Chemistry

Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. !. Core Areas Inorganic/ Analytical Chemistry Applied /Environmental Chemistry Organic / iochemistry "hysical Chemistry Total Percentage 30% 15 % 30 % 25 % 100%

Chemistry (Detailed)
Sr. No. 1. Core Areas INO !ANIC" ANA#$TICA# C%&'IST $( 1.1 )asics o* Analytical Chemistry( 1.1.1 Importance o# analytical chemistry. 1.1.2 Analytical $ampling% Analytical data& data handling& statistical treatment o# data. 1.1.3 $toichiometry% $toichiometric calc'lations& molar concentrations. 1.1.! Chemical E('ili)ri'm%*a+ o# mass action& degree o# dissociations& theoretical principles& acid, )asee('ili)ria& sol')ility e('ili)ria& comple-atione('ili)ria. Percentag e ,0%

1.+ Common Analytical 'ethods( 1.2.1 $olvent E-traction% .istri)'tion coe##icient& distri)'tion ratio& percent e-traction& solvent e-traction o# metal comple-es. 1.2.2 Chromatography% "rinciples and theory& types o# chromatography& paper chromatography& thin layer chromatography& col'mn and gas chromatography. Electrogravimetry% /heory and principles& instr'mentation& separation o# metal ions& applications. 0oltammetry% applications. asic principles& Instr'mentation and

1.2.3

1.2.! 1.2.5

Cond'ctometry% asic principles& Instr'mentation and applications.

1., S-ectrometry and S-ectro-hotometry( 1.3.1 $pectrometry% asic concepts& classi#ication& theoretical concepts. 1.3.2 1.3.3 10/visi)le spectrophotometry% Introd'ction& *am)ert, eer *a+& deviations& applications. 2olec'lar $pectrophotometry.

1.3.!

2olec'lar str'ct're and spectral transitions% 2eas'rement o# spectra& light scattering,elastic and inelastic& a)sorption and emission spectroscopy. A)sorption spectroscopy in 10,0isi)le region% A)sor)ance and transmittance& applications and deviations o# eer,*am)ert la+& spectral resol'tion and errors in concentration meas'rements& applications and comparison o# #l'orescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy& spectral inter#erences and spectra o# mi-t'res& chemical inter#erences& instr'mental inter#erences. Instr'mentation% 4avelength separations& so'rces and detectors #or electromagnetic radiations.

1.3.5

1.3.3

1.. Deri/ati/e S-ectrosco-y( 1.!.1 I5 and 5aman spectroscopy ( 0i)rational #re('encies& ('alitative analysis& I5 spectra and 5aman spectra& samples #or I5 and 5aman spectroscopy& )and intensities and ('antitative interpretation i.e.& correlation charts and ta)les& I5 and 5aman spectrophotometers. 1.0 Atomic S-ectrosco-y( 1.5.1 Origin o# spectral transitions in atoms% Atomic spectra and spectral notations& intensities and line +idths o# gas,phase atomic spectra and its variations +ith temperat're and press're. 1.5.2 A)sorption 6 emission spectra% olt7man distri)'tion& spectral line )roadening& )ac8gro'nd correction& #actors a##ecting atomi7ation/ioni7ation. Atomic a)sorption and emission methodologies% Optimi7ation o# analytical conditions& concentration ranges in atomic spectroscopy. Inter#erences% $pectral& physical& chemical and instr'mental and their elimination. Optical components o# atomic a)sorption/emission spectrophotometers% 5adiation so'rces& atomi7ers& monochromators and detectors& mod'lation in atomic spectroscopy. 9lame photometry% 9lame characteristics and spectral inter#erences& components o# #lame photometer& non,metals and #lame photometry.

1.5.3

1.5.! 1.5.5

1.5.3

1.5.: 1.5.;

$ampling% $ample and standard preparation methods #or atomic spectroscopy. <'alitative and ('antitative applications o# a)sorption and emission meas'rements.

1.1 Thermal 'ethods o* Analyses( 1.3.1 =eneral introd'ction& principles and instr'mentation& thermogravimetry& di##erential thermal analysis and di##erential scanning calorimetry& evolved gas detection& evolved gas analysis. 1.3.2 Applications% Applications o# thermal techni('es in analysis o# di##erent materials.

