CRIME SCENE AND EVIDENCE MANUAL

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT Francisco Gold Condominium II, EDSA corner Mapagmahal St. Diliman, Quezon City Criminals and lawless elements are fast catching up with the speedy advance in technology. They are getting bolder every day. In recent years, we have been witness to countless tragedies brought about by the violence of terrorist attacks and other criminal activities all over the world. In many cases, suspects have gone scot free, others have been meted sentences lighter than they should have received, while some have easily posted bail bonds and continued with their illegal endeavors. Oftentimes, these were the result of bungled investigations, the seeming neglect to effectively preserve or collect the necessary evidence, and in certain instances, the failure of investigators to properly follow procedures and regulations. It is Worthy to note that the Philippine National Police is presently leaving no stones unturned in developing and implementing ways and means to improve the performance of police personnel involved in the delicate task of investigation. Making this Manual a reading requirement for police personnel will better equip them with the necessary tools and provide them with more confidence in carrying out their investigative tasks. There is certainly no better way to effectively deal with lawlessness than with a police force that is well equipped, not only in terms of equipment and material resources but more importantly, in terms of skills and knowledge as well. It is hoped that this Manual serves as a constant guide and reference for our police investigators in the conduct of their investigative tasks. With more skilled and better equipped policemen, there can absolutely be no victory for those who stray from the law.

ROBERT Z. BARBERS Chairman, NAPOLCOM Secretary, DILG

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE Camp Crame, Quezon City The Police National Police leadership realities the importance of constantly reviewing and updating police procedures and regulations as among the keys to efficient and effective law enforcement. For one, procedures on crime scene operations and evidence handling must be constantly assessed, and revised if necessarily, in order to enhance investigative work. Investigative work takes a lot of patience, skill and intelligence. In investigating a crime, an investigator cannot afford to lose even the minutest of evidence for this may turn out to be the key to the success of the whole case. Sometimes, it is the smallest of details that actually count. As such, it is imperative that each investigator be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to efficiently carry out his investigative task. Towards this end, this manual on Crime Scene and Evidence is published to guide our investigators on the proper rudiments of investigating crime scenes and handling evidence. It is hoped that our investigators strive to understand and put to heart the contents of this Manual - for there is no substitute to knowing by heart one's tasks and intelligently CaI1ying them out.

RECAREDO A SARMIENTO II Police Director General Chief, PNP

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE DIRECTORATE FOR HUMAN RESOURCE AND DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENT Camp Crame, Quezon City Investigating a crime scene takes more than just collecting evidence, bringing them to the laboratory, having them examined, and later presenting them in court to defend a case and prosecute a suspected criminal. It takes more than just securing the scene of the crime and keeping the evidence intact. Investigating a crime scene takes a lot of skill and some art, too. Often, a case is dropped, a suspected criminal is acquitted, or is released on bail even with the presence of apparently strong evidence-all because the method of investigation and the preservation of evidence were not done as procedures and regulations require. In these instances, it is the victim that is the hardest hit. Perhaps, it is not so much the lack of knowledge on the part of the investigators and other personnel involved in crime scene operations and; evidence handling that give rise to the problem, but their apparent carelessness or even too much confidence in what they are doing. One cannot be too confident in processing a crime scene or in handling evidence. We must realize that omitting or overlooking the smallest detail may spell failure instead of success for a case. It is with this in mind, that we are publishing this manual on Crime Scene and Evidence. It focuses primarily on the gathering, handling, safekeeping, and transmittal of evidence. More imp0l1antly, it focuses on the proper management of evidence associated with ten general crime scenes with the purpose of decreasing the incidence of evidence exclusion and' adulteration. This Manual is meant for every police investigator and personnel involved in the processing of a crime scene and the handling of evidence. It is hoped that this will serve as a constant guide for our men and encourage them to strive harder to attain the highest ideals of the investigation service.

WARIETO ALBIA CAPITAN, MNSA Police Chief Superintendent

Director ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The PNP Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine Development wishes to acknowledge those who have contributed in one way or another to the conceptualization and eventual publication of this manual on Crime Scene and Evidence. We extend our special gratitude to (FBI) Academy in the United States for been given the opportunity to undergo instructional materials which have been our researches. the Federal Bureau of Investigation providing our personnel, who have training there, with the necessary an indispensable source of data in

We, likewise, wish to extend our gratitude and appreciation to the members of the different PNP Directorial Staffs and other PNP uniformed and non-uniformed personnel who have contributed in no small measure to the [mal format and production of this Manual, and who continue to provide us with enough motivation to pursue our task of sharing with our personnel the information and knowledge necessary for effective and efficient law enforcement. We welcome any suggestions and comments to further improve this Manual.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Message Foreword Preface Acknowledgement CHAPTER I: CRIME SCENE CRIME AGAINST PERSON ARSON BOMBING B REAKIN G & ENTERIN G CLANDESTINE OPERATION COUNTERFEITING HIT-AND-RUN NARCOTICS VIOLATION QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS RAPE/HOMICIDE CHAPTER II: GATHERING AND SAFEKEEPING OF EVIDENCE 1. BODY FLUIDS 1.1 Blood 1.2 Saliva 1.3 Semen 1. 4 Sweat 1. 5 Urine 2. EXPLOSIVES AND INCENDIARIES 2.1. Arson Debris 2.2. Explosive Debris 2.3. Explosive Substances and Devices 3. FABRICS 3.1. Large AItic1es 3.2. Small Altic1es 4. FINGERPRINTS 4.1. On Absorbent Materials 4.2. On Hard Surfaces 4.3. On Soft Surfaces 4.4. On Skin 4.5. On Other Surfaces 5. FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION 5.1. Gunshot Residue Page No. i ii iii iv 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 21 21 22 23 23 24 25 26 26 27 27

