EIR 211 /221 TRANSFORMERS & ELECTRICAL MACHINES - NOTES

2013 Wilhelm Leuschner Pr Eng D Eng

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & COMPUTER ENG.

TRANSFORMERS (Zekavat Chapter 12) ELECTRICAL MACHINES (Zekavat Chapter 13)

(+ Notes / Summary)
1. Transformer Principles: Ideal & Practical Transformers 1.1 Equivalent circuits 1.2 Voltage, Current & Power Transformation 1.3 Impedance transformation 1.4 Regulation & Efficiency 1.5 Types of transformers 2. Electrical Machines (Motors & Generators) 2.1 DC Machines (Linear and Rotating) 2.2 AC Machines I Induction AC Machines II Synchronous AC Machines 2.3 Electric Vehicles (cars)
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1. SINGLE & THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Impedance transformation through a transformer:

Load impedance ZL as seen from the input V1

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

The three phase transformer is connected to a three phase power source (e.g. power station or transmission line) on the Primary (input) side and to a three phase load (e.g. three phase motor, transmission line or any other three phase load on the Secondary (output) side.
A1 A1

a1

a1

Transformer A (same for B and C) How to construct a three phase transformer in principle: Take three single phase transformers A, B and C: Xformer A: Primary connection: A1 a1 and Secondary Connection: A1 a1 Xformer B: Primary connection: B1 b1 and Secondary Connection: B1 b1 Xformer C: Primary connection: C1 c1 and Secondary Connection: C1 c1
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Three phase transformer connections:

1. Star Star Connection: Primary (input to transformer): Connect a1, b1, and c1 together and call it N1 Secondary (output of transformer): Connect a1, b1 and c1 together and call it N1 2. Delta Star Connection: Primary: Connect a1 and B1 together and call it B1, connect a2 to C1 and call it C1, connect c1 and A1 together and call it A1 Secondary: See 1. above 3. Star Delta Connection: Primary: See 1. above Secondary: : Connect a1 and B1 together and call it B1, connect a2 to C1 and call it C1, connect c1 and A1 together and call it A1

Assignment: Show the schematic diagram of the complete three phase transformer for 1. to 3. above.
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Practical Transformer

Transformer Assignments
1. For an ideal transformer: Supply voltage v1 = 230V 50Hz and primary windings N1 = 1000 and v2 = 12V and i2 = 6A: Calculate the number of secondary windings. 53 w Calculate the primary current. 318mA Calculate the input and output power. 72VA What is the output frequency? 50Hz 2. For an ideal transformer: Supply voltage v1 = 110V 60Hz and primary windings N1 = 500 and v2 = 230V and i2 = 10A: Calculate the number of secondary windings. 1045 w Calculate the primary current. 20.9A Calculate the input and output power. 2300VA What is the output frequency? 50Hz 3. For an ideal transformer: Supply voltage v1 = 48V 60Hz and i2 = 5A: Primary windings = 100 and secondary windings is 50, calculate the load impedance as seen from the source. 19.2 Ohm

4. For a practical transformer operating at input voltage of 200V and 50Hz we have: R1 = 10, R2 = 2 L1 = 10mH, L2 = 1mH Lm = H, Rc = 150k Load resistance = 100 N1 = 1000 windings N2 = 100 windings Draw the equivalent circuit and calculate Input and Output current; as well as the Transformer Efficiency and Load Voltage Regulation.

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2. AC & DC MACHINES
DC MACHINES (MOTOR OR GENERATOR)

DC Linear Machine: Fundamentals for all electrical machines.

DC linear Generator: Fixed homogeneous magnetic field B in a specific direction. Copper conductor cuts through the magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the field, by a mechanical force f. An e.m.f. is induced in the conductor, which creates a voltage if the conductor is extended to form a continuous loop (with a load resistance or battery in series. The current in the loop induces a magnetic field around the conductor (right hand thumb rule). The two magnetic fields interact to obtain a steady-state condition. The moving coil forms the armature of a linear DC Generator and the magnetic field is called the field of the generator.

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DC LINEAR MOTOR
The same construction as in 1.2 but now the supply a current to the coil (linear conductor). This current induces a magnetic field around the conductor which reacts with the static magnetic field B. This creates a force on the conductor f in a specific direction. The moving conductor is part of the armature of a linear DC Motor Important equations: e = Blu -1. and f = Bli Where: e is the e.m.f. (Voltage produced f is the force in a specific direction -2.

B is the magnetic field strength (which can be produced by a permanent magnetic or electro-magnet) l is the length of the conductor moving through the magnetic field u is the speed of the conductor moving through the field i is the current flowing through the conductor
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ROTATING DC MACHINES
Important equations:

E = k

- 3. and

T = kIa

- 4.

