SESSIONAL IN ACOUSTICS

Submitted to: Prof. Sanjay Jadon

Submitted By: Kushal Pawaiya

Physical Properties of Sound: 1. WAVELENGTH: - The distance between two crests or troughs. It is measured in meters. 2. PERIOD: - It is the time taken to complete one oscillation. It is measured in seconds. 3. FREQUENCY: - It is the number of oscillations per second. It is measured in hertz. 4. AMPLITUDE: - It is the distance between the base line and the peak of the crest. 5. PITCH: - It is the highness or the lowness of the tone determined by the rapidity of the oscillations producing it.

BEHAIVOUR OF SOUND IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE: REFLECTION: - This occurs when the wavelength of the sound wave is smaller than the surface of the object. In an enclosed space, the wave hits every side of the enclosure till the sound energy reduces to zero. ABSORPTION: - When the sound wave hits an obstacle, some part of it is reflected while some part is lost through its transfer to the molecules of the barrier. This lost energy is absorbed by the barrier. REFRACTION: - This is the bending of sound while travelling from one medium to another. DIFFUSION: - This is the scattering of the waves from the surface due to the texture and hardness of the obstacle as compared to the wavelength of the sound. DIFFRACTION: - When the wavelength of the sound is smaller or equal to the size of the obstacle, the sound wave tends to bend round the edge of the obstacle.

 REVERBERATION: - This is the persistence of sound in an enclosed space as a result of continuous reflection or scattering of sound after the source has stopped. ECHO: - This occurs when the reverberation time is long enough to cause a distinct repetition of the direct sound. This is an advanced form of reverberation where the sound is heard clearly and repeatedly until it fades.

IMPACT OF NOISE ON MAN: Noise health effects are the health consequences of elevated sound levels. Elevated workplace or other noise can cause hearing impairment, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, and sleep disturbance. Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been attributed to noise exposure. HEARING LOSS: - The pinna combined with the middle ear amplifies sound pressure levels by a factor of twenty, so that extremely high sound pressure levels arrive in the cochlea, even from moderate atmospheric sound stimuli. The elevated sound levels cause trauma to cochlear structure in the inner ear, which gives rise to irreversible hearing loss. However, loud noise in any frequency range has deleterious effects across the entire range of human hearing. CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS: - Noise has been associated with important cardiovascular health problems. In 1999, the World Health Organization concluded that long-term noise exposure above 67-70 dB can cause serious hypertension.

STRESS AND ANNOYANCE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: - When young children are exposed to speech
interference levels of noise on a regular basis, they may develop speech or reading difficulties. Evidence has shown that when children learn in noisier classrooms, they have a more difficult time understanding speech than those who learn in quieter settings.

ACOUSTICAL DEFECTS: FORMATION OF ECHO: - Normally the formation of echoes happens when the time lag between the two voices or sounds is about 1/17 of a second. And the

reflecting surfaces are situated at a distance more than 15 meter. If the reflected surface is curved with smooth surface this problem usually occurs. To minimizes this problem select ion of proper geometry of auditorium and surface and also use the rough and porous material for the interior surface. REVERBERATION: - This is mainly when sound in closed spaces successively reflected by the smooth boundaries of the enclosed space. In this condition there is very little or no energy is lost in multiple reflections and the echoes produced having maximum intensity for long time. To minimize this defect use of suitable absorbents or acoustical material. Sound focii :- In case of concave shaped reflecting interior surface or domed ceiling or an enclosure, depending upon the curvature of these surfaces, there is possibility of meeting the sound rays at appoint called as sound foci and thus it creates the sound of large intensity . These spots of unusual loudness are called sound focii. This defect can be minimized by providing proper geometrical design. Shape of the interior faces including ceiling and also by providing absorbent materials on focusing areas. Dead Spots: - This is mainly due to sound focii. Due to the high concentration of reflected soundm, at sound foci, there is deficiency of reflected sound rays at some other points. In this area, low sound intensity may result in unsatisfactory hearing for the audience called as dead spots. This defect can be minimized by providing diffusers, which provides the uniform distribution of sound throughout the auditorium. Insufficient loudness: - In case of theatre or large auditoriums, the speakers voice or music from the stage should be easily audible in all parts of the hall at a uniform intensity of loudness. To achieve this, the sound waves should be properly reflected and uniformly spread all over the interior part of the auditorium. This defect can be minimized by providing hard surface near the stage and absorbent material should be provided as per the requirements. Also the location of the loud-speakers should be adjusted. So that there is no dead spots and sound foci. Also use of adequate no of windows or door openings.

NOISE CONTROL BY ARCHITECTURAL MEANS: Regarding sound generated inside the building, there are two principal types of transmission. Firstly, airborne sound travels through walls or floor and ceiling

assemblies and can emanate from either human activities in adjacent living spaces or from mechanical noise within the building systems. Human activities might include voice, noise from amplified sound systems, or animal noise. Mechanical systems are elevator systems, boilers, refrigeration or air conditioning systems, generators. The second type of interior sound is called Impact Insulation Class (IIC) transmission. This effect arises not from airborne transmission, but rather from transmission of sound through the building itself. The most common perception of IIC noise is from footfall of occupants in living spaces above. Low frequency noise is transferred easily through the ground and buildings. This type of noise is more difficult to abate, but consideration must be given to isolating the floor assembly above or hanging the lower ceiling on resilient channel.

Noise control techniques include:

Sound insulation: prevent the transmission of noise by the introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials have high-density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. Sound absorption: A porous material which acts as a noise sponge by converting the sound energy into heat within the material. Common sound absorption materials include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams and fiberglass Vibration damping: Applicable for large vibrating surfaces. The damping mechanism works by extracting the vibration energy from the thin sheet and dissipating it as heat. A common material is sound deadened steel. Vibration isolation: Prevents transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element or a physical break. Common vibration isolators are springs, rubber mounts, cork etc.

Materials: Acoustical wall and ceiling panels can be constructed of many different materials and finishes. The ideal acoustical panels are those without a face or finish material that interferes with the acoustical infill or substrate. Fabric covered panels are one way to maximize the acoustical absorption. The finish material is used to cover over the acoustical substrate. Mineral fiber board, or Micore, is a commonly used acoustical substrate. Double-glazed and thicker windows can also prevent sound transmission from the outdoors.