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E-UTRAN + EPC = EPS (Evolved Packet System) E-UTRAN: Evolved RAN EPC: Evolved CN for E-UTRAN, UTRAN/GERAN and non-3GPP access
W-CDMA
Iu/Gb
SGSN
GGSN
PS Domain
PDP Context
Mobility Security (e.g. Authentication) Bearer Mgmt
Co-located with PGW? Same? Subscriber database Provides QoS and charging rules
VPLMN
HPLMN
HSS PCRF
PDN Packet Data Network IMS / Internet
PGW
UE
IETF mobility solutions supported
E-UTRAN
QoS aware packet routing UP anchor:E-UTRAN 2G / 3G
EPC
QoS aware packet routing User IP-address allocation Policy Enforcement Point
LEO_SF_01_100601
E-UTRAN properties Shared channels only TTI = 1 ms QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM MIMO (2 or 4 antennas) System Bw: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz Both FDD and TDD modes
E-UTRAN
36.300, 36.xxx
Theoretical max: 325 Mb/s DL 85 Mb/s UL
eNB MME
For femtocells Self-organizing node Closed Subscriber Groups (CSG) Mobility with macro-layer Owned by subscriber / company Remote operator control (power, QoS, status)
R
eNB
R
SGW
Radio Tx and Rx
Radio Resource Management (RRM) Handover decisions and execution
eNB self-optimization
Use UE measurements to: - optimize neighbour lists - optimize handover algorithms Home eNB
OFDM
eNB
EPC
MME UE context:
MME
SC - FDMA Handover management Load / Interference control Auto-configuration of: - X2-connections - neighbour relations
X2-C
Signalling Radio Bearers (SRB) Data Radio Bearers (DRB) Connected UE UE Identities: USIM id: IMSI EPC id: GUTI E-UTRAN id: RNTI Appl id: IP-address S1-U
eNB
SGW UE context:
SGW
PGW
S5/8 S1 Tunnel eNB UE context: UE Identity (RNTI+S1AP UE id)) UE Capabilities MME IP-address SGW IP-address & TEID QoS for bearers
LEO_SF_02_100601
OFDM Basics
for E-UTRAN
N =72 for 1,4 MHz N= 1200 for 20 MHz N Subcarriers OFDM symbols Rate = 1 / T
Reception Side Rx UE
OFDM symbols
RF
E-UTRAN carrier
aN
S ,a2 ,a1 P
I F F T
Add CP
TCP T CP OFDM
CP
OFDM
Remove CP
F F T
aN , ,a2 ,a1
To de-coding -modulation
a1 f1 a2 .. aN fN f2
A1
A2 One OFDM symbol
Each symbol contains all subcarriers
a1 f1
OFDM
a2
.. f2
..
AN
aN
Sampled at centre, where other signals = 0
fN over k paths
Multipath Input to FFT FFT input window
+ + + -
OFDM Characteristics: Robust against frequency selective (multipath) fading Robust against inter-symbol interference Allows high spectral efficiency (due to fq-dependent scheduling) Sensitive to Doppler shift & frequency synch errors High PAPR (inefficient power usage)
LEO_SF_03_100601
UE
MME eNB
Layer 2 Protocols
reliable transport of L3 signalling/user data resource optimization security functions
Layer 3 Protocols
EMM: mobility & security procedures ESM: default & dedicated bearer mgmt RRC: radio related signalling
= NAS
UE
SGW eNB
Layer 2 Functions
CP (RRC) UP (IP)
System Information
DL Data Notification
Paging Random Access RRC Connection Establishment Paging from SGW
PDCP:
MAC:
Transport Blocks
Prioritisation: Signalling vs data Data vs data Select Transport Format (bits per Transport Block) Adding protection (extra bits)
DRB configured
User Data on Default Bearer (On Data Radio Bearer) (In S1-Tunnel)
LEO_SF_04_100601
AM ARQ CP EMM ESM E-RAB HARQ MAC MME NAS PDU DRB PHY
Acknowledged Mode Automatic Repeat Request Control Plane EPS Mobility Management EPS Session Management EPS Radio Access Bearer Hybrid ARQ Medium Access Control Mobility Management Entity Non Access Stratum Protocol Data Unit Data Radio Bearer The Physical Layer
Packet Data Convergence Protocol Quality of Service Radio Link Control Robust Header Compression Radio Resouce Control Radio Resource Management S1 Application Protocol Stream Control Transport Protocol Signalling Radio Bearer Serving Gateway Transparent Mode Unacknowledged Mode User Plane
Downlink
PBCH: System Info PDSCH: Paging RRC Signalling User Data Sys Info PDCCH: Scheduling Assignments PCFICH: Size of PDCCH PHICH: ACK/NACK for UL Data
eNB RRC PDCP RLC MAC PHY
Physical Channels:
Mapped into frequency/time grid!
