CARBON COMPOUNDS

CARBON COMPOUND

ORGANIC COMPOUND

INORGANIC COMPOUND

HYDROCARBONS

NON HYDROCARBONS

SALT CARBONATE MINERAL GAS ACID

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

ALCOHOL CARBOXCYLIC ACID ESTER FAT AND OIL

ALKANE

ALKENE

ALKAN E

Carbon is placed in Group 14. It has 4 electrons In its outer most shell. An atom of carbon shares with 4 hydrogen atoms to obtained the stability of inert gas elements. The first member in this group is the simplest compound, methane. Carbon-carbon atoms in al anes are bonded with single co!alent bond.

GENERAL FORMULA : Cn H 2n + 2

1090 28

"#$%ICA& "'(")'TI)% (* A&+A,) 1 . (n going down the al anes series, the relati!e molecular mass increases caused by the increase in molecular si-e. /hen the molecular si-e increases, the melting and boiling point increase. This is because the larger the molecular si-e, the stronger the 0an 1er /aals forces of attraction between the molecules. Thus more energy is needed to o!ercome the forces of attraction during melting or boiling. All al anes are less dense than water. All al anes are colourless and insoluble in water . Al anes are soluble in organic sol!ent. Al anes are co!alent compounds made up of molecules. They don4t ha!e freely mo!ing ions. #ence al anes are non-conductors of electricity.

2 4 3

C#)5ICA& "'(")'TI)% (* A&+A,) 1 . 2 4 3 7 Al anes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain single co!alent bonds. This single co!alent bonds are strong and not reacti!e. Al anes are neutral compound, they ha!e no effect on blue or red litmus paper. Al anes burn readily in air or in e6cess o6ygen to produce carbon dio6ide and water. The al anes burn with a sooty flame if the combustion is not complete. Al anes undergo %ubstitution 'eaction 8 atom of # is replaced with Cl or 9r with the presence of light or :0 rays.

METHANE

- +nown as natural gas. - *ormed as an product of the anaerobic decay of plants - Can cause fire in landfills and peat swamps

:ses ; - as a fuel in a gas turbine and system reboiler - as a fuel for domestic heating and coo ing - as a feedstoc for the production of hydrogen, methanol, acetic acid and acetic anhydride. - as greenhouse gas < .1 times more effecti!e at trapping heat than carbon dio6ide

ALKENE
The chemical structure of ethylene, the simplest al ene

1.== 1.== 1.== 1 . 2 4 3 7

./01DIMETHYLHEX121ENE

P !"#$%& '()'*(+#*" ), %&-*n*" ha!e almost identical physical properties as al anes the first 2 al enes, C. to C4 , are gases at room temperature. al al enes ha!e low melting points and boiling points. As the molecule become larger, there is a gradual increase in the melting and boiling points. Al enes less dense than water. 1ensities of the al enes increase with the increasing carbon chains. Al ene do not soluble in water but soluble in organic sol!ents. All al enes do not conduct electricity.

'HEM$'A( )*O)E*T$E+ O, A(-ENE+

+ H2
Additional reaction : h&dr!enation

Additional reaction ; bromination

#

HB(
*+*n* . ADDITION OF HALIDE 1/12()3)*+%n%

Additional reaction : Addition of halide

E+*n*

> #.(
H

? OH E+ %n)&

Addition reaction : h&dration

@(A 4 OXYDATION 5

? OH OH

E+%n*11/216#)&

Oxidation reaction : alkene reacts with acidified potassiu

an!anate"#$$% solution

C(59:%TI(, ')ACTI(, ; Al ene burns completely in e6cess o6ygen to produce carbon dio6ide and water. If the combustion is not complete < limited o6ygenB carbon mono6ide and soot<carbonB are produced.

ALCOHOL
Alcohol is one of the #omologue %eries that has *unctional group of 8 (# < #$1'(C$&B G),)'A& *('5:&A ; Cn#.n>1(# The melting point of alcohol is higher than al ane and al ene due to the presence of hydro6yl group. This is because 8(# group forms hydrogen bonding that is stronger than the bonds between molecules of alcohol. 5ethanol, ethanol and propanol dissol!e in water. The solubility of other alcohols decreases as the molecular mass increases. ,aming the alcohol compound is li ely to al ane. 'eplace the ending 8 ane to anol C1 is numbered from the carbon that nearest to 8(#. Alcohols are used as fuels, sol!ents, in medicine, in ma ing cosmetics and as a main component in alcoholic drin s.

