Sentence corrections practice This file contains 265 sentence correction questions with full answers and explanations.

Good luck on your test.

In the thirties and forties, devotees of Willa Cathers maintained that her writing has all the qualities found in the highest order of American writers of the nineteenth and twentieth century. A. Cathers maintained that her writing has B. Cathers maintained that her writing had C. Cathers have maintained that her writing had D. Cather maintained that her writing had E. Cather maintained that her writing has he !est answer is D. he "hrase devotees of Willa Cather "resents a com"lete "ossessive without adding an a"ostro"he to her last name. Because the sentence descri!es a "ast event, the ver! has in the "resent tense is incorrect.

William Hornby acquired bison herds for breeding stock hoping that this move would eventually lead to increasing in their numbers, and a fortification of their environment. A. increasing in their numbers, B. an increase in their numbers, C. their increase in numbers, . an increasing in numbers, !. an increasing in the numbers of them,

he !est answer is B. Choice B clearly and correctly uses "arallel noun "hrases to list the effects of #orn!ys actions$ an increase in a fortification of.

%o!inson is a !otanist whose dream is to reesta!lish an authentic "re&human "iece of #awaii, a "lace now awash with introduced s"ecies of "lants and animals. A. who has the dream to reesta!lish an authentic "re&human "iece of #awaii, B. whose dream it is to reesta!lish an authentic "re&human "iece of #awaii, C. who it is his dream to reesta!lish an authentic "re&human "iece of #awaii, D. that is dreaming to reesta!lish an authentic "re&human "iece of #awaii, E. whose dream is to reesta!lish an authentic "re&human "iece of #awaii,

he !est answer is E. he "ronoun whose is the !est way to lin' the dream with Robinson is a botanist.

(((As literary criticism grows more com"le(, students ma)oring in s"eciali*ed areas li'e those of "ost&colonialism and +ar(ist discourse have !een !ecoming increasingly successful at finding "ositions in the faculties of to" universities. A. ma)oring in s"eciali*ed areas li'e those of "ost&colonialism and +ar(ist discourse have !een !ecoming increasingly B. who ma)or in such s"eciali*ed areas as "ost&colonialism and +ar(ist discourse are !ecoming more and more C. who ma)ored in s"eciali*ed areas such as those of "ost&colonialism and +ar(ist discourse are !eing increasingly D. who ma)or in s"eciali*ed areas li'e those of "ost&colonialism and +ar(ist discourse have !een !ecoming more and more E. having ma)ored in such s"eciali*ed areas as "ost&colonialism and +ar(ist discourse are !eing increasingly he !est answer is B. he "hrase As literary criticism grows more complex introduces an ongoing condition that leads to consequences descri!ed in the rest of the sentence, which should !e e("ressed with sim"le "resent&tense or "resent "rogressive. he use of like rather than such as is incorrect. In A, C, and D, those of is too wordy. he woodland su!&s"ecies were in isolation from contact with humans longer than either their marsh cousins or the tree&dwelling su!&s"ecies. A. in isolation from contact with humans longer than B. isolated from contact with humans longer than C. in isolation from contact with humans longer than were D. isolated from contact with humans longer than were E. in isolation and without contacts with humans longer than he !est answer is D. he "hrasing of the com"arisons in choices A, B, and E is incom"lete, so the com"arisons are am!iguous. Choice D em"loys concise, idiomatic "hrasing to e("ress a logically com"lete com"arison.

Drin'ing mil' enriched with vitamin D may significantly reduce the ris' of ric'ets and also aid for sufferers of heart disease, according to studies recently com"leted at the ,niversity of California in -an .rancisco. A. significantly reduce the ris' of ric'ets and also aid for B. !e significant in reducing the ris' of ric'ets and aid for C. significantly reduce the ris' of ric'ets and aid D. cause a significant reduction in the ris' of ric'ets and aid to E. significantly reduce the ris' of ric'ets as well as aiding he !est answer is C. Choices A, B and D each "roduce a clearly unintended meaning$ !y using aid as a noun rather than a ver!, each creates a misleading "arallel with the noun risk. Choice E lac's grammatical "arallelism. #aving logged thousands of hours watching "rimates from chim"an*ees to macaques, chim"s and other "rimates are no longer thought to !e natural&!orn 'illers !y Dr. -wenson, they are attuned to "eacema'ing.
A. chimps and other primates are no longer thought to be natural"born killers by r. #wenson, they

B. Dr. -wenson has come to !elieve that far from !eing natural&!orn 'illers, chim"s and other "rimates C. Dr. -wenson has now the !elief that far from !eing natural&!orn 'illers, chim"s and other "rimates D. chim"s and other "rimates are not longer thought to !e natural&!orn 'illers !y Dr. -wenson, they E. chim"s and other "rimates are no more thought to !e natural&!orn 'illers !y Dr. -wenson, they he !est answer is B. he noun that comes directly after the comma is modified !y having logged thousands of hours watching primates from chimpanzees to maca ues. Answers A, D, and E illogically have the chim"s o!serving other "rimates.

