Pronunciation The letters b, d, f, k, l, p, ss, t, v, w and y are all the standard sounds and are pronounced as expected (notethe

ss is the regular ssound).H is not pronounced. Consonants Portuguese Ca, co, cu Ce,ci,a,o,u Ch Ga, go,gu,gue,gui Ge,gi, j Gu+vowel Lh (after vowel) !h "ua, #uo "ue, #ui r$rr s(when stletter) s %!etween " vowels) s %final letter or with# c, &t, &p' ((when stletter) ((otherwise) )(final letter) Phonetic sound $%$ $s$ $sh$ $g$ $&$ $gw$ $l'$ ( sound) nasal $ng$ $n'$ ( sound) $%w$ $%$ li%e (rench $r$ $s$ $)$ $sh$ $sh$ sh*%s*ss* ) $sh$ Example Ca*a Cinco Cha*pu Gal+(ia General Guarda Lhe Lati* ,onaldinho "ualifica-o "uil.*etro ,+dio /ecret+ria /iso /eis,estar 0enophobia 0ero((shero%s) 1e)

+owels This is where the pronunciation gets difficult as the Portuguese li%e to leave out most of the vowels when the' spea%, The letters+, 2, 3, 4are %nown as the sort forms and ma%e the !asic sounds as in -sat* let* not.. The same letters with a circumflex #5, 6, . ma%e longer sounds as in -earl'* great* throw.. The - (a with tilde) ma%es a nasal soun.7elevis-o has the last sound made with the nose. The letters u and 8 are alwa's strong* therefore alwa's pronounced li%e -food* meet.. /trangel' enough*a, e, o are hardl' pronounced* especiall' the e* which is !asicall' silent. /tress This refers to the part of the word that has the emphasis (e.g. communi cation). 0n Portuguese* it is generall' on the penultimate s'lla!le if the word ends with a vowel and the last s'lla!le if it ends with a consonant. 1therwise* accented vowels show where the stress is. 2ere are some first phrases to practise the pronunciation. English 2ello$ good morning 3ood afternoon 3ood evening$ night 2i 3ood!'e /ee 'ou 4es Portuguese 9o* dia 9oa tarde 9oa noite :l+ ;deus ;t3 logo /i* !-o <st+ be* 2ow it sounds Bondeea Bwatard Bwanoit Ola dayush taylogo See (nasal) Now (nasal) Ta bay

5o 0ts o.%. Please Than% 'ou 4oure welcome

Por favor$ /e fa) favor :brigado$:brigada= 1e nada

Se fash favor Obrigado/Obrigada Day nada

64ou sa' o!rigado if 'oure male* o!rigada if 'oure female. 5ote the apostrophe in the how it sounds column means its either unheard or there is a ver' short uh sound in its place (uhda'ush). /imilarl'* practise sa'ing the num!ers as indicated !elow. !u*bers to >? ? @ > A B C D E F G @? Hero I* 1ois$ duas 7r6s "uatro Cinco /eis /ete :ito !ove 1e) Zero Um Doysh/ doosh Traysh watr Seen! Saysh Set Oyt Nov desh @@ @> @A @B @C @D @E @F @G >? :nce 1o)e 7re)e Cator)e "uin)e 1e)asseis 1esassete 1e)oito 1e)anove Jinte Ons Doh" Tray" #ator" een" De"asaysh De"aset De"oyt De"anov $eent

5ote # dois is generall' used* !ut duas is used when referring to two feminine things or females.

EXCEPTII

Note Gostar needs to be followed by de before you say what you like. Its just a Portu uese thin ! "nd to finish this #a e$ heres how to say dont or doesnt. Put no before the %erb$ e. . No falo portugus.Eles no falam ingls. No comemos carne.No recordo a palavra. &'the word( Questions )nlike in En lish$ where we say do you ha%e'*$ there is no se#arate word for do or does. "ll you ha%e to do is +ake it sound like a ,uestion by raisin your intonation at the end of what you say. E. . Trabalhas em Portugal. Trabalhas em Portugal? Genders