ethanol

ethanol

propan-1-ol

propan-2-ol

R*%$+#)n" ), %&$) )&" pentan-2030.- triol

Combustion <produces water and C(.B

(6idation <produces carbo6ylic acidB

1ehydration < produces al eneB

)sterification <produces esterB

ETHANOL CAN BE PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY BY T7O PROCESS ES %8 THE HYDRATION OF ETHENE

H : OH ; 7%+*( 8
E+ %n)&

; H. PO<8 / .00) C / =0 %+3

E+ *n*
28 THE FERMENTATION OF SUGAR OR STARCH9

G&>$)"* + !*%"+

L#3* @%+*( T>(n" $ %&-! M*%n" + %+ CO2 I" (*&*%"*6

T *(3)3*+*(

7%+*( )>+ L#*2#A C)n6*n"*(

P()6>$+ ), ,*(3*n+%+#)n

@%+*( #n D#"+#&%+* ;*+ %n)&8 '()6>$*6 %+ ?8) C

*ermentation is used to produce alcoholic drin s. $east is added and left for se!eral days in the absence of air at not more than 4=o C. #igher temperature will ill the yeast and the reaction will stop. The -ymase en-ymes in yeast brea s down the sugar and starch into glucose and then to ethanol and liberated carbon dio6ide.

OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL 7ILL FORM CARBOXYLIC ACID

OH
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

4O5

OH

:ses ; - food preser!ati!e < ben-oic acidB - food fla!ouring - ethanoic acid and methanoic acid are used to coagulate late6 in rubber industry - ma ing ester and soft drin s )thanoic acid normally prepared by )B#6%+#)n ), %n %&$) )&

an organic acid with $%(2)B!& group 8C((# < B

General formula CnH2n + 1 COOH

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

@*%- %$#6 and names end with C)#$ %$#6 . )g. ethanoic acid.

)thanoic acid - colourless liDuid at room conditions. has sharp and pungent smell. boiling point 11Eo C soluble in water p# 2 - 4

Chemical properties of ethanoic acid reacts with metal to liberate hydrogen gas reacts with bases to form salt and water only reacts with carbonate to form salt, water and carbon dio6ide reacts with alcohol or esterification reaction.

product of an *"+*(#,#$%+#)n reaction between a carbo6ylic acid and an alcohol. the functional group is 8C((- or carbo6ylate group

)ster is a non-hydrocarbon organic compound

contain carbon, hydrogen and o6ygen

ESTERS
The general formula is Cn#.n>1C((Cm#.m>1

uses of ester, as food fla!ouring to pleasant aromas for ma ing perfumes as organic sol!ents for glue, !arnish and paint

found in flowers and fruits. The fragrance of flowers and fruits is due to the presence of esters

the name of an ester consists of two words. The first word originates from alcohols, the second is from the carbo6ylic acids. All of them end with F-oate4

- esters are colourless liDuids - sweet and fruity smell - !olatile, insoluble - less dense than water

Ethanol

)reparation of ethanoic acid

water out oil 5ath Acidified potassiu dichro ate"#$% solution water in ethanoic acid

16

FATS AND OILS 0egetable oils such as palm oils, coconut oil, corn oil and groundnut oil can be used to manufacture !arious products such as condensed mil , candle, soap and margarine.

belong to a group of organic compounds nown as lipids

our 5od& need fats;oils 5ecause - source of ener!& - ther al insulation - protection - source of nutrients
"%+>(%+*6 ,%+" - contain saturated carbo6ylic acid - contain a high percentage of cholesterol - palmitic acid and stearic acid form saturated fatsGoils Un"%+>(%+*6 ,%+" 8 contain unsaturated carbo6ylic acid < there are 8CHC- B - it can turn to saturated fats by !6()A*n%+#)n reaction #ydrogenation process is also nown as hardening process - oleic acid and linoleic acid form unsaturated fatsG oils

,AT+ AN7 O$(+

they are naturally occurring esters and are found in plants and animals

they are ester formed from three molecules of fatty acid and molecule of glycerol

'H2OH 'HOH 'H2OH %lyc&rol alco'ol$

* 1'OOH

*2 'OOH *3 'OOH carboxylic acid !a""y acid#$

O 8 'H2 9 O 9 ' 9 *1 O 8 'H 9 O - ' 9 *2 O 8 !a"# a(d "ri%l&yc&rid&# 'H 9 O 9 ' 9 *1 oil# $2

11

C)3'%(#")n ), ,%+" %n6 )#&" Comparison %ource 5elting point o C "hysical state at room temperature Cholesterol content )6amples 5olecular structure S#3#&%(#+#*" In terms of 5olecular formula Type of compound Type of bond similarities The molecules contain of elements carbon, hydrogen and o6ygen They are naturally occurring esters They are big co!alent molecules. (ils plants I .= G lower &iDuid low "eanut oil, soybean oil Contain a high percentage of unsaturated carbo6ylic acid *ats Animals J .= G higher %olid G semi solid high 9utter , lard Contain a high percentage of saturated carbo6ylic acid

,AT:'A& ':99)' ,atural rubber

protein e 5rane which is ne!ati<el& char!ed ru55er olecule

0ulcanised rubber 8 natural rubber is heated with sulphur at about 14=o C using -inc o6ide as catalyst. (r mi6ing natural rubber with a solution of sulphur monochloride < %. Cl. B in methylben-ene

5il y fluid obtained from tapped rubber tree is called late6. ,atural rubber is a soft, white solid and is an elastomer. 0ulcanisation is carried out to impro!e the properties of natural rubber.