5.2. Small Fire at IDs 5.3. Serial Numbers 5.4. Shoulder Weapons 5.5. Fired Bullets 5.6. Fired Cartridge Cases 5.7. Fired Paper Shot Shells 5.8. Shot Pellets 5.9. Shot Wads 6. FOOD AND DRUG SPECIMENS 6.1. Liquids 6.2. Plant Material 6.3. Powders or Solids 6.4. Tablets and Capsules 7. GLASS 7.1 Large Fragments 7.2 Small Fragments 7.3 How to Obtain A Comparison Standard For Glass 8. HAIR AND FIBERS 8.1 On Individuals 8.2 On Other Surfaces 8.3 How To Obtain A Comparison Standard For Hairs and Fibers 9.1 Footprints 9.2 Tire Prints 9.3 Tool Marks 9.4 Bite Marks 9.5 How To Obtain A Comparison Standard Impressions 10. LIQUIDS AND VISCOUS SUBSTANCES 10.1 Liquids 42 10.2 Viscous Substances 43 11.1 Filings 44 11.2 Fragments 44 12.1 Chips and Smudges 46 12.2 Liquid 47 13. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS (incl. Handwriting, Typewriting & Ink) 48 13.1 Burned 13.2 Fluid or Blood Soaked 13.3 Intact

28 28 29 29 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 33

SOIL 52 14.1 Caked Mud 52 14.2 Dry Soil 52 14. 3 Mud 53 15.1 Cigarette Butts Tobacco 54 15.2 Jewelry 55 15.3 Voice Identification ........................ 55 15.4 Small Objects ............................ .56 15.5 Writing Instruments............................. 57 Chapter III TRANSMITTAL OF EVIDENCE TO A LABORATORY General Procedure 61 Sample Transmittal Letter 62 Chapter IV LABORATORY ANALYSIS

1.BODY FLUIDS ......................................... 67 1.1 Blood .............................................. 67 1.2 Saliva............................................. 67 1.3 Semen ............................................ 67 1.4 Sweat ............................................. 67 1.5 Urine .............................................. 67 2.EXPLOSIVES AND INCENDIARIES ........... 68 2.1 Arson Debris................................... 68 2.2 Explosive Debris ............................... 68 2.3 Explosive Substances and Devices ...... 68 3 . FABRICS 69 3.1 Large Articles ................................... 69 3.2 Small Articles ................................... 69 4.FINGERPRINTS ....................................... 70 4.1 On Absorbent Materials ..................... 70 4.2 On Hard Surfaces .............................. 70 4.3 On Soft Surfaces ............................... 70 4.4 On Skin ........................................... 70 5.FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION ................ 71 5. 1 Gunshot Residue.............................. 71 5.2 Small Firearms ................................. 71 5.3 Serial Numbers.. .............................. 71 5.4 Shoulder Weapons ............................ 71 5.5 Used Bullets..................................... 71 5.6 Spent Cartridge Cases ....................... 71 5.7 Spent Shotgun Shells........................ 72

6.FOOD AND DRUG SPECIMENS ................ 73 6.1 Liquids ........................................... 73 6.2 Plant Material................................... 73 6.3 Powders or Solids ............................ 73 6.4 Tablets and Capsules........................ 73 7.GLASS .....................................................74 7.1 Large Fragments ..............................74 7.2 Small Fragments ..............................74 8.HAIR AND FIBERS ..................................75 8.1 On Individuals ..................................75 8.2 On Other Surfaces ............................75 9.IMPRESSIONS ........................................76 9.1 Footprints............................................. 76 9.2 Tire Prints............................................ 76 9. 3 To 0 1 Mark s .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76 10.LIQUIDS AND VISCOUS SUBSTANCES.... 77 10. 1 Liquids........................................... 77 10.2 Viscous Substances ........................ 77 11.METALS................................................ 78 11. 1 Filings.............................................. 78 11.2 Fragments .................................... 78 11. 3 Large Sections.................................. 78 12.PAINT.................................................... 79 12.1 Chips and Smudges ....................... 79 12.2 Liquids...... ................................... 79 13. QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS 14. (inc\. Handwriting & Typewriting, Paper and Ink)....................................... 80 13.1 Charred .......................................... 80 13.2 Fluid or Blood Soaked ...................... 80 13.3 Intact. ........................................... 80 14.SOIL ............................... 81 14.1 Caked Mud ........................... .........81 14.2 Dry Soil ............................... .........81 14.3 Mud ............................... ............. 81 15.MISCELLANEOUS ..... ............................ 82 15.1 Cigarette Butts-Tobacco .................. 82 15.2 Jewelry......................................... 82 15.3 Voice Identification ......................... 82 15.4 Small Objects ................................. 82 15.5 Writing Instruments........................ 82

Chapter V: END NOTES APPENDIX

Glossary of Terms

GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING SCENE OF CRIME OPERATIONS

CHAPTER I CRIME SCENE

CRIME AGAINST PERSON
It is important that the weapon used during an armed assault be retrieved, especially if it was a firearm. A firearm may reveal scratches, fingerprints or other distinguishing marks apart from its serial number. These features if available can be used to confirm the FA's identity. In addition, look for projectiles and spent cartridges. If a projectile is found, determine its path or line of fire. If possible, try to determine the path of a projectile to the entry hole by establishing the position of the offender. Then, look for physical evidence associated with the offender such as fingerprints, tom pieces of clothing or cigarette butts. To establish whether a person fired a FA, perform a gunshot residue test at the crime scene if possible. The test may be done on the attacker's clothing particularly if it is not practicable for the test to be made on his hands. Likewise, the same test may be done on the victim's clothing to verify the distance from which the shot was made. Gunshot residues at the entry hole may establish this fact. Note the position of the spent cartridges and collect them as evidence. Locate any cutting, stabbing, or blunt instrument used in the assault. The instrument may reveal blood stains, hairs or clothing fibers associated with the victim. Fingerprints on the instrument may yield positive identification of the attacker. Details on the collection and preservation of evidence related to Crime Against Person is found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as follows: Blood Cigartte Butts Clothing Fingerprints Gunpowder Residues Hand Guns

(1.1) (15.1) (3.) (4.) (5.1 ) (5.2)

Serial Numbers Shoulder Weapons Fired Bullets Fired Cartridge Cases Spent Shotgun Shells

(5.3) (5.4) (5.5) (5.6) (5.7)