((( he strand fills with water during the rainy season that the "eat then holds and 'ee"s it humid, all of which creates conditions ena!ling trees to grow. A. ena!ling trees to grow. B. for the trees to grow. C. for growing trees. D. that ena!le the trees to grow. E. that the trees can grow. he !est answer is D, !ecause peat is mentioned in cause. If it were leaf instead of peat! the choice would !e A . In choices B and C the "re"osition for is used unidiomatically. In choice A the omission of the word the ma'es it sound as though these conditions are necessary for all trees.

$%%&'eople can debate the aesthetic merits of these overwrought, disquieting, sometimes gruesome works of art, but no one can dispute their creators( mastery of the paintbrush as a blunt instrument.

A. !ut no one can dis"ute their creators/ mastery of the "aint!rush as a !lunt instrument. B. !ut none can dis"ute their creators/ mastery of the "aint!rush as a !lunt instrument.
C. but not a one can dispute their creators( mastery of the paintbrush as a blunt instrument.

D. !ut no "erson can dis"ute their creators/ mastery of the "aint!rush as a !lunt instrument. E. !ut none can dis"ute to their creators/ mastery of the "aint!rush as a !lunt instrument. he !est answer is B. he use of none is idiomatically correct. Choice E is incorrect !ecause dispute can only !e followed !y a direct o!)ect. (((.or almost five thousand years after its !eginning 0.1 million years ago, "omo habilis roamed the earth, lived in semi&"ermanent cam"s, gathered food and shared their economy. A. .or almost five thousand years after its !eginning 0.1 million years ago, B. Beginning 0.1 million years ago for a "eriod of almost five thousand years, C. Beginning a "eriod of almost five thousand years 0.1 million years ago,

D. During five thousand years, a "eriod !eginning 0.1 million years ago, E. 2ver a "eriod of five thousand years !eginning 0.1 million years ago, he !est answer is E. Choice E is "recise and idiomatically "hrased. Choice A is illogical !ecause its refers grammatically to "omo habilis. Choice B is less clear and direct.

(((&Des"ite "rotests from some share holders, committee mem!ers have ordered the levels of de"artment head involvement to !e curtailed and that the advertising "rogram !e underta'en. A. the levels of de"artment head involvement to !e curtailed and that the advertising "rogram !e B. the levels of de"artment head involvement to !e curtailed and that the advertising "rogram !eing C. the measure of levels of de"artment head involvement to !e curtailed and the advertising "rogram to !e D. the levels of de"artment head involvement to !e curtailed with their advertising "rogram !eing E. that the levels of de"artment head involvement !e curtailed and the advertising "rogram !e he !est answer is E. Choice E clearly and correctly uses "arallel "hrases$ the levels of department head involvement be. #he advertising program be.. Advances in networ'ing technology and home com"uters have made it easy for millions of Americans to wor' in their homes, often facilitating the communication !etween the manager, who continues to wor' on&site at the office, with his distant em"loyees.

A. communication !etween the manager, who continues to wor' on&site at the office, with his distant em"loyees. B. communication !etween the manager, who continues the wor' on&site at the office, with his distant em"loyees. C. communication !etween the manager, who continues to wor' on&site at the office, to his distant em"loyees. D. communication !etween the manager, who continues to wor' on&site at the office, and his distant em"loyees. E. communication !etween the manager, who continues to wor' on&site at the office, with his distance em"loyees.

he !est answer is D. he communication has to !e between the manager and his em"loyee.

here are any num!er of s'illed freelancers who can develo" strategy and create mar'eting materials with a 'een eye to using "roven methods, !ut also to develo"ing new and innovative techniques. A. with a 'een eye to using "roven methods, !ut also to develo"ing new and innovative techniques. B. with a 'een eye for using "roven methods, and also to develo"ing new and innovative techniques. C. with a 'een eye not only to using "roven methods, !ut also to develo"ing new and innovative techniques. D. with a 'een eye to using "roven methods, !ut to develo"ing now and innovative techniques. E. with a 'een eye not only to using "roven methods, and also to develo"ing now and innovative techniques. he !est answer is C. Choice C correctly develo"s the "arallel not only but also.

he e("edition did not enter the water&filled clearing !ecause it !elieved that to do it endangers the rare -"anish moss hanging from the trees. A. to do it endangers B. doing it endangers C. to do this would endanger D. doing so would endanger E. to do it would endanger he !est answer is D. Choice D a""ro"riately used the adver! so to refer !ac' to the ver! accord.

)he rising of costs of medication has created growing concern about the long" term threat the virus presents to human health on a national level.