1.2 Inorganic Chemistry( 1.:.1 "eriodic /a)le% "eriodic classi#ication and periodic "roperties o# elements. 1.:.2 /heories o# chemical )onding% 0alence )ond theory& 0E$"5 theory and 2olec'lar or)ital theory.

1.:.3 $hapes o# Inorganic molec'les% Electronic attractions and rep'lsions. 1.:.! 1.:.5 Acids and ases% p> and pO>& p?a and p?) and their importance and applications. All theories o# acids and )ases +ith e-amples& i.e.& Arrheni's& ronsted *o+ry& *e+is acid and )ases& >ard acids and hard )ases& $o#t acids and so#t )ases @$>A A. Chemistry o# Interhalogens% e-amples and e-planation& pse'dohalogens and poly >alides. Chemistry o# d,)loc8 and #,)loc8 elements% i. =eneral "roperties and applications. ii. 2etallic )onding. iii. Crystal #ield theory% #ield splitting& the role o# strength o# legend. iv. 2olec'lar or)ital theory. Coordination chemistry% "reparation and reactions& sta)ility constants& stereochemistry o# coordination comple-es& nomenclat're& ?inetics and mechanism o# coordination. Applications o# coordination comple-es& geometry o# coordination compo'nds.

1.:.3

1.:.:

1.:.;

1.:.B

*anthanide and Actinides% Occ'rrence& preparation and chemistry o# compo'nds.

1.3 Chemistry o* Non4a56eo6s Sol/ents( 1.;.1 =eneral "roperties% Classi#ication& types o# reactions. 1.;.2 1.;.3 1.;.! Chemistry o# Con,a('eo's solvents% C> 3& >9& C>3COO>& >2$O!& $O2& r 93& C2O! . 5eactions in #'sed salt systems% e##ect o# temperat're. 5ings and cages% clatherates& inorganic rings& chains and cages o# & $i& C& " and $.

1.7 Chemistry o* Car8onyl Com-o6nds( 1.B.1 2etal Car)onyls% car)onyl halides& car)onyl chlorides& metal nitrosyls and related compo'nds. 1.B.2 Organometallic Compo'nds% Chemistry and )onding o# metal sigma and pi comple-es& catalysis )y organometallic compo'nds& comple-es o# molec'lar nitrogen and o-ygen. 10 % APP#I&D "&N9I ON'&NTA# C%&'IST $( +.1 Ind6strial Chemistry( 2.1.1 2aterial Ind'stries%=lass& ceramics& cement. 2.1.2 Chemical Ind'stries% $'lph'ric acid& nitric acid& sodi'm car)onate& #ertili7ers i.e.& 'rea& ammoni'm nitrate& phosphate #ertili7ers& soaps and detergents. 2etall'rgical ind'stries% Iron and steel& calci'm& copper and al'mini'm. Other Important Iss'es% "ercentage yield& selection o# ra+ materials& +aste minimi7ation.

+.

2.1.3 2.1.!

+.+ &n/ironmental Chemistry( 2.2.1 2.2.2 Cycles o# matter% car)on cycle& nitrogen cycle& s'lph'rcycle and phosphoro's cycle. Air poll'tion%organic air poll'tion& inorganic air poll'tion& "C..Ds& "C.9Ds& insecticides/pesticides& o7one depletion& acid rain& photochemical smog&