ARSON

The main purpose of an arson investigation is to establish the point of fire origin. Once established, the location may provide clues as to

whether the fire was deliberately set or otherwise. At a possible point of origin, the investigator should observe if there is or are any object(s) uncommon to the location. These uncommon objects may be in the form of traces or odors of combustible materials, e.g. petroleum. Search for unusually colored ashes or soot. Find out if the building's fire protection devices have been modified or tampered with. If petroleum or any related chemical was used to set the fire, it is possible that the chemical's receptacle was left at the crime scene or dumped nearby. If the receptacle is not found among the fire debris, look for possible locations of garbage repository in the area. Probe electrical outlets, connections, fuse boxes and related electrical devices to establish whether the fire was of electrical origin. Inspect bum patterns to establish the movement and intensely-heated areas of the fire. Determine the criminal's entry route to the building, taking into consideration the possibility of a forced entry, i.e. door or window forcibly opened. Search for tool marks or any related evidence left behind. Details about the gathering and safekeeping of evidence related to Arson may be found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as follows: Arson Debris (2.1) Carpet Fabric Matches Tire Impressions (9.2) Wood Fingerprints (4.) Footprints (9.1) Gasoline (10.1) Glass (7.1 & 7.2) Metal Fragments (11.2) Tool Marks (9.3)

BOMBING

Reaction to a bombing situation will depend on whether there is a threatened bombing situation or a post-blast situation. In a bomb threat situation, establish the legitimacy of the threat and then call in the bomb disposal unit to do a search of the imperiled area. If a questionable package is found, a crowd control unit should be dispatched to move people away from the suspected bomb. If the threat was made through the phone, confer with the

person who received the call to know more about the caller. If the threat was made by letter, have the letter analyzed for fingerprints, typewriting, inks and handwriting. In a post-blast situation, have the area searched by the bomb disposal unit for a second bomb. Then study the area to determine the focus of the detonation and the resulting blast effects. Sort the rubble for pieces of wire, triggering mechanism or explosive wrapper which may be traceable to its manufacture or dealer. Fingerprints may be yielded by the bomb's tape fragments. Collect these for further analysis. If there are any suspects, test their hands using ethanol or methanol-soaked swabs. Details about the gathering and safekeeping of evidence related to Bombing may be found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as noted below: Explosive Debris (2.2) Explosive Substances and Devices (2.3) Battery Parts Blasting Caps Clock Patts Wire Fabrics (3.) Fingerprints (4.) Metal Fragments (11.2) Paper (13.) Tool Marks (9.3) Voice tapes (15.3)

BREAKING AND ENTERING (TRESPASS TO DWELLING) A lot of things should be considered when looking into a breaking any entering case. First to consider is the manner by which the offender entered the crime scene. Check the doors, metal doorknobs, and windows for torn marks, and fingerprints. Collect glass fragments, clothing fibers or blood residue from a shattered window. Second, consider the way by which the offender entered or left the crime scene. Look for tire tracks and footprints in the vicinity of the crime which may reveal the manner of entry.

Third, ponder on what things inside the crime scene might have been handled by the offender. Blush any available surface ill the room for fmgerpl1nts Lastly, search and collect for articles which are deemed to be misplaced Collect for misplaced clothing, handkerchief, cigarette butts or matches. Consult victims to confirm which objects in the crime scene are out of place. Details on the gathering and safekeeping of evidence may be found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as follows: Blood Cigarette Butts Clothing Fabrics Fingerprints Footprints Glass
(1.1) (15.1) (3.) (3.) (4.) (9.1 ) (7.)

Hair Metal Fillings Paint Chips Soil Tools Tool Marks

(8.) (11.1) (12.1) (14.) (11.3) (9.3)

CLANDESTINE OPERATION

A clandestine operation may be in the form of (but not limited to) the following: (a) narcotics laboratory; (b) counterfeiting plant; and (c) illegal weapons factory. In cases (a) and (b) it is important to collect all the raw materials or ingredients that go into the production of the illegal commodity. Likewise, collect samples of the finished products such as narcotics, counterfeit currency or firearms. Get a photo of the raw materials and the crime scene as they appear before the seizure of said materials. If possible collect evidence or samples which might have anything to do with setting-up of the clandestine operation. Hence, collect samples of hair, body fluids, clothing, eating utensils, tools, among others, which may be connected to the offenders. Details of the gathering and safekeeping of evidence on Clandestine Operation are found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as follows:

Alcohol (10.1) Fabrics (3.) Explosives (2.2) Fingerprints(4.) Footprints (9.1 ) Fuel (10.1) Gasoline (10.1) Glass (7.) Hair (8.) Metal (11.)

Oil (10.2) Paint Chips or Smudges(12.1) Paper (13.1) Raw Materials (6.) Soil (14.) Tire Impressions (9.2) Tools (11.2) Tool Marks (9.3) Wood Chips (2.1)
COUNTERFEITING

Counterfeiting is the fraudulent production of currency, e.g. paper or metal, or negotiable instruments, e.g. bonds or checks. Investigation will involve the collection of the questioned item, e.g. currency and inks, for laboratory analysis to confirm the genuineness or spuriousness of the item analyzed. If a clandestine counterfeiting operation is proven, search for and collect equipment used in the operation. In addition, look for forged credit cards, driver licenses, letters of credit, and blank bank checks which might linked the suspects to other fraudulent commercial activities. Details on the gathering and safekeeping of evidence related to Counterfeiting are found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as follows: Dies Fingerprints Ink Paper Solder Tools Tool Marks (11.2) (4.) (10.2 and 13) (13.)

(11.2)
(11.2) (9.3)

HIT-AND-RUN

In the aftermath of a hit-and-run incident, the only evidence that may link the offender to the crime scene is the physical evidence scattered in the vicinity or found on the victim's or on the offender's vehicle. Hence, inspect the area and the victim's clothing for broken glass, chrome fragments, decorative metals or paint chips which may have been removed on impact. Observe the tire imprints and foot prints left on the scene.