A. he rising of costs B. %ising costs C. he rising cost D. Because the rising cost E. Because of rising costs he !est answer is C. Choice A is unidiomatic, and B costshas lac's su!)ect&ver! agreement. Choices D and E "roduce sentence fragments since $ecause ma'es the clause su!ordinate rather than inde"endent.

(((&While royal governor of 3ew 4ersey, William .ran'lins conviction that the colonies should remain "art of England was not unli'e that of his father Ben)amin .ran'lin, who initially "referred a continued association with England, though he eventually "layed a role in forging America/s inde"endence, hel"ing craft the Declaration of Inde"endence after a change of heart A. not unli'e that of his father Ben)amin .ran'lin, who initially "referred B. not unli'e his father Ben)amin .ran'lin, who initially "referred C. li'e his father Ben)amin .ran'lin, and his initial "reference D. li'e that of his father Ben)amin .ran'lin, for "referring

E. as that of his father Ben)amin .ran'lin, who initially "referred he !est answer is A. Choices B and C "resent faulty com"arisons, com"aring Williams conviction with Ben)amin .ran'lin himself. Choice D does not ma'e clear whether is was the father or the son who hel"ed craft the Declaration of Inde"endence. Choice E incorrectly uses as to com"are two noun "hrases.

(((After ado"ting !road!and internet access, wireless "ersonal digital assistants, and su"er&fast home 5Cs, Weston Insurance has hired new em"loyees, which dou!les to 016 the )unior staff in the claims de"artment wor'ing from home. A. which dou!les to 016 the )unior staff in the claims de"artment B. dou!ling to 016 the num!er of )unior staff mem!ers in the claims de"artment C. which dou!les to 016 the )unior staff of the claims de"artment D. dou!ling to 016 the num!er of )unior staff mem!ers of the claims de"artment E. which dou!les to 016 the )unior staff in the claims de"artment that he !est answer is B. he "ronoun which should !e used to refer to a "reviously mentioned noun, not to the idea e("ressed in an entire clause. In A, C, and E there is no s"ecific noun. ((( he 3ational +useum of American #istory owns #arley&Davidsons of various vintages on account of having evolved into an American touchstone. A. on account of having B. on account of their having C. !ecause they have D. !ecause of having E. !ecause it has he !est answer is C. As used in choices A, B, and D, the "hrases on account of and because of are unidiomatic. Choice E has a su!)ect&ver! agreement "ro!lem.

((( he ,.-. .orest -ervice, then five years old, decided to "ut out every fire in its domain, and within three decades the agency formulated what it called the 76 A.+. "olicy, directing that fires !e e(tinguished quic'er than they had !een in the "ast.
A. within three decades the agency formulated what it called the *+ A.,. policy, directing that fires be e%tinguished quicker than they had been in the past.

B. within three decades the agency has formulated what it called the 76 A.+. "olicy, directing that fires !e e(tinguished quic'er than they had !een in the "ast. C. within three decades the agency had formulated what it called the 76 A.+. "olicy, directing that fires !e e(tinguished quic'er than they had !een in the "ast. D. within three decades the agency formulated what it called the 76 A.+. "olicy, directing that fires !e e(tinguished more quic'ly than they had !een in the "ast. E. within three decades the agency has formulated what it called the 76 A.+. "olicy, directing that fires !e e(tinguished more quic'ly than they had !een in the "ast.

he !est answer is D. Choices D and E correctly use the adver!ial "hrase more uickly than. E is incorrect !ecause of the unwarranted use of the "resent "erfect tense.

A!le to out&navigate other vehicles on rutted roads, it was decided that the "olice chief would allot motorcycles to some of her staff. A. it was decided that the motorcycle would !y the "olice chief to allot motorcycles to some of her staff. B. the decision of the "olice chief was to allot to some of her staff motorcycles C. the "olice chief decided to allot to her staff motorcycles D. some of her staff was allotted motorcycles !y the "olice chief E. motorcycles were allotted to some of the staff !y the "olice chief. he !est answer is E. 8rammatically, the "artici"ial "hrase !eginning with able to must modify the su!)ect of the main clause. he word motorcycles has to follow the comma to !ecome the su!)ect of that clause.

If a latter&day %o!inson Crusoe was marooned on an island with an eclectic mi( of "alms, he could eat dates and coconut meat, rela( in a "alm recliner in his "alm&"ost !ungalow under a "alm&thatch roof, !uff his "alm&"lan' surf!oard with carnau!a "alm wa( and watch a "alm&fringed sunset.

