CERTU STRMTG PPCI transports du quotidien

PCI Interface voirie et transports collectifs

CETE Aerial cableways as urban transport systems

December 2011

French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and

ousing

AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()**

(+*,

AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

Ca'le transport s-ste&s are effectivel- a'sent fro& t.e ur'an and su'ur'an pu'lic transport landscape in /rance0 1.ere 2ondola lifts and aerial tra&1a-s re&ain essentiall- perceived as s-ste&s for t.e transport of s3iers in 1inter sports resorts4 Ca'le s-ste&s can0 .o1ever0 'e used in ur'an areas4 Europe .as a nu&'er of 2round$'ased s-ste&s 5suc. as funiculars in cities includin2 L-on0 Barcelona0 Inns'ruc3 and Le 6avre a&on2st ot.er locations7 and a s&all nu&'er of ca'le cars0 lar2el- ai&ed at t.e tourist &ar3et 5for e8a&ple in Barcelona0 Colo2ne and Lis'on74 Several &etropolitan areas 5!edell9n0 Caracas0 Rio de :aneiro0 Portland0 Ne1 Yor30 Al2iers and ot.ers7 .ave even incorporated 2ondolas and aerial tra&1a-s into t.eir pu'lic transport net1or3s4 E&'le&atic pro;ects suc. as t.ese can provide an effective ur'an transport solution4 In /rance0 t.e la1* identifies ca'le s-ste&s as one of t.e alternatives t.at could offer an efficient solution as part of a polic- of reducin2 pollution and 2reen.ouse 2as e&issions4 And so&e ca'le transport pro;ects are currentl- 'ein2 run '- local aut.orities4 T.e conte8t in 1.ic. ca'le s-ste&s operate0 1.at needs do t.e- &eet and 1.at are t.e costs involved in t.eir develop&ent are funda&ental questions local aut.orities &ust address4 T.is for&ed t.e fra&e1or3 for a studunderta3en '- !inistr- of Transport to 'e pu'lis.ed earl- in ()*(4 T.is docu&ent provides a su&&ar- of t.is stud-4

!erial tram"ay in #ortland $ %regon &photo Doppelmayr'

* T.e Au2ust <0 ())= pro2ra&&in2 la1 n> ())=$=?@ addressin2 t.e i&ple&entation of t.e A#renelle de lBenvironne&entC %isposals Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** <+*,

AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

Cable transport systems : terminological clarifications

T.e voca'ular- used varies accordin2 to t.e conte8t D usual lan2ua2e0 re2ulator-0 industrial environ&entsE T.e ter&inolo2ical c.oices in t.is docu&ent 1ere &ade onl- in order to s.are t.e sa&e definitions4

Two families of aerial cableways

Aerial tramways are ca'le transport s-ste&s 1it. one or t1o ve.icles &ovin2 'ac3 and fort. on a fi8ed trac3 5e8a&plesD Portland0 Ne1 Yor374 T.e ve.icles are 2enerall- lar2e0 var-in2 in passen2er capacit- fro& <) to ())4 Gondolas are s-ste&s equipped 1it. ca'ins &ovin2 alon2 on a unidirectional loop4 T.e 2ondola ca'ins are s&all0 1it. eac. co&&onl- a'le to acco&&odate 'et1een , and ,) people4 S-ste&s of t.is 3ind 2enerall.ave a declutc.in2( &ec.anis&0 1.ic. allo1s one car to 'e slo1ed or stopped in a station 1it.out an- i&pact on t.e overall flo1 of ca'ins on t.e loop4 T.e ca'le1a- stations include 'oardin2 and dise&'ar3in2 'uildin2s and structures4

Monocable gondolas in Saragossa $ Spain &photo (eitner'

Technologies differ depending on the number of cables and their function

Monocable technology is a term is used when a single cable is used to pull and support the cars (examples : !edell9n in Colombia and Caracas in Venezuela). This type of technology means using small cars (generally fewer than 1 places) and limiting the distances betweens pylons (maximal distance : !! to "!! metres). icable or tricable tec.nolo2- ter&s are used 1.en one ca'le is used to pull t.e cars 1.ilst one or t1o ot.ers support t.eir 1ei2.t 5e8a&ple D Co'lenF in #er&an-74 T.is t-pe of s-ste& allo1s lon2er distances 'et1een p-lons 5up to several 3ilo&etres7 and lar2er cars4

