives
of
from
an economic stand-
the existing condition

to
the
building must be
known
on
order
determine
what
impact
the ECOs will have
energy consumption.
Heat
lost
is
from
building
of
via
transmission
losses
is
a
and
infiltration.
Determination
these heat
It will
major
step in the energy audit process.
enable the energy
auditor
to
determine
what sections of
the
building can be
effi-
improved to enable the building to become more energy

cient.
5.2
Transmission Heat Losses

con-
Transmission heat losses can occur by conduction,

vection,
and
radiation
[3,4]
This
is
constant process
flow
of
during the heating season and

from
ture
is
simply
the
heat
inside the building to the outside due to the temperabeing hotter indoors
a
than outdoors.
Heat always
flows
from
hot
body to
cold body or in this case from the warm
indoors to the cold outdoors.
During the cooling season the
process
is
reversed and heat transfer takes place from out-
side the building to the inside.

of
Therefore,
reduced,
if
the
amount
of
heat
lost
in
the winter can be
the amount
heat
gained in the summer

The basic equation for
will also be reduced.
determining
transmission
heat
loss es
is
116
(U)
(A)
(TD)
(5.1)
whe re
is
the heat
loss
thru
the
building
component,
BTU/hr.
the heat
is
transfer coef f cient BTU /hr /f t /TD.

,
is
the area
of
building component, ft
2
.
TD
is
the
of
temperature
the
difference
between
the
two
sides
building component,
degrees F.
The heat transfer coefficient
is
calculated for
each
floor,
building
and roof
component
separately.
Each typical wall,
section along with each
typical
The
window
and
door
will
have its own value of U.
value of U is
determined
from the materials' resistance values.
Resistance
of
is
materials ability to resist the

a
flow
heat
and is
A
directly proportional to
materials insulatR
ing
value.
materials insulating value increases as its
value
Increases in magnitude.
Resistance can be determined
from values of conductivity and conductance.
Conductivity
conduct
heat
in
is
defined as
materials
ability
to
BTU/hr per square foot of area per inch of
thickness per degree difference in temperature

two sides
of
between
the
the
material perpendicular to the heat flow.
117
Conductance
in
is
materials ability to
of
transfer
heat
BTU/hr
per square foot
area per degree difference in

of
temperature between the two sides

k
is
the material.
Whereas
in
terms
of
of
per inch
thickness,
values
of
are for the
thickness
the material stated.
In terms
of
conductivity and conductance R
is
equal to:
(5.2)
whe re
is
the
resistance
thickness
of
the material.
is
the
of
the
material,
inches.
is
the
conductivity coefficient, BTU/hr/ft /in./TD
^ =
(5.3)
whe re:
is
the
resistance
of
the material.
is
the
conductance coef f cient BTU/hr /ft /TD

,
Table 5.1* list values

and
of
conductivity,
conductance,
In
resistance
U
for
common building materials.

a
order to each
be
determine the
coefficient for
to
building
component
component
material
*
used
construct
the
must first
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Cond i t i oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.
118
defined and then located in Table 5.1.
This
table does
it
not
be
contain
all
of
the
building materials used and
may
necessary to consult other references.

Air has
Insulating properties that must

U
be
considered
At
when
calculating
of
a
values for
building component.
a
the
surface
that
building component,
to
thin layer of air

of
exists
adds
the
insulating value
these
thin
the
other materials.
of
of
Figure 5.1 shows where

Table 5.2* list
the
layers
air
this
exist.
thin
values for the resistance
layer
of
air.
Plane air spaces also add to the resistive values
of
building
component.
plane air space

smooth,
is
of
uniform thickand are
ness bounded by plane,
parallel
surfaces
usually
5.2.
located
in
of
wall
and ceiling cavities,

a
see Figure
The amount
a
resistive value that
plane
air
space
can add to
building component depends upon the position of

the direction of
the heat the
the air space,
flow,
the mean
air
temperature inside the air space,
difference in the temof
perature between the inside and outside

the
the
air
space,
thickness
of
of
the
air space,
and the effective emmittance
value
the air
space.
Table
5.3*
lists
the
resistance
values for plane air spaces.

*
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi t 1 oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329
.
119
INSIDE
I^4SIDE
msloe
film
air
--
insiae ali
film
Exterior
Interior Partition
Wall Section
OLTTSIDE
Outside aJr
film
INSIDE
INSIDE
Roof & Celling

Section
Floor Section
KOTE: only on< air filn
Figure 5.1
Location of Thin Air Fil ms
Plane ait space

In wall cavity
Plane
air
space
cavity
in ceiling
Interior brick
W^
wall SecUon
Tnlckness of air space Ja
Tnlckness of
air
space
Ja
Roof Section
Figure 5.2
Location
of
Plane Air Spaces
120
Table 5.1
iiKh ihkbncsa.
Thermal Properties of Typical Building and Insulating Materials - (Design Values)

in ITlu pt-f
ConJuciivily jnij ainJuL(an(.c arc rxprc^vcj
and conjui'tdnkci
HI
are fur ihRknrsiiu mnslfoiliun stated not per inch ihickncM All values arc for a
I'
(hiiuo (square fool) (degree lahrenhctl Icmpcralurc dilTcrence). ConduclivHici Ik} Mt per mean temperature iif 7^ r.
CKCcpl a% fltKfd by an a^lcnih (*} which have been reported at Ji
DwcfipiioB
Oenslly Ob/ll>)
Ctulomiry Unll
Conduc'
Uvlly
Conductance
Relsmsee>W)
Per Inch
tblehaeil
Sptdlk
Hral,
Bto/flb)
Mm Capacity
Jb.
fl'
(O
For Ihlekacss listed
Blu
IdegF)
(l/>
(I/O
BUILDING BOARO(
BoariJf. PinrU, Subfloorlng, Sheathing Woodbocrd Panri Producti Aibestoi-cemcni board AibcslOKcmcnt board Asbestos-cement board Gypsum or plaster board Gypsum or piaster boaid Gypsum or plaster board Plywood Douglas Fij) Plywood (Douglas FIj) Plywood (Douglas Fir) Plywood (Douglas Fir) Plywood (Douglas Fir)
(
0.125 in 0.23 in 0.373 in

0.5 in
0.625 in
0.25 in 0.375 in.
0.3 In 0.623 in
120 120 120 50 50 50

34 34 34 34 34
0,24
25
30
28 K 2H X
28 8 111! 111!
33.00 16.50 3.10

2.22
1.78
0.03 O.OS 0.32 0.4! 0.16
2 511
1
060
041
54
0.26
56 08
26(1
068
021
31
110
9 86 9 K6
9 Nft 9 K6 9 86
029
3.20 2.13 1.60 1.29
I
71
1
03) Oil
06 42
77
062
0,77
041 051
Plywood or wood panels Vegetable Fiber Board Sheathing, regular density

Sheathing intermediate density Nail-base sheathing Shingle baclcer Shingle backer Sound deadening board TiJe and lay-in panels, plain or
acoustic
0.75 in
0.5
in,
34
IS 18
07
093
1.32 2.06 1.22 1.14
0.29
0.31
1
0.78125
in
0.76 0.49
75
17
021
36 28 0.32
17
5 5
58 58
0.5 in 0-5 in
22 25
082
0,88 06 28 74
I 1
031 031
0,31
0.375 0.3125
.
in
m
18
0.94 0.7a
1.3!
0.5 in
30
14
93 U4 56 47 62
68:
7''5
5 58 5 *8 4 50
IS
19
0.40
2.i0
0.5 in
0.75
in.
18 18
080 053
0.50 0.50
0.73 0.82
1.00
1.2! 1.89
75
1
II
2 2
13
16
52 52 52
Laminated paper board Homogeneous board from

repulped paper
30
30
2.00
9 90
8
!0O
1.3?
40
Hardboard
Medium
density High density, service lemp. lervice
50
55 63 37 50 62.5
1760
32 0,32
0,31 0.31 0,31
17 20.
II
underlay
High density, Panicleboard
std.
tempered
12} LOO
1.8! 1.06 O.SS
1
60
1
(.
Low density Medium density

High density Underlayment Wood subnoor
0.625 in 0.75 in.
S4 0.94
l<
47 50
19 IK 2
2
40
22
1.06
0.82 0.94
029
0.33
08 00
II
60
9(iO
BUILDING MEMBRANE
Vapor permeable felt Vapor seal. 2 layers of mopped
15-lbrell
16.70
835
plastic film
Vapor seal,
12 Nesl.
FINISH FLOORING
MATERIALS
0,48
0.81
0.
1
Carpet and fibrous pad Carpet and rubber pad Cork I Ue Terrazzo Tileasphalt. linoleum, vinyl, rubber
viisyl
2.08
1.23
25 in
I
360
1250
20.00
in.
28 08
0.01
asbestos
finish
ceramic
0,34 0,33 0,43 0,19 30 24 0,19
Wood, hardwood
0.7}
In.
INSULATING MATERIALS
BLASttCT AMDBaTT Mineral Fiber, nbrotis form processed
from rock.
approx.* approx.* approx.* approx.* approx.
stag, or glass
2-2.75 in 3-3.3 in 3.50-6.5
0,3-2,0 0,3-2.0 0.3-2.0
C.I43
0.091 0,053 0,045
190
22^'
12-40 16-54
10- 98
.10-1
02-09
,03-12
t-0
1-0
I
05-23
05-,25 07- 32
1)
-0
6-7
03-2,0
0.3-2.0
10
1-0
I
<*
8.5 in
0033
0,38
2, 6 J 4.00 4.11
301
4(1-1
42
-<!
46 46 46 46 46
BoabdakdSlais
Cellular glass
8 5 4 9 4,5
0.24
264
9 2
I
Class fiber, organic bonded Expanded rubber (rigid) Expanded polystyrene extruded Cut <;cll surface ExpAjtded polystyrene extrtidcd Smooth skin surface Expanded polystyrene extruded Smooth skin surface Expanded polystyrene, molded beads Expanded potyurethaitcf (R-I I cxp.) .^ (Thickness I In. or greaier)
025
0,22
0,25
023 040
0,29
0,20
3
029
1 26
I
19
1.0
0,28
16
3.!7
IS
2.3
6 2!
29 0.38
02 29
57
121
Table 5.1
Cont i nued
DofriprioB
Denslljr
CmlocKfy
ConducU>ll;
Unit
Coaduclance
ResisHnee'W)
Per Inch IhklineM
.y/.i...-
db/d')
Specinc Heal,
Biu/flb)
(ileiF)
Wl
Btu
til
(O
For Ihlekoeaa lilted
(I'.K
...J>/Q_.
Mincrfel ntxT ii)i rnin binder
)4S
16-17
18
21
o.n
22-2.4
0.19
Mineral nberboard, wet felted Core Of roof insuUtion
0.34 0.35 0.37
2.9J
Acouilkal
Acoustical
(ile
tile
Si ! 70
2.
342 2.M
Mineral fiberboard, wet molded Acouiilcal lilel
0.14
0.3 In
Wood orcine
Acouilical Acouitical
fiberboard
tiler
080
0.53
15
l-2i
'
0.31
tiler
0.7S In 0.35
I.S9
Interior finish (plank, tile)
l.Si
1.67
0.32
4IIU
6,82
Wood shredded (cemented in

preformed
slabs)
22
0.60
031
LOOSE FILL
Ceilulosic insulation (milled paper or
wood pulpl
Sawdust or shavings Wood fiber, softwoods Perliie, expanded
Mineral fiber (rock, slag or glass) approx.r 3-75-3 in approx.r 6.3-8.75 in approx.* 7.3- to in approx.r 10.25-13.75 in
Vermiculite. exfoliated
23-32
8.0-15.0
2.0-3.3
0-8.0
0.27-0.32 43 30 0.37
J ;j-J,70 2.22
033
0.33
76-1.06
2.64-145
66-1 Id
1.3
-2
3 33 2.70
11
033
0.26
0.17
08
0,6-2.0
03-71
.31-1 27
.04-12
06-2.0
0.6-2.0 0.6-2.0 7.0-8.2 4.0-6.0
19 22 30
45-1 46
06-22 07-25
1
1I-
34
.14
..34
NI-202
-.14
1
1-
0.47 0.44
2.13
4-1.64
!.2f
0.8-1 2
Roof I'^SULAflON^
Preformed, for use above deck Different roof insulations are available in different thicknesses to prov ide he design C values listed Consult individual manufacturers for actual
l i*
.
Ihtckness o/ Iheir moierlol
MASONRY MATERIALS
CoNCRLTea Cement mono/
Cypsum-fiber concrete 87.51t gypsum, 12.3% woodvhitH
Lightwcighl aggiega'es including expandejshale. clay or slate; expanded
slags; cinders; pumice; vetnilculite: also cellular concretes
51
50
1
0.20
23.2 10 71
6A
60
0.19 0.28
120 100 80 60 40 30
20
5 2
24
20.0
I6.U 12
36
2 5
40
0.59
1.7
1.15
86
1
0.90 70
0.')3
II
80 60
4
12.8
1.43
1.0.1
Perliie.
expanded
40 30 20
0.7t
0.30
41 2.00
I
9 6
0.32 0.22
64
30-8
Sand and gravel or stone aggregate

(oven dried)
90
.
0.1
Sand and gravel or stone aggregate

(not dried)
.
Stucco
140 116
12.0
08
0.20
280
23.2
5U
5
MASONRY UNITS
Brtck, common' Brick, face'
120 130
3 in
,
20
0.19
9.0
1.23
on
80
I.
22.8 '24.7
Clay
I 1
tile,
hollow;
2 ceth 2 2
3
deep deep deep celJs deep cells deep cells deep

cell
021
150
16
32
3.4 5 25
12.6
cell
in. in.
8 in. 10 in.
1
2 in
0.90 0.66 0.54 0.45 0.40
II
101
10.3
S2
I.Si
2.13 2 50
25 30 35
63
95
8.8 8.4
400
0.22
23 43 63
5.1
Conaete
Sand
blocki. three oval cort:
aitd gravel
aggregate
4 Sin. I2in.
3 in.
I 40 0.90 0.78
Cinder aggregale
1.16
;..
4in. 8 in. 12 m.
3 in.
090
0,38 0.53 79 0.67
Lighlwdghl aggregate (expanded shale, clay. or slag; pumice)
tUttc
in.
0.71 I. II 1.28 0.86 I. II 1.72 1.89 1.27 1.50
13-2
14.1
94
139
13.9 14.3 12.6
0.21
170
36
4.2
7.9
200 370
53
0.21
IIS
111
111
150
17.0
26
3
126
10.9
10.1
8 in.
050
0.44
I2in.
2.00 2.37
320
43
6.7
90
90
Concrete blocks, recungularcorc.*!
Sand and gravel aggregate

2
Same with
core, (In. 361b.k* filled corai *
0.96 0.52
1.04 1.93
0.22 0.22
..
122
Table 5.1
Cont
DcrtgtkB
nued
C lomary Unit
Denilly
(Ib/tl'l
CoodM
tlvlly
(It)
CoadiiC'
liner
ReiliuCT>(ff >
SpnUle
Heal,
Bta/flkl
(O
Per laeh
For luck-
iMdrnrn
(degFI
(I/O
Ltghlwdihl aurrgiir
(cipandflil ihalc. cliy. line or ili|, puinK):
)cort,ln. nib.'* filled ctxn'" 2cofe.8in.24lb.*
Same with Same wiih
061
03] 046
20
in
lis
t.03
>
Its
Corel'* 3corc. 12m. jaili.'* Same with filled Corel'* Slone. lime or find Qypium panition tile;
filled
040
17
SI
3 11
J I2
JOiniolid
)0iii.4-cell
12- lOin 3-cell PLASTFHINC MATF.RIAIJ

Cemcni ptosier. Mndifgreiaie Sand luretaie Sand aurctaie
0. J75 In
0.79 74
26 IS
ONI
0-20 20 20
1] 3
Gyp&um
0.75 in
0.3 in
ooa
IS
II
1
11
-1^
6(<6
3 12
iy 1
planer' Lighlweighl Bigrciaie (-ighiwcight aggregate Light weighi 8gg. on meul lath Perliie aggregate Sand aggregate Sand aggregale Sand aggregate Sand aggregate on melal laih Vgrmiculile aggregate
21
0.623 0.73
105 105
1115
2.67
oil 019 04?

0I>7
in
32
11.47
Mil
0S7
0.5 0.623 0.73
020
0.09
II
10
9.10 7.70
Oil
on
oil
IS
HOOFING
Aibeitoi<mnl ihingWl
Asphalt
roll
120
rooring
476
6 50
2.27
3 110
...
AjphaU
shingli
70 70 373
.'..'..'
024
0.36 0.30
35 25 2 24-5
Buill.up roofing Slate ood ihmgles. plain
44
in
in.
70
01]
o.os
0.3
and
20.00
1.06
plailic film faced
030
03I
094
SIDING MATEIUALS(OKFuTSuwita)
Shinglei
AibuoiKenient Wood. 16m..7.3 tuposure
Wood, double. 16-in.. 12-in.eKpciiire ... Wood. Phil intul. backer board, 0.3123 u..
Siding
4-75 I 15
Oil
0.87
1.19 1.40 0.11
0.31
0S4
4,76 6-50
02
31
AibdioKemcni, 0.23 ill., lapped

Asphalt roll lidlng Alphali iniulaiing tiding (0-3 in bed.) . . Wood, drop, 1 1 In Wood, bevel, 0.3 < I m., lapped Wood. bcnel. 0.75 lOiji., lapped. Wood, plywood. 0.373 in, .lapped Wood, medium demily ilding, 0.4373 in.
.
OIS
I4S
0.79
O.tl
069
1
024 035
0-35 0.28 0.21
29 5 24 3
27
1.2]
0.95
1.59
.
101
0.19
02a
0.29
028
Aluminum or Sled*, over ihealhing

Hollo.bicked
Iruulating-board backed Domlnal 0.373 in
InniUilng-bovd backed nominal 0.375 in. foil backed

Arttiliccljnl gtaii
,
034
ion
43
1.10 9/
1
WOODS
Maple, oak. and iimilai hard<codi pine, and limilar softivoodi Fb. pine, and similar loflwoodi
Fir
,
196 OIO
0.30 0.33 33
32
0.75 in
1.3 In.
O.SO
1.06
II
0.94 I.S9 1 II 4.11
32
05)
0.32 0-23
20
411
066
1
133 lOi 106

10 6
2.3in. 3.3in.
.12
6
9
7 1
2 20
JOg
IU6 106
KoUHftcr *ilues
irc ih
*Abom tniulsunsMaicmb. Bovd.

v.lue of
(
rtpfocU of
C befoie rourdiO| off Clo r.o dimi placet
manuficluren
..r .pici: fn, .h .pprupnc fT., cm.tuncr nd iempcr..u,c ^ûnJ.i.nn, of the .pe ondutLvii* vinei wiih Qbei J.amelci IuuIÎhwi u pmducej hy JifTctcnl ilcriMUf* (hofcri N.. t(T,.rt UuiukJ be mode lo feUie any vpenfit K^t\at lu jny ipenfic ih.cUcvt
^
3
J J
imi
f..
"6
amnni
1977
wiJc vatiatHvn
ihicknc^
>r
ihc \aine A-waluc
ViJoo tt Um aged board tkiit I o change m romiucin.iy FurHiime nub Volume ln.ol...n| ..lue, of o.ile,l i.le v.nr. depcfidm, on d.urr of .he
jce of e.pjnJcd ufeih
e <
hjpicf
19. l-atior* Affctiinj
Ihem
bowd and on trt*.
i.ze. ..^d
depih of pet forar.ow

'^
IJJ.J J. reôinuet ihe ipecificaiion of f oof iniolaiioo on ihe tiai of ihe C-valuet ibo*n. Boof 'Fbct brttk and common bnck do not liwain h*( these ipwrifK; denwiiei. When denuty <t
for
Prrfofm^ Abovr
ihichnesiei lo meet
ilicce -ill
Dnk
Ron/ IfiMtaaom. No
)n
I
It
made in
ihii
<beK valuei
from
tfucti'
ihon.
be a chjfi|e is ihetmal con-
ferencn
all
Oau on fcctaoiular coieconoeie blocli diffw frorti ihe above data or> oxi core blocli due lo m omi weighu Wo|hc d>U on ihe oval core blocki leiieiJ are noi available. :iof uniliapproiimaieJr 7 JJ in hifh and IJ 7)in lon| Thew weighu r liven a) a
fOf
I
;onri|uraiion. diffcieni
mean
icmperaiurci. and potubfy dif-
ft
It
f[^
of de^cnbini the blocti leiied, but conductance valuei are
'_Vm.h.,.peTli,eô.rr,tnef.lwool.n.uUUon Whoe in,.U.ion i, ud. ..p b,kc.. othet p.ecauuon. most becor,de<l lokerp.n.ula.ion dry Valui eul .Jm applied flat .uifam *., wnldy. dependm, on amourvl of ven-,lat,cr. of air ,pe beneath the .Jmg. -iiha air ,p.c7lt refkîi.e ihicknetj. lype, Bf>d appltcai;on of imutili Valueiiivenareaverago for e ai dei.in (uKlei. and ere obtained frwB leveril guvded hoibot teiu (ASTM C2 16) or eilibraied holbo'.'"f^_'"*"'^''*^ (BSS Tl) hollo* backed rypei and typei made uuni backing board) of *ood fiber, foafflcd pbatk. and gtau (tbcr Drparitim of50W or (Bore from the -aluea given may occur
nonreneciive: and on
om
123
Table 5.2
A
Surface Conductances and Resistances for Air

AH
Nit tictlii lor
ci>n(Jui'l3ni.r vnliics
;iir
cApmieO
vputc
in
Uiu
Itir- fl'
h).
MirfiiLT csnniii take credil Inr httlh iin
rckinliinct.'
iîitliu'c
\jlur nJ a mrfiitc ickiii[;inn âlue

l.iiinit
an
ait
spM,t
^nliic
citii
Ik:
litk^n tur
!)>
un mr iparc
t>l
lo* thnn
SK.(
HON
\. Surfacr ( undiu-lincei and
SK
e
TION
B. Urnrctancf
BnJ tmlllincr Vilufl of Virlwii SurfAcri

Effeeilve
nU
Rfsi\lBnc'^
Surrace Emilltini
Kfferdvr Kmillincr^ uf Air SpBccs
Emiiiance
ofAirSpaet
Pusltlon of
Surfftc*
Dlrrctlon
Nonrcneellvc
.
Rcflccllvc Rcflccllve
One
Surftcc
Refleclinct
In rrrccnl
of
Hal
-0.20
= 0.05
Flow
- 0.90
Average Emittancet
urfac*
emit-
Both wrfactl
cinll-
Unci
h,
IS
lh< other
taneei
b,
h,
0.90
STILL AIR
Horizontal
Sloping45 des
Verlical
Upward Upward
Horizonial
1.63 0.61 0.91 l.\0 3 76 1.32
1.60 0.62 0.88
I.
14 3.73 1.37
Sloping 45 dcg Horizonial
1.46 0.6S 0.74 l.3i 3.59 /.70

1.32 0.74 0.60 t.67 3,45 2.22
Aluminum foil, bright .... Aluminum sheet Aluminum coated paper.

