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Bituminous Materials Bituminous Materials Are used widely all over the world in highway construction. These hydrocarbons are found in natural deposits or are obtained as a product of the distillation of crude petroleum. Hydrocarbon - is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon Bituminous materials used in highway construction are either asphalts or tars. Consist primarily of bitumen and have strong adhesive properties with color ranging from dark brown to black. Bitumen - is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, thus they are divided into liquid, semisolids, and solids. Solid Form hard and brittle at normal temperature but will flow when subjected to long continuous loading Liquid Form is obtained from the semisolid or solid forms by heating, dissolving in solvents, or breaking the material into minute particle and dispersing them in water with an emulsifier to form an asphalt emulsion.

Sources of Asphalt Asphalt Is obtained from seeps or pools of natural deposits in different parts of the world or as a product of the distillation of crude petroleum. Natural Deposits native asphalt rock asphalt Native Asphalt (after softened with petroleum fluxes) Asphalt occurring in nature, produced from petroleum by natural evaporation; usually not suitable for paving purposes until refined and softened to proper consistency by combining with flux oil. Was at one time used extensively as binders in highway construction. Properties of native asphalt vary from one deposit to another, particularly with respect to the amount of insoluble materials the asphalt contains. Trinidad deposits, contains about 40% insoluble organic and inorganic materials, whereas Bermuda only contains about 6% of such materials Largest deposits of native asphalt are known to exist in Iraq several thousand years ago. They are also found in Trinidad, Bermuda. And the La Brea Asphalt pits in Los Angeles, California Rock Asphalt Natural deposits of sandstone or limestone rocks filled with asphalt Deposits have been found in California, Texas, Oklahoma, and Alabama The amount of asphalt varies from one deposit to another and can be as low as 4.5% and as high as 18%.

Petroleum Asphalt Obtained from the distillation of petroleum. Forms into different types of asphalt: asphalt cement, slow-curing liquid asphalts, medium-curing liquid asphalts, rapid-curing liquid asphalts, and asphalt emulsions. The quantity of asphalt obtained from crude petroleum is dependent on the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of petroleum. In general large quantities of asphalt are obtained from crude petroleum with low API gravity. Refining Processes Petroleum asphalt can be divided into two main groups: Fractional Distillation and Destructive Distillation (cracking).

Fractional Distillation The process involve the separation of the different materials in the crude petroleum without significant changes in chemical composition of each materials The process removes the different volatile materials in the crude oil at successively higher temperature until the petroleum asphalt is obtained as residue. Steam distillation Is a continuous flow process in which the crude petroleum is pumped through tube stills or stored in batches, and then temperature is increased gradually to facilitate the evaporation of different materials at different temperature. Destructive Distillation (Cracking Process) Process involve the application of high temperature and pressure, resulting in chemical changes Used when larger amount of the light fraction of materials (such as motor fuels) are required. Involves of application of temperature as high as 600 C and pressure higher than 500 kPa.

Description and Uses of Bituminous Binders Three general groups: Asphalt Cement Asphalt Cutbacks Emulsified Asphalt Other types of Bituminous Material (that are not now used commonly in highway construction) Blown Asphalt Road tars Asphalt Cement Is obtained after separation of the lubricating oils Semisolid hydrocarbon with certain physiochemical characteristics that make them good cementing agents. Softest grade used in highway pavement construction has a penetration value of 200 to 300, and hardest has 60 to 70. Manufacture for hot-mix, hot-laid asphalt concrete Used in highway, airport pavement surfaces and bases, parking areas and industrial floors

Asphalt Cutbacks are divided into three: slow-curing asphalt, medium-curing asphalt and rapid curing asphalt. Slow-curing asphalt obtain by distillation of crude petroleum have lower viscosities than asphalt cement and very slow to harden designed as SC-70, SC-250, SC-800, or SC-3000, where the number relate to the approximate kinematic viscosity in centistokes at 60 C (140 F). use of this asphalt is no longer included in AASHTO Medium-curing cutback asphalt produced by fluxing, or cutting back, the residual asphalt with light fuel oil or kerosene. Harden faster than slow-curing asphalt, but consistency is the same as slow-curing asphalt Used in for construction of pavement bases, surface and surface treatment

