LIST OF COMMON LINKING EXPRESSIONS

(c): subordinating linker, followed by a clause (pr): preposition, followed by a noun phrase (a): freestanding linker, typically set off by a full-stop and comma Cause and Effect since (c) as (c) because (c) because of due to (pr) so (c) Therefore, (a) Conse uently, (a) !s a conse uence, (a) !s a result, (a) !s a result of (pr) now that (c) Since it was raining, we stayed home. As it was raining, we stayed home. Because it was raining, we stayed home. Because of the rain, we stayed home. Due to the rain, we stayed home It was raining, so we stayed home. It was raining. The efo e, we stayed home. It was raining. Conse!uent"#, we stayed home. It was raining. As a conse!uence, we stayed home. It was raining. As a esu"t, we stayed home. As a esu"t of the rain, we stayed home. No$ that she"s retired, she"s much happier.

Cont ast % O&&osition % 'ne(&ected Resu"t #ut (c) It was raining, )ut we went to the beach. $owe%er, (a) It was raining. *o$e+e , we went to the beach. &onetheless, (a) It was raining. Nonethe"ess, we went to the beach. &e%ertheless, (a) It was raining. Ne+e the"ess, we went to the beach. '%en so, (a) It was raining. E+en so, we went to the beach. in spite of (pr) In s&ite of the rain, we went to the beach. in spite of the fact that (c) In s&ite of the fact that it was raining, we went to the beach. despite (pr) Des&ite the rain, we went to the beach. though (c) Thou,h it was raining, we went to the beach. although (c) A"thou,h it was raining, we went to the beach. e%en though (c) E+en thou,h it was raining, we went to the beach. while (c) -hi"e !rabic is a (emitic language, )ersian is Indo-'uropean. whereas (c) -he eas !rabic is a (emitic language, )ersian is Indo-'uropean. *n the other hand, (a) !rabic is a (emitic language. On the othe hand, )ersian is Indo-'uropean. Condition if (c) unless (c) pro%iding that (c) *therwise, (a) In the e%ent that (c) E(a.&"e -or e.ample, (a) /wait0. -or instance, (a) /wait0. such as (pr) 2atin. like (pr) 2atin. +ou may go if you ha%e finished. +ou may not go un"ess you ha%e finished. +ou may lea%e, & o+idin, that you ha%e finished. Take an umbrella. Othe $ise, you,ll get wet. In the e+ent that she calls, tell her I,m sick. 'nglish can be confusing. Fo e(a.&"e, /weight0 sounds like 'nglish can be confusing. Fo instance, /weight0 sounds like 1omance languages, such as Catalan and Castilian, are deri%ed from 1omance languages "i/e Catalan and Castilian are deri%ed from

Continuin, % Si.i"a it# % Addition and (c) It,s crowded and e.pensi%e. 3 too. It,s crowded. It,s e.pensi%e, too0 also It,s crowded. It,s a"so e.pensi%e. 4oreo%er, (a) It,s crowded. Mo eo+e , it,s e.pensi%e. -urthermore, (a) It,s crowded. Fu the .o e, it,s e.pensi%e. In addition, (a) It,s crowded. In addition, it,s e.pensi%e. In addition to (pr) In addition to being crowded, it,s e.pensi%e. #esides, (a) It,s crowded. Besides, it,s e.pensi%e. both 3 and It,s )oth crowded and e.pensi%e.

as well as well as not only 3 but also

It,s crowded and it,s e.pensi%e as $e"". It,s crowded as $e"" as e.pensi%e. It,s not on"# crowded )ut a"so e.pensi%e. Not on"# is it crowded, )ut it is a"so e.pensi%e.