# They are e$uipped with a de%ice which allows gondolas to be uncoupled from the haul rope on their arri%al at the station and to be attached again to the haul rope on the exit from the station. Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** ,+*,

AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

Tricable )ondola in *oblen+ $ )ermany &photo Doppelmayr'

!t"er types of cable systems not included in t"is document #uniculars are s-ste&s pulled '- a ca'le and runnin2 on rails4 T.e- usuall- operate out and 'ac34 So&e co&para'le s-ste&s can incorporate a declutc.in2 &ec.anis& and &ove continuousl-0 for e8a&ple in Peru2ia 5Ital-74 $ifts pulled '- ca'les are so&eti&es desi2nated as a funicular4 T.e- are 'ased on specific tec.nolo2ies and 2overned '- separate re2ulations to funiculars0 applica'le to all 3ind of lifts4

A highly regulated sector in France

/renc. re2ulations 2overnin2 t.e desi2n0 safet- and operation of ca'le transport s-ste&s are split 'et1een t.e Touris& Code 51.ic. applies to specific tourist areas7 and t.e Transport Code4 S-ste&s providin2 pu'lic ur'an or su'ur'an transport services are 2overned solel- '- re2ulations 'ased on t.e Transport Code0 and in particular decree n> ())<$,(G of !a- =0 ())< on t.e safet- of 2uided pu'lic transport s-ste&s4 T.e re2ulations are identical 1.et.er t.e s-ste& is 1it.in an ur'an transport area or not4 %"ic" aut"ority is responsible for cable system implementation and operation & As 1it. ot.er &odes of pu'lic transport0 t.e transport aut.orit- responsi'le for i&ple&entation and operation of a ca'le transport s-ste& depends on t.e t-pe of service provided0 and in particular 1.et.er t.e s-ste& runs 1it.in an ur'an transport net1or3 or not4 Ur'an transport aut.orities 1ill 'e t.e co&petent aut.orit- for services provided 1it.in an ur'an transport area 5PTU74 T.e d,partement 5Count-7 or re2ion 1ill 'e responsi'le for services provided outside of ur'an transport areas4 In t.e case of a service 'et1een several ur'an transport areas or 'et1een an ur'an transport area and a non$ur'an transport area0 t.e co&petent aut.orit- &a- 'e t.e ur'an transport aut.orit-0 count- or re2ion0 'ased on an a2ree&ent dra1n up '- t.e various institutions concerned4
Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** G+*,

AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

Ser'ice le'els comparable wit" ("ig")capacity( modes of transport

Ca'le s-ste&s ac.ieve relativel- .i2. perfor&ance and are co&para'le to transport s-ste&s 1it. a .i2. level of service0 suc. as tra&1a-s and B6LS4 T.e ser'ice fre*uency of t.e 2ondolas at stations varies si2nificantl- 'et1een s-ste&s0 fro& tens of seconds to around *G &inutes4 Wit. 2ondola s-ste&s0 t.e cars can arrive into stations and depart on an al&ost continual 'asis4 ne e8a&ple of t.is is in !edell9n0 1it. cars departin2 ever- *( seconds at pea3 ti&es4 /requencies are lo1er0 .o1ever0 in t.e case of aerial tra&1a-s4 T.e Roosevelt Island Tra&1a- in Ne1 Yor3 departs ever- H &inutes durin2 pea3 ti&es and ever- *G &inutes off$pea34 T.e commercial speed of ca'le s-ste&s depends &ainl- on t.e speed < of t.e traction ca'le and on t.e distance 'et1een stations4 T.e co&&ercial speeds of t.e s-ste&s in service around t.e 1orld var- 'et1een *G and (, 3&+. at pea3 ti&es4 T.ese are .i2.l- co&petitive speeds in ur'an environ&ents0 particularl- 1.ere t.ere are si2nificant .ei2.t differences to 'e overco&e4 Co&&ercial speeds can 'e affected '- operational arran2e&ents suc. as &easures to separate passen2ers 2ettin2 in and out of ca'ins or to i&prove accessi'ilit- for &o'ilit- i&paired people4 T.e capacity of ca'le transport s-ste&s depends pri&aril- on t.e capacit- of t.e ca'ins0 on t.e spacin2 of ca'ins on t.e ca'le and t.e speed of t.e traction ca'le4 ne of t.e advanta2es of t.ese s-ste&s is t.at t.eoperate 1it.in t.eir o1n dedicated space0 and are t.erefore independent of constraints to 1.ic. ot.er &odes of transport operatin2 on t.e road net1or3 &a- 'e su';ected4 T.is ena'les consistent ;ourne- ti&es t.rou2.out t.e da- to 'e provided to2et.er 1it. effective passen2er t.rou2.put4 T.e capacit- of aerial tra&1a-s is directl- lin3ed to t.e rat.er D entire len2t. of t.e course and is li&ited to ( ))) ;ourne-s per .our per direction4 #ondolas can ac.ieve &uc. .i2.er levels of t.rou2.put of around < ?)) to , ))) ;ourne-s per .our per direction0 dependin2 on t.e tec.nolo2- used,4
Standard bu s Aerial tram way Articu lated bu s Rail)based tram way +/- m . /0-43 i)articu lated bu s Ru bber tyre)based tram way +-/ m 3 Monocable gondolas i) or tricable gondolas Rail)based tram way +-- m . /0,43 Rail)based tram way +,- m . /0123 ) *))) ())) <))) pass4+.r4+dir4 ,))) G))) ?)))

Ma-imum theoretical capacity of systems . / minutes fre0uency, 1 passengers2m3 for buses and tram"ays &source 4 *ertu, manufacturers'

T.e unique access to 2ondolas result in separate entr- and e8it arran2e&ents in t.e station0 to opti&iFe t.e flo1 and circulation of passen2ers4 T.e t.eoretical &a8i&u& capacit- of t.e ca'le transport s-ste&s is .i2.er t.an 'uses capacit- on standard conditions of operation and co&para'le to efficient ur'an transports li3e B6LS or <<& tra&1a-4
& 'aximum authorized speed in (rance : between and 1#.) m*s+ depending on systems , -ased on the characteristics of the systems currently operating Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** ?+*,

AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

5uality of ser'ice
Ca'le s-ste&s provide different levels of service 1it. co&pared to ot.er transport s-ste&s4 T.e- also .ave so&e tec.nical features 1.ic. li&it passen2er co&fort in spite of re2ular tec.nolo2- i&prove&ents4 T.e a'ailability le'els of ca'le s-ste&s are equivalent to &etro s-ste&s 52enerall- a'ove ==4G I0 all events co&'ined74 As for ot.er ur'an transport s-ste&s0 ac.ievin2 t.is level of availa'ilit- &eans i&ple&entin2 an effective preventive &aintenance and c.ec3in2 polic-4 Poor 1eat.er0 and in particular .i2. 1inds0 are t.e &ain causes for service interruptions4 T.eir real i&pact on t.e operation is not so i&portant4 T.e &a8i&u& accepta'le 1ind speeds var- fro& @) to **) 3&+. dependin2 on t.e tec.nolo2- used4 Bica'le and trica'le s-ste&s are &ore resistant to 1ind speed4 %uplicatin2 a nu&'er of 3e- co&ponents 5suc. as t.e &otor0 speed reducer0 e&er2enc- pulle-0 2enerators4447 also .elps to &aintain t.e availa'ilit- level required4 Suc. &easures0 not ;ustified for &ountain services0 are essential in t.e conte8t of ur'an pu'lic transport4 Si&ilarl-0 in t.e event of 'rea3do1n0 it is prefera'le to use evacuation procedures 'ased on ve.icle recover- at stations4 Ca'le s-ste&s are one of t"e safest transport s-ste&s in t.e 1orld0 'ased on t.e ratio of t.e nu&'er of accidents to t.e nu&'er of people transported per 3ilo&etre4 Conversel-0 t.e comfort of ca'le s-ste&s is not co&para'le to ot.er for&s of pu'lic transport4 T.e a'sence of a live electric current is a restriction despite t.e pro2ress noticed on t.e &ore recent services4 n$'oard 'atteries provide li2.tin2 in t.e cars 'ut not air conditionin24 Researc. is on2oin2 and pro2ress could 'e ac.ieved in t.e s.ort ter&4 T.e lar2est cars used in aerial tra&1a-s s-ste&s offer ver- .i2. levels of co&fort durin2 t.e ;ourne- 51it. little noise and li&itin2 s1in2in27 'ut fe1 seats 52enerall- arran2ed alon2 t.e 1alls of t.e cars4 /or e8a&ple D *? sittin2 seats for **) people in Ne1 Yor374 Conversel-0 s&aller cars often 2uarantee passen2ers can travel seated 5for e8a&ple D (, sittin2 seats for <) people in Co'lenF74 In ter&s of accessibility0 ca'le transport s-ste&s are su';ect to t.e re2ulations 2overnin2 2uided transport s-ste&s4 W.ilst t.e accessi'ilit- of aerial tra&1a-s does not pose an- particular pro'le&s0 2ondolas need specific provisions4 At stations0 s-ste&atic stops of t.e ca'ins in a strai2.t line are required4 T.is is not t.e usual 1a- of operatin2 2ondolas 1.ic. are used to slo1 do1n at stations4 T.is &easure0 co&pati'le 1it. t.e installation of landin2 doors0 i&poses so&e 'uildin2 restrictions4 t.er1ise0 stoppin2 t.e 2ondolas on de&and could 'e possi'le4

5arcelona 4 speeds are reduced to ma6e boarding easier at station &photo !nne (e 7uyet . *ETE of (yon'

Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()**

@+*,

AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

!perational Safety re*uires robust estimates of passenger demand

T.e need for a ro'ust esti&ate of passen2er de&and is &ore crucial for ca'le s-ste&s t.an for ot.er transport s-ste&s4 T.e capacit- of a ca'le transport is strictl- li&ited '- t.e &a8i&al 1ei2.t t.e cars t.at t.e ca'les can carr-4 Ca'le supports and ot.er civil en2ineerin2 co&ponents are siFed for a predeter&ined 1ei2.t4 T.is safet- li&it i&poses a relia'le control of t.e passen2er loadin2 on 'oardG4 It is .o1ever possi'le to ad6ust t"e capacity of a ca'le s-ste& to respond to periodic fluctuations in de&and4 T.e &ost co&&on operation consists of &odif-in2 t.e speed of t.e traction ca'le4 Reducin2 t.e speed of t.e ca'le increases ;ourne- ti&es 'ut can reduce ener2- consu&ption si2nificantl-4 It is also possi'le to var- t.e nu&'er of cars in service0 alt.ou2. t.is .as onl- a li&ited i&pact in ter&s of operatin2 costs and so is rareli&ple&ented4 It is onl- relevant for so&e co&ponents 1.ic. are less used and t.us &a- .ave a lon2er life span4 /or practical purposes0 t.ese &easures .ave rarel- 'een i&ple&ented4 !ptimising maintenance and c"ec7ing is essential to year)round operation T.e issue of &aintenance is crucial in ur'an environ&ents0 1.ere s-ste&s are su';ected to .eav- use4 As for t.e siFin2 of t.e s-ste&0 t.e &aintenance polic- &ust 'e carefull- planned on t.e 'asis of accurate anal-sis at t.e desi2n sta2e4 Practical &easures 5suc. as a 2ara2in2 for t.e ca'ins0 standardised co&ponents and c.oosin2 &ore ro'ust co&ponents7 .elp to si&plif- and opti&ise &aintenance4 !ost tas3s can 'e underta3en outside of revenue service0 t.erefore0 do not i&pact on t.e co&&ercial availa'ilit- of t.e s-ste&4 Initial feed'ac3 of i&ple&entations of ur'an ca'le transport internationall- s.o1s .o1ever t.at it is 'eneficial to s.ut do1n t.e s-ste& for a fe1 da-s a -ear to carr- out &ore co&ple8 &aintenance operations4