7ORKSHEETS /or sheet 1 ; Carbon Compound

12

1. ..

Carbon compounds are compounds which contain KKKKKK #ydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds containing KKKKK.. and KKKKK.atoms only. %ome organic compounds also contain other element such as o6ygen, nitrogen and halogens L the compounds are called KKKKKKK.

2.

%aturated hydrocarbons contain entirely of carbon-carbon KKKKKK.. bonds. :nsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one carbon-carbon KKKKKK bond or carbon-carbon triple bonds.

4. 3.

The molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows theKKKKKKKKKK. of each element present in one molecule of the substance. The structural formula of an organic compound is the formula that shows the KKKKKKKKKKKK.. and the co!alent bonds between atom in a molecule of the compound.

7.

A KKKKKKKKseries is a family of organic compounds with each member of the family differing from the pre!ious member by ha!ing one more group of atoms 8C#. . All members in the same family ha!e the same functional group and with similar KKKKKKKK properties.

M.

A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that determine the KK........ properties of an organic compound. ,ame of homologous series Al ane *unctional Group C-# bond

Alcohol Carbo6ylic acid )ster

- C H C - double bond - (# hydro6yl group

O C : O1

KKKKKKKK. are compounds which ha!e the same molecular formula but different structural formula. The phenomenon whereby two or more molecules ha!e the similar molecular formula but different structural formula is called KKKKKK

/or sheet . ; A&+A,)

13

aB Complete the table below.

Nu 5er of 'ar5on 1

+tructural for ula

Molecular for ula

Na e of alkane

'ondition at roo te perature =as

'H.

Methane

/ 1

2 '2H11 3 '3H13

4 16 5 Na e the co pound a0 50 c0 d0 e0 and f 'o plete co 5ustion with excess O2 $nco plete co 5ustion "li ited O2 %

1.

"a%

Methane

"5%

+u5stitution reaction "chlorination%

Excess chlorine +unli!ht or heat

"c%

"d%

"e%

"f%

>orksheet 3 : A(-ENE "a% =i<e na e for each alkene co pounds 5elow

'l

'H3

C&
D

CH.
"5% F#&& #n + * 2&%n-"9

1/

Al enes are KKKKKKK. hydrocarbons. The names end with KKKKKKKK The general formula for al enes is KKKKKKKKKKK Generally al enes ha!e KKKKKKKK.. melting and boiling point but KKKKKK..as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. Al enes ha!e KKKKKK densities but increases as the number of carbon per atom increases. Al enes KKKKKK dissol!e in water but are KKKKKKKKK. in organic sol!ents. Al enes KKKKKKK. conduct electricity. Al enes burn with more KKKKKK flame compared with al anes of the same number of carbon atoms because the percentage of carbon by mass in al enes is KKKKKKKK Compare to al ane, al ene is KKKKKKK reacti!e.

ore 0 cannot 0 solu5le 0 soot& 0 hi!her 0 low0

ore 0low0 increases0 unsaturated0 ene0 'nH2n

7)(-" **+ < : ALKENE *ill in the blan bo6es by gi!ing the molecular formula or structural formula of the product for e!ery reaction of propene below.

a%
e6cess (., heat

5%
limited (. heat

h%

acidified -MnO. "a@%

P()'*n*

c% Addition pol& eri?ation H2O"!% 366 '016 at 0 H3)O. d%

H2 ; Ni A 136o ' !% H'l "!%

'l2"a@% e%

f%

/or sheet 3 ; A&+A,) A,1 A&+),)

11

<aB

Table below shows the reactions to compare the chemical properties of al ane and al ene. Complete the table. (bser!ation #e6ane #e6ane burns with a yellow sooty flame ,o !isible change

'eaction 'eaction with o6ygen

#e6ene

'eaction with bromine

'eaction with acidified potassium manganate<0IIB solution

,o !isible change

<bB

Calculate the percentage of carbon in <iB

he6ane

<iiB he6ane /hich compound can be a good fuel N )6plain . <cB &ist down 3 similar physical properties of al ane and al ene. <iB <iiB <iiiB <i!B <!B KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.

<dB

Construct 3 isomers from C7 #1. and gi!e name to each isomer.