Aerosols. 2.2.3 2.2.! 2.2.5 ,. O !ANIC " )IOC%&'IST $( ,.1 Organic Chemistry( 3.1.1 $tr'ct're and onding% Ionic& covalent& coordinate covalent and hydrogen )onds&$igma @E,A and pi @F,A )onds. >y)ridisation&Ind'ctive e##ects. hyperconG'gation and mesomeric e##ects .Acidity and )asicity . *e+is acids and )ases . asicity and hy)ridisation .Acidity and aromaticity. 9'nctional =ro'ps% 9'nctional gro'ps & Al8yl and aryl gro'ps & nomenclat're and .ra+ing organic str'ct'res. $tereochemistry% Isomerism & Con#ormational isomers&Con#ig'rational isomers& Cis- and transisomerism & Optical isomers&Enantiomers&/he CahnH IngoldH"relog @R and SA nomenclat're&/he . and * nomenclat're &.iastereoisomers& .iastereoisomers vers's enantiomers. 5eactivity and 2echanism% C'cleophiles and electrophiles& Car)ocations& car)anions and car)on radicals& =eneral types o# reaction &"olar reactions @involving ionicintermediatesA&Addition reactions &Elimination reactions& $')stit'tion reactions& 5earrangement reactions. 5adical reactions& "ericyclic reactions&5eaction thermodynamics and 8inetics. Al8yl >alides%>alogenation o# al8anes&alcohols&al8enes. /he $C2& $C1 and $C i @s')stit'tion& n'cleophilic& )imolec'larA reactions.Ceigh)o'ring gro'p participation @or anchimeric assistanceA. /he $C2I and $C1I reactions& /he E2 @elimination& )imolec'larA reaction& /he E1 @elimination& 'nimolec'larA reaction &$')stit'tion vers's 4ater poll'tion. $oil poll'tion. Coise poll'tion. ,0 %

3.1.2

3.1.3

3.1.!

3.1.5 3.1.3

3.1.:

elimination. 3.1.; Al8enes and Al8ynes %2ar8ovni8ov Addition &anti, 2ar8ovni8ov addition. Addition o# hydrogen halides& )romine and +ater to al8enes and al8ynes.O-idation )y pero-ycar)o-ylic acids @5CO3>A and hydrolysis o# epo-ides to give anti, dihydro-ylation .5eaction o# al8enes and al8ynes +ith o7one & car)enes&hydrogen and dienes.9ormation o# al8ynyl anions.

3.1.B

en7enes% >alogenation& Citration and $'l#onation. 9riedelHCra#ts al8ylation and acylation. 5eactivity o# s')stit'ted )en7enes and )en7ene rings% activating and deactivating s')stit'ents .Orientation o# reactions .Ortho,/para,directing activators& Ortho,/para,directing deactivators.Meta,directing deactivators.$teric e##ects vers's electronic e##ects. C'cleophilic aromatic s')stit'tion .5ed'ction o# the )en7ene ring ./he synthesis o# s')stit'ted )en7enes .Electrophilic s')stit'tion o# pyridine pyrrole& #'ran and thiophene. 3.1.10 Car)onyl Compo'nds% Aldehydes and ?etones% C'cleophilic addition reactions.5elative reactivity o# aldehydes and 8etones. 3.1.11 /ypes o# n'cleophiles% /he Canni77aroreaction.C'cleophilic addition o# car)on n'cleophiles% #ormation o# CJC )onds. 5eaction +ith cyanide organometallics and phosphor's ylides% the 4ittig reaction. C'cleophilic addition o# o-ygen n'cleophiles% #ormation o# hydrates and acetals. Addition o# alcohols% hemiacetal and acetal #ormation. C'cleophilic addition o# s'l#'r n'cleophiles and amine n'cleophiles. 9ormation o# imines and enamines.5eactions o# imines& o-imes and hydra7ones. ?etoHenolta'tomerism.>alogenation o# enolates.Al8ylation o# enolate ions Crossed or mi-ed aldol reactions. 3.1.12 Car)onyl Compo'nds% Car)o-ylic Acids and .erivatives%$tr'ct're and 5eactivity.C'cleophilic acyl s')stit'tion reactions. 5elative reactivity o# car)o-ylic acid derivatives .5eactivity o# car)o-ylic acid derivatives vers's car)o-ylic acids .5eactivity o# car)o-ylic acid derivatives vers's aldehydes/8etones.C'cleophilic s')stit'tion