5arcelona4 maintenance "or6shop for the gondola lift of Mont8uic9 &#hoto !nne (e 7uyet $ *ETE of (yon'

/renc. re2ulations require t.at s-ste&s are su';ect to periodic c.ec3s includin2 dis&antlin2 and reinstallin2 various co&ponents4 Nonet.eless0 t.ese operations do not necessaril- i&pl- a prolon2ed s.utdo1n of t.e s-ste&4 T.e- can0 in fact0 'e carried out in p.ases as 'ac32round tas3s0 in t.e sa&e 1a- as on2oin2 &aintenance4
) The capacity of buses and tramways is usually calculated on the basis of a & minute fre$uency and a density of passengers of , people per m.. /et it is allowed on rush hour to exceed this ratio to reach to " people per m. Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** H+*,

AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

$imited land ta7e but a c"allenging implementation of large stations

Ca'le transport tec.nolo2- requires a straig"t line 5or practicall-7 'et1een t1o stations? J 1.ic. can 'e restrictive0 especiall- in ur'an environ&ents4 6o1ever0 ca'le s-ste&s do .ave t.e advanta2e of overco&in2 t.e difficulties associated 1it. 2ettin2 over obstacles and dealin2 1it. c.an2es in level4 T.eir land ta7e at ground le'el is ver- li&ited0 as t.e space 'eneat. under t.e ca'les can 'e used for ot.er purposes4 T.e integration of t"e stations in a constrained area can 'e pro'le&atic4 T.e actual &ini&u& di&ensions for stations are around *) &eters 1ide '- (G &eters lon2 5G) &eters for inter&ediate stations74 T.e level at 1.ic. people enter t.e ca'in influences .o1 &uc. land is needed4 W.ere passen2ers enter at 2round level0 t.e space needed to lift t.e cars up 1it. sufficient clearance .as to 'e allo1ed for4 Enterin2 1.en t.e cars are up .i2. overco&es t.is difficult-0 'ut requires a &uc. lar2er 'uildin24 T.e lo1er floors0 in t.ese confi2urations0 can 'e used to store t.e cars or acco&&odate ot.er activities 5s.ops44474

(o"er station on the bicable gondola in 5ol+ano &photo (eitner'

!erial tram"ay station of 7oosevelt :sland in ;e"$<or6 &photo *ETE of (yon'

/or t.e sa&e len2t. of line0 a &onoca'le s-ste& 1ill require &ore pylons t.an 'ica'le or trica'le 2ondola s-ste&s or an aerial tra&1a-4 T.e relevance of ca'le transport s-ste&s is li&ited '- operatin2 and construction constraints to ser'ices co'ering a few 7ilometres and wit" a small number of intermediate stations0 Current tec.nolo2ies allo1 G 3ilo&etres routes 1it. a &a8i&u& of a'out G stations 5t.e s-ste& opened in ()** in Rio de :aneiro includes ? stations for <4G 3&74 Regulatory constraints /renc. re2ulations in relation to fire prevention li&it t.e develop&ent of ca'le transport s-ste&s4 Safet&ar2ins 5H &eters .oriFontall- and () &eters verticall-7 need to 'e left around an- 'uildin2 t.e ca'le passes over4 T.ese can 'e reduced provided all necessar- &easures .ave 'een ta3en to prevent a fire in t.e 'uildin2 endan2erin2 t.e users of t.e ca'le transport s-ste&4 In addition0 t.ere is no provision for i&posin2 a pu'lic utilit- ease&ent for passin2 over 'uildin2s and private land at an altitude of less t.an G) &eters4 T.is t.erefore requires a co&pulsor- purc.ase or enterin2 into an a2ree&ent 1it. t.e o1ners concerned4

0hich means that direction changes re$uire intermediate stations Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** =+*,

AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

!ngoing difficulties in estimating in'estment and operation costs

Identif-in2 t.e various in'estment costs is a co&ple8 &atter0 as t.is is co&&ercial data for &anufacturers and pri&e contractors4 In addition0 t.ere still is too little data availa'le on ur'an ca'le transport s-ste&s to 'e a'le to calculate avera2e invest&ent costs accuratel-4 Several recent pro;ects in &ountain environ&ents can 'e used to define orders of &a2nitude for eac. ite& of e8penditure4 System %rive station
@

Monocable (4G to < !K *4( to *4G !K * !K <) ))) K $ $ *)) ))) K

Tricable , to G !K < to , !K $ <)) ))) K * !K G)) ))) K

Inter&ediate station Return station H to *) seats ca'in <G seats ca'in *)) seats ca'in P-lon

5rea6do"n of investment costs in mountain area &source *ETE of (yon, manufacturers'

8n urban en'ironments9 constraints on de'elopment and arc"itectural decisions could increase t"e o'erall cost of a pro6ect significantly9 in particular in relation to ci'il engineering costs0 T.e infor&ation fro& international s-ste&s s.o1 t.at civil en2ineerin2 costs can represent &ore t.an G) I of t.e 2lo'al invest&ent cost4 T.e costs of t.e land are not si&ilar to t.ose of t.e &ountain s-ste&s4 /inall-0 ensurin2 t.at t.e s-ste& provides a .i2. level of service for userLs &eans allo1in2 an additional invest&ent of < to G I of t.e overall cost of t.e pro;ect in order to anticipate purc.ases of spare parts and opti&ise s-ste& &aintenance4 Maintenance and operation costs of ca'le s-ste&s are not 1ell understood outside t.e &anufacturin2 'ase4 /or0 e8a&pleD for a si&ple ca'le s-ste&s 5one section of line and t1o stations70 t.ese costs are esti&ated at K*4G &illion a -ear on t.e 'asis of @0))) operatin2 .ours4 peratin2 costs are closel- related to t.e salar- and over.ead costs of operational staff4 peratin2 a s-ste& 1it. t1o stations requires four staff to 'e on .and at all ti&es to provide assistance 1it. enterin2 and e8itin2 t.e cars0 supervision and on2oin2 &aintenance of t.e s-ste&4 Tec.nical solutions0 suc. as stoppin2 t.e cars co&pletel- in stations or providin2 landin2 doors 1ould .elp to reduce t.e nu&'er of operational staff required and t.erefore .elp to cut costs4

1 2ncluding electromechanical e$uipment+ structure building but excluding architectural design and special measures Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()** *)+*,

AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

Effects on t"e en'ironment and t"e urban landscape : a sensiti'e sub6ect for t"e in"abitants
Visual impact and intrusion
T.e visual i&pact of ca'le transport s-ste&s is a su';ect e&inentl- su';ective and co&ple8 to descri'e4 T.e lac3 of pilot pro;ects in /rance &eans t.at t.is t-pe of infrastructure is unfa&iliar in ur'an environ&ents4 T.e visual i&pact re&ains a &a;or factor in opposition to t.is t-pe of s-ste&4 !ore co&&unication fro& pro;ect &ana2ers on t.is topic alon2 1it. specific efforts '- t.e &anufacturers on t.e er2ono&ics of t.e cars0 of t.e stations and of t.e p-lons could &a3e t.e de2ree of intrusion &ore accepta'le and less of a constraint4 8n"abitants to con'ince M Aerial ca'le1a- D t.e Burna'- &ountain residents .ave concerns Burna'- residents 1.ose .ouse is located under t.e ca'le put for1ard for t.e aerial ca'le s-ste& leadin2 to t.e Si&on /raFer Universit- are 1orried a'out t.e i&pact of t.e pro;ect on t.eir private life and t.eir propertvalue NEO T.e la-out put for1ard 1ould carr- t.e passen2ers 2ondolas a'ove t.e .ousin2 cooperative Pine Rid2e4 #len Porter0 o1ner of one of t.ese residences0 sa-s t.at .is nei2.'our and .e .ave &an- questions re2ardin2 t.e pro;ect4 6e e&p.asiFes t.at a 2ondola 1ould fl- over t.e cooperative ever- *= seconds0 and t.at t.e residents as3 t.e&selves 1.at t.e passen2ers could see and 1.at i&pact it could .ave on t.eir private life and t.e value of t.eir propert- NEOP Radio$Canada !a-0 ? ()**