There are three enders of nouns &thin s(- +as.uline$ fe+inine and neuter. /as.uline nouns usually end witho, ma, ta, ista, tra. 0e+inine nouns usually end witha. !rticles These are the words the and a1 an in En lish. In Portu uese$ the is /as.uline-o,0e+inine-a 0or a1 an +as.uline-um,fe+inine-uma,neuter-umo "ontractions The Portu uese like +akin thin s shorter$ in.ludin fusin words to ether. The .ontra.tions are ,uite a s#e.ifi. rou#$ whi.h is shown below.
2e 3 o &of the'( 2e 3 a 2e 3 os 2e 3 as de 1 e+ 3 ela 445 de 1 e+ 3 eles 445 de 1 e+ 3 elas 445 e+ 3 o &in the'( e+ 3 a e+ 3 este1 esse &in this'( e+ 3 isso e+ 3 a,uele #o #a #os #as dela $ nela deles $ neles delas $ nelas no na neste$ nesse

nisso na%uele

e+ 3 outro &in another'(

noutro

6o$ as you .an see$ when e+ or de are followed by arti.les or de+onstrati%e #ronouns$ they be.o+e stu.k to ether. These are %ery .o++only used$ so you need to et used to the+. E. ./aria da 7u8 is in the hall. 6hes fro+ the rou# that #lays a ainst the #eo#le in the other rou#. &aria da 'u( est) na sala. * do grupo %ue +uga contra a gente noutro grupo. Prepositions $ PreposiKes
7o L ; $ ;s These prepositions are used to indicate the final destiny, ti*e and direction. The' are also used along with ver!s that indicate movement and in some idiomatic expressions. These prepositions form contractions when used with definite articles. /tud' the chart !elow. Me*inine 1efinite ;rticle ; ;+ 7 ;s 7s : 8o :s 8os 7o$ at$ for + the asculine 7ranslation

8n order to, to, forward, for L Para This preposition is used to indicate the final destiny,recipient, deadline and to indicate goalsN <(a*plesO 9eus amigos foram para o :rasil. 9' friends went to :rasil. (destin') :n $ 8n $ ;t & <* <*# this preposition indicates places. ;hen used with definite or indefinite articles* a contraction is formed. The contractions< translation when definite articles are used is on $ in $ at + the and when indefinite articles are used the contractions< translation is on $in$ at + a(singular) or = some (plural). Contractions agree in gender and num!er with the place the' refer to. /tud' the charts !elow>

Me*inine 1efinite ;rticle ; <* + Mor, by, through L Por !a ;s !as : !o

asculine 7ranslation :s !os on $ in $ at + the

This preposition is used to indicate the duration of a period, the way used to reach the final destiny * to express gratitude* in passive voice sentences indicating the doer (the active person) of an action and also in some idiomatic expressions. <(a*plesO

9C?digo da +inci. foi escrito por @an :rown. -@a +inci Code. was written by @an :rown.
0n some cases por is used with definite articles forming contractions (stud' the chart !elow).

1efinite ;rticle

Me*inine ; pela ;s pelas :

asculine 7ranslation :s pelo Mor $ by $ through + the

por+
Mro* $ of L de

pelo

The preposition9dePis used to indicate possession, origin, and *aterial. 0t is also used with some ver!s such as gostar de (to li%e)*precisar de(to need) and to indicate the %ind of transport used to reach a place. 0n some cases de is used with definite articles forming contractions (see the chart !elow). Asuall' the contractions are used to specif' the word the preposition is connected to and also to show the ownership of something.

1efinite ;rticle

Me*inine ; ;s :

asculine 7ranslation :s Mro* $ of + the

1e+

da

das

do

dos

Qith and Qithout L Co* $ /e* Eu tra!alho co* ele. 0 wor% with him /inceL 1esde N:o %ejo +eus #ais desde ;<<<. I ha%ent seen +y #arents sin.e ;<<<. ;bout L /obre Eu falei +uito sobre %o.=. I talked a lot about you. 9efore L ;ntes Pre.isa+os la%ar as +:os antes de .o+er. >e need to wash the handsbefore eatin ;fterL ;p4s ;p4s o jo o %a+os jantar fora."fter the a+e were oin to eat out. Intil $ ;s far as & ;t3 N?s diri i+os at3 o @io de Aaneiro.>e dro%e as far as @io.