Steel, galvanized, bright.
.
92 to 97 80 to 95
0.05
005
12
003
0.06
0.11
0.12
Downward Downward
75to84
70 to 80 30 to 70
0.20
0.2?
1.08
o.n
37 .2.70 3.22 <.5J
0.20 0.24
0.47
0.15
Aluminum paint
050
0.J5
MOVING AIR
(Any Pojilion)
h.
h,
h,
Building materials; wood,

paper, masonry, nonmetallic paints
15-mphWind
(for winter)
Any Any
6.00 0.17
4.00
25
Regular glass
5lol5 5tol5
0.90 0.84
0.82
0.77
0.82 0.72
7.5-mph Wind (for lummer)
Fof vcniilated jinci or spaces above ceilings under summer conditions (heat flnw down) sec Tahlc
Co^lJuc^JIlcc^ are for vurfaces of the slated emmilant:e facing MriuaJ blackbody surroundings at ihc same lempcrature as ihcambicn) a Values arc haicd on a -.urface-air icmpcraiure difference of 10 ileg F and for surface icmpcralurc ol 70 F.
124
Table 5.3 Thermal Resistances of Plane Air Spaces

All resistance values, expressed in (hour) (square fmn) (degree Fahrcnheil tcmpcrulurc difference) per Blu Valuci apply only (o air spacer of uniform thickness bounded by plane, smnoih, parallel surfaces with no leakage of air 10 nr from (Ik space. Thermal resjsiance valuci (or multiple air spaces must be bated on careful etlirruiici of mean lempcrarurc differences for each air space
Pmliloii of Al'
Dlrnllon
of
All Spaa
OJIa.AliSptct
Mna
Tmp
(F)
O.TS-ln.Ak Spall
Ttmp
DIft*
(d.t F| to 10
0.0.1
Htil
Sparv
How
Villi, of E'K 0.2 0.0S
Vily<o(E*->
e.i
J1
0.7) 0.75
D.U 234
1,71
2
1
0J9
222
1
OJ
1.61
1
.9
Dja
90 JO SO
20 10 20
10 10
M)
1
2.03
1.37
51
62
7)
1.29
1
0.99 0.96
1
66
2 1)
1
20J
1.70 2.04
1
60
45 70 49
II
084
0.91
1
HorU.
Up
-JO -JO
90 JO JO
2.10
1
1.12 1.27
1
30 8)
2 21
)5 70
04 99
16
16
07S
77
17
0.93
1.02 1.07 1.20
00
2 23
1.77
2 16
2
69
66
2)
2.04
2 2 2 2
200
2.31 1.98
1.75 1.65
1
1,40
1
1.04 1 16
1.79 2 16 1.74
2 11
52 1.78
1 1 1
1)1
1 1
55
27
84
88 52
46
30
10
44 06 20 6]
06
10
56
0.76 83
96
2.78
1
1.99
92
15 1.01
1 1
081
82
45'
2 !!
Slope
Up
-so -JO
90 so
JO
20
10
2.44 2 14 2 54
1.83
1.76
22 30
090
1
02
2.03
1
1.44
20 10
10
2.08 2.62
2
204
2 !6
2
78
1.42
1
1.10 1.17
2.90 2.13 2.72
2.75 2.07 2.62
200
1
29
28
1
94
72
00
208
1.76 2 10
1.47
1.41
112
1.16
1
205
2.53
)
201
2.47
3
2.17
1.67
66 06
24
13)
0.77
162
1
30
84
47
34
SO
24
208
201
2.35
2 2
22
)0
JO
10
2 J7
46
266
2.82
2 54
Verticil
Hoiit.
20
10
293
2,90
3
-50 -50
90 JO SO
20
10 10
2.72 2.82 2 82
3
1.84 1.88 2.14

2
1,23
1
090
0.91 1 13
1
2.91
2 77
094
1.01
)70
3 14
3
346
3 3
1.4)
1
50 76 87
20
1.53
1 1
1)
77
02 39
32 )6
51
2.64
2 87
20
10
2.35 2.54
)9
290
372
3.5)
1.46
2.8) 3.60
3.27
1.73 1.77
2
11 1.26
1
1)9
J
04
56
M
10
2.4S
2 34
67
06
25
0.77
0.91
2.10
1.22
1
084
99
1.02
1
264
2
45' Slopt
67
2.52 2.55
Down
-JO -JO
20
10
2.91
280
2.8) ).07
)
87 1 1.89 2.19
1.24
1
343
381
7) 4.12
3
323
3.57 ).57
3.91
0.92
1 1
224 240
2.6)
39
1.45
20
10
10
2.94 3.16
3
22J
2.52
2
1.52 1.53 1.86

1
15 15
1.72
1
281
80
1
1
26 30
57
1,45
1
26
16
58
89
47
378 435
3.55 3.77 3,84
)65
4 18
)
290 322
2.10 2 38
2.41
2.05
221
1.22 1.44
1
66
90 50 JO
248
2
2)4
2.54
2
1.67
1
106
1.24 1.25 1.53
077
091
0.92
1.15 1.16
1
29
085
102
1
30
10
66
88
352
3.59
Hani.
Oowg
-JO -JO
20
10
2 67 2.94
35
89
45
82
02
20
10
2,96 3 23
3.28
2.8) 2.8) 1.15
3.18
2.20 2.22 2 58 2.60
4.18
)96
4.02
2.8)
1.81
I
1.30
15)
1,89 1.90
425
4.60
217
3
47 47
441
4 51
36
471
342
2.28 2.30
1)1 69
1
1.71
125
Table 5.3
Continued
OknUM
9l 1
Ak
Mm
(Fl
Air
kpMt
TMIi
^
l.i-la.AkiMM*
ilel'
0.03
2
}JA:Akttm>'
IfM
IIM riM
Tfp, >
90 SO
IMl}
(dti'l
10 10 10 20
10
a.os
0.)
1
M2
6.77
0.01
CM
264
201
vaiM<rr><
*.2
1.83 1.38 1.93 1.79
.J
'l.l3
(.82
JS
241
1
71
Hofil
1.87
2
81
1.45
1.01 1.04
1.21
"284
2.09 2.80 2.25
2.71
080
0.84 0.9)
1.03 1.12
50
2
1
40
95
Up
-30 -SO
90 SO JO
2.01
2-43
1
2.35
1.91
20
10 10
94
2.37
2.92 2.14 2.89
2.31
SI 1 1.6) 1.90 1.68 1.99
1.23
0.10 0.89 0.97

1.06
1.13
266
2.11 2,62
2 14
1.10 1.28
1.38
1)6
I.3S
2 19
1.26
2.65
3.18
2.58 2.96 2.17
2.07 l.Si 2.18

1.97 1.67
1)2 147
1.47
1.20
1.33
1.67
l.ll 1.13
2.73
1.86
1.61
1
Stop*
Up
-JO -50
90 JO SO
30 10 20 10 20
10 10
206
2.74
30 2.79
2
223 269
2.17 2.64
3
99 82
1.14 1.12 1.29
0.80 0.84
0.82
2.26
3 12
0.86
094
1.04 1.1)
1.21
1
295
2.35 2.87
210
190
2.2)
1.97 2.33
1)4
1
2.42
1)4 1)1
1.34 1.54
I.7S 1.24
09<
1.06 16 1.25
1
2.12
1.88
49
298
2.34
2.22
271
3.99 2.58 3 79 2.76
3
2.23 2.25
1
1.49 1.69
1.27 1.2)
1
35
287
3.69 2.67
2.29 2.79
3
1.39
66
30
10
246
355
2.66 3.35 2.58
84
0.87 0.90
1.02
40
255
3.40 2.71
2)9
2 10 2.51
45
363
2.88
Vcniul
Hull.
-50 -JO
90 30 JO
20 10 20 10
10
51
1.48 1.67
1.12 1.2)
1.3)
349
2.82
33)
2.75
3
2.13 1.89 2.32 2.17 2.50
0.85
0.91 1 01 1 14
1
123
1.42
1.51
167
1.73
23 SO
2.64
3 31
321
2.18 2.62 2.56

2.31
2 83
1.66
1.91
230
2.67 2.49 2.2> 2,73 2.66 3.02 2.90
).31
3.41
1.37
1
1.48
340
4.81
3.51
30
194
1
30
5.07 3.58
45*
Slope
Don
U
10
10
5.10 3.15
455 336 466

3.66 4.62 3 SO 4.47
2.68
3
4.92
16
1.36 1,42 1.60 1.74 1.94
0.91 1.00 1.09 1.27 1.37

1.S4
1
433
3.30 4 36
3.63
34
0.90
1.00 1.08 1.27 1.34 1.57 1.68 1.00
1.22 1.24 1.62 1.64
1.40
1
4.74
3.11
37
4.39
3.77
4.32
3.64 4.32
-30 -SO
90 SO SO
Hoita.
20
10
10
362 467
6.09 6.27
6.61
7
280
.
201
2.29
3.40
70
4.30
10.01
1.74 1.88 2.03 2.23

1.57
533
5.63
30
10
Down
-50 -50
20 10 20
10
03
590 643
6.66
7.20 7.52
2.79 3.18 3 27
143
1.70
0.94
1.14
1.13
1.19
8.17
9.6
11.13 10.90 11.97 11.64 12.98
391
4.00 4.77
73 2.19
1
9 27
9.52
1.49
1.51
1
3.86 4.09 4.87

3
181
1
93
2.47
7 31
2.22
7.73
285
2.89
99
1032 1049
11.39
08
2!2
3.25
6.02
8.09
491
2.01
6.)6
334
2.18 2.22
Mnicrpolahiin
is
pcrmi\ablt for oihcr values of
nioditaic exirapol.iimn for air spaces greaUT ihan

'tffcciivc cmiitancc of ihc space
/.'is
mean lempcraiure. tcmperalure 33 in. are aUu pcrmiHsable.

=
!/Pi
Jiffercnccs.
and
cffeciivc emiiiancc
".
Inlerpolalion and
given by
I//:"
I/c;
I.
where
e^
and
r- nrc
thecmiliancnofthesurfacesof (he
air
apace
(S
tnnn B
of
( jhlf
.\
1)
CrcJii for an air >pace rc!>isUncc value cannoi he taken
more (han once and only
for ihc
boundary conditions ChlahUahcd.
RcM^Mncc
I
ol hori/onial spaces with heat flow
downward
are subManlially independent of icmpcralurc difference.

I
hermal rcsiitancc values were determined from the relation R = C. uV^rr C = A. + AVi.. h, is the conduction-convection cocfTicicnt. Wi, E ((460 + /i)j'. and /,.. is the mean icmpcralurc of Ihc air space. For inlerpolalion from Table 3,4 to air 0016) and compute W values from the above relations space thicknesses less than 5 in (as in msulaimg window glass). >issumc/f, = 0.795 (+
IS
Ihc rddi.iiion coelficient ^0.0(NS86
ior a n air |.pace thickness of
2 in, in
__^__^^
Housing Kesearch
i*aper
Kiscd on National Uureau of Standards data presented (lovcrnmcni Printing Office. Washington 20402.
No. 32. Housmgand
Home Finance Agency
1954. U.S.
::
126
After each material
resistance
the
has
U
been
determined
for
the
and air,
total
coefficient for each building

the
component can then be determined with

tion:
following
equa-
Rj
+ R2 + R3 +
+ R
(5.4)
whe re
is
the
heat
transfer
coefficient,
BTU/hr/ft /TD.
and R_ are
the resistances
of
R. ,R
materials
1,
and 3.
is
the
resistance
of
the
nth material in
the
building component.
or
U =
(5.5)
where
is
R-
the
total resistance of
the
material
in
the building component.
The
calculation
are
procedures
for
for
transmission
heat
losses
,
explained
the
major
5.6.
building components
shown in Figure 5.3,
in section
127
Sky-light
Windows
Figure 5.3
Major Building Components for Determining Heat Loss es
128
5.3
Infiltration Heat Lo sses

is
Infiltration
cracks
in
the
leakage of air into
building thru
cracks
the
building's facade,
cracks around doors,
around windows, and opened doors and windows.

is
Infiltration
is
often confused with ventilation.

of
Ventilation
provide
the
proair
cess
for
bringing air into
building to
fresh
the
occupants
and to supply enough additional air for
combustion processes.
and
The difference
the way
between
Infiltration
ventilation
is
in
the air enters
into the buildin
ing.
Infiltration enters into the
building
an
uncon-
trolled
in a
manner and ventilation air enters into the building
controlled manner.
a
Ventilation air
fans,
in
is
usually
brought
into
building
is
with
controlled dampers or vents.
Ventilation
ment.
that
the
to an
very important
providing
safe
environ-
On
the
other
hand,
infiltration
is
is
additional air
increase
bills
in
enters
into building and the result

of
an
in
amount
money
that
must
be
spent
on utility
due
increased heating load.

audit
Therefore,
one
goal
the
is
energy
process
is
to
determine where infiltration
occurring and reduce its quantity.

The major driving force
one
to
that
produces Infiltration in
two story
building
is
wind pressure.
The major fac-
tors
affecting wind pressure include average velocity,

direction,
and
pre-
vailing
and
seasonal and daily variation in velocity

local
direction,
obstructions
such
as
nearby
129
buildings,
hills,
trees,
and shrubbery
[3].
To analyze
building for infiltration,

is
first determine
The two situa-
from what
tions
a
direction the wind
coming from.
a
in which wind
applys pressure to
building is through
broadside
or
quartering wind.
Figure 5.4 shows the two applys

pres-
wind pressure situations.

sure
to
The broadside wind

the
only one side of
building while the quartering

of
wind applys pressure to two sides
the
building.
If
the
building
being
audited has
broadside wind,
doors,
and
then only the
infiltration through the windows,

side
of
walls
is
on
the
the
building that
the
broadside wind
wind
is
blowing on
only
will be analyzed.
the
In the quartering
the quartering wind
situation,
two walls
that
blowing on will be
analyzed
The best way
is
to
determine
the prevaling wind direction
to
ask.
people who work in the building.
Table 3.1 con-
tains
limited data on wind velocity.
When air enters into

same
building
via
infiltration
This air is
the
re-
amount of air must exit the building.

as
ferred to
exf lit ration,

to
see Fig.
5.4,
and is always
equal
in quantity
of is
the infiltration air.

the
By
limiting the amount

of
air
that
exits
building,
the amount, the
infiltration
also
reduced.
Therefore,
energy auditor will still

begins
to
be
concerned with all exterior walls when he/she

to
recommend actions
limit
infiltration.
\
130
T Exfliuatlon
I
,
(5 sides)
1
\\V^VV \v ExfmraUon\^2
sides)
| '
'
'
'
Lkkkkkkkkkk
tttttt
inflllrat
^^:
infiltration ^(2 sides)
on
1 side)
BROADSIDE WIND
QUARTERING WIND
Figure 5.4
Infiltration Caused Quartering Wind.
by
Broadside and
Because
sure
of
the
many varying factors
that
effect
wind
pres-
and
the
difficulties
is
in
determining
magnitude and Calculaof

a
direction,
tion
infiltration
very hard to quantify.
procedures will be presented to estimate how much

is
building's heat loss

important
thing
contributed
by
infiltration,
but
the
to
a
to remember when auditing a building is

it
understand what causes infiltration, where

building,
of
occurs
in
and what
measures can be taken to limit the amount
inf
It
ration.
The basic equation for

loss
is
determining
infiltration
heat
131
.08
TD
cf m
(5.6)
whe re
the heat
is
loss
due
to
infiltration in BTU/hr
1.08
has units
of
BTU/hr/cfm/ F.
temperature difference in
degrees
TD
Ins ide-ou ts ide

F.
cfm
is
the
infiltration in cubic feet per minute,
cfm.
The
difficult part in using equation 5.6
is
in
deter-
mining the cfm.

heat
The calculation procedures for infiltration
losses
through doors, windows, and walls are

5.7.
explained
in section
5 .4
Required Material to Complete Heat Loss Calculations

*
Completed BIF
Copies
of
FORM 5.1 Transmission Coefficient

Form
and
(U)
Cal-
culation
Form,
FORM
5.2
Heat Loss Calculation
see Appendix A.
Tables
Pencil
5 .1
to
.12
Calculator
'132
5 .5
Procedures to Complete Heat Loss Calculations

and
5.2 are
Form 5.1
provided to enable the heat

a
loss
calculations to be done in
ing procedures
systematic manner.
to
The follow-
explain the steps

by
take
in
using
the
forms
followed
the procedures
for
determining the heat
losses
through the major building components.
5.5.1
Instructions for Form 5.1

the
STEP
I:
Fill out the top portion of

5.6,
form,
see
Figure
page 13
7.
STEP
2:
Complete Section
1.
of
the form.
Sketch the cross section
of
the
building
com-
ponent.
Do
this
for each building component
identified on the BIF.

2.
Describe the material in the cross section

enough detail that
tables
.
in
it
can be identified in the
3.
Indicate the
inches.
This
thickness
is
of
the
material
important
in
especially
for
materials that have their resistances given in

terms
of
conductivity per inch.

2
STEP
3:
Complete Section
component
of
the form
for
1.
each
building
identified in Section
133
1.
Enter the path location where the

of
coefficient
transmission
two columns
is
being calculated.
values of
l/K,
Section
This
is
has
for
R,
and
U.
required
for
As
building
an example,
components
a
with two heat
transmission paths.
nal
2
wall built from

on
nomi-
in.
by
in.
wood studs 16 in.

in.
center, 3.5 inches

heat
of
batt
insulation,
and 0.5
gypsum wall board has two

5.5
transmission
two heat
paths.
Figure
shows
the
location
the
transfer paths.
PATH ONE
PATH TWO
PATH ONE PATH TWO
0.5 In,
gypsum wall Doard,

0.5
3.5 In. oalt Insulation,

.
0.5
ia sheating and
by 8 la lapped siding
In
0.5 Ut.
gypsum wall boaid, nominal 2 Dy a

sheating aral
wood
sUid,
05
in.
05 by
in.
lapped siding.
Figure 5.5 Exterior Wall Heat Transfer Paths
The
combination
total
of
the
of
material in path
has
difof
ferent
value
resistance
and
coefficient
'
134
ra
nsmlss i vi t y than path
due
to
the
different combinations
the
of
material
in
the
two paths.
of
By weighting
transmls-
slvlty (U) with the percentage

an average
construction for each path
value of
ransmis s i vl ty can be calculated for the

the
wall.
The size and spacing of
studs
in
the wall or
roof
sections
the
t
determines
the
percentages to be multiplied with
ransmiss ivity to arrive at an average value.

An average U value for a wall or
roof
section
is
calcu-
lated using Eq. 5.7 as foil o w s

U
avg = (% P1)(U PI) + (% P2)(U P2)
(5.7)
avg-
is
the average U value for
the
wall
or
roof
sect ion
PI-
is
the construction percentage
for path
from
Table 5.4.
PI-
is
the
calculated
value for path 1.
P2-
is
the
construction percentage for path
from
Table 5.4.
P2-
is
the
calculated
value for path 2.
Table 5.4 lists

ing
the percentages
for
the
different fram-
sizes
and spacings.
that
This point will further be illus-
trated in the examples
follow.
135
Table 5.4
Construction Percentages For Walls and Roof Framing

Percentage
Spacing
Percentage
Material
Ind-ies
Between Framing
At Framing
12 16
1
by
24 32 12
16
94 95 97 98
06 OS 03 02 12
10 06
2 by
24
32
88 90 94 95
05
by
12 16
79
24 32
84 90 92
21 16
10 08
4 by
12 16
71
29 22 15
11
24 32
78 85 89
136
STEP
CONTINUED
Using Table 5.1 enter
tivity
1.
2.
the
value
of
conduc-
for
the
material described in section
3.
To determine the R value multiply
the
Thick-
ness with
the
Conductivity.
enter
the
4.
Using Tables 5.1 to 5.3
value
of
of
resistance for the remaining materials

tion one
.
sec-
5.
For each building
component
sum
the
of
resisthe sec-
tances
to
get
total resistance
tion.
6.
Calculate the total

For components with
value where
paths,
.
1/R
7.
two
calculate
5.4.
an
average
value using Eq
5.7 and Table
137
Foim
5.1
Transmission
Coefficient
(LI )
Calculation
Form
Building
1.
STEP
nnatinn
Sheet No.
Date
Dale
SECTION
Cross
section
STEP 2
Thk.
SECTION
1
1/k
STEP 3
1
ConslitJcUon
IN.
1/k
3 4
NOTE:
Eacil form can be used for several. COflnpooents by separating each cornponent wlUi a solid dark line.""
1
mill
-_
J. II
I'll!
lllHl.y
IIHILIIU
Figure 5.6
Form 5.1 Transmission
(U)
Calculation Sheet
'
138
5.5.2
STEP
1:
Complete the top portion

5.7
.
of
the
form,
see
Figure
STEP
2:
Complete section
1.

description
of
Enter
ponent
brief
the
building com-
2.
Enter the
Value calculated from Form 5.1

of
3.
Enter the area

square feet
the
building
component
in
4.
Calculate
between
ponent
.
the
the
temperature
two
difference
the
TD
sides
of
building com-
5.
Calculate the heat loss in BTU per hr for

building
component by multiplying the
U,
the
Area
and TD together.
6.
Repeat steps
ponent
thru
for each
building
com-
7.
Sub-total the transmission heat losses for the

entire building.
STEP
3:
Complete Section
INFILTRATION
139
1.
Enter the location
of
the
infiltration
and
calculate
the
heat
loss
due to infiltration
through each component.

2.
Enter the amount
of
heat
loss.
3.
Sub-total the infiltration heat losses.

Total the transmission and
losses
.
4.
infiltration
heat
140
Form
5.2
Heat Loss CalculaUon Form
Building
1
^ÊP
Heal Loss Calc.

