Chapter Summary Chapter 1.

1: Waves take the shape of a sine wave, the lowest part of a wave is called a trough whilst the highest part is called the crest. The wavelength is the difference between two troughs or two crests. Amplitude is the height of the crest and the wavefront is the face of a wave in its forward direction, must be perpendicular to the direction of the wave. Frequency is the number of waves passing a fixed point per second. Period is a property of frequency, it is the amount of time taken to pass a fixed point. So we summarise: Crest is the highest point in a wave Trough is the lowest point in a wave Frequency is the amount of waves passing a point given a time Wavelength is the distance between crests Velocity is frequency x wavelength Medium is the material

Chapter 1.2: Vibration of waves is the transfer of energy, as waves are being vibrated there is energy which is transferred. The transfer of energy is always away from the source instead of the other direction. Waves can travel in multiple direction depending on the medium it is travelled in. A one dimensional wave is one that is in a slinky or rope, this is because the wave can only travel in one dimension. Two dimensional waves are much like a pond where a pebble or displacement creates a wave that travels in a circular front. Three-Dimensional waves are much like sound in air. The air waves travel away from the source in three-dimensions. The transfer of waves is the transfer of energy through which matter is not transferred. So we summarise: A wave is the transfer of energy without the transfer of matter Wave types are one dimensional, two dimensional, three dimensional Vibration of waves is the transfer of energy

Chapter 1.3: The two major types of waves are both the mechanical and electromagnetic waves. Mechanical waves are the transfer of wave energy through a medium in which the particles are pushed along. The particles move as vibrations around the source. This method of energy transfer however does not garner a net movement of particles from one place to another. Mechanical waves require a medium to travel through. Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to travel through. Transverse waves are like slinkies going up and down or like the sine-graph. Longitudinal waves push the medium instead of using a motion. They have a compression and rarefaction. So we summarise:

Mechanical waves require a medium to transfer energy Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to transfer energy Transverse waves are sine-waves, they have a side to side or up and down motion Longitudinal waves have a compressions and rare-faction to move particles

Chapter 2.1-2.2: Sound is a longitudinal which means that it creates a compressions and rare-factions in a medium. The speed of sound is dependent on the medium it is travelling through. Sound can be shown as transverse waves where the crest is the middle of the compressions and the trough the middle of the rare-faction. So we summarise: Sound is a longitudinal wave Sound has a compression and rare-faction within its medium Sound can be represented as a transverse graph where crest is compression and trough is rare-faction.

Chapter 2.3: In a transverse graph the amplitude is the amount of height the sound wave has with constant frequency whereas pitch is a varying in frequency but a constant amplitude. So we summarise: Amplitude is the amount of height a sound wave gets when shown in a transverse graph where the frequency is the same Pitch the difference in frequency but it keeps a constant height

Chapter 3.1: Key Terms: Electromagnetic waves require no medium to travel through. The atmospheric influences upon electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic Spectrum The relationship between electromagnetic radiation and a change of light Applications of electromagnetic waves

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of wavelengths of all different electromagnetic waves. The visible spectrum consists of different types of electromagnetic waves however, there are common properties that govern these waves. All electromagnetic energy travels at the speed of light, the waves are produced by having an electric and magnetic fields at perpendiculars to each other and an oscillation. The wave is infinite or self-sustaining which means that the electronic field creates a magnetic field which in turn sustains the electronic field and continues propagating. The frequency of the electromagnetic field directly

cor res pon ds to the vibr atio nal fre que ncy of the source. These waves can be reflected by different materials and refracted upon the density of the material.

Experiment 3.2