Fq Domain: 72 1200 Sub-Carriers One PRB: 12 subcarriers 0,5 ms
PDCP
IP
PDCP
IP
PDCP
Physical Signals
a set of resource elements not carrying information from higher layers Downlink: Reference Signals (RS) known by UEs, for channel estimation Synchronization Signals (SS) slot and frame synch + cell id
RRC PDCP RLC
IP
Uplink
PRACH: Random Access
PDCP
MAC PHY
eNB
Uplink: Demodulation Reference Signals UE specific (based on RNTI) Sent as part of PUSCH/PUCCH Sounding Reference Signal UE specific (based on RNTI) used by eNB to schedule UL PRB:s
LEO_SF_05.1_100601
Medium Access Control Physical Broadcast Channel Physical Downlink Control Channel Phisical Control Format Indication Channel Packet Data Convergence Protocol Physical Downlink Shared Channel Physical Hybrid ARQ Channel
Physical Random Access Indication Channel Physical Resource Block Physical Uplink Shared Channel Physical Uplink Control Channel Radio Link Control Radio Resource Control Transmission Time Interval
Quality variations: short term (due to e.g. fading) long term (due to e.g location)
Quality (for resource block x)
Y
time
Scheduling Function in eNB priority between Log Ch for one UE (contol, data, RT/NRT, buffers etc) modulation & coding selected (HARQ for error free delivery) priority between all UEs physical resource blocks (PRBs) allocated to users per TTI implementation dependent, but UE interaction standardized
User Data and Reference Signal (PDSCH) ACK/NACK and CQI Reports (PUCCH)
eNB
fq
UPLINK
eNB to eNB interference control/coordination using X2
eNB
Scheduling Principles: Round Robin: x, y, z, x, y, z, -> not maximized throughput Max C/I: schedule user with best channel -> max throughput, but unfair Proportional /Fair: short term channel quality exploted, butmaintaining long term user data rate LWDF: like P/F bt adding priority and delay for packet in buffer
12 Sub-Carriers
Note 1: Scheduling may depend on if cell is loaded or unloaded Note 2: Persistent Scheduling possible: UE gets re-occuring resource (e.g. for real time service)
BSR DRX DTX C/I CQI GBR LWDF HARQ MAC PHR PRB QoS SR TTI Buffer Status Report Discontinous Reception Discontinous Transmission Carrier to Interference Channel Quality Indicator Guaranteed bit rate Largest Weighted Delay First Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Medium Access Control Power Headroom Report Physical Resource Block Quality of Service Scheduling Request Transmission Time Interval
eNB does not have full info on buffers in UE:s delay between UL request and actual Tx SC-FDMA -> adjacent resource blocks used *) requested by eNB, sent over larger bandwidth
LEO_SF_05.2_100601
Coverage Scenario
UTRAN/GERAN E-UTRAN
WLAN WLAN
Possible Implementations
SGW PGW Combined GW
GERAN
BTS NB
Iu/Gb
S4
Inter-RAT Mobility: TA/RA Updates when UE is Idle PS Handover/Cell Change when UE in Connected Interworking with CS Domain for real time voice/video (CS Fallback and SRVCC)
VPLMN
HPLMN
SGi
S12
MME S6a
HSS
S1
IMSI GUTI
eNB
PGW SGi
E-UTRAN
IMS S2
QoS aware packet routing User IP-address allocation + IP config. Stores UE Context Policy enforcement Packet filtering (e.g. Deep inspection) UP anchor: E-UTRAN Non 3GPP
Non-3GPP IP-access
LEO_SF_06.1_090701
CP CS CSCF eNB EMM EPC EPS ESM E-UTRAN GERAN GGSN GUTI
Control Plane Circuit Switched Call Session Control Function Evolved NodeB EPS Mobility Management Evolved Packet Core Evolved Packet System EPS Session Management Evolved UTRAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network Gateway GPRS Support Node Globally Unique Temporary Id
HSS IMS IMSI LTE MIP MME MSC NB PDN PCRF PGW PS
Home Subscriber Server IP Multimedia Subsystem International Mobile Subscriber Id Long Term Evolution Mobile IP Mobility Management Entity Mobile Switching Center NodeB Packet Data Network Policy and Charging Rules Function Packet Data Network Gateway Packet Switched
Quality of Service Routing Area Radio Access Network Radio Access Technology System Architecture Evolution Serving GPRS Support Node Serving Gateway Tracking Area Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity User Equipment Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Wireless LAN
DIAMETER
HSS S6a
GTP-C
PGW S5 (S8)
SGW
GTP-U
eNB
IP IP TEID
SGW
IP
IP source = eNB IP dest = SGW
Messages are called Commands Info transferred in Attribute Value Pairs Example: attribute: subscriber id AVP value: IMSI DIAMETER can be extended: new Applications, Commands & AVPs can be created!