Sheet No.
nraMnn
Aiirlltnr
Dale
r.hrk'r1
Ry
(ÎF)
Dale
TnslrlR Tftrnperature
Op
OutslfiR
TempRrature
CTable 3.1)
Op
SECTION
TRANSMISSION HEAT LOSSES
SItH 2
BUILDING COMPONENT
U
VALUE
AREA
SO.
FT.
TD
Q
BTU/HR
Op
4
SuD-total
SECTION 2
INFILTRATION HEAT LOSSES

1
SIbP 3
2
sijo- total
3
1
TOTAL
Figure 5.7
Form 5.2 Heat Loss Calculation Sheet
141
5.6
Transmission Heat Loss Calculations

given
for
Instructions are
heat losses
thru
the
determining
transmission
major building components followed by
an example calculation for each component.
5.6.1
Floor-on-Grade
grade,
3
DESCRIPTION:
s
A floor
is
a
on
sometimes referred to as
and
less
lab-on-grade,
floor
ft
below-grade and in
5.8.
most cases constructed of concrete,
see F.igure
Location of Eage
Insulation
Grade
Floor
A
A
is
Floor
Floor
is
a typical floor-on-grade and Floor B
also considered a floor-on-grade, as long as the
dimension shown does not exceed 3 feet
Figure 5.8
Floor-on-Grade
14 2
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING HEAT LOSS

STEP
1:
Calculate the perimeter distance

feet,
of
the
floor
in
see
Figure
5.9.
The perimeter
distance is
calculated as follows:
perimeter
whe re
2(L) + 2(W)
(5.8)
perimeter
is
the
outside
distance
around
the
floor in ft.
L
-
is
the
length of
the
floor in ft
W -
is
the width of
the floor in ft.
NOTE: A
to
is
loor-on-grade does not require

Therefore,
the use
value
be
determined.
required.
of
Form 5.1
not
T
widui ,w
(ft)
i
Lengtn
,L
(ft)-
Figure
5.9
Plan View of Floor-on-Grade From Which the Perimeter of the Floor is Calculated
IA3
STEP
2:
Enter Table 5.5* to select

of
eXpo8 ed ed ge
.
the heat
loss
per
foot
STEP
3:
Calculate the heat loss through the floor by multiplying the heat loss factor with the perimeter.
Table 5.5
Heat Loss of Concrete Floors at or Near Grade Level per Foot of Exposed Edge
Heat Loss per Foot of Exposed Edge, Btu/(hr ft)
Outdoor Tempe rature

-20 to -30 -10 to -20 to -10 +10 to +20 to +10
R =
5.0 Edge Insulat ion

50 45 40
35 30
R =
2.5
Edge
Insulation
60 55 50 45 40
No Edge Insulation
75 65 60 55 50
EXAMPLE
FLOOR-ON-GRADE
heat
loss
Calculate the
through
the
loor-on-grade
shown below in Figure 5.10 with the following conditions:
Outside Temperature
Floor Dimensions
100
ft
by
50
ft
Insulation
*
None
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi t i oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329
.
144
Outside
Partial
section of
6 inch thick concrete floor
Figure 5.10
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
The perimeter distance is
perimeter
2(L) +
2(W)
perimeter
perimeter
STEP
= =
2(100) + 2(50)
300
ft
2:
From Table 5.5
the
out
door
design
temperature
falls within the +10 to

tion the heat STEP 3:
loss
range and with no insula-
factor is 55 BTU/(hr ft)
The heat
loss
is
q
q
=
=
=
perimeter
(300
heat
loss
factor
ft)(55 BTU/(hr ft))
16,500 BTU/hr
145
5.6.2
Floor-Below-Grade
see Fig.
DESCRIPTION:
3
A floor-be low-grade
5.11,
is
located
ft
or
greater below-grade.
Exterior wall
""
fc
J
T
Distance 3 feel or greater
Floor-Below-Grade
umm
Mi
mw
wiwwiw n w wiw*wwwiytwi
"
"'
"
Figure 5.11
Floor-Below-Grade
PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING HEAT LOSS

STEP
1:
Determine the total

using
value for the
floor
the
section
value on
Tables
5.1
and
5.2 and enter
Form 5.2.
STEP
2:
Calculate the area

Form 5.2.
of
the
floor
and
enter
it
on
The area is
x
Area
(L)
(w)
(5.9)
:
:
146
whe re
the floor
Area L -
is
the area
of
in sq
ft.
is
the
length
of
the
floor
measured
from
inside the exterior wall in ft.

W -
is
the width
of
the
floor
measured
from
inside the exterior wall in ft.
Figure 5.12
Plan View of Floor-Be low-G rade
STEP
3:
Calculate the temperature difference

the
TD
between
of
inside
temperature and the temperature

value
on
the
soil below the floor and enter the

5.2.
The TD
is
Form
TD = t,
i
(5.10)
whe re
147
is
the
inside temperature
from
top
of
Form
5.2.
t s
is
the
temperature
of
the soil from Table
5.6
STEP
4:
Calculate the heat loss
using Eq
5.1.
Table 5.6
Soil Temperatures for State of Indian;
WalL Floor
a
Location
soil
Avg
Soil
Deptn
(iothes)
Temp.
Temp.
(degF)
(degF)
34
to 36
North
36 ana deeper
to 36
36.5
39
36
38
central
36 and deeper
to 36
36
South
36 and deeper
Th location refers to the
4Q5
45
top Northern third of the state,
the Central third of the state, and the Southern third of the state.
EXAMPLE
FLOOR-BELOW-GRADE
the
Calculate the heat loss through

shown in Fig. 5.13
loor-be low-grade
below with the following conditions:
148
Inside Temperature
Floor Dimensions
I
70F
50
ft
by
50
ft
nsu lat i on
none
INSIDE
Exterior wall
Direction of heat flow
Partial section of
4 Inch inick concrete floor
Figure 5.13
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
Calculate
the
the
from Tables 5.1
and
5.2
and
transfer
value to Form 5.2,
see Fig.
5.14.
149
SECTION
Cross Section
SECTION
Tnk.
consirucllon
1/k
R
.92
1/k
/ ^
:SoiK>'
.08
.32
1.24
- 1/R
.8065
Figure 5.14
Example
Form 5.1
STEP
2:
The total floor area is
Area
= =
x W ft
x
Area
Area
50
50
ft
2500 sq ft
STEP
3:
The TD is
TD = ti TD = TD =
70
-
ts
40
30F
STEP 4:
The heat
=
loss q
is
q
q q
X A
X X
TD
=
=
0.8065
2500
sq
ft
40 F
80,650 BTU/hr
150
5.6.3
Wall-Below-Grade
extends
more Chan
3
DESCRIPTION:
below grade,
A wall
below grade
ft
see Fig. 5.15.
Distance frpm top of wall

to floor is lised for calculating area
Figure 5.15
Wall-Below-Grade

STEP
1:
Determine the heat
loss
factor from Table 5.7*

U
and
enter this value for the

NOTE:
It
value on Form 5.2.
is
not
necessary to calculate
value
for walls-be low-grade
STEP
2:
Calculate the area,
see Fig.
5.16,
of
the
wall-
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi t oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.
151
below-grade and enter the value on Form

area is
5.2.
The
[(L)(H)(No. of walls)] - (openings)
(5.11)
Area
where
Area is
sq
the area
ft.
of
wall-below-grade
in
is
the length of wall
in ft.
H -
is
the height
of wall
in ft.
No. of Walls -
is
the number of
walls
with
same
dimensions
Openings
is
the area
of
windows and doors in

sq
the
wall
in
ft.
Methods for
through
calculating
these
in the
heat
losses
openings are presented later
chapter.
152
Length, L
Grade.
Heigth,
Figure 5.16
Section of Wall-Below-Grade From Which the Area is Calculated in sq. ft.
STEP
3:
Calculate the TD between the inside temperature and

the
average
temperature
The TD
of
is
the soil and enter
the
value on Form 5.2.

lows:
calculated
as
fol-
TD =
t.
savg
(5.12)
whe re
the temperature
TD
is
difference.
is
the
inside temperature from Form 5.2.
153
savg
is
the average soil
temperature
from
Table
5.6.
STEP
4:
using Eq
5.1.
Table 5.7
Heat Loss for Below-Grade Walls
Distance Wall Extends BelowGrade,* ft
Insulation Over Full Surface

R-4 R-8
.075 .071
Wall I'nsulated to a Depth of Two Feet Below Grade

R-4
R-13
R-8
R-13
4 5
.110
6
7
0.102 0.095 0.089
0.067 0.064
3
0.057 0.054 0.052

.050
0.136 0.128 0.120 0.112

less,
0.102 0.100 0.097 0.093

as
a
0.090 0.091 0.089 0.086 slab
For
on
a depth below-grade of grade.
feet
or
treat
EXAMPLE
WALL-BELOW-GRADE
through
the
wall-below-grade
shown in Fig. 5.17 below with the following conditions:
Inside Temperature
Wall Dimensions
70F
four at
two
ft
high by 50 ft long
Openings
doors at 3 ft by 7 ft four windows at 4 ft by 4 ft
Insulation
R-4 over full surface
154
R-4
floor
Figure 5.17
Wall Section for Example
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
From Table 5.7,
the wall extends
ft
below
grade
the
with
heat STEP
R-4
loss
insulation
over the entire surface,
factor is 0.089.
is
2:
The area
Area
((H)(L)(
[(8
NO.
of
Walls)]
(openings)
Area =
[2(3
ft)(50 ft) 4]ft)(7ft) + 4(4 ft)(4 ft)]

sq sq
Area
= =
1600
1494
ft ft
106
sq
ft
Area
STEP
3:
The TD
is
TD = ti - tsavg
TD
=
70 -
38
155
TD =
32F
loss
STEP 4:
The heat
is
q
q q
Area x TD
=
=
(0.089)(1494)(32)
4255
BTU/hr
5,6,4
Wall-Above-Grade
does
not
DESCRIPTION
than
3
A wall-above-grade
extend
greater
ft
below grade,
see Fig.
5.18,
Wall-above-grade
distance less than 3 ft
Figure 5,18
Wall-Above-Grade

STEP
1:
Determine
for
the wall section and
transfer
the
value to Form 5,2,
156
STEP
2:
Calculate the area

includes
any
of
of
the
wall-above-grade
3
(this
the
portion
ft
or
less
below-
grade) and enter the value on Form 5.2. STEP
3:
Calculate the TD between the inside temperature and

the
outside
:
temperature.
The TD
Is
calculated as
follows
TD =
t, 1
(5.13)
whe re
t.
i
and
are
from top ^ of Form 5.2.

loss
STEP
4:
Calculate the heat
using Eq
5.1
EXAMPLE 4A
WALL-ABOVE-GRADE (one heat flow path)

through
the
wall-above-grade
shown in Fig. 5.19 below with the following conditions.
Inside Temperature
70
3
Outside Temperature
Wall Dimensions
F
10 10
two at two at
ft ft
high by 25 ft long high by 50 ft long
Openings
two doors at 3 ft by 7 ft five windows at 4 ft by 6 ft
157
DlrecUon of heal flow
Figure 5.19
Wall Section for Example 4A
SOLUTION
STEP
The U value for the wall section is determined and
1:
because
the
wall
has
one heat
transmission path,
see
only one column is required on Form 5.1,

5.20.
Fig.
158
SECTION
Cross
Section
SECTION
TTlk.
Construction
IN.
1/k
R
.17
1/k
'
/
fl.5
.20
.9 .9
<-;
2
4.5 .20 .20
.9
.1
//
0.5
.68
3.65
= 1/R
0.274
Figure 5.20
STEP
The area
Example 4A Form 5.1
2:
is
Area
Area Area
= =
[(H)(L)(
NO.
of Walls)]
(openings)
[(10 ft)(25 [2(3 ft )(7
ft)2 + (10 ft)(50 ft)2]ft) + 5(4 ft)(6 ft)]

162
sq
= =
1500 1338
sq
ft ft
ft
Area
STEP
sq
3:
The TD
ii
TD = ti - to
TD =
TD
=
70 67 F
159
STEP 4:
The heat
loss
is
=
=
Area
x TD
q q
(0.274)(1338
24,563 BTU/hr
sq
ft)(67F)
EXAMPLE 4B
WALL-ABOVE-GRADE (2 heat flow paths)

through
the
wall-above-grade

Inside Temperature
70 F
Outside Temperature
Wall Dimensions
3F
two at two at
8 8
ft high by 20 ft high by 40
ft ft
long long
ft
Openings
two windows one door at
one garage
ft by 6 by 7 ft door at 10 ft
at
ft
by
ft
Figure 5.21
Wall Section for Example 4B.
'
160
SOLUTION
STEP The
1:
value for
the
the
wall
section
the
Is
determined
see Fig.
between
5.22.
framing
and at
framing,
SECTION
Cross
section
SECTION
ThK.
Between Studs
1/k
At Studs
1/k
Construction
IN.
R
.17
.81
R
.17
- Outside Surface - - Siding Wood 0.5 x 8ln. fi - - Sheallng 0.5 aspnalt Imp. s _ - - 2xaln. wood studs 16 In o.c. /; ^~ - 3.5 In. Bait insulation / / - - sneet Rock /
1 1*
.81
>
1.32
1.32
11
.45 .68
4.38
.45
.68
s s s * s
>.
/
/
--
inside Surface
R U uavg
- 1/R -
7.81
w.a5
.0693
.128
.0752
Figure 5.22
Example 4B Form 5.1
After the
flow
value
U
is
determined for
the
two
.
heat
5.7
as
paths,
:
avg is
calculated using Eq
follows
Between Framing
At
U
U
= =
0.0693
0.128
Framing
161
From Table
2
5 .4
by
16
Inches on center
90
10
% Z
Between Framing
At
Framing
U avg
U
(0,90)(0.0693) +
) (
. 1
28
avg = 0.0752
STEP
2:
The area of
the wall
is
Area
Area
= =
[(H)(L)(No.
[(8
f t
) (
of
Walls)]
2)
(openings)
20
ft)
+ (8 ft)(40 ft)2]
ft) +
[2(4
(10
ft)(6 ft) + (3 ft)(7 ft)(7 ft)]

ft ft
-
Area
960
sq
139
sq
ft
Area = 821
sq
STEP
3:
The TD is
TD = ti - to
TD = 70 TD =
67F
STEP 4:
The heat
loss
is
Area x TD
sq
q q
= =
(0.0752)(960
4,837
ft)(67F)
BTU/hr
162
5.6.5
Partitions Separating Conditioned and Unconditioned Space

A
DESCRIPTION:
partition separating conditioned and

Is
uncon-
ditioned
space
any
interior wall or floor that separates

see Fig.
heated space from unheated space,
5.23,
STEPS
and
are
the
same St ips
and
of
Walls-Above-
Grade
STEP
3:
Calculate the TD between the Inside temperature

the heated space and
the unheated
of is
space.
The TD
TD = t^
-
t^.
(5.14)
where
TD
the temperature
is
difference,
degrees F.
t.
is
the
F
inside
temperature
from
Form
5.2,
degrees
is
the
temperature
of
the air in the
uncondi-
tioned space,
STEP
4:
degrees F.
using Eq. 5.1.
163
Heated Space
Heated space
mmmm^:^:^
wx ^
vmwm
Partitions separating conditioned
and unconditioned space
Figure 5.23
Wall and Floor Partitions Separating Conditioned and Unconditioned Space.
164
EXAMPLE
5
"
WALL PARTITION SEPARATING CONDITIONED AND '~~ UNCONDITIONED SPACE

loss
Calculate the heat
through
the
wall
partition
Inside Temperature
70 F
Unconditioned Temp.
Wall Dimensions
40 F
9
ft
by 50
ft
3
Openings
one
door at
ft
by
ft
Heated Space
ft
Figure 5.24
Wall Partition for Example
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
Calculate the
Fig.
5.25.
values and an average U value,
see
165
SECTION
Cross
section
SECTION
ink.
Between studs
1/k
At Studs
1/k
Constaicilon
IN.
R
.68
R
.68 .45
Inside Surface
Sheet Rock
2x-ln.
0.5
AS
.91
wood stud 24
In
o.a
3.5
4.38
Air Space
Concrete Block
Inside Surface
cinder
1.72
1.72
.68
.68
4.04
7.91
U U
- 1/R
.2252
.1264
.2193
avg
Figure 5.25
U avg
Example
Form 5.1
calculated as foil ows

=
Between Framing
At
0.2252
.1264
at
24
Framing
2
U =
From Table 5.4
by 4
inches
on
center
Between
Framing
94%
6%
(
At Framing
U avg.
U =
=
(0.94)(0.2252) +
0.2193
.06
(0
264
avg.
STEP
2:
Area of wall is Area

[(H)(L)]
-
(openings)
166
Area
= =
[(9
ft)(50 ft)]
sq ft
21
(3
ft)(7 ft)
Area
Area
STEP
450
sq
ft
429 sq
ft
3:
The TD is
TD = tl - ti'
TD TD
70
40
30"F
STEP 4:
The heat
loss
is
q q q
= = =
Area x TD
sq
f t
) (
(0.2193)(429
2822 BTU/hr
30 F
5.6.6
Roof
DESCRIPTION:
roof
consists
of
the
ceiling,
joists
of
and
roofs
waterproofing
are
membrane.
flat
The two most common types

roof,
the pitched and
see Fig. 5.26.
167
water Proofing Memdrane

Water Proofing Memtirane
Joists
celling
Joists or
rafters
Pitched Roof
Flat
Roof
Figure 5.26
Typical Roof Cons ruct i on

t:
PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING HEAT LOSS

STEP
1:
Determine the
Tables 5.1
to
for
the
roof
construction
using
5.3
and enter the value on Form 5.2.
STEP
2:
Calculate the area
of
the
roof,
see Fig.
5.27,
and
enter the value on Form 5.2.
168
Exterior walls
Front view
Pitched Roof
siae view
Area
[2(L
x W) - openings]
Flat
Roof
/PEA -
(L
xw) - Openings
Figure 5.27
Roof Area Calculation
STEP
3:

the inside and outside
(TD)
between
.
temperatures using Eq
5.13.
STEP
4:
Calculate the heat loss (q) using Eq. 5.1,
EXAMPLE 6A
PITCHED ROOF HEAT LOSS

shown
Calculate the heat loss through the pitched roof

in Fig.
5.27 with
the following conditions:
Inside Temperature
70F
3
Outside Temperature
169
Roof Dimensions
21
ft
by
100
ft
Pitch
4:12
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
Calculate
enter
5.28.
the
and
avg from Tables

of
U
5.1,2,3 and
and
value
avg on Form 5.2,
see Fig.
SECTION
SECTION 2
"mk.
Between Rafters
1/k
At Rafters
1/k
Consiaicllon
IN.
R
.17
R
.17
cxilslde Surface
Aspnall snlngies
Fell Paper
M
.06 .77
In
.44
.06
.77
Plywood sneatlng
2x4-la wood rafters 16
Ball Insulation
oc
4.38
11
.as .45
sneel Rock
Inside Surface
.62
.62
*""
^
1J.51
6.89
u U
- l/R
.Q7
.145
.081
avg -
Figure 5.28
Example 6A Form 5.1
U avg
is
calculated as follows
U
=
Between Framing
At
0.074
Framing
U =
0.145
170
From Table 5.4
Between Framing
At
90%
10%
Framing
U
U
avg = (0.90)(0.074) +
10
) (
14
avg
0.081
STEP
2:
The
roof area
Is
A =
2(L X W) - openings
A = A =
2(100
4
ft
sq
21
ft)
200
ft
STEP
3:
The TD is
TD
o
3
TD =
70 -
TD = 67 "f
STEP 4:
The heat
loss
(q)
is
q q
q
= =
=
X A X TD
(0.081)(4200 sq ft)(67F)
22,822 BTU/hr
EXAMPLE 6B
FLAT ROOF
in
Calculate the heat loss through the flat roof shown

Fig. 5.27 with
the same
conditions as Example 6A
171
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
From Tables 5.1,

avg is
5.2,
5.3 and 5.8 the U value and U
calculated,
see Fig. 5.29.
SECTION
Cross
Section
SECTION 2
Constaicllon
IN.
1/k
R
.17
1/k
R
.17
//
.625
7.5
.33 .78
.33 .78
9.06
-
19
AS
l:-x'^:;-.-]
0.5
MS
.61
""
.61
^
21. J4
R u U
11.4
- l/R
.0069
.0877 .0493
avg -
Figure 5.29
U avg
Example 6B Form 5.1
is
U
=
Between Framing
At
0.0469
Framing
U =
0.0877
From Table 5.4
Between Framing
At Framing
96%
4%
17 2
avg
=
=
(0.0469)(0.96) +
0.0493
.08
7 7 ) (
.04
avg
STEP
2:
The roof area is
A = A = A =
(L
W) ft
sq
X
openings
100
(40
ft)
4000
ft
STEP
3:
The TD
is
TD
o
3
TD = TD =
70 70
F
STEP 4:
The heat
= =
=
loss
(q)
is
q
q q
X A X
TD
(0.0493)(
4000 sq ft)(67F)
13,212 BTU/hr
5.6.7
Windows and Skylights

skylights
are
DESCRIPTION:
Windows and
composed
for
of
any
translucent
material,
usually
glass,
the purpose of
illumination and/or visual aspects,
see Fig.
5.30.
173
window Frame, wood
y(
Single Glazed
\
Figure 5.30
Typical Window and Skylight

STEP
1:
Determine the coefficient
of
heat
transmission from
Table 5.8A* for type of window.

NOTE: For windows
the use Form 5.1 not
is
required.
Table
STEP
2:
Determine appropriate adjustment factor from

5.8B*,
if
applicable,
and
multiply
it
with the
on
value from Table 5.8A.