Rapid-curing cutback asphalt Produced by blending asphalt cement with a petroleum distillation that will evaporate easily Harden faster than medium-curing cutback asphalt, but consistency is the same as medium-curing cutback asphalt Use in this asphalt is given in AASTHO Emulsified Asphalt Produced by breaking asphalt cement, usually of 100 to 250 penetration range and dispersing them in water with emulsifier. Consist of asphalt, which make up to 55 to 70 % by weight, water, emulsifying agent Generally classified as anionic, cationic and nonionic Anionic and cationic are used for highway maintenance and construction Emulsified asphalt are used in cold-laid plant mixes and road mixes (mixed in place) Anionic emulsions are more effective in treating aggregates containing electropositive charge (ex. limestone) Cationic emulsion more effective with electronegative aggregates (containing a high percentage of siliceous material)

Blown Asphalt Obtained by blowing air through the semisolid residue obtained during the latter stages of distillation process Are relatively stiff compared to other types of asphalts and can maintained a firm consistency at maximum temperature normally experienced when exposed to the environment It is not used as paving material but it is very useful as a roofing material, for automobile undercoating and as joint filler for concrete pavement. Road tars Tars are obtained from the destructive distillation of such organic materials as coal. More susceptible to weather conditions, set more quickly when exposed to the atmosphere ASTM classified road tars Gashouse coal tars are produced as a by-product in gashouse retorts in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coals Coke-oven tars are produced as a by product in coke ovens in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coals Water-gas tars are produced by cracking oil vapors at high temperature in the manufacture of carbureted water gas

Properties of Asphalt Materials Properties consistency aging and temperature sustainability Rate of curing Resistance to water action o o Consistency Two conditions Variation of consistency with temperature Consistency of any asphalt material changes as the temperature varies Consistency at a specific temperature Consistency of an asphalt material will vary from solid to liquid depending on the temperature of the material

Aging and temperature sustainability Weathering Durability

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The ability of an asphalt material to resist weathering Factors the influence weathering Oxidation Chemical reaction that takes place when the asphalt material is attacked by oxygen in air Volatilization Evaporation of the lighter hydrocarbons from the asphalt material Temperature The higher the temperature the higher the rates of oxidation and volatilization Surface area Exposed surfaced area of the material also influence its rate of oxidation and volatilization

Rate of curing Curing process through which an asphalt material increases its consistency as it loses solvent by evaporation rate of curing of cutback it depends on the distillate used in the cutting-back process the rate of curing is affected by both inherent and external factors inherent factors volatility of the solvent quantity of solvent in the cutback consistency of the material external factors temperature ration of surface to volume wind velocity across exposed surface rate of curing for emulsified asphalt the curing and adhesion characteristic of emulsions (anionic and cationic) used for pavement construction depend on the rate at which the water evaporates from the mixture

resistance to water action it is important that the asphalt continues to adhere to the aggregates even with the presence of water. Temperature effects on volume of asphaltic materials the volume increases with an increases in temperature and decreases with a decreases in temperature Tests For Asphalt Materials Consistency Test penetration test gives an empirical measurement of the consistency of a material in terms of the distance a standard needle sinks into that material under a prescribed loading and time.

float test is used to determine the consistency of semisolid asphalt materials that are more viscous than grade 3000 or have penetration higher than 300, since these materials cannot be tested conveniently using either the Saybolt Furol Viscousity Test or the penetration test. ring and ball softening Test is used to measure the susceptibility of blown asphalt to temperature changes by determining the temperature at which the material will be adequately softened to allow a standard ball to sink through it. Durability Test

Thin-Film Oven Test (TFO) This is actually not a test but a procedure that measures the changes that take place in asphalt during the hot-mix process by subjecting the asphalt material to hardening conditions similar to those in a normal hot-mix plant operation. Rate of Curing Test for curing rates of cutbacks are based on inherent factors which can be controlled. These tests compare different asphalt materials on the assumption that the external factors are held constant. Volatility and quantity of solvent may be determined from the distillation test; tests for consistency where described earlier. Distillation Test for Emulsion The Distillation test for emulsions is similar to that described for cutbacks. A major difference, however, is that the glass flask and Bunsen burner are replaced with an aluminum-alloy still and a ring burner . Rheological Tests Dynamic shear test and the bending creep test are presented next. It should be noted that these tests do not lead to a full characterization of the viscoelastic properties of asphalt binders Dynamic Shear Test This test is used to determine the dynamic (oscillatory) shear modulus and phase angle of a sample of asphalt binder when tested in an oscillatory mode. The Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test system is used to conduct the test. Bending Creep Test Indirect loading techniques are used in this test to determine the tensile creep compliance of hot mix asphalt under different loading times, tensile strength and Poissons ratio. The test uses an indirect tensile test system Other General Tests