/or sheet 7 ; A&C(#(&

12

aB

%ummari-e the physical properties of alcohols in the table below "hysical properties "hysical state at room temperature %mell and colour %olubility in water 0olatility 9oiling point 1escription

bB cB dB

%tate the uses of alcohols in e!eryday life. &ist the harmful effects of alcohols "ropanol can be dehydrated into propene by using the apparatus below. &abel iB , iiB , iiiB , i!B and !B

iBBBBBBA

ii BBBBBB

<BBBBA i< BBBB

iii BBAABB

7)(-" **+ ?

13

C)3'%(#")n 2*+@**n *+ %n)& %n6 *+ *n*

S#3#&%(#+! *ACT('% a. )lements present b. ,umber of atoms c. Type of bond d. Combustion e. reaction with +5n(4 %I5I&A'IT$

D#,,*(*n$* *ACT('% 1I**)'),C)

a. Type of atom b. *unctional group c. "hysical state d. %olubility e. ,ature of flame

5olecules contain o6ygen atom Contain 8(-# bond )6ists as a liDuid at room temperature %oluble in water 9urns with a non-sooty flame

/or sheet E ; CA'9(C$&IC ACI1 aB *igure shows a series of con!ersion starting from ethene to ethyl ethanoate.
I

)thene

)thanol
II

)thyl ethanoate
III

)thanoic acid

14

9ased on the figure abo!e, state process I ;KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK process II process III bB cB ;KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. ;KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.KKK

1raw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory /rite the chemical reaction that in!ol!e. /rite the obser!ation of e!ery test for ethanoic acid below. 1 Test a. )thanoic acid > metal carbonate b. Gas released > lime water . a. )thanoic acid > magnesium b. Gas gi!en off > lighted splinter 2 a. )thanoic acid > sodium hydro6ide solution b. )thanoic acid > copper<IIBo6ide 4 Glacial ethanoic acid > ethanol > concentrated sulphuric acid > heat L . Then the boiling contents are poured into a bea er half filled with water. (bser!ation

/or sheet O ; )%T)' ,ame the following esters and gi!e the alcohols and carbo6ylic acids reDuired to synthesise the esters name. *ormula ,ame Carbo6ylic acid Alcohol

26

#C((C.#3 aB C#2 C((C#2 bB C#2 C((C2#M cB C.#3 C((C#2 dB C2 #MC((C2#M

)thyl methanoate

5ethanoic acid

)thanol

/or sheet 1= ; *AT% A,1 (I&% *ill in the blan with the correct answer. 1 . 2 4 3. 7 *ats , oils and wa6es are from a large family of organic compound called ?????????? They are natural ??????????????? They are product of the reaction between ?????????????????? and ???????????? *ats are usually found in animal and they are ????????????? while oil is fat from plant and also from animal but they are ???????????????? at room condition. *atty acids are long straight-chain containing between 1. to 1E ?????????? atoms per molecule. A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a monoester, diester or trimester. A 5olecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid Poins to the glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an ??????????????? <-C((-B. M E. O 1= . 5ost fats and oils are ????????????? As a group, oil and fats tend to dissol!e in organic sol!ents such as ???????????? *ats are an important source of ???????????? for our body. ???????????????? fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood !essels and ma ing them ???????????? . This can lead to ????????????????, ???????????? and ???????????????? 11 The purposes of researches on biotechnical aspect of the palm oil in 5alaysia are <iB ????????????????????????????? <iiB ??????????????????????????????? <iiiB ??????????????????????????????? 1. The importance of oil palm industry to the de!elopment of the country in 5alaysia are

21

<iB ?????????????????????????????????????? <iiB??????????????????????????????????????? <iiiB??????????????????????????????????????? 7)(-" **+ 11 : '%&3 )#& aB Complete the flow chart below to show the )6traction "rocess of "alm (il.

Oil pal

fruit 5unches
The fresh fruit 5unches are sterili?ed ia lar!e pressure <essels at 1.6o ' for 16-46 inA The heat fro the stea kills fun!us and 5acteria

+trippin!

Creakin! down the oil-5earin! cellsA 'rush the pal oil fruits

)ressin!

The ixture is filtered to re o<e solid or coarse fi5re and allow to settle in an a lar!e clarification tankA The oil is ski ed off and dried in a <acuu drierA

bB %tate 3 benefits of palm oil compared to other !egetable oils iB KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. iiB KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK iiiB KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. i!B KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. !B KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.

7)(-" **+ 12 : NATURAL RUBBER

22

Gi!e e6planation for e!ery situation below; aB &ate6 coagulate slowly when it is e6posed to the air. bB /hen .= cm2 late6 is added with 3cm2 methanoic acid, late6 coagulate rapidly. cB /hen 3 cm2 ammonia solution is added to late6, late6 does not coagulate. dB Compare the un!ulcani-ed and !ulcanised rubber in the table below. Aspect %tructure (6idation 'esistance of heat %trength )lasticity :n!ulcanised rubber 0ulcanised rubber

23