Collect evidences like clothing fibers, bloodstains, among others, which may be used to confirm the identity of the suspect vehicle as the actual vehicle that caused the impact. If the suspect vehicle is found abandoned, search for personal effects, papers, fingerprints, hair and fibers which may be used to determine the suspect's identity; Details on the collection and preservation of evidence associated with Hit-and-Run are found under Collection and Preservation Section as follows: Blood (1.1) Hair (8.) Clothing (3.) Metal (11.) Fabrics (3.) Mud (14.3) Fibers (8.3) Paint (12.) Glass (7.) Tire Impressions (9.2) Grease (10.2) Fabric Impressions (3.2) NARCOTICS VIOLATION
In certain occasions, finding evidence of narcotics violation such as syringe, paper wrappings, heroin powder, and marijuana cigarettes during an inquiry over an unrelated offense may not be farfetched. However, narcotics evidence is best achieved through planned narcotics raids or through direct purchase by undercover officers. Narcotics are commonly hidden in drawers, books, shoeboxes, mattresses or behind picture frames and seldom in light fixtures, heating ducts, secret panels, tape cartridges, etc. When seeking, remember to brush the hiding places for fingerprints. Collect a fingerprint sample of the offender since this may be the only tool for suspect identification. Dust the crime scene for prints specially the surfaces which the offender might have touched. Be on the lookout for stolen property during the search since most narcotics offenders finance their purchase through theft. Details on the gathering and safekeeping of evidence related to Narcotics Violation is described in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as follows: Drug Paraphernalia (6.) Fingerprints (4.) Powders or Solids (6.3) Spoon (15.4)

Liquids Paper Plant Material

(6.1) ( 13.) (6.2)

Syringe (15.4) Tablets/Capsules (6.4)

QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
Under this category, stolen checks and bonds bearing forged signatures make up the majority of false documents. Likewise, promissory notes, commercial checks, wills, income tax returns and other legal documents may also be questionable documents. Submit any document in question for an authenticity test. If practicable, secure samples of handwriting, typewriting fonts and writing instruments for laboratory analysis. When examining document authenticity be on the lookout for: an unnatural signature; a paper not ordinarily used for such documents; presence of more than one typewriting styles; fraudulent date of preparation; misaligned typewriting; mechanical or chemical erasure; questionable spacing of words, letters or lines; and different types of paper used for a multi paged document. Details on the gathering and safekeeping of evidence linked to Questioned Documents may be found in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as follows: Fingerprints Handwriting Ink Paper (13.) Typewriting (13.) (13.) Watermarks (13.) ( 13.) Writing Instruments (15.5.) (13.)

RAPE AND/OR HOMICIDE When the crime is being committed, a struggle may arise between the victim and the offender. It may be possible for the victim to have pulled

the offender's hair, scratch his face or even tear his clothes. Hence, focus on evidence such as tissue, dried blood or cloth fibers which may be under the victim's fingernails. Get samples of seminal stains, bloodstains and other evidence from the victim's clothing. Medical inspection may confirm the presence of bite marks or foreign pubic hair from the victim. Search the crime scene for evidence that may have been dropped by the offender. If the victim is deceased, determine the kind of weapon possibly used, Look for a knife, rope, wire or brick which the offender might have used to kill. Determine how the offender and the victim arrived at the crime scene. Be on the lookout for footprints specially if the victim was forced to walk or , dragged to the area. Otherwise, be observant for tire marks if it is assumed' that the offender used a vehicle to bring the victim to the area. Details on the gathering and safekeeping of evidence C01l1lected to Rape and/or Homicide are reflected in Chapter II (Gathering and Safekeeping of Evidence) as follows: Blood (1.1) Fabrics (3.) Fiber (8.) Fingerprints (4.) Footprints (9.1) Grease (10.3) Hair (8.) Saliva (1.2) Seminal Stains (1.3) Small Objects (15.4) Sweat (1.4) Tire Tracks (9.2) Bite Marks (9.4) Tools used as Weapons( 11.3) Urine (1.5)

CHAPTER 2 GATHERING AND SAFEKEEPING OF EVIDENCE

Body fluid stains are important evidence. Whether they are blood stains or seminal stains, they can be employed to determine if a person is associated with a clime or not. The succeeding paragraphs would show how blood, saliva, semen, urine and the comparison standards are gathered and preserved. 1.1. BLOOD It is a must that before collecting blood stains, a precise description of the extent and pattern of blood spatters should be made. This means that close-up scaled photographs of blood stains should be done. If materials with blood stains can be sent to the laboratory: 1.1.1. Air dry the material on a Glean paper. 1.1.2. When dried, put the material inside a paper bag. Mark the bag with your initials, the date and art exhibit number before fastening it. Do not bag items if they are not thoroughly dried. 1.1.3. If the material has to be folded, cover the stained area with clean paper. Avoid folding across the stained area. 1.1.4. Blood stained materials should be packaged individually. 1.1.5. Collect a comparison standard. The comparison standard is 5 cc of blood each taken from the victim and the suspect which are placed in separate vials. A qualified physician is tasked with extracting the blood. The vials are marked with the donor's name, doctor's name and other pertinent information.

1.2 SALIVA 1.2.1. Air dry the material on a clean paper. 1.2.2. When dried, put the material inside a paper bag. Mark the bag with your initials, the date and an exhibit number before fastening it. Do not bag items if they are not thoroughly dried. If the material has to be folded, cover the stained area with clean paper. Avoid folding across the stained area. 1.2.3. Blood stained materials should be packaged individually. 1.2.4. Collect a comparison standard. The comparison standard is a cotton swab each from the victim's and the suspect's mouths. The swabs are dried and packaged separately in paper envelopes. The envelopes are marked with your initials, the donor's name, the date, exhibit number and other pertinent information. 1.3. SEMEN 1.3.1. Air dry the material on a clean paper. 1.3.2. When dried, put the material inside a paper bag. Mark the bag with your initials, the date and an exhibit number before fastening it. Do not bag items if they are not thoroughly dried. 1.3.3. If the mateIial has to be folded, cover the stained area with clean paper. Avoid folding across the stained area. 1.3.4. Blood stained materials should be packaged individually. 1.3.5. Collect a comparison standard. Get blood and saliva samples following steps 1.1 and 1.2. 1.4. SWEAT Obtain sweat evidence following steps shown in 1.3. 1.5. URINE
Obtain urine evidence following steps shown in 1.3. 2. EXPLOSIVES AND INCENDIARIES