System noise
No1ada-s in /rance noise of t.e s-ste& is still not 1ell assessed in ur'an environ&ents4 T.e ori2ins of t.e S-ste& noise assess&ent in ur'an environ&ents is an e&er2in2 consideration in /rance4 T.e ori2ins of t.e e&ission of noise co&in2 fro& t.e ca'le transports s-ste&s are &ainl- located at t.e station and as t.e- pass under p-lons4 T.e 'ica'le and trica'le s-ste&s .elp to reduce t.e level of noise si2nificantl-0 unli3e &onoca'le s-ste&s 1.ic. require &ore p-lons and .ave &ore &ovin2 parts4 /irst investi2ations on t.ese s-ste&s 1ere &ade '- t.e STR!T# 5Tec.nical service in c.ar2e of safet- for rope1a-s and 2uided transport7 in order to descri'e t.is p.eno&enon on &ore o';ectives 'asis4 A fe1 si2nificant conclusions can 'e dra1n D In stations0 t.e noise of t.e &ac.iner- and t.e noise &ade durin2 t.e slo1do1n and t.e acceleration of t.e cars are t.e &ost pro'le&atic4 T.e operatin2 speed is an si2nificant para&eter D t.e level of t.e &easured surroundin2 noise is less t.an ( dB5A7 1.en t.e speed decreases fro& ? &+s to G &+s All p-lons donBt produce t.e sa&e level of noise D t.e line support structures co&pression and support$ co&pression are noisier t.an t.e support to1er in t.e 2ap ran2e of *) dB5A74 T.e &anufacturers .ave alread- 1or3ed to reduce t.e noise pollution4 In stations0 3eepin2 t.e &ec.anical co&ponents separate0 for e8a&ple '- installin2 t.e& under2round0 ensures quieter operation4 Reducin2 t.e level of noise on t.e platfor&s0 .o1ever0 requires furt.er tec.nolo2ical innovations4

Energy consumption
Ca'le transport s-ste&s are relativel- ener2- efficient overall4 !onoca'le s-ste&s are less efficient 'ecause of t.e friction 2enerated '- passin2 over nu&erous p-lons4 Load and c.an2es in level .ave a &ore li&ited i&pact t.an t.e speed of t.e ca'le4 T.erefore t.ere is a real advanta2e in ad;ustin2 speed in line 1it. t.e level of use4

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AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

T.is anal-sis re&ains insufficient in esti&ate ener2- consu&ption D a 2lo'al assess&ent of LCA t-pe 5life c-cle anal-sis7 of ite&iFed ele&ents of infrastructure 1ill 'e required4 Stoc3 lists of ite&s are not availa'le4 T.is assess&ent is also valid for all t.e ot.er ur'an transports &odes4

Long term effects on urban environments

As an- ne1 for& of transport infrastructure0 t.e develop&ent of a ca'le transport s-ste& can .ave contrastin2 effects on t.e area fro& openin2 up0 developin2 and redevelopin2 particular nei2.'or.oods and renovatin2 t.e 'uilt environ&ent and pu'lic spaces0 to increased pressure on land and su'ur'aniFation4 Pro;ect sponsors t.erefore need to anticipate c.an2es in t.e re2ion 'ased on an overall and for1ard$loo3in2 vision4

The *ableTrain in Medell=n ta6es is helping to open up and develop some of the city>s neighborhoods &photo #omagals6i'

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AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