5.2.
*
Enter this
value
Form
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condit i oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.
174
The
glass
procedure
for
determining
is
the
percent
required in Table 5.8B

(W
as
follows:
)(H
S &
percent Glass
whe re
100
(5.15)
W
g
and H
g
are
the width and height

ft.
of
the
exposed
glass,
WW
and H
are
the width
and height '^
of
the
window
measured
ft.
from outside the window frame,
STEP
3:
Calculate the area
of
the window(s)
and
enter
the
value on Form 5.2 using equation 5.16:
A =
(W
)(H
)(No.
of
windows)
(5.16)
whe re
is
the total area

sq.
of
each
typical
window,
ft.
(i.e. One wall

3
may have two windows

and
two
ft
ft
by by
8
ft
windows
4
2
ft.
3
Therefore,
by
4
there are
typical
8
and
a
typical
by
windows
for
total of 88 sq ft.).
in Eq
and H
are the same as
5.15.
'
175
No. of windows -
is
the number of
typical windows
STEP
4:
TD
STEP
5:
Calculate the heat loss (q).
Table 5.8A
Overall Coefficients of Heat Transmission of Windows and Sky lights BTU/ (hr /ft /F )
,
Kxlerior \crtinl
PaneK
Winler*
Exterior Morlrontal
Drtcripllon
Panels (SkyUchts)
Summer"*
Summer
Winter
No
Mat Glnss"
Single Glass
Insulating Cibss.
-' 1
Induur
Indoor
No
Indoor
indoor
Shade
Shade
0X1
5X
Shade
Shade"**
04
10
(tKI
OK.l
:i
Double'
space space
*
"^
16
m
in
III,
air
;iir
iiif
OftS
Oh:
5K
1,4
1
(IM
n
'<^
n ^1
s:
'2
sp.icc*
44
52 4K 4:
0.S7
54
4'J
?l)
iH^
0^'
1/2
tn
4ir \p;tcc.
km
i;niilt.incc
coating'
IX
r - 0.20
17
1?
(
m
u
(f
016
42
4(.
1)
4X
<
.
^-
40 W)
0.1S
(144
IX 4
1
0^:
<;/.
(Ml
44
ly
4X
IK
InsuLiling (ilass. Irtple'

1
4 in. atr space**

2 in
1,
air
space'
40 36
U.W
11
11
:h
Slorm Windows
1
in
to 4 in air spaces'*
liO
4M
Mi
(u:
I'laslic
Bubbles*
Single Walled
IJiiubIc
OKO
46
1^
Watled
'0
176
Table 5.8B
Adjustment Factors for Windows (Multiply U-values In Part A by These Factors)

''s,,
|,,).U
I
Mil
.1
I. II
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ll<'.|'
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Mi>l|lc
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lrl|>lr
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)
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(J)t\
(ÎKU
Wlndim.
(Id
'
iM|>K i.'Ki
iMIIIiIm'I
.'I
I'^'lUs
.!
^l.^
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All (ilass^
1
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,-i'"
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11 (1
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.ill
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iiLi'
'=\Vltulo^^ dL-.tin
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y^
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m
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(in
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I
I
hii-.ik dcsitinv
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^.llm-
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>
mph odidoor
apph
.nr \clncil\. '>
outdoor
.iir:
75
I-
inside
.iir nnliJf.il
ion\cclion.
Lirid
_i;l.i/in(;
Mil.ir r.idi.ilinn
:4K
Mm
(hi
li
\;ilin.-<
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24 ilu
EXAMPLE
WINDOW HEAT LOSS

the
Calculate the heat loss through
window
shown
in
Figure 5.30 with the following conditions: Inside temperature

72F
Outside temperature
Type
No.
of
3F
Single glass, wood sash
windows
Shade
None
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
From Table 5.8A

U
=
.10
177
STEP
2:
Using Eq
5.15
the percent
glass
Is
%
%
glass = [(3)(5)/(3.5)(5.5)]
glass 78% use 80%
100
From Table 5. SB the Factor

The ref ore
U
=
0.90
(1
.10)(0.90)
U =
0.99
5.16
the area is
STEP
3:
Using Eq
A =
A =
(3.5
t)(5.5
t)(5)
96.25 ft
STEP 4:
The TD is
TD = TD =
72 69 "f
STEP
5:
The heat loss is

=
(0.99)(96.25 sq ft)(69''F)
6,575 BTU/hr
5.6.8
Doors
and
out
DESCRIPTION:
of
a
Doors are used to allow passage into
building.
17 8

STEP
1:
Determine coefficient
of
heat
transmission
from
Table 5.9* and enter the value on Form 5.2.

STEP
2:
Calculate the area

value
on
of
the
Door(s)
of
a
and
enter
the
Form 5.2,
The area
door Is measured
from outside the frame.

STEP
3:
Calculate the TD
STEP 4:
(q).
Table 5,9
Coefficients of Transmission (U) for Slab Doors, Btu/(hr/ft /?)*

Winter
Solid Wood,
Summer
Storm Door*'
Metal
0.39
0.34
Thickness'
1-in.
No Storm Door
0.64
Wood
0.30 0.28 0.27 0.24
No Storm Door
0.61
1.25-in.
1.5-in.
2-in.
0.55
0.53
0.49
0.43
Steel Door^*
0.33 0.29
0.47
0.42
1.75-in.
A-^
0.59 0.19
0.47
B"
C
'Nominal thickness
''Values lor
50%
0.58
0.18
0.46
wood storm doors are for approximately storm door values apply tor any percent of glass.
fiber
glass; for metal
"A = Mineral
core (2
lb/ft')
"B = Solid urethane loam core with thermal break. C = Solid polystyrene core with thermal break
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi t i oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.
179
EXAMPLE
DOOR HEAT LOSS

the
Calculate the heat loss through two man doors with

following conditions:
Inside temperature
70 F
Outside temperature
Type of door
No.
3F
Solid wood,
and
1.25
in.
no storm door
of
doors
SOLUTION
STEP
I:
From Table 5.9 0.55
U =
STEP
2:
The area is
A =
(W)(H)(No. of doors)
(4
A =
ft)(7 ft)(2)
A =
56ft^
STEP 3:
The TD is
70 67 "f
TD =
TD
STEP
4:
The heat
=
=
loss
is
q
q
X A
X TD
(0.55)(56 sq ft)(67F)
180
2,064
BTU/hr
5.7
Infiltration Heat Loss Calculations

first
To
calculate Infiltration heat losses,

of
determine
that
Is
the
amount
air
In
cubic feet per minute
(cfm)
entering the building through the walls,
doors and
windows.
Equation
entering
a
5.17
can
be
used to determine the amount of cfm

[4],
building through the exterior walls

Q
=
(5.17)
where:
is
the
infiltration in cfm.
outside wall area in sq ft.
is
the
is
from Figure 5.32.
The following steps should be

5.17.
followed
in
using
equation
STEP
1:
Determine wind velocity from

BIF.
climatic
section
of
STEP
2:
From Figure 5.31* determine
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi t 1 onlng Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329
.
181
STEP
3:
Solve for Ap
where
=
0.95.
STEP A:
From Table 5.10* determine k.
STEP
5:
Determine
y-
from Figure 5.32* using

4
Ap,,
from step
and k from step
STEP 6:
Calculate the net outside wall area for

ward wall(s).
the
is
windtotal
Where the net wall area

of
the
wall area minus the area

STEP
any windows
and doors.
7:
Calculate
using equation 5.17.
STEP 8:
Calculate the heat loss using equation 5.6.
To
determine the infiltration through doors and windows

is
equation 5.18
used.
xf
(5.18)
whe re
the infiltration in cfm through perimeter the windows and
is
gaps
in
doors.
is
the
total perimeter crack length of the windows

in feet.
and doors
1
P
*
is
from Figure 5.33*.
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condi t ioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.
182
The following steps are

5
to
be
used
In
applying
Eq
.18;
STEPS
to
same as
for Eq
5.17.
STEP 4:
Determine
for windows using Table
5.11* and doors
using Table 5.12*.

STEP
5.33 using AP from step Determine ^ from Figure w P
"^
5:
and k from step 4.
STEP
6:
Determine
where:
For windows,
is
the
total
of
length
of
the
gap
between
movable
sections
the window and
frame,
and between the frame and exterior wall. doors,

the total
For
is
length of
the
gap
sur-
rounding the door and frame.

STEP
7:
Calculate
using Eq. 5.18.
After
windows,
has
been calculated for the

Q
walls,
doors
is
and
put
the
total
for the walls,
doors and windows

loss
due
to
into Eq. 5.6 to calculate the heat
infiltration.
183
10
IS
20
25
30
35
40
V,
in
mph
Figure 5.31
Velocity Head vs Wind Velocity
0.7
0.6
K = 1.3
d
0.2
0.1
I O S <
0.5 0.4 0.3
/ ^ ^
/ ^^
0. to
\^ /
^^
:=0 .66-
^ -*
K = UJI
0.6
OS20
0.,
0.iK)
a.so
Ap in Inches of Water
Figure 5.32
Curtain Wall Infiltration For One Room or One Floor

184
4.0
3.5
^
k = 6.
-.<
/ ^'
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5 1.0
7^-
yy
y
- -^
k
/ /H
03
k^
0.10
^ ^ ^
0.20
k =
2.
r^ _
O.SO
0.60
0.30
0.40
Ap in
Inches of Water
Figure 5.33
Window and Residential Type Door Infiltration Characteristics
Table 5.10
Curtain Wall Classification
l.akifte
C'oefflcirni
Description
Curtain Wall Coattruction
--
0.22
Tight Fitting
Wall
Constructed under close supervision of workmanship on wall joints. When joints seals appear inadequate they must be re-done
--
0.66
Average Fitting Conventional construction Wall procedures are used

Loose Fitting Wall
A -1.30
Poor construction quality control or an older building having separated wall joints
185
Table 5.11
Window Classification
Wood
DoMble-Hung (l^ked)
Other Types
light Kitlini!
Weatherstripped
Wood Casement
Windiiw
k
--
Average
Cap
and Awning Windows; Weatherstripped
1.0
(1/64 in crack)
MeUl Casement Windows; Weathentripped

Average Fitting NonWindow Weatherstripped k - 2.0 Average Gap (1/64 in. crack)
or
All
Types of Vertical and
Horizontal Sliding Windows; Weatherstripped. Note: if average gap (1/64 in. crack)
this
could be tight
fitting
Weatherstripped
window
Urge Gap
(3/32
in.
crack)
Metal Casement Windows; Non-Weatherstripped Note: if large gap (3/32 in.

crack) this could be a loose
fitting
window
and Horizontal Windows; Non-
l.misc Filling
NonWeatherst ripped Large Gap (3/32 in. crack)
Vertical
Window
k
6.0
Sliding
Weatherstripped
Table 5.12
light Fitting
A = 1.0
Residential-Type Door Classification

Door
Very small perimeter gap and perfect
wealherstripping
istic
fit
often character-
of new doors
Average Fitting Door

A
--
Small perimeter gap having stop trim fitting properly around door and Weatherstripped
Large perimeter gap having poor and weatherstripped
or
Loose Fitting Door

k
=
fitting stop trim
6.0
Small perimeter gap with no

wealherstripping
186
EXAMPLE
INFILTRATION HEAT LOSSES

loss
Calculate the Infiltration heat
through
the
wall
shown in Fig. 5.19 with the following conditions: Inside Temperature

70 F
Outside Temperature
3F
Windward side
North Wall
10
1
North
ft
by
50
ft
ft
4
Openings
Window condition
Wind Velocity
door at 3 windows at
by ft
ft
6
by
ft
non-weather stripped,
large gap
15
mph
SOLUTION Calculate cfm through North wall,

STEP
1:
firs.
Wind velocity
15
mph
STEP
2:
From Fig. 5.31
-=
Ap
c
0.12
STEP
3:
Therefore
Ap
0.12
and
(C
P)
0.95
Solving for Ap w
187
Ap
0.12(0.95)
=
Ap
w
=
0.114
0.66
STEP
4:
From Table 5.10
k.
(Average fitting wall)
STEP
5:
With Ap
0.114 and
0.66,
from
Fig.
5.32
?= A
STEP
6:
0.16
Calculate the outside windward net wall area.
Total Wall Area
10
ft
50
ft
500
sq
ft
Openings
Door
3
ft
X
x
ft
(21
sq
ft)
Windows
2(4
ft
ft)
(48
sq
ft)
Net Wall Area
431
sq
ft
STEP
7:
Calculate
A *
X
using Eq
5.17
Q Q
^
A
sq
431
ft
0.16
68.96 use 69 cfm
Next,
calculate the cfm through the door and windows.

From calculating the wall cfm Ap
is
STEP
to
3:
equal
to
0.114.
188
STEP
4:
From Table 5.11
k.
6.0
for
non-weather
stripped
windows
From Table 5.12,
STEP
5:
=
k.
6.0
for
loose fitting doors.
From Fig. 5.33 doors

.
1.45
for
both
windows
and
STEP
6:
Determining total crack length

doors:
for
windows
and
For the door,
=
P
2(3
=
ft
ft)
20
24
ft
For each window
2(6) +
3(4) =
=
ft
ft
per window
Therefore
Total
STEP
7:
2(24ft per window)

ft + 48
ft
=
48
20
68
ft
Calculate
Q Q =
= = P
X
using
Eq
5.18.
I
ft
(1 .45)
68
98.6 use 99 cfm
The total Q for the wall, windows and doors

cfm + 99
equals
69
cfm or
168
cfm.
Calculate the heat loss due to infiltration

5.6.
q q =
1
using
Eq
.08
X X
TD
cfm
x
.08
(70-3)
168cfm
189
12,156 BTU/hr
5.8
Determining Annual Heating Requirements

a
After
building's transmission and
Infiltration
Its
heat
losses have been calculated,

ing
an estimate of
annual heat-
requirements can be calculated using the modified degree

formula
[3]
.
day
This Is an empirical formula and will give
an approximate heating
requirement
for
an
average
a
year.
Therefore,
the
actual
energy consumption for
given year
will not equal the calculated

The best results will occur if
is
average
energy
consumption.
consumption
the actual energy
averaged over several years and then compared to the calvalue.

The
culated
data
may
be
difficult to obtain for

have
several years and In this case the energy auditor will

to
use
his
best
Judgement as to how accurately the calcuthe actual.
lated heating requirement matches

The importance
of
the actual energy lies

in
of
consumption
being
equal
to
the
calculated
the
a
economic evaluation.
building
are
The better the actual heat

the
losses
known,
better
will
be
the economic evaluation of
the energy
conservation alternatives.
The annual heating requirement is calculated using
the
modified degree day formula as follows:

q
X
24
FC =
TD
X 'n
x~V
(5.19)
190
whe re
FC
is
the average annual
fuel consumption.
is
the
total hourly heat
load due to
in
Infiltration
and transmission heat
losses
BTU/hr.
is
the Heating Degree Days
for the
building
from
the BIF.
is
the
interim
correction
see Fig.
factor
5.34
for
heating
effect degree days,
below.
TD
is
the ins ide-ou ts ide
temperature difference
of
from
the
climatic section
the
the BIF.
is
rated
full
load
efficiency
factor,
see
Table 5.13.
V
is
the heating value
of
the
fuel
used
in
the
building's heating system,
see Table 5.14.
The units of
in
the annual energy

a
consumption
the units
of
calculated
V.
V
Eq.
5.19
a
are
function
of
should
always be in
ties
unit
of
of
Btu per quantity.

fuel:
lbs,
of
Where the
watts,
oil
is
quantietc.
are
in
units
gallons,
#2
of
For
example,
the
heating
value
the
fuel
140,000
BTU/gal,
Therefore,
units
the heating requirement
will be in gallons.
This point will be shown further in the
191
following
5.19.
example
and
will also illustrate the use
of
Eq
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
DEGREE DAYS
Figure 5,34
Correction Factor,
vs. Degree Days
[3]
Table 5.13
Full Load Efficiency
(n)
Heating System Fuel

Electric Resistance
Oil
0.65
0.55
Gas
192
Table 5.14
Fuel Heating Value
Fuel
Oil
#2
//6
Heating Value
140,000 Btu/Gal 150,000 Btu/Gal,

3,413 Btu/kWh
1,040 Btu/cf
570 Btu/cf
Electricity
Natural Gas
Manufactured Gas
Anthracite Coal
Bitumonous Coal
14,000 Btu/lb
12,000 Btu/lb
5.8.1
Annual Heating Requirement Example
Determine the annual heating requirement for

with the following conditions:
building

Infiltration Heat Losses
Heating Degree Days
Inside Temperature
140,000 BTU/hr
20,000 BTU/hr
5000
70F
Outside Temperature
Fuel
Fuel Cost
#2
3F
oil per gal
$1 .25
SOLUTION
Calculate the total gallons
of
fuel oil used
per
year
193
us ing Eq
5.19.
140,000 + 20,000
5000
160,000 BTU/hr
0.6 from Fig. 5.34
TD
70F
3F
67*'f
0.65 for
//2
oil from Table 5.13.
140,000 BTU/gal for
ifl
oil from Table
5.14
Enter the values In Eq

FC
5.19
(160,000BTU/hr)(5000)(24)(0.6)
(
67 F)(
0.65) (140, 000 BTU/gal)
FC =
1889.5 gal
Calculate the cost per year to heat the building during

the winter.
Fuel Cost Fuel Cost
=
=
(fuel quant ity
)(
price per gallon)
(1889.5 gal)($1.25 per gal)
Fuel Cost
$2,361.88 per year

to heat
Therefore,
the
cost
this
building
during
the
winter
is
approximately
$2,362.
The energy auditor will
194
then be able to look at
the actual oil

if
consumption from past
utility bills
tion matches
can
be
to
determine
the
calculated energy consumpis

a
the actual.
by
If
there
large difference,
it
caused
several factors.
The two major factors
being the
building
or the
component
materials
were
incorrectly
identified
proper value
variables used in Eq. 5.17 were not the
The best results will be achieved if
the actual
energy
The
consumption
is
based
on
several years of past data.

.
energy consumption calculated from Eq

yearly
5.17
is
an
average
consumption.
actual
Chapter
explains the procedures for
determining
losses
energy
consumption.
After
the
heat
have been determined and the energy consumption calsee
culated,
Chapter
to
calculate the actual energy
con-
sumption.
195
CHAPTER
LIGHTING CALCULATIONS
Int roduct Ion
6.1
Energy conservation in
building's
existing
lighting
is
system
can
be
achieved
in two ways.
is
The first way
to
reduce the time the lighting system

rior
activated.
For exte-
lighting,
this
can be accomplished through the use of

that shut
to shut
timers or photocells
off
the
lights
automatically.
Timers
can
be
set
off
the
lights at predetermined
times when exterior lighting is not

time
needed.
However,
the
schedule has to be adjusted throughout the year as the changes.

at
a
hours of available sunlight

not
as
Timers
are
therefore
efficient
as
photocells
controlling exterior
sensitive
device
lighting demands.
that
Photocells are
light
automatically turns lights on and off with the setting

the sun.
and rising of
is
The evaluation of
exterior
lighting
not
that
of
detailed
and
will
only require an economic

The steps
for
8.
analysis
installing the photocells.
com-
pleting the economic analysis are covered in Chapter

The second way to conserve energy in
is
lighting
This
system
can be
to
reduce
by
the
amount
of
power consumed.
accomplished
replacing existing lighting systems
with
196
more
efficient
one,
by
replacing individual lighting comand/or

by
ponents with more efficient ones,
reducing
the
number
to as
of
light fixtures,
,
light fixtures are also referred
"luminal res"
with
in
use.
Replacing
ones
existing
an
the
lighting economic
cost
of
systems
more
efficient
requires
for
analysis to determine the payback period
replacing
the
existing
system.
This
analysis
of
will
be
covered in Chapter 8.
tures,
Reducing the
number
light
fix-
however,
requires the energy auditor to evaluate the

if
existing system and determine

the
reductions can be
made
in
number of
light fixtures in use.
The purpose of
this
chapter
is
to
introduce the
energy
auditor
to
the
necessary
calculations for evaluating the

if
existing lighting system in order to determine

ments can be made.
tems should not
for
that
a
is
improve-
The evaluation of
existing lighting sysis

a
be
taken lightly.
Proper lighting
must
safe
and productive work environment.
The material
presented in this chapter relies heavily on the

[5]
lES
Illuminating Engineering Society Lighting Handbook

,
and
Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings

ness,
is
by
McGuiIt
W.,
Stien, B., and Reynolds, J., 6th EDITION
[6].
a
strongly suggested that this material be used as

if
refer-
ence
the
need arises.
Also,
there are consultants who

be
work specifically in this area and their services should

used
if
the
need arises.
at
The procedures presented in this
chapter
should
least
enable
the
energy
auditor
to
197
determine
exist
in
If
possible
energy
conservation
opportunities
the
lighting system.
6.2
Lighting Systems
building's lighting system
con-
The major portion of a
sist
of
the
interior lighting.
Exterior lighting
is
used
primarily for security lighting during the evening hours and

does not
cal
at
constitute
But
major portion of
the
lighting electribe
load.
a
because photocells can usually
installed
low cost,
energy savings can be achieved in the exte-
rior
lighting system without an in depth

this
analysis.
There-
fore,
chapter deals primarily with the interior light-
ing system.
Interior lighting is necessary for individuals to carry

out
their daily tasks in a safe and productive manner.
The
is a
level of
lighting required to provide this environment

of
function
ties
of
the
task being performed and the physical abilithe building.
the people using
Tasks can range from
reading
a
blueprints to repairing automobiles, each requiring

The amount
of
different level of light.
light
of
light
fixture
produces
is
function of the number

of
lamps per
fixture and the light-producing capabilities

The
each
is
lamp.
amount
its
of
light
light fixture produces
stated in
used
a
terms of
luminous output.
luminous
The term "Lumen" is

By
to
quantify
the
output.
definition,
standard
198
candle burning at
the
center
light
of
sphere with
ft
radius
of
will cause one
lumen of
of
to
fall on each square foot
interior surface
the
sphere.
The main concern with evaluating an
existing
on
lighting
system
plane.
is
the
level
of
illumination
the
visual task
is
The visual task plane is where the work activity

The
taking place.
a
visual task plane for

The
is
person sitting at
of
desk is shown in Figure 6.1.

the
amount
a
light
of
that
reaches
visual
task
plane
is
function
acted
the
by
light
the
fixtures luminous output which
then
upon
reflectance
task plane.
values
of
the
ceiling, walls,
floor and visual

as
a
Reflectance values are given

material's
ability
to
percentage
light.
in
and
are
reflect incident
Typical values are shown for ceilings, walls and

Figure
6.1
floors
and
additional reflectance values are given in
Table 6.1*.
Illumination
abbreviated
fc.
is
If
measured
light
is
in
terms
of
a
footcandles,
surface at the
of
falling on
the
level of one lumen per square foot,

tion
at
level
illumina-
the
surface
is
one footcandle.
Footcandles are
is
a
sometimes expressed in terms of "lux" where ten lux

to
equal
one
footcandle.
is
The
level of
a
illumination on
as
visual
in
task plane
measured with
light meter
discussed
Chapter
*
From Shu t t lewor th Riley, Mechanical and Electrical Systems for Construction McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983.
,
199
Ceiling Reflectance 60 to 80%
Typical Fluorescent Fixtures
walls 40 - 60
z
Floors 20
Desks and Bencn Tops^

25 - 45%
Machines and Equipment
Figure 6,1
Typical Interior Lighting and Reflectance Values [7]
200
Table 6.1
Typical Surface Reflectances
Percent
White Plaster White Terra Cotta Limestone, light color Light Marble Concrete stucco light brick Medium-color stone (limestone and sands tone ), tan and gray (rough)
,
90-92 65-80 35-65 70-85 45-70

20-45
Wood finishes Light Birch Dark oak Light oak Dark mahogany and walnut
42
13 34
8
Wallpaper White Medium color Dark color

Paint finishes Gloss white Flat white Eggshell white Ivory white
80 50
25
84
82
81
80
78
Primrose
Pearl gray Ivory Very light gray Cream Medium gray Bronz e Sky blue Tan Dark gray Very dark gray
72
71
70 70 44 38 37
35 28 19
201
The major component of

The are
light
fixture
is
the
lamp.
lamp
uses
electricity to produce Illumination.

lamps used for
There
three major types of
interior
lighting:
incandescent,
(HID).
fluorescent
and
high-intensity-discharge
used
in
Incandescent lamps are mainly
residential
applications
cations.
and are not usually found in commercial appli-
High-intensity-discharge (HID) lamps are

were the color rendition
is
used
in
applications
not
critical.
HID
lamps distort the color of objects due to the type of
light
is
discharged.
The primary lamp used in IDOH buildings
the
fluorescent.
discussion
of
Therefore,
this
chapter will be limited to the

lamps.
If
fluorescent
the
need arises
lES
to
analyze an Incandescent or
HID
system,
the
LIGHTING
HANDBOOK
is
an excellent
reference.
6,2,1
Fluorescent Lighting
The
basic fluorescent lamp consists
of
cylindrical
glass
tube
with an electrode assembly mounted at each end.

glass
a
The cylindrical
tube is filled with a
mixture
An
of
an
inert
gas
and
small
amount
of
mercury.
arc is
activated between the two electrodes and vaporizes the

cury
mer-
which
releases
great amount of ultraviolet light.
The tube is
internally coated with
phosphorescent
material
it
which
fluoresces as the ultraviolet light strikes

Figure 6,2 shows
and is
transformed into visible light.
the
basic
fluorescent lamp construction details.
202
BULB
Utually straight glass
tube.
PHOSPHOR
also be
CATHODE
"Hot cathode"
end of lamp
is
EXHAUST TUBE
Air
is
May
Coating inside the bulb transforms ultraviolet

radiation into visible
light.
circular or
U-haped.
each coated
at
this
exhausted through tube during manu-
Color of
light
with emissive material which emits electrons.