Extreme care is needed when searching for bomb- or arson-related evidence. For instance, the presence of large volume of debris, their small size and the possibility of their being washed away when fire is extinguished make this type of evidence hard to find. The succeeding paragraphs would show how arson and explosive debris are gathered and preserved. 2.1. ARSON DEBRIS Glass a) Collect glass splinters and dust them for fingerprints if the evidence indicates that a Molotov Cocktail device was used. b) Package the glass splinters in a clean, Fastenable metal can. Mark the metal cans with your initials, the date, exhibit number and other pertinent information. Wood and Fabrics a) Collect materials which may appear to have traces of gasoline or any other incendiary. Follow the steps shown above for glass. b) Obtain comparison standards. Materials similar to the collected evidence which appear to be free from gasoline or any other incendiary should be collected as standards. Though not always necessary, comparison standards are required specially if the floor or groundwork is chemically similar to the incendiary used. Suspected Flammable Liquids a) Put an ounce of the suspected fluid in a small, seable, clean can. b) Fasten the can and mark it with your initials, the date, exhibit number and other pertinent information. Foreign Objects a) Put objects foreign to the crime scene in separate plastic bags. b) Fasten the bag and mark with your initials, the date, exhibit number and other pertinent information. 2.2. EXPLOSIVE DEBRIS 2.2.1. Find the focus of the blast and then get loose debris from it. Consequently, remove additional material up to 3-5 inches deep. 2.2.2. Put the evidence in separate clean, unused metal cans. Fasten and mark the cans with your initials, the date, exhibit number and other pertinent information. 2.2.3. Put objects thought to be in close proximity with the blast in metal cans. Mark them.

Put metal objects from the explosive device in metal cans. Wrap items like wires and objects with tool marks with tissue paper secured with a tape. Mark the metal cans with your initials, the date, exhibit number and other pertinent information. 2.2.4. Evidence collected from the scene should not be placed in the same package as those evidence obtained from the suspect. 2.2.5. Comparison standards should be packaged separately. 2.2.5. Comparison standards should be packaged separately. 2.3. EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES AND DEVICES 2.3.1. Find evidence from deactivated substances. Do not attempt to deactivate any explosive device unless you have been trained to do so. 2.3.2. Dust the smooth surface of the device for fingerprints. 2.3.3. If a tape or paper wrapping is found, put these in a clean unused metal can. Fasten the cans and mark them with your initials, the date, exhibit number and other pertinent information. Do not handle any of these directly with your fingers. 2.3.4. Segregate materials such as batteIies, wires and cap fragments. Put them in clean, unused metal cans making sure that items with tool marks should be wrapped in tissue paper and secured with tape. Mark the cans with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number. 2.3.5. Put a 35-gram sample of the suspected explosive in a small, clean, unused metal container. Mark the container. Avoid sending explosives through mail. 3. Fabrics Fabrics discovered at the crime scene or missing from the crime scene should be collected since these may be supp0l1ive or necessary evidence which will associate a suspect with the crime or eliminate him from consideration. Never disregard any item simply because you thought it is not associated with the crime. The succeeding paragraphs would show how fabric is gathered and preserved. 3.1 LARGE ARTICLES

3. 1.1. Make sure that the correct position of any large material such as upholstered chair or mattress is recorded prior to its removal and collection. ApaI1 from the drawing a sketch of the crime scene, show how a large material, e.g. mattress, is positioned relative to another material, e.g. headboard. 3.1.2. Air dly wet smfaces before packing. 3.1.3. When folding a fabric, make sure the ripped edges are protected. Put the fabric in a clean bag then fasten and mark. Avoid packaging petroleum-laced materials in plastic bags or bottles. 3.1.4. If cutting the fabric can not be avoided, be caI'eful not to cut across vital areas such as bullet holes or knife wound areas. Never stretch or tear fabrics. 3.1.5. Put large aIticles such as mattresses and upholstered chairs in large crates or boxes.
3.1.6. Mark all the evidence with your initials, the date aIld an exhibit number. 3,1. 7. If possible, collect a compaI'ison standard.

3.2.1. Search for small alticles of fabric on the victim's mouth, feet or hands. Use tweezers to pick up small fibers so that ripped edges are protected. 3.2.2. Air dly the wet surface of the fabrics before packaging. Make sure these surfaces are covered with non-abrasive material before sending them. 3.2.3. Put small fabrics in containers large enough so that they would not be folded. Folding can cause alteration of threads. 3.2.4. Be extra careful when handling fabric impressions on paint, metal sUlfaces and putty. Refer to sections 4.3., 9.3 and 12.1. when collecting impressions from putty, metal sUlface and paint impressions, respectively. 3.2.5. Package fabric impressions separately in glass or plastic vials or any appropriate container. Fasten the container and mark with your initials, the date and an exhibit number. 3.2.6. Collect a comparison standard. Comparison Standard - Fabrics Comparison standards would be fabric articles which are found at the crime scene which could be compared with fabric or fibers found on the suspect. For instance, a fiber found on the victim may be similar to the fiber found on the suspect. Refer to sections 3.1. or 3.2 when packaging these small materials.

Latent impressions, regardless of the area of the ridges present, are of the greatest importance to the criminal investigator as their identification may solve the crime and result in successful prosecution of the subject. Consequently, every effOlt should be made to preserve and identify them. It is imperative that fmgerprints hidden on non-porous sUlfaces should be collected immediately and sent to the laboratory since they disintegrate rapidly. When packaging fingerptints, be sure that these are shielded from smudging or deterioration. The succeeding paragraphs would show how fingerprints from non-porous and absorbent sUlfaces should be gathered and preserved. 4.1.1. Put the absorbent material in a plastic bag. Mark the bag with your initials, the date and an exhibit number.
4.1.2. Do not directly handle the material with your fingers. Wear a pair oflight cloth gloves. Handle an object only by its edges or sUlfaces, insofar as it is necessary.

4.1.3. Avoid processing the fingerprints on absorbent surfaces unless you are trained to perform such a function. 4.1.4. Collect standard fingerprints which were properly and legibly taken for comparison.
Manual on Crime Scene and Evidence

DEVELOPING OF LATENT PRINTS 4.2.1. No attempt should be made to blUsh or apply powder to prints in dust, and to greasy or bloody prints since this will smely. destroy them. Objects which have been wet or immersed in water may still bear identifiable latent impressions. Before any examination is attempted, however, the object must be dried. 4.2.2. When the latent print is plainly visible, it should be photographed before any effOlt is made to develop it. 4.2.3. Remove dust and other foreign matters by blowing or fmming the suspected sUlface. 4.2.4. Place a quantity of powder on a clean sheet of paper. 4.2.5. Have a control test by applying different powder on the smface similar to the surface of the suspected object or on the same object palt which has not been touched by the culprit by using . your fmgerprints. 4.2.6. Place the handle of yom blUsh between the palms of both hands and roll it back and forth. This will separate, spread and prepare the hair or bristles. 4.2.7. Dip the blUSh into the powder, stroking all ends of the bristles .. Tap the handle slightly to remove surplus powder from the blUsh. Don't put the blUsh into the powder jar or container. 4.2.8. BlUsh the suspected surface lightly in a swirling or circular motion, with the bristles of the blUsh barely touching the smface ..