A. If a latter&day %o!inson Crusoe was marooned on an island with an eclectic mi( of "alms, he could eat dates and coconut meat, rela( in a "alm recliner in his "alm&"ost !ungalow under a "alm&thatch roof, B. If a latter&day %o!inson Crusoe was marooned on an island with an eclectic mi( of "alms, he could eat dates and coconut meat, rela(ing in a "alm recliner in his "alm&"ost !ungalow under a "alm&thatch roof, C. If a latter&day %o!inson Crusoe were marooned on an island with an eclectic mi( of "alms, he could eat dates and coconut meat, rela( in a "alm recliner in his "alm&"ost !ungalow under a "alm&thatch roof, D. If a latter&day %o!inson Crusoe were marooned on an island with an eclectic mi( of "alms, he could eat dates and coconut meat, rela(ing in a "alm recliner in his "alm&"ost !ungalow under a "alm&thatch roof, E. If a latter&day %o!inson Crusoe was marooned on an island with an eclectic mi( of "alms, he could eat dates and coconut meat, to rela( in a "alm recliner in his "alm&"ost !ungalow under a "alm&thatch roof, he !est answer is C. he sentence starts with the word if setting u" a conditional situation. he correct form of to be with a conditional is were.

While some economists believe that -ermany should be warned by the !uropean Commission that it could face the imposition of radical restrictions on its domestic fiscal policymaking as early as the beginning of ne%t year, others say that -ermany will take the warning seriously only if it would be backed by sanctions.

A. only if it would !e !ac'ed !y sanctions. B. only if it is !ac'ed !y sanctions. C. if it is !ac'ed only !y sanctions. D. if it was only !ac'ed !y sanctions. E. if it would only !e !ac'ed !y sanctions. he !est answer is B. In sentences e("ressing a conditional result 9: will ha""en if ; ha""ens<, the ver! of the main clause should !e in the future tense and the ver! of the if clause should !e in the "resent indicative. hus, is backed 9in B< is consistent with will take.

.nlike musical talent or other creative skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many participants in the program to acknowledge the degree to which their writing talents are weak.

A. .nlike musical talent or other creative skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many participants in the program to acknowledge the degree to which their writing talents are weak.

B. ,nli'e musical talent or other creative s'ills, which they admit they lac', many "artici"ants in the "rogram are disinclined to ac'nowledge that their writing talents are wea'. C. ,nli'e musical talent or other creative s'ills, writing talents !ring out a disinclination in many "artici"ant in the "rogram to ac'nowledge that they are wea' to a degree. D. +any "eo"le in the "rogram, willing to admit that they lac' musical talent or other creative s'ills, are disinclined to ac'nowledge that their writing s'ills are wea'. E. +any "eo"le in the "rogram have a disinclination to ac'nowledge the wea'ness of their writing talents while willing to admit their lac' of musical talent or other creative s'ills. he !est answer is D. Choice A illogically com"ared talents to a disinclination. B com"ares talent to many people in the program. Choice C is aw'ward and unidiomatic. In E, have a disinclination while willing is grammatically incom"lete, and admit their lack should !e admit to their lack.

What was as remar'a!le as the develo"ment of the after&school enrichment "rograms has !een 3ew ;or' City/s non"rofit Chess&in&the&-chools initiative, giving more girls than ever !efore the o""ortunity to learn the rules of the game. A. What was as remar'a!le as the develo"ment of the after&school enrichment "rograms B. he thing that was as remar'a!le as develo"ing the after&school enrichment "rograms C. 3o less remar'a!le than the develo"ment of the after&school enrichment "rograms D. Develo"ing the after&school enrichment "rograms has !een none the less remar'a!le than E. Develo"ment of the after&school enrichment "rograms has !een no less remar'a!le as he !est answer is C. Besides !eing wordy, the !eginnings of Choices A and B cause inconsistencies in ver! tense$ the development of the after%school programs cannot

logically !e descri!ed !y !oth the "resent "erfect and the "ast. less than in choice D and no less as in E are unidiomatic.

he "hrases none the

he increase in land area which the virus has coloni*ed suggest that !irds are the more usual host for the virus, strengthening researchers original contention that migratory !irds have contri!uted to the virus/s s"read across the nation. A. suggest that !irds are the more usual host for the virus, B. suggest that !irds are the more usual host to the virus, C. suggests that !irds are the more usual host for the virus, D. suggests that !irds are the more usually host for the virus, E. suggests that !irds are the more usually host of the virus, he !est answer is C. In choices A and B, the ver! suggest does not agree with its singular su!)ect, rise. Choices D and E use the adver! usually where the ad)ective form is required.

2ver his =1&year life s"an, #ughes, one of Americas most enduring writers and a 'ey figure in the #arlem %enaissance of the 7>06s, will have "u!lished hundreds of "oems, "lus novels, short stories, auto!iogra"hies, li!rettos, essays and childrens !oo's.

A. will have "u!lished hundreds of "oems, "lus novels, short stories, auto!iogra"hies, li!rettos, essays and childrens !oo's.