Usually
facture and inert gas
introduced into the bulb.
produced deperufs on composition of phosphor.
made
of coiled-
coil or singlecoil
tungsten wire.
STEM PRESS
BASE
Several different types
The lead-in wires have

an air tight seal here and are made of Dumet wire to assure about the same coefficient of expansion
as Iha glass.
LEAD-IN-WIRES
Connect to the base pins and carry the current to ar>d from the cathodes and the mercury arc.
used to connect the tamp to the electric circuit and to support the lamp in the lampholder.
Figure 6.2
Fluorescent Lamp Construction Details
[6]
203
Fluorescent lamps
letters
and numbers
are
identified
with
series
of
referred to as the "lamp abbreviation".

of
Depending upon the type

viation will indicate:
and color of
fluorescent lamp;
the
lamp abbre-
lamp watts,
lamp diameter and length,

*
light produced.
Table 6.2
gives
data for typ-
ical
fluorescent
lamps.
From this
table,
additional lamp
calcula-
data can be determined for completing the
lighting
tions.
The data that must be obtained from Table 6.2 is the

(
total watts
total watts is equal to the
lamp
watts
plus
the ballast watts) and the initial lumens.
A typical
lamp abbreviation
is
FA0T12CW.
This
lamp
abbreviation Indicates the following:

F -
Fluorescent type lamp

-
40
lamp watts 40
T12 - lamp
diameter 12/8
of
an inch
CW - lamp color Cool White
From Table 6.2, this lamp
is
located under
the
"Rapid
start-preheat
de t ermined
lamps"
and the additional information can be
From McQuiness, W., Stien, B., Reynolds, J., Mechanical Elect rical Equipment for Building 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
and
,
204
Lamp length -
48
inches
Ballast wat t s Total watts

-
46
Lamp life Initial output

lumens -
20,000 hours
3150
Lumens at 40% life -
2770
This
cent
It
to
type of
by
information can be determined for fluores-
lamps
locating the lamp abbreviation in Table 6.2.

lamp
be
may be necessary to consult manufacturers*
catalogs
located in
locate
particular
lamp
if
it
can not
Table 6.2.
A fluorescent
lamp
requires
ballast for proper start-
ing
and continued operation.
Ballasts should be UL labeled
and CBM/ETL certified.
The UL
(Underwriters
CBM
Laboratories)
label
assures
intrinsic
safety.
(Certified Ballast
Manufacturers) establishes high-quality design criteria, and

ETL
(Electrical
Testing Laboratories) tests the ballast to

Ballast
determine that the design standards have been met.

consume power during operation
of
the
light fixture and when

the
figuring the total

should be included.
watts
per
fixture
ballast
watts
'
205
If
lllh
If
i a
t
<"
*
I
^ I
ill
3 5
ss
ISCSSS
ff>
lO
3 i
rl, =
a
to -
f
I
I n
^
lu *^
If
IB
h>
7,
sssssss
8S88SS!S88S SSS8
| 8 S
o 5 o O ID ' Q ID O
i!n
O -
Q 0> n m N fl/^ >ft
ifl
"
_
yi
(/I
>
Si
=1
'i
SI
d^
>-
< <
1|
o.
hi
ft
'5~:
s
e
CO
hT)
U^
Pv
f*
A O O O ft (M (M
i/>
^.
I"
4-1
c
01
a =
o
(0 0) Vj
R8
O
RSS5SS5SSS
P- lO
C S 8 S
s C S S C S
SISSCS?
oo(Mr>rtn
;scs
S^
S
tt
(O
<
iTtDOiAi/io
o 3
8888
o
a.
188888
88SSSSS
S83,'fi;
#
Is
.
,8
I
i I 1
s;
Is
>
00
Q) iD
iC ^.
ff>
H
1
CM
II
o o o o o o e 9
1^
CD
Is
lf
t
:
IB
3 Erj"KoK>*.rtrtdi*,
I
01
iH
n
oO O O O f S I I I I J
:
O O
I I > >
5 a.6 SCI
i i 5 L> S O O
(^'
( (
(J
o
t-
'
r^
f^
C*
rvj
rri
to
C
(Si
lOOOOOOOOO
I
'
^ K K ^
)-
ti )-
<
ft
I-
m V
(SJ
I i
f~
206
6 .3
Required Material for Completing Lighting Calculations

*
Completed BIF
Tables 6.1
to
6.7
Figure
6.5
Form 6.1
A
Zonal Cavity Calculation Form,
see Appendix
Calculator
Pencil
6 .4
Lighting Calculation Procedures

in
a
Illumination levels
directly
using
a
building
can
be
measured
light meter and/or by direct

to
calculation.
lev-
The optimal situation is
first measure the
lighting
els with a light meter during the site visit
and then calcu-
late the
tor
to
lighting levels.
This will enable the energy audi-
double check the two methods.

than the
However,
value
lighting levif
els will be higher
calculated
measured
when natural lighting is present.

The procedure for calculating interior
lighting
is
the
Zonal
Cavity
Method.
The Zonal Cavity Method
allows the
energy auditor to evaluate each room's lighting requirements
separately.
Each
room
is
divided into
celling cavity.
207
room cavity and

each
floor cavity.
The
reflectance
value
of
cavity
and the desired footcandle

the
level are then used
to determine
number of light fixtures that are needed to
provide
the
specified
the
footcandle
level.
Therefore,
the
to
first step in
lighting
of
calculation
procedure
is
determine
task
.
the
level
lighting
required for the visual
After the lighting level

ity Method
is
is
established,
the Zonal Cav-
used to calculate the number of
light fixtures
a
that are
required.
to
Based on this calculated number,

actual number
of
com-
parison
the
If
light fixtures being used

is
can be made.
the calculated
is
a
number
less
a
than
the
actual,
there
good possibility that
change in the
lighting system can be made that will

ings.
produce
energy
sav-
6.4.1
Lighting Level Determination

establish the
lighting
level
The following procedures

for
a
[
given room based on the task or work activity taking

5
]
place
STEP
1:
Define "Visual Task" using

taking
the
type
of
of
activity
a
place
in
the
room.
An example
a
visual
task would be "service repairs" to
vehicle.
208
STEP
2:
Select
Parts
"Illuminance
I
Category"
Nine
from
of
Table
6.3
and
II.
ranges
Illuminance
ranges
Categories have been established.

are
The nine
designated
"A"
through "I",
lux
covering illumior
2
nance
f
levels from 20 to 20,000

.
to
200
ootcandles
STEP
3:
Determine "Illuminance
Category
(Step
2)
Range",
Table
using
6.4
Illuminance
based on the
the
from
average age of the workers in the room,

tance
for
impor-
speed and/or accuracy in completing the

and the task
visual task,
background
reflectance.
of
The illuminance values

lux.
in Table
10
6.4 are in terms
Divide this value by
to
put
the
illumi-
nance value in terms of footcandles.
From lES Lighting Handbook Application Volume 1981 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New York, 1981.
,
209
Table 6.3
Currently Recommended Illuminance Categories and Illuminance Values for Lighting Design-Target Maintained Levels
Illuminance Categories and illuminance Values lor Generic Types ol Activities
in Interiors
Ranges
Illuminance
ol Illuminances
Type
ol Activity
Reference Work-Plane
Foolcandles
Category
Public spaces with dark surroundings
20-30-50
50-75-100
100-150-200
2--3-S
5--7.5 -10
Simple orientation
visits
lor short
temporary
B C D
E F
General lighting throughout spaces
Working spaces wherp visual tasks are only occasionally perlormed

Performance Performance Performance
of visual tasks ol high
10-15- 20
con-
200-300-500
500-750-1000
1000-1500-2000
20-30-50
50--75- too
Illuminance on task
trast or large size
of visual tasks of
medium
lov,;
contrast or small size

of visual tasks ol
con-
100-150-200
trast or very small size
Perlormance ol visual tasks of low contrast and very small size over a prolonged period Perlormance Performance
of
2000-3000-5000
200-300-500
Illuminance
on
task.
ol very
prolonged and ex-
5000-7500-10000
10000-15000-20000
500-750-1000
1000-1500-2000
obtained by a combinalion ol general
acting visual tasks

ol very special visual tasks
and local (supplementary lighting)
extremely low contrast and small
size
210
Table 6.3
Continued
II
.
Continued
I 1
Area/Activity
Audit or iums
luminance Category
Assembly Social activity

Conference rooms Conferring Critical seeing (refer to individual
task.)
Drafting Mylar High contrast media, India ink, plastic leads, soft graphite leads Low contrast media; hard graphite leads Vellum High contrast Low contrast Tracing paper High contrast Low contrast Overlays Light table Prints
Blue line
E F
E F E F
Blueprints Sepia prints
E E F
Educational facilities
Class rooms General (see Reading) Drafting (see Drafting) Science laboratories Lecture rooms Audience (see Reading) Demons t rat ion Shops (see Part III, Industrial Group) Sight saving rooms Study halls (see Reading) Typing (see Reading)
211
Table 6.3
Continued
II
.
Cont Inued
Area/Act ivity
Elevators,
freight and passenger
Illuminance Category
C
C
Exhibition halls
Food service facilities Dining areas
Cashier Cleaning Dining Kitchen

Grahic design and material Color selection Charting and mapping Graphs Keyllning Layout and artwork Photographs, moderate detail
D
C B E
F F E F F E
Kitchens (see Food service facilities)

Libraries Reading areas (see Reading) Book stacks (vertical 760 millimeters (30 inches) above floor)
Act ice
s
tacks
Inactive stacks Book repair and binding Cataloging Card files Carrels, individual study areas (see Reading) Circulation desks Map, picture and print rooms (see Graphic design and material) Audiovisual areas Audio listening areas Microform areas (see Reading)
D B D D E
D D
Locker rooms
212
Table 6.3
Continued
II
Cont inued
1 1
Area /Act i vl ty
luminance Category
Offices Accounting (see Reading) Conference areas (see Conference rooms) Drafting (see Drafting) General and private offices (see Reading) Libraries (see Libraries) Lobbies, lounges and reception areas Mail sorting Off-set printing and duplicating area
C E
Reading Copied tasks Ditto copy Micro-fiche reader Mimeograph Photographs, moderate detail Thermal copy, poor copy Xerograph Xerography, 3rd generation and greater Electronic data processing tasks CRT screens Impact printer good ribbon poor ribbon 2nd carbon and greater Ink jet printer Keyboard reading Machine rooms Active operations Tape storage Machine area Equipment service Thermal print Handwritten tasks #3 pencil and softer leads #4 pencil and harder leads Ball-point pen Felt-tip pen Handwritten carbon copies Non photographically reproducible colors Chalkboards
E B D E F D E
D E E D D D D
C E E
E F D D E
F E
213
Table 6.3
Continued
II.
Cont inued
1 1
Area/Activity
Printed tasks
6
lumi nance Category
point type and 10 point
type
Glossy magazines Maps Newsp rint Typed originals Typed 2nd carbon and later Telephone books
Service spaces (see also Storage rooms) Stairways, corridors Elevators, reight and passenger Toilets and wash rooms
E D D E D D E E
C C C
Stairways (see Service spaces)

Storage rooms (see Part III, Industrial Grup)
Toilets and washrooms

214
Table 6.3
Continued
III.
Industrial Group
1 1
Area/Activity
Assembly S imple Moderately difficult Difficult Very difficult Exacting
service Garages Repai rs Active traffic areas Write-up
luminance Category
D E F G
E
C
Inspection Simple Moderately difficult Difficult Very difficult Exacting

Machine Shops Rough bench or machine work Medium bench or machine work, ordinary automatic machines, rough grinding, medium buffing and polishing Fine bench or machine work, fine automatic machines, medium grinding, fine buffing and polishing Extra-fine bench or machine work, grinding, fine work
Materials handling Wrapping, packing, labeling Picking stock, classifying Loading, inside truck bodies and freight cars
Paint manufacturing P rocess ing Mix comparison
D E F 6 H
D D
D
F
215
Table 6.3
Cont i nued
III
Cont Inued
I
Area/Act i vi ty
Paint shops Dipping, simple spraying, firing Rubbing, ordinary hand paitlng and finishing art, stencil and special spraying Fine hand painting and finishing Extra-fine hand painting ad finishing
lluminance Category
D E G
Service spaces (see also Storage rooms) Stairways, corridors Elevators, freight and passenger Toilets and wash rooms Storage rooms or warehouses
I
B 6 C
nact ive
C
Active Rough, bulky items Small items
216
Table 6.4
Illuminance Values, Maintained, in Lux, for a Combination of Illuminance Categories and User, Room and Task Characteristics
a
Qonoral Lighting Throughoul
Room
lllumirianco CllogO'iUft
Wotghting FHclort
Avnrflgc ol
CV.mpants Agos
Avorago
Room
3ufln< o
Rofleclniicu (pel cent)
C
100 100
100
Under 40
Over 70
20
20
50 50
50
30-70~'
Under 30
20 20
40-55
Ovor 70
50
75
100 150
30-70
Under 30
30 SO 30 50
50
b
lluminnnce on Task
100
75
200
150
Over 55
Over 70
30-70
Under 30
100 100
200 200
Weigtitiny roclors
Illuminance Categories
Avaragp
of
Work-
Demand
lor
Task Dat.kground
e.b Aq.-s
Speed nnd/or
Accuracy'
Nl
RcUcclnncG {per
cr^rl)
O"
2000 2000 3000 2000
H"
5000
Under 40
Over 70
200
500
500 750 500
1000
10000 10000
30-70
Under 30
1
200 300 200 300 300 300 300 300

200
1000 1500 1000

1500
5000
7500 5000 7500 7500 7500 7500
7600
15000
10000 15O00 15000
Over 70
30-70
750
750
3000 3000
3000 3000
r
'
"
Under 30
Over 70
1500
1500 1500 1500
1000 1600 1500
750
750
15000 15000
15000
30-70
Under 30
750
3000
2000
40-55
Nl
Ovor 70
500
750 760 750
5000
7500 7600
10000 15000
15000
30-70
Under 30
1
300
3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

3000
300 300
Over 70
1500
1500 1500
1500'
7500 7500
7500
15000
15000
30-70
Under 30
300 300
300 300 500
750 750
15000
15000
15000
Over 70
~750
750
1000
7500
1
30-70
Under 30
Ovor 55
Nl
1500
3000 5000 3000

3000
7500
10000
7500
2000
1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
20000
15000 15000 15000
15000
Over 70
300 300
300
750
30-70
Under 30
1
750 750
750 750
1000
7500 7500 7500
3000 3000
3000 5000 3000
Over 70
300
300
500
30-70
Undor 30
7500
10000
15000
2000
1500
20000
15000
Over 70
.-'0-70
300
500
750
1000 1000
ht|hhnc)
7500 10000
10000
2000 2000
5000
5000
20000
Under 30
000
20000
Nl = nol ifnpoflanl.
- (niporltHPt,
'
OtiUnnnO by
,-|
romJiHKition ol
Hud C = critical (jctier;il nnd Supptcmcnt;ify
217
6.4.2
Lighting Level Determination Example

the
Determine the required lighting level for

ence
confer-
room
located
in
the
basement
of
the
example building
has
shown in Figure 3.3.
The
following
information
been
determined from the site visit.
Average ageTask-
40-55 years
Conferring (see Conference rooms and Reading Xerography copies, 3rd generation. Table 6.3)
Important
82.5 fc
(I)
Demand for speedAvg measured
light levelLamp
type-
F40T12CW
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
Define visual task:
conferring
STEP
2;
Select Illuminance Category from Table 6.3.
Conference Rooms
Conferring
Critical seeing (refer to individual task)
Reading Xerography, 3rd generation

STEP
3:
Determine Illuminance Range within the

Category
tion:
"D"
Illuminance
and "E" using the following informa-
218
Average of workers ages
40-55 yrs
I
Demand for speed

Task Background Reflectance
30-70%
From Table 6.4 under illuminance

equal
to
category
flux is 750.
be
the
flux
is
300
and under E
the
Therefore,
in
the
level of illumination
that
750
should
maintained
the
75
of
conference
fc.
room
is
lux divided by 10 which equals
In situations where there are more

task,
the
than
one
type
visual
trols
.
visual task requiring the greater fc con-
6.4.3
Zonal Cavity Lighting Calculations
Form 6.1
tions
to be
is
provided to enable
in
a
the
lighting
calcula6.3.
in
done
systematic manner,
the
see Figure
to
The following instructions explain
steps
take
using this form
[6]
Fill in general information at the

The
top for
of
the
is
form.
the
average
maintained
illumination
design
The
footcandle number determined in section 6.4.2.
remain-
ing information should be determined during the site visit.
219
FORM
6.1
Zonal Cavity Calculalrion
Form
QENCRW. DEFORMATION
Building
ana
Room
loentlflcatlon
for aeslgrc
fc
Average malntatnea lllumlnallcn

Lumlnalre oaia Manufacture:
Lamp
Data:
.
Type and color:
tshjnber per lumlnalre:
Catalog rajmoet:
Total iimens per lumlnalre:.
SELECTION OF COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION
STEP
1:
Fill In
sketch at tight
STEP
2:
Detennine Cavity Ratios by formulas.
Room
Cavity Ratlo^
Celling Cavity RaUo,
RCR CCR -
Floor Cavity Ratio,
FCR
STEP S ootaln STEP * ootaln
effective celling cavity reflectîce (pec) from Taoie 6.5.
effective floor cavity reflectance (pfc) from laDle 6.5.
^fc
STEP
5:
ootaln coefflcieni of utilization (CLO from
Taoie
6.6.
CU-
SELECTION OF
JTEP
6:
UGHT LOSS FACTORS
Determif Ll^t Loss Factors

Recoverable
unrecoveraeie Luninaire errrbient temperature

Voltage to lumlnalre
Ballast factor
Room
surface
am
depreciation
Lamp lumen Lamp

Luminaire
(product of
irelivitlual
depreciation
burnouts factor
dirt depreciation
Luninaire tuifaca ctepreciation

To'lal light loss factor,
LDO
UJF
factors atrove^
CALCtJLATIONS
STEP
7:
Complete Calculations as
follows:
(Average Malntalnea Illumination Level)

(footcandles) x (Area In square feet)
Number of
lurrfnalres -
(Eq. 6.9)
(Lmiens per luminaire) x (CU) x (LLF)
Number
of limlnalres
(Number of lumtnalres) x (Lumens per luminaire) x (CU) x (LLF)

Footcanaies -
(Eq. 6.5)
(
Room
Area,
L x W,
In sq ft)
Footcandles
Calculated by:
OatiK
Figure 6.3
Form 6.1
Zonal Cavity Calculation Form
220
STEP
1:
Fill in sketch.
The
room
is
divided
into
three
is
cavities see Figure 6,4.

space between the fixture
The ceiling cavity

and
the
the
ceiling.
For
most office type applications,

are
fluorescent fixtures
ceiling
mounted
directly
to
the
(surface
is
mounted)
to
and therefore
the ceiling cavity

is
equal
the
zero.
The room cavity
the
space between
light fixture and the visual task plane.
The floor
of
cavity is the
space
between
the
bottom
the
the
visual
task
plane
and the top of
floor.
and
The
is
height of the ceiling cavity is

the
labeled h
distance in feet from the ceiling to the light

The room cavity height
is
fixture plane.
h
labeled
and
is
the
distance in feet from the light fixThe height of

is
ture plane to the visual task plane.

the
floor
cavity
is
labeled h^ and
the
dis-
tance in feet from the visual task plane to the top

of
the
floor.
In offices and many other occupan2.5
cies
the work plane is 30 in or

it
ft.
In
draft-
ing rooms
is
36
to
38
in.,
in
shops 42 to 48 in.
Enter the length (L) and width (W)

in feet.
of
the
room
Enter the reflectance values for

cavity,
the
ceiling
room cavity,
and floor cavity.
Reflectance
the
values can be determined by
locating
surface
221
/.
_l
,. '
%%><^</i%^.^"''^g%' ////
///.<
/'/vcavlly ///:
//////////
7 /-"/
////
cc
Light Fixture Plane
7
cavity
re
fc
Room
visual Task Plane
Figure 6.4
Zonal Cavity Room Cavities
[6]
material
of
the
cavity in Table 6.1.

be
If
cavity
material
6.1,
cannot
matched with the ones in Table ceiling
use the following values:
reflectance
80%,
20%.
wall
reflectance
50%,
and floor reflectance
STEP
2:
Determine Room Cavity Ratio (RCR)

Ceiling Cavity Ratio (CCR) using Eq
using
.
Eq.
6.1,
6.2,
and Floor
Cavity Ratio (FCR) using Eq

RCR
whe re
the height
=
6.3.
5h
L+W
re L
X
(6.1)
is
1
.
of
the
room cavity from Step
222
and W
are
the
1.
length and width of
the
room
from
Step
CCR
5h
L+W
cc L
X
(6.2)
where
h
is
1 .
the height
of
the ceiling cavity
from
Step
and W are
the same as
in Eq
6.1
FCR
where;
5h
L+W
fc L
X
(6.3)
is
the height
of
the floor
cavity from Step

6.1.
and W are the same as in Eq
STEP
3:
Obtain effective ceiling cavity
reflectance
(p
cc
from
Table
6.5
Note that the wall reflectance

If
remains as selected in Step 1.
the
light
then CCR
fix=
tures are surface mounted or recessed,

and p^^
=
selected ceiling reflectance.
223
STEP 4:
Obtain effective
from Table 6.5.
FCR
=
floor
If
=
cavity
reflectance
(p^
the floor Is
the working plane,
and p, ^f c
selected floor reflectance,
STEP
5:
Obtain coefficient
*
of
a
utilization (CU)
selection
of
from
Table
light
6.6
Table 6.6 is
common
fixtures.
Select the fixture from this table that

in
resembles the one
the
6.6
particular
does
room
a
being
analyzed.
fixture,
If
Table
not have
similar
coef-
consult the manufacturer's data for

of
ficients
utilization.
Note some interpolation
may be necessary,
an
since all CU data are
given
of
for
effective
floor
cavity
reflectance
20%.
Table 6.7
values
of
gives correction factors for reflectance

30
and
10%,
This
correction factor
floor
should be used
when
the
effective
cavity
reflectance is 30 or 10%.
STEP
6:
Determine Unrecoverable and Recoverable Light

Factors.
Table 6.2
The
is
Loss
luminous output
rating for lamps in

of
the initial
output
the
lamp.
of
This
initial
level is
reduced by the effect

dirt
lamp
temperaon
ture and voltage variations,
accumulation
luminaires and room surfaces,

tion,
and maintenance
output deprecia-
conditions.
These
factors
From McQuiness, W., Stlen, B., Reynolds, J., Mechanical and Elect rical Equipment for Building 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
,
224
are
tor
collectively referred to as the Light Loss Fac(LLF).