4.2.9. With the appem'ance of the impressions, powder yom blUSh and go over the print once or twice, then tap off surplus powder r from the blUsh and touch up the print by removing the surplus powder on and around the prints.

Unwind a piece oflifting tape from the roll without cutting. Do not jerk, but pull slowly and gradually, not straight out from the roll but back and downward. Hold the roll in one hand and the tape in the other. Place the end of the tape about lIz inch in front of the print and fmnly press the tape evenly over the print by sliding your thumb over it. Remove the tape from the surface by pulling slowly until the tape is almost entirely clear from the surface. Cut off the section used and mount the lifted print on a Crime Scene Search Data Form. During the entire operation, never touch the gummed side of the tape.

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Mark fingerprint evidence collected, properly with your initials, the date, location and have it initialed by at least two witnesses. Collect standard fingerprints which were properly and legibly taken for comparIson. 4.3.1. Be extra careful when extracting fingerprint impressions on soft surfaces such as putty. Permit as much excess material . sUlTounding the fingerprint as possible. 4.3.2. Paste the material ,with the fingerprints on a stiff cardboard sUlface. Mark the cardboard with your initials, the date and an exhibit number. 4.3.3. Tape a paper cup or glass baby food jar on the evidence for protection. Do not touch the fingerprint. 4.3.4. Collect a comparison standard. Submit the tape containing the fingerprint impressions to the laboratory in the condition when it was found. 4.4.1. Fingerprints may be found on the victim's skin specially ifh~ was held by the suspect. Collect the prints inunediately sinc~ fingerprints on the skin deteriorate rapidly. When extracting the prints, use methods like dusting, chemical, electronic or photographic techniques. Avoid washing the skin area prior to processing of the fingerprints.

4.4.2. Collect a comparison standard. Gather and identify the fingerprints of the suspect and the victim and those who touched an object under investigation. Put the fingerprint evidence in an envelope

and Fasten. Mark the envelope with your initials, the date and an exhibit number.

4.5.1. For firearm. Twine the muzzle near the front sight where examination indicates the absence of latent prints.

4.5.2. For glass jalousies. Construct a crate and anange the glass jalousies properly to prevent shifting and to avoid breakage and touching of any sides bearing latent impressions. 4.5.3. For large bottles. Construct a crate that will fit the bottle. You can constl1lct the crate so that no paxt of it will touch the prints. 4.5.4. For hunting knife on which the prints have been located on the blade. The knife should be inselted between pieces of wood held in place by a string or cord.

Bullets and cartridges have the unique markings of the fireanll from which they were fired. In addition, fireatms leave a visible residue on the shooter's hands. The succeeding paragraphs would show how gunshot residue, fireanns, serial numbered items, weapons, spent bullets and spent cartridges are gathered and preserved. 5.1.1. Wash your hands or wear a pair of gloves. 5.1.2. Get swabs of the back of the suspect's left and right hand using cotton swabs moistened with 5 percent nitric acid. Do the same

for the suspect's light and left hand palm areas. 'I Put the swabs in a plastic bag and mark with your initials, the date and an exhibit number. 5.1.3. Get swabs of the right and left facial cheek areas if a rifle or shotgun is involved. 5.1.4. Do not attempt to collect swabs if a .22 caliber was involved; if more than six hours have elapsed; or if the suspect has washed his hands. 5.1.5. Make a control swab by wetting a cotton swab with dilute acid. Then put the swab inside a plastic bag marked as "control swab". 5.1.6. Get a swab of the interior ofa spent casing using water, instead of acid. Put the swab in plastic bag marked as "casing". 5.1. 7. Put clothing evidence intended for gunshot residue testing inside a plastic bag. Marked the bag with your initials, the date and an exhibit number. Send the fire ann to the laboratOlY to detennine the distance from the bullet hole to the fireatlll muzzle. If the ammunition is available, send it with the weapon.

5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.2.3. 5.2.4.

5.2.5. Photograph the weapon before conducting the examination. Dust the weapon for fIngerprints. Remove magazine from autoloading weapons. Do not operate mechanism except to unload. Sketch the relative position of the spent casings and live roun with respect to the barrel. Affix an identification tag to the weapon which will containl brief description of the firemID, make, model type caliber gauge destination serial number, your initials, the date and an exhibit number. Scratch initials or marks of identification on side of fraIm ' receiver, backstrap, bmTel, etc. Do not use 'x' to mark stocks, side plates or any pmt that can be readily removed or replaced. Record the absence or presence of round in the chamber. Om! the outer sUlface ofthe clip for prints. Put the clip in an envelope .. then mark. Put the weapon in a plastic bag or paper bag. Mark the bag with your initials, the date and an exhibit number.
Do not send a loaded firearm through the mail.

5.3.1. If the serial number has been erased, put an identifying mark on the weapon. 5.3.2. Attach an identification tag to the weapon with your initials, the date mId an exhibit number. 5.3.3. Put the weapon in a paper or plastic bag.
5.3.4. Do not attempt to retrieve the serial number using acid-etch solutions. 5.4.1. Photograph the weapon before conducting the examination. 5.4.2. Dust the weapon for concealed prints. 5.4.3. Do not clean or fire. 5.4.4. Record the absence or presence of round in the chamber. 5.4.5. Attach an evidence tag to the weapon with the weapon's description and serial number 5.4.6. Dust the outer swface of the clip for hidden fingerprints. 5.4.7. Put the clip in an envelope and mark. 5.4.8. Put the unloaded weapon in a wooden or rigid cardboard box and Fasten. Mark the box with your initials, the date and an exhibit number.