>hat Que >ho Quem >hy Por%u >hen Quando >here ,nde

Bow "omo Bow +u.h Quanto >hi.h Qual >hose #e %uem >here to !onde >here fro+ #onde
/o*e e(pressions using ;t3

C;t3 amanhB. /ee 'ou tomorrow. C;t3 mais tarde. /ee later. C;t3 logo. /ee 'ou soon C;t3 &C. /ee 'ou soon C;t3 Due enfim, (inall',

"on+unctions These are words like and$ but be.ause. They join two #arts of a senten.e &.lauses( to ether.
"nd Dut De.ause Er >ith >ithout That &the .ar that I want( E &as Por%u , "om -em Que

Que %ueres? .ma ma/ o uma banana? "omo %ueres ir? "om o sem o carro?&the .ar( #a0s The days in Portu uese .an be hard to et used to as /onday is known as se.ond day$ Tuesday as third day$ et.. This list starts fro+ 6unday as the first day. domingo segunda feira ter/a feira %uarta feira %uinta feira se1ta feira s)bado

Note how they dont start with a .a#ital letter. Fou .an also refer to the week days without the feira #art. To say on X4day$ use na segunda, na ter/a, et.. Bere is so+e +ore day related %o.abulary.
@elati%e days !nteontem ,ntem 2o+e !manh day before yesterday yesterday today to+orrow Parts of the day !manh Tarde Noite Noite +ornin afternoon e%enin ni ht

#irect ,b+ect Pronouns These are words like +e$ hi+$ her$ it$ us. They are fiGed to the end of the %erb thats used with the #eo#le or thin s.
/e Fou Bi+1 it &+as..( Ber1 it &fe+.( )s Fou &#lural( The+ &e Te , ! Nos 3os ,s$ as Bel# +e I see you I sell it I want it Bel# us I hear you &all( I see the+ !+uda me 3e+o te 3endo o Quero a !+uda nos ,uvo vos 3e+o os$ as

6o you need to know the ender of thin s so that you et the #ronoun ri ht. "s said #re%iously$ with #eo#le in #lural for+$ if there are any +en$ the #ronoun will be +as.uline. "omparatives$ -uperlatives These are words used when .o+#arin so+ethin to so+ethin else &bi er$ u lier$ +ore interestin 1 bi est$ u liest$ +ost interestin $ et..( These adje.ti%es are +ore strai htforward than in En lish$ where the three ty#es are shown abo%e. "#art fro+ a few .o++on ones$ you use the words for +ore$ less$ +ost$ least before the standard adje.ti%e. &ais alto, menos alto &tall( &ais bonita, menos bonita &ais inteligente, menos inteligente " ain$ with adje.ti%es$ they will nor+ally o after the noun if you use one.

, homem mais inteligente. Now$ all of the abo%e .an +ean +ore1 +ost or less1 least. It just de#ends on the .onteGt of the senten.e. Bowe%er$ to .o+#are so+ethin to so+ethin else$ you add %ue. ! mulher 4 mais alta %ue o homem. , meu carro 4 mais r)pido %ue um autocarro. &bus( There are a few irre ular ones$ thusDetter >orse Di er 6+aller &elhor Pior &aior &enor$ mais pe%ueno

5mperatives These are the .o++ands$ whi.h are ,uite si+#le to for+ in Portu uese. Fou si+#ly use the %erb in the Hrd #erson sin ular &the he1 she for+s(. Thus3em /a6 .o+e here! 7ala6 6#eak! Espera6 >ait! Dut to tell so+eone not to do so+ethin $ you use the subjun.ti%e %ersion. "s we ha%ent .o%ered this$ an easy way to look at it is like this. Fou basi.ally use the in.orre.t endin s of the se.ond and third #erson %erb for+s &4e for a$ 4a for e(. No esperes6 2ont wait! &to a friend( No espere6 &to so+eone you dont know #ersonally( No esperem6 &to +any #eo#le( To i%e affir+ati%e .o++ands to #eo#le you dont know$ you also use these subjun.ti%e endin s. Espere6 7ale6 et.. The past tense

In Portu uese$ it e,uates to both the #ast si+#le &I was( and the #resent #erfe.t &I ha%e been( in En lish. Deware of the Hrd #erson sin ular endin s as they .an be tri.ky to re+e+ber. "s for the others$ they follow #atterns that are easy enou h to et used to.
!8 ei aste ou )mos aram falei falaste falou falI+os falara+ E8 i este eu emos eram .o+i .o+este .o+eu .o+e+os .o+era+ 58 i iste iu imos iram #arti #artiste #artiu #arti+os #artira+

-E8 e 58 translate as the sa+e words in this tense. fui, foste, foi, fomos, foram There is another #ast tense &I+#erfe.t($ whi.h well look at later. Pra.tise this one for now! Prepositions These are the words to talk about #la.e and +o%e+ent &e. . in$ on$ under$ towards$ around$ et..(. Beres a list of these two rou#s.
In1 En "t )nder E%er NeGt to Near to 0ar fro+ Detween " ainst In front of 1 E##osite Dehind Em ! #ebai1o de !cima de !o lado de Perto de 'onge de Entre "ontra Em frente de !tr)s de Towards "way fro+ "round )# 2own ! 'onge de Em redor de$ em torno de Em cima de Por$ abai1o