The LLP
is
determined by the following
component factors:
Luminaire Ambient Temperature

is
Light
output
reduced
when
fixture operates at other

Use "1" for nor-
than its design temperature.

mal indoor installation.
b.
Voltage to Luminaire
indoor installation.
Use
"1"
for
normal
c.
Ballast Factor
when
a
Lumen
depreciation
occurs
ballast other the one used to test the
lumen output is used in the

value of
1
fixture.
Use
d.
Luminaire Surface Depreciation
- This
results
from deterioration in the fixture's reflecting
surfaces (not dirt), and

the fixtures
is
proportional
to
age.
The component factors
thru
above
are
nonrecoverable and can not be improved through

normal
maintenance.
For
the
purposes
of
analyzing an existing lighting system, use 0.9

for the product
of
a
x
e.
Room Surface
Dirt
This
factor
is
225
self-explanatory and the following values

should be used.
Clean Room, frequent maintenance: Medium conditions and frequency of cleaning Dirty room, infrequent maintenance:
:
0.95.
0.90. 0.85.
f.
Lamp Lumen Depreciation

upon the type
of
This factor
depends
lamp used and the maintenance
routine for replacing
lamps.
Lamps
This
the
can
be
replaced
on
a
group basis.
at
constitutes
same
time
replacing
group of lamps
prior to lamp burnout.

is
The second alternative

as
to
replace individual lamps

Use the following values:
they
bur-
nout.
Group Replacement
Replacement on Burnout
0.88 0.85 0.88
Incandes cent Fluorescent High-pressure Sodium
0.94 0.90 0.94
g.
Burnouts
- This
factor depends on
maintenance
Use the
schedules
and method of
replacement.
following values:
Group replacement of lamps:
.0.
Individual replacement on burnout
0.95.
226
h.
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD)

tor
This
fac-
depends
on
the
luminaire design,
space,
and
atmo-
sphere conditions in the

nance
mainte-
schedule.
The maintenance
category is
of
obtained from Table 6.6.

sphere
is
The
type
atmo-
determined from visual inspection of

LDD
is
the space during the site visit.
then
selected from the curves in Figure 6.5.
The LLF factors
thru h are
recoverable
and
can be Improved upon by maintaining the room in its
initial state.
light fixtures
This means cleaning the
walls
and
through routine maintenance.
To calculate the total LLF value multiply factors

a
thru h together.
LLF=a xb xc xd xe xf xg xh
STEP
7:
Complete Calculations.
Calculate
the
number
of
luminaires that are required to produce the desired

luminous output using Eq. 6.4.
No. Luminaires =7( Foot candles )( L) ( W) (Lumensperluminalre)(CU)(LLF)
^"
'>'
Calculate the footcandle level produced

6.5
.
using
Eq
227
Footcandles
=
) (
(No .Luminal res )( Lumen per lumlnalre
CU
(LLF)
(L)(W)
(6.5)
The Zonal Cavity Calculation would be done
for
each
etc.,
major
do not
room
In
the
building.
Hallways,
closets,
require this analysis.

it
After analyzing the total

some
rooms
can have
building,
is
possible
that
light fixtures
removed to reduce the energy consumption.
Once it has
a
been
determined
be
that
the
the number
of
light fixtures in
room can
fix-
reduced,
to
critical decision is to
The
decide
which
tures
the
remove.
lighting level at the task plane is
critical
light
location.
the
Therefore,
light
fixtures
that
directly
work plane should be looked at closely

the
before removing
to insure
lighting levels at
the
task
plane will not drop below the standards set in Table 6.3.
"
228
Category
Category
11
1S%
Smidirecl,
II
Of
mote
surlacf
mounlJ vid
i%
uplifhlBopn
Of touvfred
"W
100
Free limcn
louvtr
oAo
Bare limps
(Safes)
Strip
* * *
WsS^C5t?ia.'
'^
JU'' ^
Clean
**
v *" T ~ - \^
V
1 1 1
"*^
- ^ ;:
"*1
^Ml
!!!l
C/ea
f)
"
^ "^ -. -^ "^ ^ .ITT

^ ~,
3^
TT"
Hole
Lf
\ ., N^
3 6
MM/um
'
90"-ll5*2or
'H\
"ê Ttfin,
ranti20-25
1
11
uiitng
.^
--
^
4S 46 St S4 57 60
3
m Dunted mi
t
smooth.
SI aiijhl
_
6 9
12 15 18 21
ve rliul lidM.
12
IS
18
21
24 27
iO 33 36 39 4?
24
2?
30
36 39 42
45 48 51
54 5;
SO
MonIM
Months
Category
Semrdirrct.
tl
III
Less than
Category IV
15%
Direct
T^ TTT TT ^ T
(s*4
100
surface
mounled add
i%
uplightsopen
or louvercd
aio] /-A^
^*^
Louver less
Ihan
t
/<fi*
^^^"<^^
:rlOO
CI<H) top rectssed
\oo^
Suflace suspended
Open louvered
Lighted ceiling louvercd
inch
:::
^
**
^ ^ < ^^
&
80
'"^
^
hk
;;-
l?^"^"^--
"^
'
V\
^
^\
'"'^
"^ ^
it;
'V
^X X.
"
50
3
^^ =^-..^
21
^"~
12
15
IB
21
24 27
30
33 3 39
42
4b 43
51
5)
57
60
12
15
18
24
2;
30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51
54 5;
60
Months
Months
Category
15%
or
V
more
Direct
Category VI
Totally
difKt
uplight
add
i%
SemtdirKt
Enclosed recessed
Surtace suspended
WW
100
TEZsT
lOO
X
^
^_ '\
"*^
Totally indirect
1,
Semldirect
.
1
Lighted uilings.
covers, urns
^""^-^
A-^^^--.
~
~
^
^^^
"^
^,
'^ ^,
S,
\
\
^^
""^"^::-"'~"
_
3 6
\ Ns N V\
:i.
"
"v
"v
.,
12
15
16
2t
24 27
30
33 36 39 42
4S 48 51
57
60
12
15
18
21
24 2;
30 33 38 39 42 45 48 51
54
5;
60
Months
Months
Figure 6.5
Lurainaire Dirt Depreciation Factor
(LDD)
[6]
229
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235
Table 6.7
For For
Factors for Effective Floor Cavity Reflectances Other Than 20%

by appropriate factor t>elow below
30% 1 0%
effective floor cavity reflectar<ce, multiply
effective floor cavity reflectance, divide by appropriate factor
Percent Effective
Ceiling Cavity
Reflectance,
p^^
80
50 30
10
70
50
10
10
Percent Wall
Reflectance, p
50
30
50
30
10
50
30
10
Room
Ratio
Cavity 1.08 1.07

1.05 1.08 1.06
1.04
1.07
1.05
1
1.07
1.06 1.05
1.04
1.06
1.04
1.05 1.04 1.03
1.04
1.04 1.03 1.02
1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

1.01 1.01
1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.06
1.05
1.04 1.03 1.03
1.03 1.03 1.02

1.02
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
03
1.03 1.02
1.01
1.05
1.04 1.03
1.03
1.03
1.02 1.02
1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01
1.01
1.03 1.02
1.02 1.02
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.01 1,01
1.00 1.00
1.00
1.02
1.01
1.01 1.01
1.02
1.02 1.02
1.01
1.02 1.02 1.02
1.02
1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01
1.03 1.03
1.02
1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02
1.01
1.01 1.01 1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.01 1.01 1.01
1.01
1.01 1.01
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.01
6.4.4
Zonal Cavity Calculation Example
Determine the lighting requirements for the
conference
room used in section 6.4.2 example and compare to the actual
lighting system.
the
The following information is
known
about
lighting system:
Illumination Range
Area Ceil Height
75
fc
sq
540
9 9
ft
ft ft
Fixture Height
Lamp Abbreviation
No.
of
F40T12CW
15
4
Fixtures
Lamps per Fixture
236
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
Determine the height

and width of room,
of
the
three
cavities,
length
and cavity
reflectances.
Celling Cavity
h h
cc
re
fc
Room Cavity
Floor Cavity
L = 30
18
=9-2.5
=
6.5
ft
h^
2.5
ft
ft ft
=
W =
Ceiling Reflectance
Wall Reflectance
80%
=
=
50%
20%
Floor Reflectance
STEP
2:
Calculate cavity ratios

RCR
=
5(6 .5)
30 + 18
(30)(18)
RCR
CCR
=
.89
(surface mounted fixtures)
FCR
5(2.5)
30 +
18
(30)(18)
FCR
1.11
STEP
3:
Obtain effective ceiling cavity reflectance.

Surface mounted fixtures
therefore
cc
80%
237
STEP 4:
Obtain effective floor cavity reflectance

From Table 6.5:
percent floor reflectance
30
(20)
10
percent wall reflectance
50
50
.1
26
26
11 y
FCR
1
I
.11
.2
26
12
In
order to calculate the
effective
floor
cavity
reflectance will require two interpolations. Interpolate between the FCR:
.1
11 y
.11
.2
12
Solve for y:
y =
(i^-i2)if^ -
1.2) + 12 1.2)
11.1
Interpolate between the Percent Floor Reflectances

30
26
20
X
10
11.1
238
Sol ve for x
(20 -
X =
11.1)
(20 - 10) + 11.1 (30 - 10)
X =
15 .55
use
16%
STEP
5:
Obtain coefficient
6.6.
is
of
utilization (CU)
from
Table
The
light fixture used in the conference room

41
similar to fixture
in Table
6.6.
From Table 6.6

80%
cc
50%
RCR
2
.59
X
2.89
3
.51
Interpolate to solve:
STEP
CU =
0.52
6:
Determine LLP.
Non recoverable
=
0.9
Recoverable
Room Surface Dirt
Lamp Lumen Depreciation
= = =
0.9
0.85
0.95
Burnouts
LDD
(From Table 6.6 Type V From Fig. 6.5 (24 Month)
0.78
239
Calculate LLF:
LLF
LLF
= =
0.9
.51
0.9
0.85
0.95
0.78
STEP
7:
Complete Calculations
No .Luminal res
=
(75fc) (12,600)
=
X x
(30) (0.52)
X
X
(18) (0.51)
No.
of
Luminaires
12.12
use
12
fixtures
Footcandles
(12)
(12.600)
(30)
(0.52)
(18)
(0.51)
Footcandles
74.25
Figure 6.6
is
Form 6.1
of
filled out for the above example

form.
illustrating the use
the
240
FORM
6.1 Zonal
Cavity Calculatilon Form
Building
and
Room
laentiflcatlon
GENCR/\L IhFQRMATlON ex/V^fle

75
f^
Average maintained Illumination

Lumlnalre data: Manufacture:
for design:
Lamp
Data:
color:
Type and
FOOTIZCW
,
NuTibei per lumlnalre:

Total liinens per liinlnalre:
Catalog nurfier:
^2^00
SaCT10N CF COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION
CO
STEP
STEP
1; Fill In
sketch at righL
forrrwlas.
2:
Determine Cavity Ratios by
re
65 25
Room
Cavity Ratlo^
Celling Cavity Ratio,
RCR CCR ^
2JB9
n o
J
.1
'c-
Floor Cavity Ratio,
FCR
Ul
/CCC
STEP
3:
ODialn effective celling cavity reflectance (pec) from TaDle 65.

octain effective floor cavity reflectance (pfc) from Taoie 65. cotaln coefficient or utilization (CU) from
Taoie
6.6.
60
.
STEP STEP
*
5:
pfc
16
CU
25
.
SELECTION OF
STEP
fc
UGHT LOSS FACTORS
Determine Llj^t Loss Factors

Recoverable
unrecoveraDle Liminalre ambient temperature

Voltage to lumlnalre
Ballast factor
Room
surface dirt depreciation

0.85
Lafip lunen depreciation
aa
Lamp
burnouts factor
a95
Luninaira surface (tepreclation

Total light loss factor,
LuTiinalre dirt depreciation
LDO
-^
LLF
(pnxKxrt of Individual factors above^
051
CALCULATIONS
STEP
7:
Complete Calculations as
follows:
(Average Maintained Illumlnailon Level)

(footcandles) x (Area In square feet)
Numoer of
li^nlnalres
'
(Eq.6.a)
(Lumens per lumlnalre) x (CU) x (LLF)

(75 fC) X esq) X (IB)
1Z12 use 12
(izara) X (osz) X (051)
fixtures
(Numoer of lumlnalres) x (Lumens per lumlnalre) x (CU) x (LLF)

Footcandles
'
(Eq. 6.5)
(
Room
Area,
L x W,
In sq ft)
(12)
X (12;600) X (a52) x (151)

(30)
X (16)
71.25
fC
Calculated by;
Date:
Figure 6.6
Form 6.1
Zonal Cavity Example
24
The next step after completing the Zonal Cavity
Calcu-
lations
is
to
compare the calculated values with the actual.

the field study
15
The results of
indicated that the conference
room had
total of
fixtures with an average illumination

it
value
of
82,5 fc.
3
Therefore,
can
be
concluded
that
approximately
fixtures can be removed from the conference

for
is
room without reducing the illumination value
the
to
room
below the requirements.

mine which fixtures
to
The
important decision
If
deterhas
a
disconnect.
the
the
room
conference
table
in
center,
then it would probably be

It would
best to disconnect three fixtures along the walls.

not
be
necessary to totally remove the fixtures,

each
a
but
only to
It
is
disconnect the lamps and ballast in

important when removing lamps from
nect the ballast.
fixture.
fixture to also discon-
Ballast will still
continue
to
consume
power even after the lamps are taken out.
242
CHAPTER
ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY
7.1
Introduction
survey
a
An energy
consumption
used
to
is
the
accounting
By
of
actual
energy
operate
building.
obtaining
energy
stating
utility bills for the building being audited
actual
consumption
can be determined.
is
An effective way of
of
energy consumption square

foot
per
in terms
BTU per gross
conditioned
year,
(or month).
This is referred to as
the Energy Utilization Index,
(EUI).
EUI =
BTU (Gross Conditioned Area)(Year)
(7.1)
whe re
the Energy Utilization Index.
EUI-
is
Gross Cond. Area-
is
the area
sq
of
the
building that
is
heated and cooled,

Yearis
ft.
the
time period of
the EUI.
The
energy
consumption
survey
the
is
broken
into
two
periods.
tion.
The first period is
base year energy
consumpprior
to
This covers the year of energy consumption

any
implementing
energy conservation opportunities, ECO's.
243
The
base year EUI indicates

in
its
the amount
of
energy used by the
building
present
state.
The second period starts

By
after the ECO's have been implemented.

EUI's,
the
comparing the two
performance
of
the building after implementing
the ECO's
can be evaluated.
The second period can

A
last
for
several years depending upon the State's needs.

two to three years
is
period of
recommended for an evaluation period.

First,
Several advantages arise from developing EUIs.

a
comparison
of
the
base
year energy consumption to the

give
energy consumption after implementing ECO's will
some
indication
tion.
of
the ECOs'
the
success in reducing energy consumpfor
Second,
data collected
calculating
an
EUI
will enable the energy auditor to determine how well he cal-
culated the theoretical energy consumption for the

during the heating season.
Third,
by
building
calculating an EUI for

conditions leading to
each year after implementing the ECOs,
energy
waste
may
be
noticed by watching for drastic move-
ments in the EUI from year to year.
7.2
Required Material for Completing the Energy Consumption Survey

see Appendix
A.
Form 7.1 Energy Management Form,
B.
Energy
consumption
data
depending
upon
the
energy
source used:
244
1.
ELECTRICITY: The monthly electric

full year.
bills
for
one
2.
FUEL OIL:
To
i.
calculate
of
the
monthly
consumption
the
amount
fuel oil in the tank in the begin-
ning and end of .the month and the quantity in
gallons
of
each
delivery
made during that
month
ii.
is
needed;
oil
The price per gallon of

per gallon;
the
in
dollars
iii.
The type of fuel used
#2, #4,
#5
or
#6.
3.
NATURAL GAS:
i.
The monthly bills for the same full year;

The heat
ii.
content
of
the
gas
number
if
of
BTU
If
per
it
cubic
is
foot)
the
available.
BTU
not available,
.
use
1030
per
cubic
foot
4.
STEAM:
for
If
steam is purchased,
full year,
the
monthly
bills
the
the same
the quantity used and
heat content of the steam for each pound or

foot purchased are needed.
cubic
5.
If
any
other type of fuel
(coal,
wood,
etc.)
is
245
used,
and
the monthly consumption,
the
cost per unit,

per
the heat
.
content
of
the
fuel
unit
is
needed
6.
From the local utility or weather

the
station
obtain
monthly total heating degree days and cooling

of
degree days for the location
the building being
audited during the same year.
7.3
Procedures for Calculating the EUI

see Figure
a
Form 7,1,
to
be
7.1,
is
provided to enable the EUI

The follow-
calculated in
straight forward manner.
ing instructions explain the steps to take in using the form

[8]
.
STEP
1:
Enter the monthly heating degree days in
column
and the monthly cooling degree days in column 3.
STEP
2:
Follow the instructions below for the fuel(s)

in
used
the
building.
-
A.
ELECTRICITY
1.
CONSUMPTION AND COST:
For each monthly electric bill covered by the
majority
of
the
billing period,
from
to be 25
to
(The
40
billing period may vary

days.
If
so,
adjust
it
consistent
246
with the other energy billing periods

the
on
form.)
calculate the Kilowatt-hours

the
(kWh) per day and multiply by

of
number
days
in
the
month or period being used

etc.:
for oil and gas,
a.
enter in column
of
the
total
number
kWh used during the month;

the total
b.
enter in column
the month
that
cost for
.
appears on the bill;

the
c.
to
calculate column
6,
cost
per
5
kilowatt hour (kWh), divide column

by
column
4;
d.
to
calculate the
($/MMBTU)
cost
per
million
6
BTU
multiply column
in
by
293 and enter this
column
7.
2.
After completing
the annual totals
each
month,
.
calculate
and averages
a.
sum column
of
and enter at
the
bottom
the
column;
b.
sum column
of
and enter at
the bottom
the
column;
c.
divide the
sum
of
sura
of
4
column
by
the
column
and enter in the
247
annual
column
average
6;
at
the
bottom
of
multiply
column
6
the
by
annual
293
7.
average
of
and enter at
the
bottom of column
B.
OIL - CONSUMPTION AND COST:
1,
Enter in column
the oil consumption
in
gallons for each month.

2,
Enter the price per gallon in column

dollars
is
in
it
per
gallon.
For example,
if
$1.25 per gallon,
enter 1.25.
and
3,
Calculate the total per month

in
enter
9
column
8,
10.
Multiply
column
by
column
4.
To calculate the
cost
per
million
9
BTU
the
as
(column
11),
divide
column
by
conversion factor for the fuel listed

follows:
No.
No.
2 4 5
6
oil - divide by oil - divide by
.139 MMBTU/gal.
.150
MMBTU/gal.
No.
No.
oil - divide by
oil - divide
by
.152 MMBTU/gal.
.153 MMBTU/gal.
5.
Calculate the annual total and averages:
. ;
24 8
1 .
sura
CO lumn
2.
sum column 10;
3.
divide column
10
by
column
and
enter at
A.
the
bottom of column
by
9;
divide column
above
of
conversion factor
the
(B4.) and enter at

11
bottom
column
-
C.
NATURAL GAS
1.
CONSUMPTION AND COST:

12
Enter in column
each
the
consumption
(MCF).
for
If
month in 1000 cubic feet

in MCF,
the bill is not
use the following
formulas to convert:
a.
if
the bill
is
in
CCF
(100
cubic
feet) divide the total by 10:

CCF
/
10
MCF;
b.
if
the
bill is in
CF
(cubic
feet)
divide the total by 1000:

CF
/
1000
MCF,
c.
if
the bill is
by
in
therms,
(
divide the
total
10.30
This
figure is
based on the 1977

of
national
average
If
1030
BTU
per cubic foot.
the
the actual heat
content of
the
gas
249
is
known,
,
such
I.e.,
/
as
1040,
adjust
1
accordingly
10.40.)
=
therms
10.30
MCF.
2.
Enter the total cost for
each
month
in
column
3.
13
To calculate column 14,
the
cost per MCF,
divide column 13 by column 12.

4.
To calculate column 15,
the
cost per milOr,
lion BTU,
if
divide column 14 by 1.030.
the heat
content of
the particular gas
is
known:
column
14
divided by heat con1000

=
tent per cubic foot times

15.
column
5.
Calculate the annual totals and averages:

sum column 12;
6.
sum column 13
8.
divide column 13 by column

in
12
and
enter
the
bottom of column 14;

of
9.
calculate the average
column
15
by
using one of the following:

-
divide column
14
by
.030
or
250
divide column
per
14
by
the
heat
content
cubic foot and multiply by 1000.
D.
If
the
building uses any other type of fuel or
energy, use the same basic procedures with the

goal of arriving at the cost per
million
BTU
(MMBTU).
Other
sheets may need to be set up
for other types of fuel.
STEP
3:
Determine the monthly total and yearly total energy

cost in column 20.
A.
Column
Sum
20
is
the monthly
total
energy
cost.
the
monthly
For
total cost for each type of
energy used.
used
example,
oil,
if
the
building
electricity,
in
and gas
5,
in February,
10,
add the entries
column
column
and
column
13
and enter the sum in column 20. sum
After each month has been completed,

up
column
20
to
calculate the energy cost for

the
the year.
Enter the total at
bottom
of
column 20,
STEP 4:
Determine the annual energy consumption.