reactions o# car)o-ylic acids. C'cleophilic s')stit'tion reactions o# acid chlorides& acid anhydrides& esters and amides. C'cleophilic addition reactions o# nitriles.K,$')stit'tion reactions o# car)o-ylic acids Car)onylHcar)onyl condensation reactions ./he Claisen condensation reaction Intramolec'larClaisen condensations% the .iec8mann reaction. 3.1.13 Aromaticity %Criteria o# Aromaticity./he Energy Criterion #or Aromaticity .$tr'ct'ral Criteria #or Aromaticity .Electronic Criteria #or Aromaticity .5elationship among the Energetic& $tr'ct'ral& and Electronic.Aromaticity in Charged 5ings.>omoaromaticity.9'sed,5ing $ystems.>eteroaromatic $ystems. 3.1.1! $pectroscopy%2ass spectrometry& Isotope patterns. .etermination o# molec'lar 9orm'la. 9ragmentation patterns .Chemical ionisation ./he electromagnetic spectr'm .1ltraviolet spectroscopy In#rared spectroscopy .C'clear magnetic resonance spectroscopy .1> C25 spectroscopy.Chemical shi#ts .$pinHspin splitting or co'pling. 3.1.15 $ynthetic "olymers% Addition polymers.Condensation polymers. 2echanical properties% /ensile strength% Lo'ngMs mod'l's o# elasticity./ransport properties% "hase )ehavior% =lass transition temperat're."olymer degradation. ,.+ )iochemistry( 3.2.1 Car)ohydrates% Chemistry and str'ct're o# monosaccharides..eo-y s'gars. >emiacetals and hemi8etals2'tarotation. 9ischer and >a+orth proGections. Chemistry and str'ct're o# .isaccharides% $'crose& *actose& 2altose& /rehalose&/'ranose and Cello)iose. 2'tarotation. 9ischer and >a+orth proGection /risaccharides% 5a##inose &2ele7itose and 2altotriose. "olysaccharide% =l'cose/=l'can% =lycogen N $tarch @Amylose& AmylopectinA N Cell'lose .e-trin/.e-tran N eta,gl'can @Oymosan& *entinan& $i7o#iranA 9r'ctose/9r'ctan% In'lin& 2annose/2annan C, Acetylgl'cosamine% Chitinhemiacetals orhemi8etals @depending on +hether they are aldoses or 8etoses. 2'tarotation 9ischer and >a+orth proGection.

3.2.2

*ipids% Classi#ication o# *ipids .4a-es& oils and #ats./riacylglycerol& =lycerophopholipids and sphingomyleins.$teroids% )ile acids& cholesterol& ergosterol& vitamin .& estrogens& gastrogens& androgens& adrenocortical hormones. Amino acids& peptides and proteins% Classi#ication o# amino acids."rimary secondary tertiary& ('aternary str'ct're& $e('ence analysis& C and C,terminal determination.

3.2.3

3.2.!

En7ymology% $tr'ct'res and mechanisms. En7yme $peci#icity. P*oc8 and 8eyP model.Allostericmod'lation.Co#actors and coen7yme. En7yme ?inetics and /hermodynamics. En7yme Inhi)ition. iological #'nction and Ind'strial applications. C'cleic acids%C'cleosides& n'cleotides& polyn'cleotides and C'cleo)ases. 5i)on'cleic acidsQ 2rna& t5CA & r5CA & tm5CA. .eo-yri)on'cleic acids% 5eplication& /ranscription and /ranslation. iotechnology. +0 %

3.2.5

.. P%$SICA# C%&'IST $( ..1 !ases::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1% !.1.1 ehavior o# ideal and real gases.

!.1.2 .eviation o# gases #rom ideal )ehavior. !.1.3 0irial coe##icients. !.1.! 0an der 4aals e('ation !.1.5 /ransport properties. !.1.3 .istri)'tion o# energies and speedsQ molec'lar collision and collision theory. !.1.: 2i-t're o# gasesQ the #'gacity #'nction. ..+ #i56ids::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1% !.2.1 "artialmolal ('antities.