"s in En lish$ so+e ha%e the eGtra word de9$ whi.h is ne.essary to use. "nd to finish this #a e$ heres so+e %o.abulary whi.h is related to the #re#ositions. :uildings ; edif<cios

house flat sho# hos#ital #oli.e station .afJ bar1 #ub restaurant hotel .lub1 dis.o train station bus station air#ort su#er+arket

.ma casa .m apartamento .ma lo+a .m hospital ! pol<cia .m caf4 .m bar .m restaurante .m hotel .ma discoteca$ um club .ma esta/o de trem .ma esta/o de autocarro , aeroporto , supermercado

The 7uture Tense In En lish$ we use will and oin to to talk about the future. In Portu uese$ both of these e,uate to the future tense. Fou use the #resent tense of ir9 #lus the %erb in the infiniti%e &basi. for+(. E. . 3ou trabalhar. 3ais estudiar. 3ai comer. 3amos dan/ar. 5des partir. 3o saber. "lternati%ely$ as in En lish$ you .an use the #resent tense with a .larifyin ad%erb whi.h denotes the future &e. . I+ swi++in to+orrow(.
Nado amanh.

Ever0$ -ome$ No
E%ery "oisas &thin ( 'ugares &where( Pessoas &body1 one( tudo em toda parte toda a gente 6o+e algum$a em algum lugar algu4m No nada em nenhuma parte ningu4m

.sing =>ith9 This is irre ular$ when you say with you$ with +e$ et.. "om ets .ontra.ted with a few obje.t #ronouns$ as seen below.
com ? pessoa >ith +e >ith you >ith hi+1 her >ith us >ith you &#l.( >ith the+ comigo contigo com ele$ ela connosco com v@ces com eles$ elas

Time Que horas so?

Its K o.lo.k Its ; o.lo.k L #ast H K< #ast M ,uarter #ast L half #ast N ;L to O ;< to P ,uarter to Q K< to K< L to KK +idni ht +idday * uma hora -o duas horas Trs e cinco Quarto e de( "inco e %uin(e -eis e meia 3inte e cinco para as sete 3inte para as oito Quin(e para as nove #e( para as de( "inco para as on(e &eia noite &eio dia

To say at or to a ti+e$ you si+#ly use A or As$ de#endin on whether the hour is K or other hours &as they are refered to in Portu uese(. B uma hora, A uma e %uin(e, A uma e meia. Bs duas e de(, As trs e vinte, As %uarto e vinte e cinco. To say fro+ a ti+e$ use de9 in its .ontra.ted for+ as youll need it with A$ As. #as trs As %uarto. #as cinco e meia As de(.

"nd finally$ to say in the +ornin $ et.$ you use da9.

In the early +ornin In the +ornin In the afternoon In the e%enin 1 ni ht #a madrugada #a manh #a tarde #a noite

The 5mperfect Tense >e%e seen one #ast tense$ but there are other ways of talkin about the #ast. The i+#erfe.t tense is used when you want to say 9I was Xin R$ 9I used to XR$ 9I re#eatedly XedR. It is for+ed by usin another endin to the %erbs and it doesnt need the few words that En lish uses to for+ it. 7!'!8
I was s#eakin you were s#eakin he1she was s#eakin 1 you &#olite( were s#eakin we were s#eakin you &#lural( were s#eakin 1 they were s#eakin falava falavas falava

fal)vamos falavam

8egular ;E8, 58 verbs >ithout oin throu h a list a ain$ both of these ty#es of %erbs end with ia, ias, ia, <amos, iam. comia, bebias, devia, corr<amos, recebiam Dut of .ourse$ so+e %erbs are irre ular in the i+#erfe.t. Bere are so+e .o++on ones.

58 ia ias ias Sa+os ia+

358 %inha %inhas %inha %Snha+os %inha+

TE8 tinha tinhas tinha tSnha+os tinha+

-E8 era eras era Jra+os era+

PC8 &#ut( #unha #unhas #unha #Tnha+os #unha+

The i+#erfe.t is also used to say there was1 were. The one word for both is havia. Question Tags These are when you end a state+ent with a little ,uestion$ like its o%er there$ isnt it*$ or ha%ent you*$ did he*$ et.. "lthou h they are %ery .o+#li.ated in En lish$ lu.kily they arent in Portu uese! Fou .an either just use these ,uestion ta s in e%ery .ase' sabes falar #ortu u=s$ no 4? ostas de nadar$ verdade?
Er you .an also +erely re#eat the %erb in the ne ati%esabes falar #ortu u=s$ no sabes?