..
~5~ FIRED BULLETS 5.5.1. Photograph the bullets before conducting the examination 5.5.2. Extract the used bullet from the object excluding the material around it. 5.5.3. Do not wash or clean. 5.5.4. Cover the bullet with cotton then place it in an unbreakable container. Pack the bullets separately. 5.5.5. Mark the container with your initials, the date and an exhibit number. 5.6.1. Photograph the fired metallic cartlidge case before conducting the examination. 5.6.2. Do not mar mutilate, scratch or nick head of shell.

5.6.6. 5.6.7.
5.6.9. 5.6.10. 5.6.11. 5.6.12.

If recovered in revolver cylinder, mark chambers to conespond with shell designation. Note as to mark of identification used. Head designation of maker. Sketch showing relative position of shells if recovered on floor, or street. Transmit the information to laboratOly. Scratch initial or mark of identification near mouth of shell, preferably inside the mouth. Do not scratch, or mutilate head or rear p0l1ion of cartridge case. Roll individually in paper. Place rubber band around paper. Place wrapped cartridges in a heavy paper envelope. Forward to laboratOly. Mark the bag with your initial, the date and an exhibit number.

5.7.2. 5.7.3. 5.7.4. 5.7.5. 5.7.6. 5.7.7. 5.7.8. 5.7.9. 5.7.10.

Photograph the fired paper shot shells before conducting examination. Do not mar, mutilate, scratch or nick head of shell. Note as to mark of identification used. Sketch showing relative position of shells when recovered on floor or streets. Transmit the infOlmation to the laboratOly. With ink or indelible pencil, mark inside of shells using initials of person recovering. Do not scratch, nick, mar or mutilate brass head of shell. Roll individually in paper. Place wrapped cartridges in heavy paper envelope.

FOlward to laboratOly. Mark the bag with your initials, the date and an exhibit number. 5.8.1. 5.8.2. 5.8.3. 5.8.4. 5.8.5. 5.8.6. 5.8.7. 5.8.8. 5.8.9. 5.8:10. 5.8.11. Photograph the shot pellets before conducting the examination. Recover as many as possible. Do not mutilate in removal. Source and position of recovered pellets. Record number and send it to the laboratOlY. Note mark of identification used on seal. Seal container marking seal with mark of identification on gum label seal on envelope. Use pillbox as shipping container. Place box in envelope, and sealing envelope. Indicate source of pellets on envelope. F Olward to laboratOly. Mark the bag with your initials, the date and an exhibit number.
5.9.1. 5.9.2. 5.9.3. 5.9.4.

5.9.5. 5.9.6. 5.9.8. 5.9.9.

Photograph the shot wads before conducting the examination. Recover as many as possible. Recover the source of the wads. Transmit the infOlmation to the laboratOly. Make notes on the mark of identification used. U sing ink or indelible pencil, inscribe initials of person recovering or mark identification. Do not use "x" place in paper envelope, sealing for transmission to laboratOly. Place in paper envelope indicating source on envelope. FOlward to laboratOly. Mark the bag with your initials, the date and an exhibit number. Gather the spent wads and record their locations. Put them separately in paper envelopes. Mark the envelope with the required identification.

FOOD AND DRUG SPECIMENS

Food and dlUg specimens may link a suspect with the crime or conoborate other evidence. The succeeding paragraphs would outline the steps for gathering and preserving liquid, powder, solid or plant material specimens. 6.1.1. Gather a minimum of one pint of the liquid using a leak proof container. 6.1.2. Fasten the container with adhesive tape and mark with your initials, the date and exhibit number. 6.1.3. Mark glass containers with "fragile". 6.1.4. Collect a comparison standard. 6.2. I. Air dly samples by putting it on brown paper for 24 hours. 6.2.2. When thoroughly dried, put the evidence in a pillbox or a vial and fasten with tape.
6.2.3. Package each sample separately. 6.2.4. Weigh the contents.

6.2.5. Mark the container with your initials, the date and exhibit number. 6.2.6. Collect a comparison standard.
G.3.1. 6.3.2. 6.3.3. 6.3.4. 6.3.5. 6.3.6. Put in a container such as a pillbox or a vial. Weigh the contents. Fasten the container and mark with your initials, the date and an exhibit number. Refrigerate the evidence if required. Do not attempt to add preservatives to solid food samples. Collect a comparison standard. G.4.1. 6.4.2. 6.4.3. Put the evidence in a plastic vial or a pillbox. Record the contents. Fasten the container and mark with your initials, the date and an exhibit number. Collect a comparison standard. Search the refrigerator or cupboard for similar materials which are marked. Avoid removing the samples from their original containers. Put them in sterile, clean containers and refrigerate to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Similarly, comparison standards for drugs are collected following the same procedure. Do not mix specimens in a single bag even if they were found close to each other or even if they are similar in appearance.

Glass may contain hidden fingerprints and should be packaged properly. If glass fragments are found in shoes or clothing, collect these and send to laboratOly for analysis. The succeeding paragraphs indicate how large or small glass fragments are gathered and preserved.

7.1.1. Search for concealed fingerprints using the dusting method. 7.1.2. In order to prevent the damage on the thin, protmdillg edges of the glass, put them in modeling clay or putty. 7.1.3. When picking up glass, use tweezers to minimize scratching of the glass sUlface and to protect the glass edges. Avoid breaking the fragments. Mark the glass fragments with adhesive tape for identification by clearly writing your initials and the date on the tape. 7. 1.4. After marking, wrap each fragment with cotton and secure all fragments in a fastened box. Mark each box with your initials, the date, and exhibit number. 7.1.5. Place in a separate package all questionable glass fragments. 7.1.6. In case you are using the glass fragments in fractme analysis such as when detetmining the direction of a bullet's impact, fragments should be tagged whether these were found inside or outside the building. In addition, mark the sUlface of the glass which was facing outside. 7.1.7. Do not forget to collect a comparison standard.

7.2.1. Inspect articles of clothing and footwear for the presence of glass fragments. 7.2.2. Use tweezers or other similar instruments to gather the glass shards, making sure that the edges and smfaces of the glass are not accidentally scraped in any way. 7.2.3. Using clean paper or plastic bags, carefully wrap each article of clothing where glass pieces were found. 7.2.4. Put in a separate bag all questioned glass fragments, separate from the known glass pieces. 7.2.5. Securely fasten each bag and mark the same with your initials, the date, and exhibit number. 7.2.6. Place footwear and other solid objects in separate containers such as shoe boxes. To prevent rattling and damaging the glass, tape each object to the bottom of the box. 7.2.7. Do not pack articles containing microscopic glass pieces in cotton or other soft materials. 7.2.8. Secure each package thoroughly. Check if there are holes through which glass pieces might be lost. 7.2.9. Keep loose glass fragments in pillboxes, plastic or glass vials and Fasten them completely. To prevent rattling and chipping of glass, place cotton inside the receptacle. Do not use envelopes as containers. 7.2.10. Make sure that you tag all packages with your initials, the date, and exhibit number. 7.2.11. Do not forget to collect a comparison standard.