Conclusion
Aerial ca'le transport s-ste&s are particularl- 1ell suited to overco&in2 o'stacles and ot.er divisive features in t.e ur'an landscape0 suc. as rail1a- lines0 1ater courses0 lar2e depressions0 c.an2es in level0 etc4 T.e- .elp avoid t.e need to 'uild .i2.l- e8pensive infrastructure4 Unli3e ot.er for&s of transport0 t.e- are not li&ited '- &a8i&u& accepta'le inclines and can run in a strai2.t line even if t.ere is a c.an2e in level4 Ca'le transport s-ste&s can ac.ieve t.e sa&e levels of capacit- and co&&ercial speed as tra&1a-s or B6LS 5Bus 1it. a .i2. level of service74 But ca'le transport s-ste&s are not sufficient to for& t.e 'ac3'one of an ur'an transport net1or3 in a lar2e conur'ation 'ecause of t.e len2t. of t.e lines 51.ic. is li&ited to a fe1 3ilo&eters70 t.e s&all nu&'er of stations on t.e sa&e line and t.e si2nificant difficulties associated 1it. construction in a dense ur'an fa'ric4 Ca'le transport s-ste&s do0 .o1ever0 offer a solution to de&ands 1.ic. traditional transports s-ste&s 5'uses0 tra&1a-s0 and &etro s-ste&s7 are una'le to address satisfactoril- 'ecause of tec.nical or financial constraints4 T.e- can open up areas 1.ic. 1ere previousl- poorl- served 'ecause of o'stacles or c.an2es in level4 T.e- can t.us co&ple&ent0 rat.er t.an co&pete 1it.0 ot.er transport s-ste&s4 No1ada-s0 t.e develop&ent of ca'le transport s-ste&s is still slo14 T.is is particularl- 'ecause of pu'lic accepta'ilit- considerations0 re2ulation0 propert- i&pact and safet- aspects4 Land re2ulation is a central su';ect0 to i&prove i&ple&entation ti&escales of ca'le transport s-ste&s4 Lessons &ust still 'e dra1n fro& t.e e8perience and assess&ents of lar2er international ur'an i&ple&entation0 to infor& future discussion in /rance4

)ondolas in *aracas . ?,n,+uela &photo Doppelmayr'

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AERIAL CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSP RT SYSTE!S

Acronyms B6LS D Bus 1it. a .i2. level of service CETE D Centre tec.nique de lLQquipe&ent 5Tec.nical Stud- and En2ineerin2 Centre7 CERTU D Centre dBRtudes et de rec.erc.es sur les transports0 lBur'anis&e et les constructions pu'liques 5center for studies on ur'an plannin20 transportation0 and pu'lic facilities7 LCA D Life c-cle anal-sis PCI D PSle de co&pRtence et dBinnovation 5innovative and 3no1led2e cluster7 PTU D PRri&Ttre de Transport Ur'ain 5Ur'an transport area7 STR!T# D Service Tec.nique des Re&ontRes !Rcaniques et des Transports #uidRs 5Tec.nical service in c.ar2e of safet- for rope1a-s and 2uided transport7

Contri'utors D Corinne A'ra.a& 5 STR!T#70 CRcile ClR&ent$Wern- 5CERTU70 %avid %u'ois 5CETE de L-on70 Anne Le Ru-et 5CETE de L-on70 !ic.aUl Potier 5CETE de L-on70 Sandrine Rousic 5CETE !RditerranRe70 Yves Sc.neider 5STR!T#74 %avid %u'ois0 Anne Le Ru-et and !ic.aUl Potier are &e&'ers of t.e innovative and 3no1led2e cluster VdailtransportsVJ Sandrine Rousic and !ic.aUl Potier are &e&'ers of t.e innovative and 3no1led2e cluster VPu'lic transports and pu'lic roads interfaceV4 T.e- all 'elon2 to /renc. &inistr- of sustaina'le develop&ent4 T"e w"ole study will be a'ailable on CERTU and STRMTG sites from April /4:/0 "ttp:;;www0certu0fr; "ttp:;;www0strmtg0de'eloppement)durable0gou'0fr;

Contacts CRcile ClR&ent$Wern- 5CERTU7 cecile4cle&entWdeveloppe&ent$dura'le42ouv4fr %%4certuWdeveloppe&ent$dura'le42ouv4fr Yves Sc.neider 5STR!T#7 -ves4sc.neiderWdeveloppe&ent$dura'le42ouv4fr

Certu " STR!T# $ CETE $ %ece&'er ()**

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