"nd to finish this .ourse$ here are a few rou#s of filler %o.abulary. !dverbs of time
now soon later always so+eti+es ne%er already still &I+ still here( !gora Em breve Tarde -empre Bs ve(es Nunca D) !inda

!dverbs of amount
+ore less lots &a lot( &ais &enos &uitos

so+e a little

.ns$ umas .m pouco

,thers
also1 too neither1 nor only enou h too +u.h al+ost so that really1 really* neGt last Tamb4m Tampouco -E :astante #emasiado Quase Para %ue 8ealmente PrE1imo Fltimo

;rticles asculine Me*inine

1efinite & singular $plural 7he

8ndefinite & singular $ plural ; $ /o*e

1 $ 1s 8 $ 8s

Am$ Ans Ama$ Amas

Cardinal 5um!ers - 5Emeros

NT+eros Co++ents < Uero 4 K )+ )+a for fe+inine nouns ; 2ois 2uas for fe+inine nouns H Tr=s 4 M Vuatro 4 L Cin.o 4 N 6eis 4 O 6ete 4 P Eito 4 Q No%e 4 K< 2e8 4 KK En8e 4 K; 2o8e 4 KH Tre8e 4 KM Vuator8e Cator8e is also a..e#ted KL Vuin8e 4 KN 2e8esseis 4

KO 2e8essete 4 KP 2e8oito 4 KQ 2e8eno%e 4 ;< Winte 4 ;K Winte e u+ Winte e u+a for fe+inine nouns ;; Winte e dois Winte e duas for fe+inine nouns ;H Winte e tr=s 4 ;M Winte e ,uatro 4 ;L ... 4 H< Trinta 4 M< Vuarenta 4 L< Cin,Xenta 4 N< 6essenta 4 O< 6etenta 4 P< Eitenta 4 Q< No%enta 4 K<< Ce+ 4 ;<< 2u8entos 2u8entas for fe+inine nouns H<< Tre8entos Tre8entas for fe+inine nouns M<< Vuatro.entos Vuatro.entas for fe+inine nouns L<< Vuinhentos Vuinhentas for fe+inine nouns N<< 6eis.entos 6eis.entas for fe+inine nouns O<< 6ete.entos 6ete.entas for fe+inine nouns P<< Eito.entos Eito.entas for fe+inine nouns Q<< No%e.entos No%e.entas for fe+inine nouns K.<<< /il 4 ;.<<< 2ois +il 2uas +il for fe+inine nouns H.<<< Tr=s +il 4 K.<<<.<<< )+ +ilh:o 4 ;.<<<.<<< 2ois +ilhYes 4 K.<<<.<<<.<<< )+ bilh:o 4

Notes 4 To say thirty one$ et..$ you need to addebetween the nu+bers. Nu+bers fro+ ;<< u# need to +at.h the ender of the thin bein .ounted. The hundreds after L<< are re ularly for+ed &as one word(. >ith K<<<3 you dont usee9if the other #art of the nu+ber is in the tens or units.

:rdinal !u*bers & !R*eros :rdinais

Nu+ber 0irst 6e.ond

0e+inine Pri+eira 6e unda

Third 0ourth 0ifth 6iGth 6e%enth Ei hth Ninth Tenth

1ays of the *onth

Ter.eira Vuarta Vuinta 6eGta 6Jti+a Eita%a Nona 2J.i+a

0n Portuguese the ordinal num!ers are not used to express the da's of the month. People use the word -primeiro. &ust for the first da' and cardinal num!ers (dois* trFs* Duatro* cinco* seisG) for the other da's. <(a*plesO

dateO @@$?@$>??DO Primeiro de novem!ro de dois mil e seis.(literal translation> (irst of 5ovem!er of two
thousand six)

7i*e $ Horas
:bserve B dialogues belowO @'- Por favor* Due horas sBoH (Please* what time is itH) - /Bo cinco horas $/Bo cinco horase* ponto. (0ts five ocloc%$ its I>JJ am sharp) >' - Por favor* Due horas sBo H (Please* what time is itH) - /Bo cinco e vinte. (0ts five twent') A' - Por favor* Due horas sBoH (Please* what time is itH) - /Bo vinte para as cinco. (0ts four fort'$ its twent' to five) B' - Por favor* Due horas sBoH (Please* what time is itH) - /Bo cinco e*eia(0tsfive thirt')