!.2.2 Ideal $ol'tions% *a+s o# dil'te sol'tions& >enryDs la+& CernstDs distri)'tion la+Q 5ao'ltDs la+Q activity and activity coe##icientsQ e('ili)ri'm constantsQ #ree energy changes in sol'tions. !.2.3 Colligative properties% 0apo'r,press're lo+ering& #ree7ing point depression& elevation o# )oiling point and osmotic press're. !.2.! "hase r'le% "hase e('ili)ri'm& one component system& m'lticomponent systems. !.2.5 *a+s o# dil'te sol'tions% >enryDs la+Q CernstDs distri)'tion la+Q 5ao'ltDs la+Q activity and activity coe##icientsQ e('ili)ri'm constantsQ #ree energy changes in sol'tions. !.2.3 Colligative properties% 0apo'r,press're lo+ering& #ree7ing point depression& elevation o# )oiling point and osmotic press're. !.2.: "hase r'le% "hase e('ili)ri'm& one component system& m'lticomponent systems. .., ;6ant6m 'echanics::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,% !.3.1 >istorical )ac8gro'nd o# the development in atomic str'ct're. !.3.2 asic concepts o# ('ant'm mechanismsQ ('ant'm n'm)ers& +ave #'nctionsQ vectorsQ operatorsQ ang'lar moment'mQ eigen #'nctions. $chrodingerDs e('ation and its application to simple system% particle in one,and,three dimensional )o-Q rigid rotorQ hydrogen atom and hydrogen,li8e ions. /reatment o# many electron atoms% "a'lisD principleQ >'ndDs r'leQ spin,or)it interaction. 0ariation method. "ert'r)ation theory. 2olec'lar symmetry.

!.3.3

!.3.!

... Chemical <inetics:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,% !.!.1 Introd'ction% 5eactions and reaction rate la+s& order o# reaction& e-perimental etermination o# reaction orders& #actors in#l'encing reaction rates& elementary reactions ad reaction mechanism. 5eactions +ith

simple 8inetic #ormQ 0th,order& 1st,order& 2nd,order& comple- reactions. !.!.2 /ransition state theory% /emperat're e##ectsQ heat capacity o# activationQ composite rate constantsQ press're e##ects and vol'me o# activationQ interpretation o# activation parameters. !.!.3 5eaction mechanisms% 2echanistic interpretation o# rate la+s& e('ivalent 8inetic e-pressions& 8inetically indisting'isha)le schemes& p>,rate pro#iles. !.!.! Composite reactions% 5eversi)le 1st and higher order reactions& parallel and conc'rrent reactions& consec'tive #irst order reactionsQ steady state appro-imationQ rate controlling stepQ cataly7ed and en7yme cataly7ed reactions. !.!.5 Chain reactions% .ecomposition o# acetaldehydeQ a'to-idation o# an orange,chromi'm comple-. !.!.3 9ast reactions% 9lo+ metGods #or rapid reactions& shoc8 +ave methods& chemical rela-ation methods& ('enching )y #lorescence method& #lash and laser photolysis. ..0 Thermodynamics::::::::::::::::::::::::::+% !.5.1 !.5.2 Introd'ction% 9'ndamentals o# chemical thermodynamics. /hermodynamics% *a+s o# thermodynamics& concepts o# enthalpy& entropy& heat capacity& #ree energy and process reversi)ility. Applications o# thermodynamics to chemical systems. Chemical

!.5.3 Entropy as a state #'nction. !.5.! >elmholt7 9ree Energy and the E('ation o# $tate. !.5.5 =i))s 9ree Energy. !.5.3 Cla'si'sClapeyron E('ation. !.5.: $tatistical calc'lations o# thermodynamic #ree energy. ..1 Solid State Chemistry::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::+%

!.3.1 1nit cells and crystal systems% *attices and their description% ravais latticesQ 2iller indicesQ 'nit cell contents. "oint gro'ps and their relevant classi#ication )ased in symmetry. !.3.2 $pace gro'ps and crystal str'ct'res% Close,pac8ed str'ct'res @c')ic& he-agonal& tetragonal and other pac8ing arrangementsA. Important str'ct're types @5'tile& 5oc8 $alt& Oinc lend& 4'rt7ite. Etc.A !.3.3 "er#ect and imper#ect crystals% /ypes o# de#ects +ith description. .i##'sion o# ions in solidsQ dislocationQ mechanical properties and reactivity o# solids. !.3.! /heories o# electrical cond'ctance% .i##erent types o# solids& metals and non,metals. ..2 Sol6tions::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1% !.:.1 =eneral Introd'ction% 5ole o# sol'tions in chemistryQ classi#icationQ concept o# sol'te and solventQ mi-t'res and their importance. !.:.2 !.:.3 Interactions in sol'tions% $olvent,solvent interactionsQ sol'te,solvent interactions. Electrolyte sol'tions% Ion,ion interactionsQ ion, pairing& str'ct're o# solvates.