B. is "u!lishing hundreds of "oems, "lus novels, short stories, auto!iogra"hies, li!rettos, essays and childrens !oo's. C. would have "u!lished hundreds of "oems, "lus novels, short stories, auto!iogra"hies, li!rettos, essays and childrens !oo's.
. will publish hundreds of poems, plus novels, short stories, autobiographies, librettos, essays and children/s books.

E. would "u!lish hundreds of "oems, "lus novels, short stories, auto!iogra"hies, li!rettos, essays and childrens !oo's. he !est answer is E. Choices A, B and D use tenses that can only !e used for the living. #ughes, the su!)ect of the sentence, is deceased, as is evidenced !y the sentence. Choice C sets u" a condition would have published... !ut the condition is then not s"ecified.

0f all the possible disasters that threaten the upcoming 0lympic games, the possibility of forceful winds affecting the rowing venue is maybe the more difficult for analysis.

A. is may!e the more difficult for analysis. B. is "ro!a!ly the most difficult for analysis. C. is may!e the most difficult for analysis. D. is "ro!a!ly the more difficult for analysis. E. is, it may !e, the analysis that is most difficult. he !est answer is B. he sentence com"ares one thing, forceful winds affecting the rowing venue! to all other "ossi!le disasters. herefore, the su"erlative form, most! is required. he use of maybe is unidiomatic.

%%%A warrant was issued on #unday by a 1ew 2ork prosecutor for the arrest of Henry .rick, until recently chairman of the mobile telecommunications company )elecom, including eleven other people connected with his family(s business empire. A. including eleven other people connected with his family(s business empire. B. along with eleven other people connected with his family(s business empire.

C. and including eleven other "eo"le connected with his family/s !usiness em"ire. D. for eleven other "eo"le connected with his family/s !usiness em"ire. E. and for including eleven other "eo"le connected with his family/s !usiness em"ire. he !est answer is B. he "re"osition for governs !oth "enry &rick and eleven other so along with is sufficient. In choice A, C and E, the word including is used

incorrectly !ecause the other "eo"le were arrested in addition to #enry ,ric', and not included in his arrest.

Having seen first"hand this recipe for disaster, 3oberta Henson wished to make clear that free trade is unfair and that poor nations should be liberated from the one"si4e"fits"all trading model, promoted by the World Bank, the 5nternational ,onetary 6und and the World )rade 0rgani4ation.

A. %o!erta #enson wished to ma'e clear that free trade is unfair and that "oor nations should !e li!erated from the one&si*e&fits&all trading model, B. %o!erta #enson wished to ma'e clear that free trade is unfair and that "oor nations should !eing li!erated from the one&si*e&fits&all trading model, C. free trade was called unfair !y %o!erta #enson, who wished to ma'e clear that "oor nations should !e li!erated from the one&si*e&fits&all trading model, D. free trade was called unfair !y %o!erta #enson, who wished to ma'e clear that "oor nations should !eing li!erated from the one&si*e&fits&all trading model, E. free trade was called unfair !y %o!erta #enson, who wished to clarify that "oor nations should !e li!erated from the one&si*e&fits&all trading model, he !est answer is A. Choices C, D and E "resent dangling modifiers. Choice B incorrectly "laces the gerund being after the model, should.

((( he e(hi!ition of ancient Egy"tian funerary art ? im"osing statues, intricately "ainted coffins, and numerous accoutrements, drew hundreds of "eo"le each day, equivalent to the num!er of visitors to last years Im"ressionist show. A. equivalent to the num!er of visitors to last years Im"ressionist show. B. the equivalent of those that visited last years Im"ressionist show. C. equal to those who visited D. as many as the visitation to E. as many as visited he !est answer is E. he "hrases e uivalent to! the equivalent of, and e ual to have too !road a range of meanings to !e used "recisely here. As many as is "refera!le. Choice D com"ares the hundreds of "eo"le incorrectly to enrollment.

(((&+ahatma 8andhis is credited as having cham"ioned a nonviolent a""roach to reform as a "ractical and moral means to struggle against social in)ustice. A. as having B. with having C. to have D. as the one who E. for !eing the one who he !est answer is B. In English it is idiomatic usage to credit someone with having done something.

Denying that one of its many irregularities had !een the long&term mismanaging of com"any funds, the AD @ + com"any "roduced clear evidence to !ac' its claim. A. its many irregularities had !een the long&term B. its many irregularities has !een the long&term C. its many irregularities is the long&term D. their many irregularities is the long&term E. their many irregularities had !een the long&term he !est answer is A. he singular "ronoun its agrees in num!er with the singular noun referent A' ( )* the "ast "erfect ver! form had been is used a""ro"riately to refer to an action com"leted "rior to the action of the sim"le "ast tense produced.