Annual energy consumption
by
is
determined easily
of
a
multiplying
form
the total annual amount
given
the
energy
(Columns
4,8,12,
and
16)
by
in
appropriate
conversion factor.
The result
each
251
case is
the BTU
to
equivalent
of
energy consumed.
Add
together
year
STEP
determine
total BTU consumed for the
5:
Calculate the EUI.
Energy utilization index

ditioned square foot per year)
BTU
is
per gross
con-
determined easily
in
by dividing the total annual energy consumption
BTU
consumed by the total gross conditioned square

of
footage
the building.
252
?
g s
'is
ci
s
s
2
i
CO
1 s Ec 8
1 i
1
1
p 5
I s g 1
1-1
h So
1 1
r^.
LU
1
e o
if
ii
^ a>
o
rH
Hh
d

t-
e

6 < tH
<tt ft
60
CO
i
s
'...
"
fi
CO
1
a
>.
Is
IN
|g
e
P
> <
HjH
^
i-t
S wi
s -
M
a!
M
0)
d
K
X K
i g O 1
g 8 <*
<?N
y
=>
CO
^ m TH J
iiH
^
B
1
Hi
1 a
i^
O
t i i
!
1 S
i '
1
s
<
CD
hv
l^n
IHffl
i s
a n 3
v
in
^1
t-l
^MH
1
t
|i
I*
n H H
1
u-
s
i
Kl
>
a. CM
IS
H
i
5 < a B s 1
1
8 =
- i a ku i 1
:^
s ^ 8 s
11 if
253
.4
EUI Example
Calculate an EUI for

in Fort
district office building located
Wayne,
Indiana.
The
required utility information is

from
Fig.
7.2, this
shown in Figure 7,2.

office
is
As can be seen
heated
during
the
winter with natural gas and
cooled during the summer with electricity.

The
ft
building
is
two stories with approximately 4,848 sq
per floor.
the
The entire two floors are heated and cooled;

gross
therefore,
conditioned floor area

7.1
is
9,696 sq ft.
The calculations are shown on Form
in
Fig.
7.3.
Follow
EUI
along
with the Instructions above and calculate the The procedure is straight forward.
in Fig.
7.3.
254
Natural Gas Usage

Billing Period
Amount Paid dollars
2781 2743 2581 1590 577
161
CCF Used (100 CF)
1/5/83-2/6/83 2/6/83-3/7/83 3/7/83-4/6/83 4/6/83-5/5/83 5/5/83-6/6/83 6/6/83-7/6/83 7/6/83-8/4/83 8/4/83-9/2/83

10/4/83-11/4/83 11/3/83-12/5/83 12/5/83-1/5/84
Total
5,733 5,627 4,977 3,044 1,114

307 223
20
1
1
118 106 289 905
612 ,973
2086 3605
17541
4,674 8,080
36,565
Electrical Usage
Billing Period
Amount Paid dollars
1304 1593 1264 1145 1167 1873 2047 1936 1456 1162 1378 1859
kWh Used
1/10/83-2/8/83 2/8/83-2/8/83 3/10/83-4/11/83 4/11/83-5/10/83 5/10/83-6/9/83 6/9/83-7/11/83 7/11/83-8/9/83 8/9/83-9/8/83 9/8/83-10/7/83 10/7/83-11/7/83 11/7/83-12/8/83 12/8/83-1/10/84
Total
25,320 33,720
27 ,600
23,880 24,000 37,920 42,000 39,120 28,440 25,200

27
,360
34,920
17.742
369,480
Figure 7,2
Utility Data for EUI Example
255
1^3 B W
in
I ^
in
D
"
R s
i S ^
a Ik
^ K^
II
s
S
a
i S
<0
B 1
?
1"
^
Sf
f^
a
5 =
S - to
i
8
ii 12
w>
S o
256
CHAPTER
ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS

8.1
Introduction
conservation
of
The goal of
an
energy
analysis
is
to
improve
the
energy
As
efficiency
the building in a cost

4,
effective manner.
are
discussed earlier in Chapter
there
two
types of energy conservation opportunities, ECO's.
The noncapital ECOs
require
little if any
monetary
expense
and the capital ECOs require a substantial monetary expense.

The noncapital ECOs were
of
covered in Chapter 4.
The
purpose
this
chapter is to explain the procedures for evaluating
capital ECOs.
tion,
Capital ECOs can range

to
from
adding
insula-
replacing windows,
When implementing
modifying lighting systems, etc.

is
a
capital ECO there

For example,
cost associ-
ated
with its installation.
adding additional
for
insulation to an exterior wall requires

and
cost
material
labor
to
install the insulation.
However, adding the
additional insulation will improve the thermal

tics
of
characteriscost savings.
cost
the
building
resulting
set
in utility
This savings will off
the
installation
over
period
of
time.
The time it takes for the savings to pay
257
for the installation cost
is
referred to as the Simple
Paythat
1
back Period,
it
SPP.
The time,
usually measured in years,

for
takes
for
the savings
to pay
the
Installation
cost
defines the payback period.
There may be several alternatives available.

ple,
the
For examof
exterior wall could have 2,4,6 or
inches
insudue
i
lation added.
to
a
Each alternative would be more expensive
the additional
cost for the material and would result in

By
different payback period for each alternative.
calcu-
lating the payback period for each thickness the optimal one
can be selected.
When evaluating potential capital ECOs,
they
must
be
evaluated
one
by
item.
For example,
adding insulation would be

be
item and replacing the windows would

each
another
item.
Within
item there would be several alternatives.

been selected from each item,
Once
then
the best alternative has
the
items
can be
ranked according to payback period and the
optimal mix of items selected.

The first step in evaluating capital ECOs
to
a
is
gen-
erate
list
of
possible ECO items.

a
In
concept,
capital
ECO is an addition or replacement of
building component or
system that will improve the energy efficiency of the building.
The energy auditor will have to determine what capital
ECOs
to
be
might
work for
particular building.
This will have
based on his/her experience and knowledge of
possible
258
energy
conservation measures.
Later in the chapter results

study
[1]
are presented from the previous
that
will
show
the
what
types of capital ECOs have been determined to meet

the
payback period criteria for

will
ECOs
.
State.
This
information
capital
help
the energy auditor
in selecting possible
Once the list of possible capital ECO
items
has
been
determined,
the
next step is to determine the cost of each
alternative.
The cost must be calculated for each
alterna-
tive within each item and should include any cost associated
with installing
costs
can include
or
implementing
the
alternative.
These
removing the existing component or system,
material and labor costs to install the component or system,

and
the
cost
to
operate the component or system.
Costs for
material and labor can be

vendors
and
determined
if
from
subcontractors,
in-house cost records
available.
Operating
costs can be determined from suppliers or manufactures.
After the cost for each

mined,
alternative
has
been
deter.
each alternative is evaluated by calculating the SPP

is
The procedure for calculating the SPP
presented
in
sec-
tion 8.3
259
8 ,2
Required Material to Complete ECO Analysis
Completed heat loss and lighting calculations

Forms 8.1 and 8.2,
see Appendix A
Calculator
8.3
Procedure for Completing ECO Analysis

dif-
Forms 8.1 and Form 8.2 are provided to enable the
ferent
capital ECOs to be evaluated in

and 8.2.
systematic manner,
see Figures 8,1

the
The following Instructions explain
steps to take in using the forms,
followed by an illus-
trative example to help clarify the process.
8.3,1
STEP
1:
Fill out the top portion of the Form.
STEP
2:
Enter the input data for

each
as
the
current
system
and
alternative
being analyzed.
The entries are
follows:
IC -
Initial cost
Form 8.2
is
is
a
the
cost
of
installing
the
ECO.
typical estimating form used to

The costs
cost
that
estimate construction costs.

be
must
determined
Include
any
associated with
260
removing the existing material

ment
mat e
is
system,
and
the
any
cost
for
and
labor to install
a
system.
in
Equipesti-
included as
material item
the
FC - Fuel
consumption
i.e.,
is
the
amount
for the
is
of
fuel
in
units per year,
gals/yr,
It
current systhat
the
tem and each alternative.
hoped
alternative
nal system.
will consume less fuel than the origiThis

is
where the major
cost
savings
Eq.
should occur.
5.19 in Chapter
The Modified Degree Day Formula,

5,
is
used to determine the
annual
fuel consumption.
FP - Projected Average Fuel Price
is
the
expected
price in dollars per unit for the fuel.

AOC
-
Annual
to
Operating
Costs
are
any
expenses
required
or
operate or maintain the current system
proposed
alternative
after
it
has
been
installed.
STEP
After
the
Input
data
the
has
been
determined
to
and
entered
on Form 8.1,
next step is
calculate
the Simple Payback Period as
follows:
Cost
Calculate
current
the
Annual
Fuel
(AFC)
for
the
system and each alternative by multiplying
261
their respective Fuel Price (FP).

AFC
"
Consumption
(FC)
and
Fuel
'
FC
FP
Calculate the Annual Fuel Savings (AFS)
that
each
alternative
will
have
over the current system by

of
subtracting the Annual Fuel Cost

tive
(AFC
a
)
each
alternaof
from
the
).
Annual
If
Fuel
Cost
the
current system (AFC
this
number is
negative
then there is no fuel savings.
AFS
AFC
AFC
Calculate the Annual Costs (AC)

current
of
operating
the
system
and
each
proposed alternative by
and
the
adding the Annual Fuel Cost (AFC)
Annual
Operating Cost (AOC).

AC = AFC + AOC
Calculate the Annual Cost Savings
(ACS)
for
of of
each
the
alternative
by
a
)
subtracting the Annual Cost

from
c
)
alternative (AC
the
Annual
Cost
the
current system (AC
ACS = AC
AC
Calculate the Simple Payback Period (SPP) for
each
of
alternative
by
dividing
the Initial Cost
(IC)
26
2y
the alternative
the alternative.
by
the Annual Cost Savings
(ACS) of
SPP
IC
ACS
After the Simple Payback Period has been calculated for

each
to
alternative,
their
SPP.
the alternatives
can be
ranked according
Only
one
if
alternative
the
per
item
can
be
selected.
2,4,6 or
8
For example,
item was adding insulation of
inches only one thickness would be selected.
263
FORM
8.1
POTENTIAL ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES

SIMPLE
PAYBACK ANALYSIS FORM
Item
Dale
STEP
DescrlpUon
*^
n P u
I
Latiel
Item
Current
Alternative
Alternative
Alternative
System
S IC
Initial Costs (S)
Fuel consunption (units/yr)
NO.
NO. 2
NO. 3
T E 2
D
a
t
FC
FP
Projected Averige Fuel Price (S/Unit)

Arrool Operating Costs (S/yr)
AOC
*
'f.tSSmi/msMi^m^
Annual Fuel Costs
=
C
a
1
AFC
AFS
FC X FP ($/yi)
c u
1
Anmjal Fuel Sav/ings
flFCp- flfC^($/yi)
iiiiiii
a
t
1
^nual Costs
AC
P
(fC
fiOC
Annual Cost Saving
ACS
n
s
flCj- ACp($/yr)
Sinple Payback Period
SPP
IC / ACS ($/yr)
Figure 8.1
Form 8.1 Potential Energy Conservation Opportunities Simple Payback Analysis Form
264
r.ii r.-.'sar ;;%
FORM 8.2 ESTIMATE WORK

>7
S*ET
EjTinnlE NO.
SHEET NO.
OflTE
pRajfr:
f
i'
5;
SljrWflRV BY
CHECCED 6Y
SUB
DESCRIPTION
OUflNTITY
UNIT
IIAI'L
LflB.
nflTERIAL
LABOR
CONTRACT
TOTAL
S 1 1 i
*
1 i
1
1
Ji
1 i 1
1
1
""
,.
1
1
i 1
1
i 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
.
1
WM.MWW/.,
jxwmjjv.v.wrL'
,
^ ^
Figure 8.2
Form 8.2 Estimate Work Sheet
265
8,3.2
Energy Conservation Opportunity Analysis Example

does
the
The example building in Chapter
not
have
any
see
insulation in the roof and the walls

Figures 3.6 and 3.7.
for
at
gabled ends,
Calculate the
simple
payback
period
the following three alternatives.
Alternative No.
Alternative No. Alternative No.
Add
to
6 inches of the roof .
insulation
Add 3.5 inches of insulation in the wall and roof .

Add 3.5 inches of insulation to the wall and 6 inches to the roof.
Existing conditions:
Wall (gable end) Roof
q
Area Area
262 2350
U = U =
0.323 0.2253
,wall and roof

5670 + 35,473
=
41,143 BTU/hr
Fuel: Natural Gas Heating Degree Days: 5500
CALCULATIONS
Figure 8.4
is
Form 8.1 filled out with the

in
appropriate
are explained
entries.
below
STEP
The
calculations
Figure
8.4
2:
Input Data
IC- see Figure 8.3. The costs for the alternatives
[9]
were
determined
from the Means Manual
and are
266
for example
only.
True costs should be

local
determined
or
from
cos
t
subcontractors,
da
t
vendors,
in-house
FC- The fuel consumption is
calculated
using
the
modified
degree day formula for the current system
and the three alternatives.

FC Current System
q
FC =
xDx24xC, d
TD
X
(5.19)
FC =
(^1.1^3Btu/hr)(5500)(24)(0.60)
(67F)(0.55)(104,000BTU/CCF)
FC = 850
CCF
FC Alternative No.
1.
Calculate the
6
new
value
for the roof
after adding
U
=
inches of insulation:
roof
0.0511
Calculate the new heat loss rate:

^roof
"
(0.0511)(2350)(67)
^wall
8,045 BTU/hr 5,670 BTU/hr

13,715
q^ =
BTU/hr
Calculate the new fuel consumption, FC:

p^ ^
(13,715Btu/hr)(5500)(24)(0.60) (67F)(0.55)( 10 4,000BTU/CCF)

FC =
283
CCF
267
FORM
8.1
POTENTIAL ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES

SIMPLE PAYBACK ANALYSIS
FORM
Item
Add
1
Insulation to roof and end wall
Date
STEP
Description
Tne roof ana end wans aoove tne celling

will require
line
do not nave Insulation.
To add Insulation to tne end walls

Insulation, and replacing
removing existing sneetrock, adding
new
sneetrock. To add Insulation to the roof will not require
any demolition.
Laoel
Item
Current System
Alternative
Alternative
Alternative
No.
NO. 2
No. 3
IC
Initial Costs (5)

Fusl consunption (units/yr)
1283
850
Q.6Q
lias
isaa
197
0.60
FC
FP
283
0.60
286
0.60
Projsotad Avorugs Fuel Price (S/Unit)

ftnnuul Operating Co^ts
AGO
<$/yr)
.
.i.^sm:iM
'fmmmmimm^^^^^^^^t'^^r
510
169
172
M î
^
Annual fuel
CosW
118
AFC
AFS
FC X FP (S/yr)
ftno'jol
Fuel Savings
ttZ^- flfC^($/yi)
fmnual Costs
341
338
392
AC
ACS
ftFC
AOC
510
301
338
392
Annual Cost Saving >

AC
llMl341
J-
AC ^ (S/yr)
338
392
Sinple Payback Period
SPP
IC / ACS ($/yr)
3.76
3.39
3.94
Figure 8.3
Form 8.1 Potential Energy Conservation Opportunities Simple Payback Analysis Form Examp le
-26 8
FOm
8.2 ESnrMTE
ptiojici
MMK S^CET EXAMPLE BUILDING
CSTDIAIC NO.
LOCATIW
SEI
DATE
HO.
SUIIMtY SY
OCCKED ev
1 |
DESCRIPTION
CUMTITY
UNIT
HAT
L.
RATEWW.
LABOR
cortRACT
"^^''''^
1
i
ALTERNATIVE No.
ovemeaa &
Install 6 Inch Insulation
2350
Sf
.30
.12
705
282
987 296
profit
Total
1283
ALTRERNATIVE
Remove
Ada Aoo
No. 2
1
sneeirock
In.
262 262
2350
sf
.18
.18
.17 .11
.11
44
t f
II 44
t
wall Insulation 3.5
sf Sf
sf
47
t t
29
76
I
t
1
It
259 It 42
roof Insulation 5.5 la
423
t
1
682
|-
i ' 1
Replace sneeirocK
262
.15
.16
39
81
Ovemead &
Profit
265l
i
Total
1148 1
ALTERNATIVE
Remove
AOd
No. 3
sneeirocK
262
262
Sf
sf
.18 .30 .15
.17
\
44
t t
44
1
1
S * 1
wall Insulation 3.5 la

roof Insulation 6.0 la
.11 .12 .16
47
29
76
AOd
2350
262
sf
sf
Replace sneetrock
705 It 39
282
t
987
81
if
i
42
ovemeaa &
Profit
565
Total
1544
[i
Figure 8.4
Form 8.2 Estimate Work Sheet for ECO Example
269
FC Alternative No.
2.
Calculate the
new
value
for
the
roof
and wall after adding 3.5 inches of
insulat ion
U U
roof
,, wall
=
=
0.0783
0.0855

roof q""""^
=
=
(0
wall
.0783)(2350)(67) (0.0855)(262)(67)
q
= =
12,328 BTU/hr 1,501 BTU/hr

13,829
BTU/hr
Calculate the new fuel consumption, FC:

FC
(13.829Btu/hr)(5500)(24)(0.60)
(67F)(0.55)(104,000BTU/CCF)
FC =
286
CCF
Alternative No.
3.
U
Calculate the new
value for the roof and wall

of
after adding 3.5 inches

U
insulation:
roof
,, wall
= =
0.0511
0.0855

q
0^^,
^wall
= =
(0
.0511)(2350)(67) (0.0855)(262)(67)
q
= =
8,045 BTU/hr 1,501 BTU/hr
9,546 BTU/hr
Calculate the new fuel consumption, FC

^^ FC _
(9,546Btu/hr)(5500)(24)(0.60)
(67F)(0.55)(
10
4,000BTU/CCF)
197
FC =
CCF
270
Determine projected average fuel price, FP

can
be
The FP
obtained
from local utility companies and
should be updated accordingly.
Annual operating
zero.
cost
for
adding
is
insulation
is
After
the
to
insulation
added there is no
additional cost
maintain it.
STEP
3:
Calculations
AFC
Current System
Annual Fuel Costs Annual Fuel Costs Annual Fuel Costs
FC
X FP (850 CCF)($0.60/CCF)
$510/yr
Alternative No.
Annual Fuel Costs Annual Fuel Costs
(283 CCF)($0.60/CCF) $169/yr
Alternative No.
(286 CCF)($0.60/CCF) $172/yr
Alternative No.

AFS
(197 CCF)($0.60/CCF) $118/yr
Alternative No.
Annual Fuel Savings
AFC_
AFC
271
Annual Fuel Savings Annual Fuel Savings
= =
($510/yr) $341/yr
($169/yr)
Alternative No.
= =
($510/yr) $338/yr
($172/yr)
Alternative No.

ACS
= =
($510/yr) $392/yr
($118/yr)
The annual cost savings are
equal
to
the
Annual
Fuel
Cos ts
Savings
when
there
are no Annual Operating
SPP
Alternative No.
Simple Payback Period

($/yr) ACS $1283
IC
$341/yr
3
.76
Alternative No.
= =
$ J
^,,o Jo / y
/
3.39
Alternative No.
$1544 $392/yr
=
3.94
272
The results
The SPP
of
the three alternatives
are
very similar.
range from 3.39 to 3.94 years and are all within the
defined payback period.

one
However, as disussed earlier,

be
only
alternative
can
selected.
very
In
this
situation where
No.
3
the payback
periods are
the
similar,
alternative
would
be
best
choice based on its higher Annual Fuel
Savings because it would result in greater savings than Alt.

No.
1
and
over the life of
the
building.
8 .4
Potential Capital ECOs

there
The previous
study concluded that

that
were
several
capital
ECO
items
could be implemented to improve the

[1].
be
energy efficiency of IDOH buildings

items
that
The
capital
ECO
are
were
determined
to
cost
effective
presented in Tables 8.1 to 8.5.

auditor
However,
for
a
This should give the energy

of
feeling
for
the types
items
that will work.
because the items presented in these tables
worked
their
respective building does not mean that they will

This
the
is
work for the next building.
due
to
the
different
under.
operating
Therefore,
conditions
that
buildings
operate
each
each item should be evaluated for

of
building
independently
previous results.
listed
in
The alternatives
Tables
a
8.1
to
8.5
are
presented
to
give the energy auditor

that
listing of potential
capital ECOs
may apply
to
the buildings
currently being
273
audited.
This
list
is
not
inclusive however and the energy

up
auditor should use his imagination and Judgement to come

with
additional
items
that
might
provide potential cost
effective energy consumption reduction.
274
Table 8.1
Building Type
Alternatives
ESTIMATED
ALTERNATIVE
SELECTED
ESTIMATED
INITIAL
COST
ANNUAL
ENERGY
SAVINGS
1.
Natural Gas Furnace (a)

Install Ceiling Fans
$1900.00
278.00
$681.00
110.00
2.
3.
Energy Efficient Lamps

on Security Lights
lU.OO
100.00
111.00
4. Install Timer
111.00
TOTALS
$2392.00
$1013.00
(a) Natural gas will not
be
available at all locations.
275
Table 8.2
Building Type
II
Alternativei
ESTIMATED
ALTERNATIVE
SELECTED
ESTIMATED
INITIAL
COST
ANNUAL
ENERGY SAVINGS $812.00
305.00
137.00
I.
Install New Ceiling

Wall Insulation
$3240.00
2068.00
278.00
2.
3.