IP source = UE identifies a Tunnel endpoint (uni-directional data flow for a UE) TEID set by GTP-C Use TEID = 3 GTP Node X e.g. SGW Bi-directional GTP-U Tunnel
LEO_SF_06.2_100601
EPS Mobility
M-TMSI (32)
GUTI:
MCC
MNC
MMEGI (16)
MMEC (8)
23.401 24.301
UE in IDLE mode
A) UE makes cell reselection inside TA No further actions
MME 1 MME 2
HSS
S1-MME
S11
For PDN#2
B) UE moves into new TA in new Pool Area TA UPDATE procedure eNB selects new MME UE Ctx moved between MME:s over S10 HSS update SGW change - if needed TAU ACCEPT may have list: e.g. TA3, TA4 Note; TA lists are in a per user basis!
A)
TA 2
For PDN#1
At B)
B)
UE
MME 3 MME 4
TA 3 C) C) UE moves into new TA in list No TA UPDATE Required ...but Paging in all TA:s in list for incoming data
UE also keeps a forbidden TA list
UE
MME Group 2
TA 4
SGW
TA 5
UE in CONNECTED mode
TA5 Shopping Area
xxxxx
MME
S1-MME
X2
Citycentre
eNB
East Suburb Pool Area Y
Ctx GUMMEI GUTI HSS ISR MCC MNC MME MMEC context Globally Unique MME Identifier Globally Unique Temporary Identity Home Subscriber Server Idle Mode Signaling Reduction Mobile Country Code Mobile Network Code Mobility Management Enitity MME Code
SGW
S1-U
MME Identity MME Group Identity MME-TMSI Non Access Stratum Packet Data Network Gateway Serving Gateway Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Tracking Area
LEO_SF_07_090701
23.401, 23.402
Fallback to CS (TS 23.272): Voice/video call moved to CS domain after paging, before call set up. MSC R8 with SGs interface to MME
CS PSTN/PLMN
GERAN
BTS NB BSC RNC
MSC
Sv (for SRVCC) Iu/Gb SGs (for CS fallback)
UTRAN
UE in IDLE Mode: Cell reselection based on: Radio conditions e.g. Signal strength System Info broadcast from nw (e.g. priorities) UE specific parameters Routing Area Update UE sends RAU Request to new SGSN UEs capabilities and ctx:s MME ->SGSN Some parameters need translation e.g. KASME -> IK CK Option: Dual Registration and ISR UE in CONNECETED Mode: Handover to UTRAN/GERAN
S12 UE sends Measurement Report to eNB eNB makes handover decision eNB sends Handover Required to MME UE ctx MME -> SGSN (Forward Relocation) SGSN maps EPS QoS -> PDP cxt QoS (1 to 1) and sends to UTRAN/GERAN eNB (transparently) sends target cell id, UE capabilites and SRB/DRB config to target system target system returns Handover Command New UP tunnel via S4, or S12 (Direct Tunnel) PGW informed if charging /QoS is affected
SGSN
S3
MME
XXXX XX
S11
S4 S6d
S6a
HSS
S5/S8
eNB
S1
XXXX
PGW 2G / 3G
S2
IMS/Internet
S2
UP anchor: E-UTRAN
Non-3GPP
Trusted or Non-trusted
IPsec UE to ePDG
AAA AKA ANDSF CP CS ctx ePDG GERAN HO HSS IMS ISC ISR
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting Authentication and Key Agreement Access Network Discovery and Selection Function Control Plane Circuit Switched context evolved Packet Data Gateway GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network Handover Home Subscriber Server IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS Session Continuity Idle Mode Signalling Reduction
MME MSC PDN PDP PGW RA RAT SGSN SGW SR VCC TA UP UTRAN VoIP
Mobility Management Entity Mobile Switching Center Packet Data Network Packet Data Protocol PDN Gateway Routing Area Radio Access Technology Serving GPRS Support Node Serving Gateway Single Radio Voice Call Continuity Tracking Area User Plane Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Voice over IP
IMS Architecture