Aewis and Clar' were not the first white men to cross the continent from the Atlantic to the 5acific north of +e(ico, and they did not visit "laces not already seen and ma""ed !y generations of native "eo"le. A. and did not visit "laces not already seen and ma""ed !y generations of native "eo"le. B. and they did not visit "laces not already seen and ma""ed !y generations of native "eo"le. C. and they had not visit "laces not already seen and ma""ed !y generations of native "eo"le.
. nor had they visited places not already seen and mapped by generations of native people.

E. nor did they visit "laces not already seen and ma""ed !y generations of native "eo"le.

he !est answer is E. Being the second thing that Aewis and Clar' did not do, the word nor is required. he first negative "hrase is in the "ast sim"le, so the second one must !e in "ast sim"le form as well.

Electric !oats have eliminated the noise "ollution that conventional "ower!oats made and reduce the loathsome discharges of oil that foul American rivers and la'es, threatening fish and !ird life.
A. reduce the loathsome discharges of oil that foul American rivers and lakes, threatening fish and bird life.

B. reduce the loathsome discharges of oil that foul American rivers and la'es, threaten fish and !ird life. C. reduce the loathsome discharges of oil that foul American rivers and la'es, to threaten fish and !ird life. D. reduced the loathsome discharges of oil that fouled American rivers and la'es, to threaten fish and !ird life. E. reduced the loathsome discharges of oil that fouled American rivers and la'es, threatening fish and !ird life. he !est answer is E. he form of the word reduce is governed !y first ver! "hrase !ecause it continues in a "arallel construction$ "ave eliminated.. and reduced.

(((Being literal&minded a!out the afterlife, !oth royalty and commoners arranged to fill their tom!s with household o!)ects, each o!)ect a necessity for daily life, ready for use. A. each o!)ect a necessity for daily life, ready for use. B. all the o!)ects a necessity for daily life, ready for use. C. all the o!)ects a necessity for daily life, they are ready for use. D. every o!)ect a necessity for daily life, it is ready for use. E. each o!)ect a necessity for daily life, was ready for use. he !est answer is A. In choice A, the words ob+ect and necessity, !oth singular, agree.

Among the eras trium"hs were the Civil %ights Act of 7>=B, !arring segregation in "u!lic "lacesC the 0Bth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 7>=B, "rohi!iting the "oll ta(C and the 7>=1 Doting %ights Act, which ordered the state should a!olish literacy tests as a requirement for registering to vote. A. should a!olish literacy tests as a requirement for registering to vote. B. would a!olish literacy tests as a requirement for registering to vote. C. to a!olish literacy tests as a requirement for registering to vote. D. a!olishing of literacy tests as a requirement for registering to vote. E. the a!olishing of literacy tests as a requirement for registering to vote.

he !est answer is C. he infinitive to abolish follows the ver! ordered, "roducing the grammatical and idiomatic sequence , ordered - to do ..

he -umerians, who founded the first cities, not only invented writing, created "oetry and the rule of law, and were also e(traordinary craftsmen. A. and were also e(traordinary craftsmen. B. !ut were also e(traordinary craftsmen. C. !ut also were e(traordinary craftsmen. D. !ut also fashioned e(traordinary crafts. E. and also fashioned e(traordinary crafts. he !est answer is D. Choice d correctly uses the not only but also construction, with "arallel "hrases.

%esearchers !lamed the low rate of growth in the har!ors toad "o"ulation on la'e to(icity as well as on the weather, hotter and more humid than average in the 2hio region, which slowed meta!olism and re"roductive activity. A. hotter and more humid than average in the 2hio region, which slowed B. which was hotter and more humid than average in the 2hio region, slowing C. since it was hotter and more humid than average in the 2hio region, which slowed D. !eing hotter and more humid than averages in the 2hio region, which slowing

E. having !een hotter and more humid than was average in the 2hio region, and slowed he !est answer is B. It is concise and idiomatic, and which has a clear referent, the weather.

wenty&five years ago in this month, Cam" David !ecame the setting for an un"recedented e"isode of American di"lomacy?and entered the le(icon as a near synonym for high&level "eacema'ing?when 4immy Carter, Israeli "rime minister +enachem Begin and Egy"tian "resident Anwar El&-adat gathered there for a tense and grueling 7E days. A. wenty&five years ago in this month, B. wenty&five years ago this month, C. In this month, twenty&five years "reviously, D. In this month, twenty&five years "revious, E. It was twenty&five years ago to this month, he !est answer is B. Choice B is idiomatic and "recise.

As well as getting away unscathed, 7im managed to gather valuable knowledge about orchids and bring home scores of rare specimens, compliments of Bra4ilian environmentalists.