CThe expression-"ue horas s-oSPis used to as% time. CThe expression-e* pontoPmeans -sharp.(dialogue nu*ber@). CTo answer the minutes 'ou must add-eP!etween the hour and minutes (dialogue nu*ber >). CTo answer the minutes after the first KJ minutes* 'ou can use the minutes to the next hour followed !'-para asP
and the next hour (dialogue nu*ber A). Thus* !etween hours and minutes 'oull use or-eP or Tpara asPN

CThe word *eia means half(dialogue nu*ber B)

;hen referring to all hours*s-o %are) is the adeDuate con&ugation of the ver! ser that must !e used ,except when referring to >JJ or to the word Lmeio-diaL or Lmeia-noiteL N0n these cases -3P %is' is the appropriate ver!. 1!serve the sentences !elow>

@O?? L U u*a hora ">JJ - /Bo duas horas (da manhB) >JJpm $ K>JJ # M uma hora (da tarde) $ /Bo tre)e horas. ">JJpm $ N>JJ #/Bo duas horas (da tarde) $ /Bo cator)e horas. O>JJpm $ P>JJ # /Bo sete horas (da noite) $/Bo de)enove horas. Q>JJpm $ "J>JJ /Bo oito horas (da noite) $ /Bo vinte horas. 0n Portuguese* when referring to -am. or -pm.* use the expressions-da *anh-P, Tda tardePor-da noitePNThose expressions are used with specific time. ;hen 'ou want to express the time that an event !egins and ends use the formula> from (hour) to (hour) R das %horas' 2s %horas' or the formula das %horas' at3 as %horas' <(a*pleO

; reuni-o ser+ das GO?? 2s @@O??N

The meeting will !e from nine to ten.

; reuni-o ser+ das GO?? at3 as @@O??N

The meeting will !e from nine till ten. ;hen 'ou &ust want to refer to the period of the da' an event occurs* use the following expressions> de *anh-(in the morning)*2 tarde(in the afternoon)*2 noite(in the evening or at night) <(a*plesO Estudo portuguFs e *anh- L stud' Portuguesein the *orningN CO??# /Bo cinco horas CO?C /Bo cinco e cinco CO@C /Bo cinco e Duin)e CO>? /Bo cinco e vinte CO>C /Bo cinco e vinte e cinco COA? /Bo cinco e treinta $ /Bo cinco e *eia COB?- /Bo cinco e Duarenta $ /Bo vinte para as seis COBC- /Bo cinco e Duarenta e cinco $/Bo Duin)e para as seis COC /Bo cinco e cinDuenta $ /Bo de) ara a eis

@emonstrative Pronouns $ Pronomes @emonstrativos

Ased when something is close to the spea%er. -This. means este $esta and -these. means estes $ estas. This-este$esta theseSestes$estas These demonstrative pronouns are used when something is far from the spea%er !ut close to the listener. thatSesse$essas thoseSesses$essas

0n Portuguese 'oull find demonstrative pronouns to refer to things that are further away in space or ti*e fro* both spea%er and listener.

thatZa,uele1a,uela thoseZa,ueles1a,uelas
4ou can use 8sto(this thing* this)*8sso(that thing* that) and ;#uilo that thing) # to express your opinion or ideas. 4ou can also use them to point something* without sa'ing the name of the thing. These demonstrative pronouns do not identif' o!&ects (the' dont accompan' a noun) and the' are used &ust in the singular form.

This1this thin 4444isto that1that thin 444isso that thin 444a,uilo

<(a*plesO C1 Due T issoH ;hat is thatH

C1 Due T a#uiloH;hat is that thing over thereH C8sto nBo T !om. This is not good.

0ndefinite Pronouns $ Pronomes 0ndefinidos

Qhat is a indefinite pronounS 0ndefinite pronouns are words that replace nounsU the' refer to an identifia!le !ut not specified person or thing* expressing the idea of all* none* an' or some. <verything & 7udo !othing $ ;nything& !ada ore, less L ais , *enos

/o*ebody$;nybody and !obody$!o one L ;lgu3* $ and !ingu3* /o*e$;ny and !one L ;lgu*$ ;lgunsand !enhu*%*asculine' /o*e$;ny and !one L ;lgu*a $ ;lgu*as and !enhu*a%fe*inine' /o *uch and so *any & 7anto $ tantaand tantos $ tantas Mew and *any L poucos $ poucasand *uitos $ *uitas Little and *uch L pouco $ poucaand *uito $ *uita