Doors
4. New Overhead
2854.00
725.00
5. New
Lighting
1270.00
(a)(250.00)
TOTALS
$9710.00
$1609.00
276
Table 8.3
Building Type III Alte rnatf i ves
ESTIMATED
ALTERNATIVE
SELECTED
ESTIMATED
INITIAL
COST
ANNUAL
ENERGY
SAVINGS
.Relnsulate
$7150.00
1430.00 728.00 200.00
$980.00
280.00 242.00
-
2, New
Overhead Door
3,
Energy Efficient Lamps

Timer on Security Lights
4. Install
256.00
166.00
5.
525.00
TOTALS
$10,033.00
$1924.00
277
Table 8.4
Building Type IV Alternatives
ESTIMATED
.
ALTERNATIVE
SELECTED
ESTIMATED
INITIAL
COST
ANNUAL ENERGY
SAVINGS
1637.00
1.
Insulate Ceiling
$7250.00
2. Energy
Efficient Lamps
156.00
49.00
3.
370.00
379.00
TOTALS
$7776.00
$2065.00
278
Table 8.5
Building Type
Alternatives
ESTIMATED
ALTERNATIVE
SELECTED
ESTIMATED
INITIAL
COST
ANNUAL
ENERGY
SAVINGS
.Insulation
Install Celling Fans
$11 ,570.00
$2113.00
2.
370.00
120.00
3. Remove
Windows
28A9.00
291.00
1042.00
A, New
Overhead Doors
4400.00
TOTALS
$19,189.00
$3566.00
279
CHAPTER
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
study
was
to
The purpose of
this
develop
of
an
energy
audit
In
manual for the Indiana Department

of
Highways for use

buildings.
to
completing In-house audits

key
a
their
existing
The
objective
in
putting
the manual together was
prepare
an
series of step by step procedures that would allow

to
Individual
effectively
the
audit an IDOH facility.
To
accomplish this objective,

chapters
manual was divided
into
key
with
step
by
step
procedures
for
completing
separate energy evaluations.

to
Several examples were included

the material
Illustrate
the procedures and help clarify
presented.
The methodology used in this manual is
based
on
pro[1].
cedures
used
in
the previous energy study by G.
Smith
However, users of this manual should be aware that there are

some
variations
in
calculation procedures between the iniThese changes are few but
tial study and this manual.
were
An
necessary
to
a
help simplify the calculation procedures.
example
of
change between the first study and
the
manual
280
Is
estimating heat losses through
roof with an attic.

to
The
the
first study estimates an attic temperature
use
as
outside
air temperature.
The manual ignores
the attic temBy

is
perature and uses the outside air temperature.

the
ignoring
simpli-
attic temperature,
results
the heat
loss
calculation
fied and the
that are achieved provide a the user should not

be
sufficient
alarmed by
answer.
In
conclusion,
differences in procedures between the original study and the

manual.
The
calculation procedures outlined in the manual

The
should take precedence over the original study.

are
changes
intended to simplify the procedures without sacrificing
results.
Users of this manual are encouraged to read

study.
This
the
first
study will give the user good background infor-
mation into the energy audit process.

the
Along
with
reading
first
study,
users are strongly encouraged to read the

This
reference material sited in the manual.
will
provide
the
valuable
background
information
for
understanding
material presented in the manual.

Several good recommendations were outlined in the first
study. The
most
important
one
being the formation of an
energy management program.
This
manual
team
was
developed
to
enable
the
energy
management
the
to perform the energy the
audit function of
program.
Implementing
energy
is
a
management program along with the other recommendations
281
decision
that
must
be
made
the
by
IDOH
of
personnel.
The
researcher
feels
that
development
step
an energy manage-
ment team is an
important
The
towards
implementing
the
energy
In the
audit manual.
recommendations that are outlined
remainder
of
this
chapter deal with using the manual*
9.2
Energy Audit Manual Recommendations

commitment
Implementing the manual will require

resources
by
a
of
IDOH.
The
researcher
strived to write the
manual in
for
its
fashion that would require minimal

However,
instructions
is
use.
completing an energy audit

a
not
simple process and to present the material in
form
is
that
not
would
allow
non-engineer
Therefore,
is
a
to
complete
an audit
without problems.
to
training of personnel who

must.
The
are
use
the
manual
amount of training
)
required will depend on
the
IndivlduaKs
It
background
is
and
knowledge
of
)
building energy systems.
suggested that
individual (s
and
selected to use the manual review the material feedback determine

the
with
their
level of
training
type
and
required.
There are several options open for the

can be provided.
level of training that
1.
series of short courses could be prepared in the
use
and
understanding
at
of
the
manual.
These courses could
be held
the Research and
Training
Center
in
West
Lafayette,
Indiana.
'
282
2.
Another possibility
at to
Is
to have
Individuals take courses
Purdue.
the
This will depend on the Individuals access
campus and work schedule.

for
However,
to
if
it
were
possible
it
an IndlvlduaK
take CE 525 and 625,

the
would
allow
them
to
understand
material
the neces-
presented
sary skills
in the manual and develop
some of
required for completing the
analysis
sec-
tions of
the manual.
3.
The selection of
individuals who are interested in peraudits

and are willing to read addiof
forming
energy
tional material in this area will reduce the amount
necessary outside training.
The
collection
is
of
data for
completing the necessary calculations

ward.
straight
for-
However,
when
the
necessary calculations and

the user must have
a
analyses must be completed,
good
understanding
of
the
material presented in the manual.

interested in this area
of
An individual who is
the
can
read
reference
material and gain much
the
necessary
background knowledge.
The amount
of
manpower
and
resources
is
committed
a
to
training individuals in using the manual

to be made by
the IDOH.
again
decision
There are other
options
available
the
that
will
not
require extensive training in the use of
manual
283
1.
Consulting firms can be utilized for the analysis

tions
out,
it
sec-
of
the manual.
be do
Once the BIF is properly filled

to
may
to
possible
hire
outside
consulting
for
firms
the proper calculations and analysis
determining energy
ever,
this
conservation
opportunities.
How-
option will require consultant's fees to be
considered in the economic
evaluation
of
the
energy
conservation opportunities.
2.
Computerizing the manual

and
is
a
is
another
good
possibility
Again,
BIF
recommendation for continued study.

the
individuals would be required to fill out

collect
for
to
the
necessary data to be used by the computer analysis.

This
completing the
the
option
will
not
eliminate
is
necessary judgement and creativity that
required to come up with possible ECOs when auditing
building.
3.
The final recommendation for implementing the manual is

to
remember that the contents presented within are not

through
conclusive and can be improved

Users of
critical
use.
the manual are encouraged to
document problems
down
they have in using the manual and
write
sugges-
tions for improving the contents within the manual.
284
9 .3
Recommendations for Continued Study

users
a
Additional research and Input from future manual

Is
needed to develop the proposed energy audit manual Into
more complete system.
The
following
recommendations
are
proposed for continued study towards solving the energy con-
servation problem.
1.
The feasibility of computerizing

tions,
the
of
evaluation
secbe
chapters
through
8,
the manual should
investigated.
possibly
the types
be
of
An interactive
computer
program
could
of
developed
for these sections. Because
buildings being evaluated in
this
study,
the interactive program would not
require the sophistiof
cation of the DOE-2
United
States
or
Department
of
Energy's
computer
program
the United States Army
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory's Building

Loads
Analysis
and System Thermodynamics
(BLAST)
com-
puter program.
This manual is
2.
limited to the evaluation of the

lighting system.
physiThere
cal building components and the
are cost effective

that
energy
conservation
opportunities
exist
in
is
building's mechanical and electrical

an area
systems.
added
to
This
that should be
researched and
the manual.
Included within the analysis of
mechanical and electrical systems, consideration should
285
be
given
to
the
impact
special
equipment
has
on
ventilation requirements.
3.
The final area of continued research should

the
deal
with
evaluation
of
the
methodology
presented in the
manual.
should
Implementing energy conservation opportunities

occur only when they are cost effective and can
pay for their implementation through

To
utility
savings.
that have
date the energy conservation opportunities
been selected were based on the calculation
procedures
next
presented
step is
to
in
the manual.
Therefore,
the
logical
evaluate the buildings that have been retroif
fitted to determine
there has been an energy savings
and how close the calculated savings match the

The
as
a
actual.
(EUIs),
calculation
of
energy utilization indexes

7,
presented in Chapter
can be used for
determining
By
building's overall energy consumption.
calculat-
ing EUIs for the retrofitted buildings a

of
determination
This
actual energy reduction can be made.
informato
tion can then be utilized to improve the manual and
help in deciding the level of manpower and resources to
commit towards solving the problem.
REFERENCES
286
REFERENCES
1.
of Potential Smith, Gary R., An^ Investigation Energy Opportunities For Indiana Department Conservat Ion of Highway Buildings Master's Thesis, Purdue University, 1984 .
,
2.
Dubin, Fred S. and Long, Chalmers G,, Energy ConservaStandards Mc Graw - Hill Book Company, New York, tion 1978.
,
3.
ASHRAE Handbook 1981 Fundamentals Third Printing, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and AlrConditloning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 1982.
,
4.
Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Condi t loning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia.
,
lES
1981 Lighting Handbook Application Volume Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New
,
York,
1981.
Mc Guiness, W., Stien,
B., Reynolds, J., Mechanical and Equipment for Buildings 6th Edition, John Electrical Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
,
7.
Systems Shut t leworth, Riley, Mechanical and Electrical 1983. New York, For Construction, Mc Graw-Hlll,
U.S. Energy Audit Buildings Workbook for Office U.S. Printing Office, Department of Energy, Government September 1978.
,
8.
9.
Building Construction Cost Data 1983 41st Annual Edition, Robert Snow Means Company, Inc., Kingston, MA, 1983.
,
APPENDICES
287
APPENDIX A
Energy Audit Forms
288
Form
2.1
Building Selection
Aiirlitnr
nilTRIPT
Type
Building
natP
-
_
9
..
J
11
Rank
2
3
4 5
10
Year
usage
Aiea
UtUlly J
$/SF
Tot
i_
..
--
289
FORM
3.
BUILDING INFORMATION FORM (GIF)
I.
General Description
A)
General:
Name of Building
Address
City
Telephone Number,
District
Sub-District
Position.
Contact Person
Building use:
B)
Building Type:
Description
Year(s) and Description of Mod if icat ion
C)
Operating Schedule:
Days
per
luk
Time from to
Hours
SUM.
No.
of
Occupants
WIN.
DAY
Evening
Weekend
Other
290
II.
A)
Photographs of Building:
Elevation
Elevation
Elevation
Elevation
291
B) Building Floor Plan:

1)
Floor
292
2)
Floor
293
C) Floors:
1
)
Location
a) Floor
Construction
Description
Cross Section
b)
Floor Dimensions
Width.
Length
2) Location
a>
Floor Construction
Description
Cross Section
b)
Floor Dimensions
Width.
Length
294
D)
Walls:
1
>
Location
a)
Mall Construction
Description
Cross Section
Elevation
b)
Wall Construction Description and Dimensions
Construction
Construction
Length Length Length
Height
Height Height
Construction
295
c>
Ulindou Construction
Single Glazed Double Glazed

(
sq. sq.
ft.
ft.
)
space
space
inches
sq.
Insulating Glazed
(
ft.
)
inches
sq.
Storm Uindous
Other (specify)
ft.
sq.
ft. ft.
Shading (specify).
Ulindou Frame Type
sq.
Frame Width
Door Construction
inches
d)
Description
No.
Usage (Per/hr)
Thkness
(inches)
Height
(ft-in)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf)
e)
Infiltration
Cracks through uialls
None
Feu)
Many
Loose-fitting
uiindouis
Loose-fitting doors
Loose fitting air conditioners

296
2) Location
a)
Wall Construction
Description
Cross Section
Elevati on
b)
WalJ Construction Description and Dimensions
Construction
Length Length
'
Height
Height
Construction
Construction
Length.
Height
297
c)
Window Construction
Single Glazed
Double Glazed
(space
sq. sq. ft. ft.
)
inches
sq.
Insulating Glazed
(
ft.
)
space
inches
sq.
sq.
ft.
Storm UJindous
Other (specify)
ft. ft.
Shading
(specify).
sq.
Windou/ Frame Type
Frame Width
d)
inches
Door Construction
Description
No.
Usage (Per/hr
Thkness ( inches
Height
)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf>
(ft-in)
Inf
i 1
trat ion
Cracks through tualls
None
Few
Many
Loose-fitting
uiindotus
Loose-fitting doors

298
3>
Location
a)
Wall Construction
Description
Cross Section
Elevation
b)
Construction
Length Length
Height Height Height
Construction
Construction
Length
299
c)
Mindou) Construction
Single Glazed
sq.
sq.
ft.
ft.
Double Glazed
(space
inches)
sq. ft.
Insulating Glazed
(space
inches)
sq. sq.
sq.
Storm Mindouis
Other (specify)
ft.
ft.
ft.
Shading (specify)
Mindouf Frame Type
Frame Width
Door Construction
inches
d)
Description
No.
Usage (Per/hr)
Thkness (inches)
Height
(ft-in)
Uidth
(ft)
Area
(sf)
e)
Infiltration
Cracks through uialls
None
Few
Many
Loose-fitting uindouis
Loose-fitting doors Loose-fitting air conditioners
Ventilation exhaust ducts uiithout dampers

300
4) Location
a)
Mall Construction
Description
Cross Section
Elevation
b)
Construction
Construction
Length
Height
Length
Height
Height
Construction
Length_
301
c)
Ulindouj
Construction
sq.
Single Glazed
Double Glazed
(
ft. ft.
)
sq.
space
inches
sq.
Insulating Glazed
(space
ft.
)
inches
sq. sq. sq.
Storm UindoiDS
Other (specify)
ft.
ft.
ft.
Shading (specify),
Uindoui Frame Type
Frame Width
Door Construction
inches
d)
Description
No.
Usage (Per/hr
Thkness (inches
Height
)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf)
(ft-in)
e)
Infiltration
Cracks through ualls
None
Feu
Many
Loose-fitting
uiindotus
Loose-fitting doors Loose-fitting air conditioners

302
E) Roof:
1)
Location
Description
Cross Section
b)
Roof Dimensions
Width
Length
Roof Color and Condition
light
good age dark
Pitch
c)
Color
Condition
d)
fair
poor
Sky Lights
Description
Cross Section
e)
Skylight Area
No.
Length Length
_*Width.
sq.
ft. ft.
No.
*Width
sq.
303
2)
Location
a)
Roof Construction
Description
Cross Section
Roof Dimensions
b)
Width
Length
Roof Color and Condition
light
good fair
.
c)
Color
dark
,
Condition
d)
Sk[)
poor
Lights
Description
Cross Section
e)
Sky Light Area

No. No.
Length *
_Width.
(îdth
sq.
ft. ft.
Length
sq.
-3
III.
Major Energy Using Systems

in the appropriate numbers for items numbered codes listed on the next page:
1
A) Fill
thru 5 using the
Fuel Type (A)
Mechanical Equipment <B)
Terminal Unit (C)
Thermostat Setting- F
Sum.
Uin.
Space Heating Space Cool ing

3.
Hot Water
4.
Kitchen
5.
Kitchen equipment description
305
Fuel Type:
01 Coal
02 03 04 05
Electricity No. 2 Fuel Oil

6 Fuel Oil Natural Gas
No
06 07 06 09
Propane Purchased Steam Uood Other (specify)
Mechanical Equipment: Heating System 10 Lou pressure steam boiler 11 High pressure steam boiler 12 Hot water boiler 13 Forced air furnace 14 Resistance 15 Heat pump 16 Other
(
Cooling System 17 Absorption 18 Centrifugal 19 Reciprocating 20 Windou/ual 1 unit 21 Heat pump 22 Other (specify)
Hot Water System 24 Hot water heater 25 Boiler heat exchanger 26 Booster/reheat 27 Solar assisted 28 Other (specify)
spec if y
C.
Terminal Units
29 Radiator 30 Fan coil/radiator 31 Single zone 32 Multi-zone
33 34 35 36
Dual duct
Variable air vol. Induction Terminal unit
37 38 39 40
Self-contained Circulating Non-circulating Other

(specify)
D.
Efficiency analysis
Unit Description
Nameplate Output(BTU/hr)
Unit Description
Nameplate Input (BTU/hr
= Efficiency.
Nameplate Output(BTU/hr
Nameplate
)
Input (BTU/hr
= Efficiency.
Unit Description
Nameplate Output(BTU/hr
Nameplate
)
Input (BTU/hr
= Efficiency.
'306
B) Lighting
Interior:
Room
Area
(sf.
)
Ceil. Hght.
(ft.
)
Fix. Hght.
(ft.
)
Total Watte
Avg. Lgt. Lev. (fc)
Usage
(hr/uik
)
307
C) Lighting Exterior:
1)
Building Perimeter
Location
Type
Total Uatts
Method of control
Usage
(hrs/(i/k)
2) Parking Area
Location
Type
Total Uatts
Method of control
Usage
(hrs/uk)
-30 8
IV.
Climatic Data
Outside Temperature
(winter)
Average Annual Heating Degree Days
Average Annual Cooling Degree Days

Main Wind Direction and Velocity
V.
Description of Energy Management Activities

Energy Management Team Formed
Yes Yes
NO
Energy Management Coordinator Designated

Energy Audit
NO None
Completed
Started
Detailed Study by Architect or Engineer
Completed
Started.
None
Energy Management Measures Implemented and Dates
VI.
Field Inspection Notes
309
Form
5.1
Transmission
Coefficient
(U
Calculation
Form
Ri;llfllnfj
I
oraOnn
I
Sheet No.
w-Htrkr
Date
Date
SECTION
Cross Section
SECTION
Thk.
Construction
IN.
1/k
1/k
"ViOi
leioi-qns
S3SS0n iV3H NOIlVdiniJNI
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FORM
8,1
POTENTI/\L
ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIEo
SIMPLE
PAYBACK ANALYSIS FORM
Item
Date
STEP
DescrtpUon
Laoel Item
Current
Altematiue
NO.
1
Altematjve
NO. 2
AltemaLive
NO.
3
n P u
t
System
S IC
IniUal Costs
(5)
.-..//A,.: ../.:/.. ::
E 2
a
I
FC
FP
Ful consuvlion
(unus/yr)
frojct<l Av*rg*
Ful Pric* ($/Unit)
ADC
'IL^.^.I^
^mnl
Cparating Costs
(S/yr)
^!!^.,,-W^s::m'-^y^--'- -'y-'y^
(*miai ful Costs
-
y^z^^fy,.',
.i^.
.^
^-y--,i:\
C
a
1
/FC
FC fP (S/yi)
c u
1
<tnjal Fual Savings
>
S T
AFS
flfC^- flfC|,<$/yi)
a
t
I
Annual Cost^
AC
ACS
flfC
flOe
Amuol Cost Saving OCj- flC^(S/yr)

Sinol* Payback Poriod
=
n
s
SPP
IC
(CS ($/yi)
-314
FORM 8.2 ESTIMATE
WRK
SHEET
ESiinnTE NO.
LOCATIOI
SHEET NO.
DATE
Siimwv BY
CKECKD BY
DESCPIPTION
QUANTlrV
UNIT
HAfL
LAB.
nATEUAL
LABOR
(jQNTftACT
TOTAL
315
APPENDIX
Noncapital Energy Conservation Opportunity Checklist
316
NONCAPITAL ECO CHECKLIST

FOR
MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONAL CHANGES
The following checklist

site
is
to
be
used
during
the
building
visit.
Items
that
apply to the building being audited
should be checked off and the proper action taken.
A.
General Building
Reduce the use of heating
spaces
peri ods
1.
and
cooling
systems
in
which
of
are
used infrequently or only for short
time
2.
Windows or outside doors left open during the

ing
or
heatif
cooling seasons represent an energy loss
the
heaters or air conditioners are running. Make sure they

are shut.
3.
Involve
building
staff
with
energy
conservation
measures so that each individual has responsibility.

4.
Change
the
spring,
fall
and
winter
day-night
timeclock settings to operate heating,
ventilation, and
cooling equipment fewer hours on the day cycle.

5.
Disconnect
all
refrigerated
water
fountains
if
acceptable to occupants.
317
6.
Be
certain that all operable

and
windows
have
sealing
gaskets
cam
latches
that
are in proper working
order.
Close off unused areas and rooms. Where possible,
be
7.
certain that blinds or other shading devices are drawn,

registers closed,
etc.
8.
Seal ducts and access doors
in
equipment
rooms
to
minimize bypassing
9.
of
hoy and cold air.
Schedule
operating,
maintenance
and
cleaning
to
overlap more with normal working hours or when daylight

is
available and sufficient for the task.

Lower the thermostats during the heating season
and
10.
raise
them
during
the
cooling
fuel
season. You can save

by
about 8% of your heating
bill
lowering
the
thermostats
11. Set
mere five degrees.

lOdeg
F
back the heating season thermostats

.
dur-
ing the night
12.
Lower the domestic hot water to 110 deg

Turn off
the
13.
cooling system during
the
night.
Use
ventilation air to cool the building.
318
B^.
SPACE HEATING - GENERAL

all thermostats
1.
Set
at
68deg
or
less
for
winter
space heating.
2.
Surfaces of radiators,
convectors,
be kept
baseboards,
and
finned-tube
operation.
3.
If
heaters
must
clean for efficient
you use hot water for heating,

a
reduce
the
space
just
heating hot water temperature to

satisfy heating needs.
4.
level that will
Do not heat
storage rooms unless
it
is
necessary for
protection
5.
If
of
stored contents and water lines.

check to
you have infrared heaters,

are
see
if
the
the
reflectors
beamed in the right direction,
and
surface
is
clean.
o <^ o a
I I

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SCHOOL OF

JOINT HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY AUDIT MANUAL FOR INDIANA DEPARTMENT

Brett Michael Partridge

JOINT HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY AUDIT MANUAL FOR INDIANA DEPARTMENT

Brett Michael Partridge

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY AUDIT MANUAL FOR INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS BUILDINGS

Brett Michael Partridge Graduate Instructor in Research

JOINT HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT

Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana

January 30, 1985

Digitized by the Internet Arciiive

2011 with funding from Indiana Department of Transportation

LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation;

The author would like to thank the

Highways for their financial support

Hancher, who allowed him the freedom to work on the

research while at the same time

recognize professor Richard 0.

efforts in providing valuable research material.

thanks to Mrs. Sally Munson

research was greatly appreciated.

Statement of Purpose... Objectives Energy Audit Process

Introduction Procedures for Selecting a Building Building Selection Example

BUILDING INFORMATION FORM

Part Part Part

3.4.11 3.4.12 3.4.13 3.4.14

Major Major Major Major Major

Section Section Section Section Section

BUILDING SITE VISIT

100 101 102 105 106 107 110

HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS

132 132 138

162 166 172 177 180 189 192 195

195 197 201 206 206

6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4

207 217 218 235

ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY

7.2 7.3 7.4

ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS

265 272 279

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....

Introduction Energy Audit Manual Recommendations... Recommendations for Continued Study

Climatic Data for Indiana

Plane Air Spaces

Construction Percentages For Walls and Roof Framing................

143 147 153

Overall Coefficients of Heat Transmission of Windows and Skylights, BTU/ (hr /f t /F )

Adjustment Factors for Windows (Multiply U-values in Part A by These Factors)

Residential-Type Door Classification

Fuel Heating Value

Typical Surface Reflectances

Coefficients of Utilization for Typical Luminaires

Energy Audit Flow Diagram

Form 2.1 Building Selection Example

Building Type Classification....,

Location of Heat Losses Through Major Building Components

Example Building North Elevation

Example Building East Elevation..

Typical Roof Section

Typical Brick/Block Wall Section

Typical Exterior Sheeting Section