Specific Gravity Test The specific gravity of asphalt materials is used mainly to determine the weight of a given volume of material (or vice versa) to determine the amount of voids in compacted mixes and to correct volumes measured at high temperatures Ductility Test Ductility is the distance in centimeters a standard sample of asphalt material will stretch before breaking when tested on standard ductility test equipment at 25 oC (77 oF). The result of this test indicates the extent to which the material can be deformed without breaking. Solubility Test

The solubility test is used to measure the amount of impurities in the asphalt material Flash - Point Test The flash point of an asphalt material is the temperature at which its vapor will ignite instantaneously in the presence of an open flame Loss in Heating Test The loss on heating test is used to determine the amount of material that evaporates from a sample of asphalt under a specified temperature and time. Water Content Test The presence of large amounts of water in asphalt materials used in pavement construction is undesirable, and to ensure that only limited quantity of water is present, specifications for these materials usually include the maximum percentage of water by volume that is allowable Demulsibility Test for Emulsion is used to indicate the relative susceptibility of asphalt emulsions to breaking down (coalescing) when un conatct with aggregates ASPHALT MIXTURES Uniformly mixed combination of asphalt cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregates, and other materials, depending on the type of asphalt mixture. Most popular paving materials used in the United States. Commonly use types of asphalt mixtures -hot-mix, hot-laid asphalt mixture -cold-mix, cold-laid asphalt mixture Hot- Mix, Hot-laid Asphalt Mixture Produced by properly blending asphalt cement, course aggregates, fine aggregates, and filler at temperature at 175 to 325 F. Normally used for high-type pavement construction and can be describe as open, course, dense, or fine graded. Two methods to determine optimum asphalt content Marshall method Hveem method Marshall Method Procedure. -Develop by Bruce Marshall -They are prepared by a specified procedure of heating, mixing, and compacting the mixture of asphalt. Stability- defined as the maximum load resistance in pounds Flow- total movement of the specimen un units of 0.25 mm during stability test as load from zero to maximum Bulk density- usually is determined by weighing the sample in air and in water. Bulk Specific Gravity of aggregate defined as the weight in air of volume of permeable materials at a selected temperature divided by the weight in air of same volume.

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Apparent Specific Gravity of Aggregates- apparent specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight in air of an impermeable material to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at a specified temperature. Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregate- effective specific gravity of the aggregates is normally based on the maximum specific gravity of the paving mixture. Maximum Specific Gravity of the paving mixture- assumes that there are no air voids in asphalt concrete. Asphalt absorption- percent by weight of the asphalt that is absorbed by aggregates base on total weight of aggregates Effective asphalt content- is the difference between the total amount of asphalt in the mixture and that absorbed into the aggregates particle. Percent Voids in Compacted Mineral Aggregates- the percent voinds in compacted mineral aggregates (WMA) is the percentage of voind spaces between the granular particles in compacted paving mixture. Percent in air voids in compacted mixture- This is the ratio between the volume of the small air voids between the coated particles and the total volume of the mixture. Evaluation and Adjustment of Mix Design Main objective is to determine an optimum blend of different components that will satisfy the requirement of given specifications. The mixture should have An adequate amount of asphalt to ensure durable pavement An adequate mix stability to prevent unacceptable distortion and displacement Adequate voids in total compacted mixture Adequate workability to facilitate placement Trial mixes can be adjusted by using following general guidelines Low Voids and Low stability Low Voids and Satisfactory Stability High Voids and Satisfactory Stability Satisfactory Voids and Low Stability High Voids and Low Stability HOT-MIX, COLD-LAID ASPHALT MIXTURE Asphalt mixtures in this category are manufactured hot and then shipped and laid immediately or they can be stockpiled for use at a future date. Thus, they are suitable for small jobs for which it may be uneconomical to set up a plant. They are also a suitable material for patching high-type pavements. The most suitable asphalt cements have been found to have penetrations within the lower limits of the 200 to 300 penetration grade. COLD-MIX, COLD-LAID ASPHALT MIXTURE Emulsified asphalts and low-viscosity cutback asphalts are used to produce cold-mix asphalt mixtures. They also can be used immediately after production or stockpiled for use at a later date. SURFACE TREATMENTS: 1. SEAL COATS