To obtain a comparison standard for glass, collect comparison samples from the area nearest the point of impact. Samples should at least the size of a onepeso coin. Clearly tag each comparison sample with adhesive tape bearing your initials, the date, and exhibit number. Wrap each compaIison fragment according to the proper procedures outlined above. When the direction of force will be analyzed, always collect a glass standard from any remaining glass in a window or door frame as close as possible to the point of breakage.
In climes involving physical contact, pal1icles are often transfened among the victim, suspect, and weapon or other objects. Most common of these evidentialY pa11icles are hairs and fibers. These items of evidence can be extremely valuable to an investigation. Knowledge on the proper collection and handling of these evidentialY items are therefore highly necessaly. 8.1.1. To collect hair samples from an individual, pullout about twenty hairs with tweezers or a clean comb. This is the more desirable method. Another method is to cut off hair as close to the scalp or skin as possible. In this case, care must be taken because misleading information can result, especially if hair has been recently dyed. 8.1.2. Collect samples of hair (pulled, combed or cut) from different parts of the body such as the head, arms, armpits, chest, legs, and pubic area and hair surrounding any wounds on the body. Store separately according to location and mark each receptacle with your initials, the date, and exhibit number. 8.1.3. If a pillbox is used as receptacle, take care that the entire length of the hair is securely placed inside the box and not entangled by the lid. If paper is used as a receptacle, avoid twisting the hair or fiber when folding the paper. 8.1.4. Submit also at1icles of clothing of the individual from whom you gathered a hair sample. Pack each at1icle separately. Fasten and mark each with your initials, the date, and exhibit number.

8.2. t. If possible, let the laboratOlY teclmicians remove hairs and fibers from other smfaces. If not, remove suspicious hairs or fibers from smfaces with a pair of tweezers. Take care not to crush hairs or fibers. 8.2.2. Keep these palticles in a pillbox or folded piece of clean paper.

If paper is used, avoid twisting the hair or fiber when folding the paper. Place the pillbox or folded paper in an envelope for transpOltation to the laboratOly. 8.2.3. Secure and mark the package with your initials, the date, and exhibit number. 8.2.4. When using an evidence sweeper or vacuum, remove the palticles that collected in the filter and the filter paper. Place both in a plastic bag. Secure and mark the evidence bag with . your initials, the date, and exhibit number. Do not use envelopes for keeping filter sweepings or for very small particles. 8.2.5. Obtain a comparison standard. 8.3. HOW TO OBTAIN A COl\1PARISON STANDARD FOR HAIRS AND FIBERS Obtain and preserve hairs as outlined in 8.1. If possible, collect and submit at least 20 hairs in each sample. Gather as comparison standards any mticles of clothing or fabric which might have come in contact with the suspect. Also, take samples of lUgS, draperies, fumiture, or upholstelY mateIial which might have transfelTed fibers to the suspect's clothing. Obtain hair standards from pets found nem' the crime scene.

Impressions made by footprints, tires, and tools can easily be destroyed during a preliminary crime scene search. To prevent the loss of or damaging such evidence, immediately secure the crime scene and conduct the collection and preservation of impressions forthwith in the following manner:
9.1.5. 9.1.6.

Take a photo of each footprint that you have observed. First, place a ruler or other instruments for scale determination beside the print. Then, photograph each print directly above the impression while illuminating the print with a detached flash light, holding it low and to the side of the print. Prepare plaster and make a plaster impression of each footprint. It is well to practice first with your own footprint, since casts destroy impressions when they are removed. Reinforce the cast with wire or any appropriate material. After dlying, mark your initials, the date, and exhibit number on the back of the cast. Also indicate a directional' alTow poillting to the North. ~I Package each cast separately in a well-padded container. Use old newspaper for padding. Do not remove the dirt sticking to the cast. Secure and mark box indicating the contents. Obtain a comparison standard.

9.2.1. 9.2.2.

Follow the same procedure as those outlined in 9.1. Do not forget to collect a comparison standard.
9.3.1. Preserve the tool marks as they were found at the crime scene, Secure the intact object bearing the tool marks and submit this to the laboratOly

9.3.2. If you cannot submit the whole intact object bearing the tool marks, detach that pOltion of the intact object bearing the tool marks such as a fender of a car or a door jamb and submit this to the laboratOlY But, before a portion of tile intact object bearing the tool marks is removed, take a photo of the entire object. Submit this photograph along with the detached portion of the intact object to the laboratOly 9.3.3. Ifremoval of the pOltion bearing the tool marks is not possible, then make a casting of the impression with any applicable reproduction material and submit the same to the laboratOly. 9.3.4. Fasten an evidence tag and mark it with your initials, the date, and exhibit number. 9.3.5. Obtain a comparison standard.
9.4.1. Take a photo of the bite marks from a distance enough to show the location on the body. Then, also take a close-up photo with the lens axis perpendicular to the sUlface to avoid distol1ion. Place a scale beside the mark before taking a photo.

9.4.2. Swab the bite area with cattail saturated with distilled water.

9.5. HO\V TO OBTAIN A COMPARISON STANDARD FOR IMPRESSIONS

9.5. I. FOOTPRINTS: Take the footwear wom by the suspect and submit them to the laboratolY according to the procedures

described in 14.1. Preserve any dilt adhering to the footwear. 9.5.2. TIRE PRINTS: Obtain any tire used by the suspect and submit this to the laboratOlY for comparison with the plaster cast. Also send any dilt sticking to the tires. Package soil particles following the steps outlined in 14.1. 9.5.3. TOOL MARKS: Gather any tools found at the crime scene that might have been used by the susr ct or those found in the possession of a suspect, e.g. garaf: 'ar, etc. Package these as desclibed ill 11.2. and submit these tv e laboratOly as standards.

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