Note: Rotational speed and torque T (i.s.o. u and f ) Two mechanical components: Stator (standing still) and Rotor (rotating output shaft for driving something) Rotational movement. N r.p.m. ( N x 2 ) / 60 radians per second. Stator coil on stator & Rotor coil on rotor Note: Stator can be the Field or the Armature and Rotor can be Field or Armature The same DC machine can be used as Generator and Motor by changing the field voltage or the torque direction Series, Parallel, Series-Parallel connected DC machines (field relative to armature) Data sheets: Torque as a function of Rotational Speed graphs
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AC MACHINES: 1. Induction Machine (Mainly used as AC motor)

INDUCTION MOTOR: Two types - Manufactured differently
a. Squirrel cage induction motor: Field winding on the Stator & winding on the Rotor. Armature

The rotor conductors are solid copper or aluminium rods short-circuited at the ends to look like a squirrel cage. No electrical connection to the Rotor (Stator) from outside. Torque / Speed characteristic of the motor is fixed. Simple and inexpensive manufacturing. No wear on brushes or other components (only mechanical bearings). b. Wound rotor induction motor: Field winding on the Stator - Armature windings on the Rotor. The Armature resistance (windings on the rotor) can be varied as a function of motor speed through external resistances connected via slip rings to the rotor. The Torque / Speed curve of this induction motor can be varied dynamically. More complex construction and therefore more expensive.
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Types of Induction Motors (Electrical supply to the motor):

Three phase - Most used machine in Industry: Three phase electrical supply to the Field windings on the Stator produces a fixed amplitude (constant) rotating Field in the motor core to cut the Armature windings on the rotor. Single phase induction motor has an oscillating field and needs an external capacitor to be switched into the circuit at zero speed to create a temporary phase shift to create magnetic torque to start the rotor turning. After that the capacitor has to be switched out. This means a more expensive motor, limited life and oscillating magnetic field. Mode of operation (see Characteristic Torque / speed diagram - specific for each motor): Magnetic field of three phase motor rotates as a function of supply frequency and number of pole pairs (number of magnetic poles divide by two North & South): n = 60f / Pp
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Example: 50 Hz supply and 2 pole pairs on the rotor (i.e. 2 North poles and 2 South Poles) Then the rotating speed of the Field will be 1500rpm. The rotating magnetic field on the Stator cuts the conductors when the supply is switched ON. This induces e.m.f. in the rotor conductors and this in turn creates current to flow in the Armature (rotor) conductors/windings. These currents create magnetic fields that interact with the field of the field windings on the Stator. The rotor starts moving but cannot reach the synchronous speed of the field. This difference in speeds is called the slip of the motor. If the slip is zero i.e. speed of rotation of the Field and the speed of the rotor is the same and there is no field cutting the rotor coils/conductors, i.e. no Torque is produced. As the load Torque is increased the rotor will slow down, slip increases and output torque increases.Torque/Speed characteristics of the Induction Motor and the load (pump, fan, hoist, etc.) has to be super-imposed to determine the operating point and ascertain stable operation (for increased or reduced load torque requirement). Starting of induction motors: As the starting current in an induction motor is very high (no field produced in the rotor yet to oppose the magnetic field in the stator (Field) coils, one can use a Star/Delta starter to first switch the three phase supply to a star connection to the motor (i.e. phase voltage to the field coils) and the once it is running and creating sufficient rotor current, the supply can be switched to a delta connection (i.e. line voltage across each field winding). 16

2. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES (Mainly used as AC Generators)

2.1 Synchronous Motors: Always run at a constant speed 2.2 Synchronous Generators (alternators): Produce electrical power of a frequency determined by the speed of the generator and the number of pole pairs, e.g. A Synchronous generator used in a Hydro power station can run at low speed and still produce 50Hz by just increasing the number of magnetic poles f = ( Pp x n ) / 60 For n = 750 rpm and Pp = 4 pole pares we find f = 50 Hz (What happens if f = 60 Hz ?) Operation of Synchronous generator (machine): The Armature windings (three phase mostly) are usually on the Stator The magnetic Field is usually produced by an electromagnet (DC supply) on the Rotor and can consist of 1,2, 3 or more pole pairs. The Field winding (magnet) on the rotor is then rotated at a specific speed, called the synchronous speed (or close to it for a generator) The current for the field winding on large generators is usually produced by a DC generator (Exciter) on the same shaft as the Synchronous Generator and connected to the rotating field by slip rings and brushes. Torque/Speed characteristic of the Synchronous Motor: As the speed is constant the motor can only produce output torque once it is running at constant speed. The motor has to be brought to synchronous speed by other equipment. Over-excited synchronous motors: The phase angle of the supply current and the supply voltage can be made leading by supplying more field current to make E larger than V for the same mechanical output torque. This is equivalent to having a rotating capacitor connected to the power system (power factor correction for many of the 17 induction motors on the system e.g. Sasol.

Machine Analysis:
DC Machines EA = K m and T = K IA (for motor and generator action)

Figure: Generic Equivalent circuit for a separately excited DC machine (generator and/or motor)

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The DC machine can change from a generator to a motor by simply changing the direction of the torque (changing it from positive to negative) in the diagram above. Rotation direction is fixed: Torque may be anti-clockwise: Then the machine acts as a DC Generator and IA flows to the left (e.g. charging battery & EA > V or supplying power to a load)) Torque may be clock-wise: Then machine act as a DC Motor and IA flows to the right. The supply voltage V is larger than EA In both cases the electrical losses are IA 2 RA plus IF 2 RF Note: IF does not change in value or direction Note: EA = K at all times

Note: For the Shunt DC machine: The field coil is connected in parallel with the supply voltage V
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