3.:.! 2eas'rement% 2icroscopic and macroscopic properties% transport properties. ..3 Colloids and S6r*actants:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::+% !.;.1 Capillarity% $'r#ace tension& Lo'ng and *aplace and ?elvin e('ations& orientation at inter#aces& thermodynamics o# )inary systems& the =i))s adsorption e('ation. !.;.2 $'r#actants% Cat're and classi#ication& miscelli7ation& sol')ili7ation& critical micelle concentration& micellarcatalysis. Em'lsion% Em'lsion sta)ility& aging and inversion o# em'lsions& hydrophile,lipophile )alance& microem'lsions& +etting and contact angle. Colloidal sol'tions% 5heology o# dispersions& static and dynamic light,scattering& lyopho)ic and

!.;.3

!.;.!

association colloids& #orces in colloidal. ..7 S6r*ace Chemistry:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::+% !.B.1 Adsorption% $'r#ace and inter#aceQ inter#acialtensionQ adsorption #orces& thermodynamics o# adsorptionQ porosityQ particle si7e distri)'tion. "hysisorption and chemisorptionsQ adsorption isotherms and their types @9re'ndlich& *angm'ir& E/& etcA. 9orce #ield in #ine poresQ microporosity. Catalysis% >omogeneo's and heterogeneo's catalysis and gas,solid inter#aceQ en7yme catalysisQ gas reactions at solid s'r#acesQ di##'sion limitations and compensations e##ect.

!.B.2

..10 &lectrochemistry:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::+% !.10.1 asic concepts o# electrochemistry% Ideal and non, ideal sol'tionsQ electrolyte sol'tions and types o# interactions. Ionic activityQ ionic e('ili)riaQ types o# Electrodes and electrochemical cells. !.10.2 /heory o# electrolytes% Inter#acial phenomenonQ electrical do')le layer% =o'y& $tern& .e)ye,>'c8le theory o# strong electrolytes. !.10.3 Electrode 8inetics% .i##erence )et+een controlled potential and controlled c'rrent techni('esQ essentials o# heterogeneo's 8inetics& concept and 'se o# e-change c'rrent. !.10.! /he Cerst E('ation and its application. !.10.5 $ol'tion p> determination )y E29 meas'rements. ..11 Photochemistry::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1% !.11.1 9'ndamentals% *ight and nat're o# electromagnetic radiations. Electronic str'ct're o# atomsQ term sym)olsQ a)sorption and emission o# radiations. Interaction o# light +ith atoms molec'les. !.11.2 *a+s o# photochemistry% "hoto e-cited molec'lesQ monophotonic and m'ltiphotonic processes& photodissociation. !.11.3 Organic and inorganic photochemistry% "hoto, electrochemistryQ photochemical reactions in gas

phase and in sol'tionsQ ('ant'm yield. !.11.! Applications% "hotographic& photo,polymeri7ation& dr'gs and pigments& energy conversions. ..1+ N6clear Chemistry:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::+% !.12.1 9'ndamentals% rie# history& trans#ormation hypothesis& electron,proton hypothesis. !.12.2 "roperties o# n'cle's% $'),atomic particlesQ leptons& )aryons& mesons& ('ar8s. C'clear si7e and densityQ types o# n'clides% iso)ars& isotones& isomersQ mass de#ect and )inding energy. >al#,li#e. !.12.3 2odels o# n'clear str'ct're% C'clear #orce radii& li('id drop model& shell model. !.12.! E('ations o# decay and gro+th processes% $'ccessive decay& )ranched decayQ transient and sec'lar e('ili)ri'm. !.12.5 5adioactivity% /ypes o# n'clear reactions% R,decay& ,S,decay positron emission& electron capt're and their thresholds. Applications o# n'clear chemistry. ..1, Atomic and 'olec6lar S-ectrosco-y:::::::::::::::::,% !.13.1 asic principles and applications. !.13.2 5otational levels and 9ar In#rared $pectra. !.13.3 5otational $pectra o# "olyatomic molec'les. !.13.! 2icro+ave $pectroscopy. !.13.5 Internal rotation. !.13.3 0i)rational Energy levels. !.13.: 5otational $pectra o# diatomic molec'les. !.13.; In#rared $pectra o# CO2& >C*& >2O. !.13.B Cormal modes o# vi)ration. Total 100%