A. As well as getting away unscathed, Fim managed to gather valua!le 'nowledge a!out orchids and !ring home scores of rare s"ecimens B. Besides getting away unscathed, Fim also managed to gather valua!le 'nowledge a!out orchids and !ring home scores of rare s"ecimens C. Besides getting away unscathed, also Fim managed to gather valua!le 'nowledge a!out orchids and !ring home scores of rare s"ecimens D. Fim not only got away unscathed, !ut also managed to gather valua!le 'nowledge a!out orchids and !ring home scores of rare s"ecimens, E. Fim got away not only unscathed, !ut also managed to gather valua!le 'nowledge a!out orchids and !ring home scores of rare s"ecimens,

he !est answer is D. Choice D has no modification errors and uses "arallel "hrases to com"lete the idiomatic construction not only but also.

-tarting in the west at -t. Bees on the Irish -ea, the route meanders through heather and woods, over stiles, "ast la'es, among shee", and across three of Britain/s finest national "ar's, all the way to the village of %o!in #ood/s Bay on the 3orth -ea.

A. heather and woods dot the route that meanders over stiles, "ast la'es, among shee", B. heather and woods dot the route which meanders over stiles, "ast la'es, among shee", C. the route meanders through heather and woods, over stiles, "ast la'es, among shee", D. the meandering route through heather and woods, over stiles, "ast la'es, among shee", E. the route that meanders through heather and woods, over stiles, "ast la'es, among shee", he !est answer is C. he noun "hrase that a""ears after the first comma is modified !y starting in the west at /t. bees on the 0rish /ea. #he route is the only logical su!)ect.

Although the term Gentre"reneurH is "o"ularly a""lied to a high&"rofile, ris'&ta'ing !usinessman, it is anyone who organi*es and manages a !usiness. A. it is anyone who organi*es and manages a !usiness. B. it is any "erson that organi*es and manages a !usiness. C. they are "eo"le who organi*e and manage a !usiness. D. it is in reference to any "eo"le who organi*e and manage a !usiness. E. it refers to anyone who organi*es and manages a !usiness. he !est answer is E. In choices A, B and C, the "ronoun it simultaneously refers forward to anyone and !ac'ward to the term entrepreneur. As a result, the sentence asserts illogically that the term is actually a 'ind of "erson rather than a word referring to a 'ind of "erson.

-cientists from the Cytola! team are conducting e("eriments to see whether "roteins will "rematurely turn into solids in sil'&"roducing animals under la!oratory conditions. A. to see whether "roteins will "rematurely turn into solids

B. to see whether "roteins should "rematurely turn into solids C. to see if "roteins will "rematurely turn into solids D. that see if "roteins would "rematurely turn into solids E. that see whether "roteins would "rematurely turn into solids he !est answer is A. Whether is "refera!le to if in "resenting the situation which is "ossi!le rather than conditional. In D and E experiments that see is im"recise, !ecause it is the Cytola! scientists that will see, not the e("eriments themselves.

$%%&)he governing council met over the weekend to continue talks over appointing ministers to run the government so as to avoid public anger at deteriorating services.

A. so as to avoid B. and so could they avoid C. so that they could avoid D. so that it could avoid E. in order that it could avoid he !est answer is D. he sentence calls for an adver!ial clause of "ur"ose to e("lain why the governing council met over the wee'end. Choice D em"loys an a""ro"riate con)unction, so that! and contains a logically a""ro"riate ver! form! could avoid.

8ennifer Wilson suggested that funding for the business/ development, which could be franchised early ne%t year, is obtained through local investors.

A. that funding for the !usiness develo"ment, which could !e franchised early ne(t year, is B. that funding for the develo"ment of the !usiness, which could !e franchised early ne(t year, !e C. funding for the develo"ment of the !usiness, "erha"s franchised early ne(t year, to !e D. funds for the !usiness develo"ment, "erha"s franchised early ne(t year, !e E. d evelo"ment funding for the !usiness, which could !e franchised early ne(t year, is to !e he !est answer is B. Choice A attaches the relative clause which could be open to the noun development! when in fact, it is the business that could !e o"en. Choice C

omits that. Choices C incorrectly use perhaps open to the public! to modify develo"ment. Choice E seriously distorts meaning.

Although few would disagree that small classrooms of a ma(imum of 71 students are ideal environments in which to educate the young, financially strained counties "oint out that small classrooms cost twice as much as maintaining regular si*ed classrooms. A. small classrooms cost twice as much as maintaining regular si*ed classrooms. B. small classrooms cost twice as much to maintain as regular si*ed classrooms do. C. maintaining small classrooms cost twice as much as regular si*ed classrooms do. D. maintaining small classrooms cost twice as much as it does for regular si*ed classrooms. E. to maintain small classrooms cost twice as much as for regular si*ed classrooms. he !est answer is B. his sentence com"ares the cost required to maintain two 'inds of classroom. B, the !est choice, "reserves "arallelism in the com"arison as well.

1ational 4oos involved in moderni4ation have found the local citi4ens are difficult to reach, taciturn and are suspicious of innovations.