are usually single applications of asphalt material that may or may not contain aggregates. The three types of seal coats commonly used in pavement maintenance are fog seals, slurry seals and aggregate seals, Fog Seal is a thin application of emulsified asphalt, usually with no aggregates added. Fog seals

are used mainly to:

Reduce the infiltration of air and water into the pavement Prevent the progressive separation of aggregate particles from the surface downward or from the edges inward ( raveling) in a pavement. Bring the surface of the pavement to its original state. Slurry Seal is a uniformly mixed combination of a slow-setting asphalt emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler and water. Aggregate Seals are obtained by spraying asphalt, immediately covering it with aggregates and then rolling the aggregates into the asphalt. Asphalts used for aggregate seals are usually the softer grades of paving asphalt and the heavier grades of liquid asphalts. Aggregate seals can be used to restore the surface of old pavements.

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PRIME COATS are obtained by spraying asphalt binder materials onto non-asphalt base courses. Prime coats are used mainly to: Provide a waterproof surface on the base Fill capillary voids in the base Facilitate the bonding of loose mineral particles Facilitate the adhesion of the surface treatment to the base

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TACK COATS is a thin layer of asphalt material sprayed over an old pavement to facilitate the bonding of the old pavement and a new course which is to be placed over the old pavement.

Selection of mineral aggregates Two categories of aggregates properties Consensus standard Source (agency) standard Angularity of fine aggregates The percent of air voids in loosely compacted aggregates smaller than 2.36mm Test method for uncompacted void content of fine aggregates Flat and elongated particle As one that has its maximum dimension five times greater than its minimum dimension This can be obtain by Flat or elongated particle in course aggregates Clay content

Percentage of clayey materials in the portion of aggregates passing through the 4.75mm sieve Obtained plastic fines in graded aggregates and soils by use of sand equivalent test Other aggregates properties for development of Superpave system Toughness Soundness Maximum allowable percentage of deleterious materials Gradation The distribution of aggregates particle size for given blend of aggregates is know as the design aggregate structure Gradation system used in superpave is based on the 0.45 gradation plot. Maxumun size One sieve larger than the nominal maximum size Nominal maximum size One sieve larger than the first sieve that retaines more than 10 percent of the aggregates Maximum density gradation Obtained when the aggregates particle fit together in their densest form Volumetric trial mixture design Selection of design aggregates structure Determining trial percentages of asphalt binder for each trial aggregates blend Evaluating trial mix design Obtaining design binder content

SUPERPAVE SYSTEMS Superpave, As part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), a new system for specifying the asphalt materials in asphalt concrete has been developed. which is a shortened form for superior performing asphalt pavements. The objective of this mix design is to obtain a mixture of asphalt and aggregates that has the following characteristics:

Sufficient asphalt binder Sufficient voids in the mineral aggregates (VMA) and air voids Sufficient workability, and Satisfactory performance characteristics over the service life of the pavement

A major difference between the Superpave mix design and other design methods, such as the Marshal and Hveem methods, is that the superpave mix design method mainly uses performance-based and performance-related characteristics as the selection criteria for the mix design. Figure 18.15 illustrates the structure of the Superpave mix design system. An Associated Superpave software is available for use by designers. The system consists if the following parts:

Selection of Materials Volumetric Trial Mixture Design Selection of Final Mixture Design Selection of Materials Selection of materials includes the selection of asphalt binder and suitable mineral aggregates. Selection of Asphalt Binder. Is based on the range of temperatures through which the pavement will be exposed and the traffic to be carried during its lifetime. The binders are classified with respect to the range of temperatures at which their physical property requirements must be met. The designer may determine the design pavement temperatures. The designer may determine the design air temperatures which are then converted to design pavement temperatures.