/everal L J+rias e J+rios These pronouns are used in the plural form and the' must agree in gender with the noun the' refer to.- J+riosPis used along with plural $ masculine words and-v+riasPwith plural $ feminine words. /tud' the examples> <(a*plesO

CEu tenho v+rios amigos na Europa. 0 have several friends in Europe. CEla gosta de v+rias canVWes diferentes. /he li%es severeal different songs.
Qhole $ <ntire L 7odo $ 7oda

;hen-todoPand-todaPmean-eachPor-allP,is not necessar' to use a definite article. :ut when the' mean-entireP'ou do have to use the definite article !efore the noun. /tud' the examples !elow and o!serve that the' agree in gender with the noun the' accompan'. <(a*plesO

CEu estava fora todo o dia. 0 was out the entire da' C7odo dia telefono para ela. Ever' da' 0 call her. C7oda pessoa precisa de amor. Each person needs love.
<very $ ;ll L 7odos$ 7odas These pronouns are alwa's used with article. /tud' the examples !elow and o!serve that the' agree in gender with the noun the' accompan'. -Todos. is used along with plural $ masculine words and -todas. along with plural $ feminine words <(a*plesO

C7odos os dias telefono para ela. Ever' da' 0 call her. C7odas as pessoas precisam de amor. 8ll people need love.

Possessive Pronouns $ Prono*es Possessivos

En lish /y 1 +ine Four 1 yours Bis 1 Ber1 hers 1 its Eur 1 ours Their 1 theirs /as.uline /eu 1 /eus 6eu 1 6eus 2ele Nosso1 Nossos 2eles 0e+inine /inha1 /inhas 6ua 1 6uas 2ela Nossa 1 Nossas 2elas

5ote that in the examples !elow the possessive pronouns are used without article* !ecause the' co*e after verb to be 1 carro 3 *eu. The car is mine 1 carro 3 seuNThe car is 'ours. 5ote that in the examples !elow the possessive pronouns are used with definite articles inha casa T verde. ; sua T vermelha. 9' house is green. 4ours is red. /ua casa T verde.; *inha T vermelha. 4our house is green. 9ine is red. !ote 8 The possessive pronouns seu $seus $sua $ suas can !e used to refer to your %yours', his, her %hers' and their %theirs'causing am!iguities* !ecause 'ou dont %now if the pronoun is referring to 'ou or to other person. 0n some cases to avoid am!iguit' of the nouns ownership* the possessive pronouns dele $ deles $ dela $delasare used to refer to his & dele,her$hers & dela, their$theirs & deles,their$theirs * !ut for feminine group& delasNThese pronouns agree in gender and num!er with the person who owns the thing* !ecause these possessive pronouns alwa's refer to the person and not to the o!&ect.

!ote 88 The possessive pronouns teu $teus $tua $ tuas can also !e used to refer to your and yours. 8nd in this case* the' also agree in gender and num!er with the thing possessed. !ote 888 Asuall' Portuguese grammar !oo%s recommend that it is not necessar' to use possessive pronouns !efore !od' parts* especiall' when the' are used to complement the ver!. :ut colloDuiall' is ver' common to use possessive pronouns along with !od' parts.

,elative Pronouns & Prono*es ,elativos

,elative Pronouns 8 relative pronoun is a word that connects or com!ines two elements in a sentence standing in a place of a noun. Xelative pronouns alwa's refer to the antecedent word. Co*pareO This is the !oo%. 0 edited the !oo% This is the !oo% that 0 edited. "ue 9Yue. means who* whom* which and that* thus it can !e used to refer to !oth people and things. -Yue. can !e used with or without a preposition even when it refers to people. <(a*plesO

8 menina #ue estava no parDue T Zaura. (The girl who was in the par% is Zaura) 8 porta #ue estC Due!rada. (The door that is !ro%en)
"ue* 9Yuem. mean who or whom. This relative pronoun is used &ust to refer to people. -Yuien. is singular and -Duienes. is plural. 8 preposition must precede this pronoun. /tud' the examples !elow> <(a*ples