TS 23.218, 23.221, 23.228, (24.228) 24.229 HLR + AuC functionality Holds IMS subscriber profiles HSS Executes Service logic Alices Home NW Bobs Home NW S-CSCF (in Home NW) Registrar, Location Service & SIP Proxy Controls Calls / Sessions Subscriber profiles downloaded from HSS I-CSCF (in Home NW) Assigns S-CSCF to user (at Registration) Finds the S-CSCF at Invite (asks HSS) P-CSCF (in Visited NW) The UEs contact point to IMS Implements VNW policies IP-CAN
PCRF
GX
AS
AS HSS
RX
S-CSCF
I-CSCF
P-CSCF
Bobs Visited NW
EPS
On default bearer
On dedicated bearer Alice
PGW
PSTN Breakout
Converts SIP to ISUP
SIP
SIP Methods (RFC 3261) REGISTER INVITE ACK BYE CANCEL OPTIONS
MGCF
H.248
ISUP
PSTN
RTCP UDP
RTP
Audio/RTP/UDP/IP
IMS-MGW
64 kb/s PCM
IP L1/l2
LEO_SF_09_100601
AS BGCF CS CSCF EPS HNW HSS I-CSCF IETF IM IMPI IMPU IMS ISIM
Application Server Breakout Gateway Control Function Circuit Switched Call Session Control Function Evolved Packet System Home Network Home Subscriber Server Interrogating CSCF Internet Engineering Task Force IP Multimedia IMS Private User Identity IMS Public User Identity IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS SIM
MGCF MGW P-CSCF PCRF PS RFC RTP RTCP S-CSCF SDP SIP SLF UE VNW
Media Gateway Control Function Media Gateway Proxy CSCF Policy and Charging Rules Function Packet Switched Request For Comments (IETF Document) Real-Time Transport Protocol RTP Control Protocol Serving CSCF Session Description Protocol Session Initiation Protocol Subscription Location Function User Equipment Visited Network
Control plane, Service level (SIP) Control Plane, EPS Bearer level User Plane DIAMETER
Policy and Charging Control Making decisions about QoS and charging based on: subscriber info requested service network conditions (e.g. available resources) operator policies Can be applied to any 3GPP and non 3GPP IP-CAN
S9 V-PCRF
AF
Node that uses PCC, e.g. P-CSCF, IP-TV server or 3rd party server
Rx Sp FFS
E-UTRAN
MME
On Default Bearer
UE
PCRF Creates PCC Rules based on info from: AF (Rx) SPR PCEF (Gx) Pre-configured info
SPR
PCRF
OFCS
Gz (32.240)
Gx
OCS
Gy (32.251)
SGW
On Dedicated Bearer
P C PGW E F
PDN GRX?/IRX?
Some IP-CAN
Policy Control QoS control providing PCEF with Authorized QoS for each SDF Gating Control allowing /blocking packets (per SDF)
PCC Rules
PCC Rule #1 Traffic: X Charging: R QoS: A
PCEF (can be served by more than one PCRF node) Service data flow detection Located in Gateway (PGW in EPS) User plane handling (e.g. gating, filtering, QoS handling) Measuring data volumes etc Event reporting to PCRF and charging systems
PCEF Rule 1
Tr: Q
Charging Control Associating packets in a SDF to a charging key, and Applying online or offline charging Flow Based Charging Shall support following charging models: Volume- and/or time based Event based No charging
Each PCC rule contains a SDF Template with SDF filter(s) Filter is applicable UL and/or DL.
Rule 2
Tr: X Tr: Y
UL packet
Rule n
DL packets
Packets are matched against the rules DL: correct bearer selected UL: correct bearer usage is ensured + e.g. DSCP marking
AF BBF CSCF E2E ERF GRX HSS IP-CAN IRX OCS OFCS Application Function Bearer Binding Function Call Session Control Function End-to-end Event Reporting Function GPRS Roaming Exchange Home Subscriber Server IP Connectivity Access Network IMS Roaming Exchange Online Charging System Offline Charging System P-CSCF PCC PCEF PCRF PDG QoS NW SDF SPR UE Proxy CSCF Policy and Charging Control Policy and Charging Enforcement Function Policy and Charging Resource Function Packet Data Gateway Quality of Service Network Service Data Flow Subscriber Profile Repository User Equipment
Shared revenue services shall be supported! Location based charging shall be supported (e.g for CSG cells at home cells)
LEO_SF_10_100101