8 pessoa a #ue* ele dedicou o trofTu tam!Tm foi um vencedor. (The person to whom he dedicated
the troph' was also a winner) "ual $ "uais 9Yual $ Duais. means that* which* whom* whom. 0n other words the' have the same meaning as LYueL and LYuemL do. The' are used to refer to !oth people and things. -Yual. is singular and -Duais. is plural. @efinite articles must precede and agree with these relative pronouns. 0f the preposition that proceed the pronoun has more than " s'lla!les* 'ou have to use LDualL. /tud' the examples !elow> <(a*plesO 1 ator so!re o Dual falei T muito talentoso. (The actor who 0 tal%ed a!out is ver' talented.) Cujo $ cujos $ cuja $ cujas 9Cu&o $ cu&os $ cu&a $ cu&as. mean whose. These relative pronouns agree in gender and num!er with the possessed thing (and not the owner). <(a*plesO

1 menino cuja irmB estC doente* estuda em outra escola. (The !o' whose sister is sic%* studies in another school.) :nde L1ndeL also means Lem DueL and alwa's refer to places. <(a*plesO 8 cidade onde nasci T peDuena. (the cit' where 0 was !orn is small)

;sking #uestions in Portuguese

QhereS :ndeS 1e onde voc6 3S- ;here are 'ou from QhoS "ue*S "ue* 3 voc6S;ho are 'ouH "ue* s-o voc6sS;ho are 'ouH 0n this case the ver! ser # to !e - must agree with the person voc6sN "ue* 3 elaS;ho is sheH QhatS : #ueS : #ue 3 issoS;hat is thisH : #ue voc6 fa)S;hat do 'ou doH QhenS "uandoS "uando voc6 vai viajarS;hen are 'ou going to travelH "uando voc6 joga futebolS;hen do 'ou pla' soccerH QhyNNNNbecause & Por #ueNNNNNNNpor#ue Carlos & Por #ue voc6 est+ e* casaS ;h' are 'ou at homeH How *any$*uchS "uantoS $"uantos$ "uantas

7o 9e & /er $ <star

The ver! ser is used for conditions or characteristics that are permanent and the ver! estar is used for transitor' or not permanent conditions or characteristics.
9aria 3 !onita (9aria is !eautiful) # 9aria is reall' !eautiful* ma'!e since she was !orn. 9aria est+ !onita (9aria is !eautiful) # 0n that moment 9aria is !eautiful* !ut ma'!e she doesnt loo% !eautiful all the time.

6in ular

Plural

K ; H K ; H

Eu Tu Ele 1 Ela 1 Wo.= N?s W?s Eles 1Elas 1 Wo.=s

sou Js J so+os sois s:o

Jerb TserP

6in ular

Eu

sou

Plural

Ele 1 Ela 1 Wo.=1 Isso 1 Isto 1 " ente 1 6in ular words N?s Eles 1 Elas 1 Wo.=s 1 Plural words
Jerb TestarP

J so+os s:o

6in ular Plural

Eu Ele 1 Ela 1 Wo.=1 Isso 1 Isto 1 " ente 1 6in ular words N?s Eles 1 Elas 1 Wo.=s 1 Plural words

estou estI esta+os est:o

8*portant !ote - ;hen referring to a place that a person is located* the ver! - estarP must !e used* and when referring to a place that a person is from* the ver! -serP is used. Co*pareO

C<u estou em /Bo Paulo. (0m in /Bo Paulo.)- 1!serve that in this example the ver! estar was used C<u sou de /Bo Paulo. (0m from /Bo Paulo.) - 1!serve that in this example the ver! ser was used
8*portant !otes "- (or nationalities and professions use also ver! ser Co*pareO

C<u sou dentista. (0m dentist.) C<u sou !rasileira. (0m !ra)ilian.)

There are three ty#es of %erbs. Those endin in ar, er, ir in the infiniti%e &like to be$ to o$ et..( 0irstly$ there are three %erbs for to be$ whi.h de#end on why you are usin the+.
-er& eneral$ #er+anent( Eu sou Tu 4s Ele1ela1%o.= 4 N?s somos W?s sois Eles1elas1%o.=s so Estar &te+#orary situations( Eu estou Tu est)s Ele1ela1%o.= est) N?s estamos W?s estais Eles1elas1%o.=s esto 7icar &lo.ation( 7ico 7icas 7ica 7icamos 7icais 7icam

Estar and 0i.ar and ,uite re ular$ so you .an see how the endin s of the words .han e. Beres how the three ty#es of %erbs .han e if they are re ular.

!8 G"antarH&to sin ( Eu .anto Tu .antas Ele .anta N?s .antamos W?s .antais Eles .antam

E8 G"omerH&to eat( Eu .o+o Tu .o+es Ele .o+e N?s .o+emos W?s.o+eis Eles .o+em

58 GPartirH&to lea%e( Eu #arto Tu #artes Ele #arte N?s #artimos W?s #artis Eles #artem