A. the local citi*ens are difficult to reach, taciturn and are B. local citi*ens to !e difficult to reach, taciturn and are C. that local citi*ens are difficult to reach, taciturn and D. local citi*ens are difficult to reach, taciturn and are they are E. that local citi*ens are difficult to reach, and taciturn and they are he !est answer is C. his sentence requires "arallelism in the three coordinate com"lements that form the direct o!)ect clause$ local citizens as 123 difficult! 143 taciturn! and 153 suspicious 2nly C fulfils this requirement a""ro"riately.

With only *9 percent of the hounds in the annual #eclusival og Competition trials, the 9++"year"old #hipman 7ennel won :9 percent of first, second and third place ribbons, stunning dog handlers, ;udges and observers alike.

A. With B. As C. Being D. Des"ite having E. Although accounting for he !est answer is E. he word or "hrase that !egins this sentence should esta!lish the contrast !etween the "ercentage of dogs from the -hi"man 'ennel and the success of its dogs. 2nly choices D and E do this, and only E e("resses meaning accurately with the "hrase although accounting for. he e("edition diarists wrote a!out such things as !ison, thunderstorms, river currents, mountain ranges and "rairie "lants, when they might have !een e("ected for their diaries to focus on tri!al "olitics. A. they might have !een e("ected for their diaries to focus on tri!al "olitics. B. they might have !een e("ected to focus on tri!al "olitics. C. they might have !een e("ected that it should focus on tri!al "olitics. D. its focus might have !een e("ected to !e on tri!al "olitics. E. there might have !een an e("ectation that it would focus on tri!al "olitics. he !est answer is B. In English x 6is7 expected to y is idiomatic usage, thus A and C are unidiomatic. D aw'wardly su!stitutes its focus for the "ronoun they as a su!)ect. E is needlessly wordy.

Conceived outside her mothers !ody !y in vitro fertili*ation 9ID.< develo"ed !y 5atric' -te"toe and %o!ert Edwards, her widely "u!lici*ed !irth "rom"ted a heated ethical de!ate. A. her widely "u!lici*ed !irth "rom"ted a heated ethical de!ate. B. a heated ethical de!ate followed her widely "u!lici*ed !irth. C. her !irth, which was widely "u!lici*ed, "rom"ted a heated ethical de!ate. D. she was !orn amid great "u!licity that "rom"ted a heated ethical de!ate. E. a heated ethical de!ate has followed her widely "u!lici*ed !irth.

he !est answer is D. he noun that follows the comma must !e the su!)ect modified !y Conceived outside her mother8s body by in vitro fertilization 109:3 developed by ;atrick /teptoe and Robert <dwards. 2nly she is a logical su!)ect.

In the 7Ith century, the average life s"an in England for a wor'ing class family was 70 years less than a mem!er of the aristocracy. A. a mem!er of the aristocracy. B. of a mem!er of the aristocracy. C. that of a mem!er of the aristocracy. D. a mem!er to the aristocracy. E. those of mem!ers of the aristocracy. he !est answer is C. Choices A and D illogically com"are the average life span to a member. Choice c, the !est choice, uses the singular "ronoun that! to stand for life span thus esta!lishing a logical com"arison. ,sing com"uter animation "rograms, animators are now a!le to "roduce tri"le the frames "er hour that they could in the 7>=6s. A. tri"le the frames "er hour that they could B. three times as many frames "er hour as they did C. as much as tri"le the frames "er hour they had D. three times as many frames as there were E. a tri"ling of the frames "er hour that they did he !est answer is B. Choice B correctly uses the adver!ial "hrases twice as many to modify the ver! produce! and "ro"erly em"loys many rather than much to descri!e a quantity made u" of counta!le units 9frames<.

Although :&ray a!sor"tion s"ectrosco"y has its limitations, it is so "recise that scientists investigated atoms surrounding mercury found in muscle tissue were a!le to determine that the metal was most often !ound to a car!on atom on one side and sulfur on the other.

A. it is so "recise that scientists investigated atoms surrounding mercury found in muscle tissue B. it is of such "recision, scientists investigated atoms surrounding mercury found in muscle tissue C. so "recise is it so scientists investigated atoms surrounding mercury found in muscle tissue D. such is its "recision, that scientists investigated atoms found in muscle tissue surrounding mercury E. there is so much "recision that scientists investigated atoms surrounding mercury found in muscle tissue he !est answer is A. is lin's the noun x%ray absorption spectroscopy with its modifier, precise! and so precise that idiomatically introduces a clause that "rovides a further e("lanation of precise.

His e%perience on the prairies convinced him that there were numerous American species in danger of disappearing forever, each breed a treasure living inside its unique habitat. A. each breed a treasure living inside its unique habitat. B. all the breeds a treasure living inside its unique habitat. C. all breeds a treasure living inside its unique habitat. . every breed a treasure living inside their unique habitat. !. each breed a treasure living inside their unique habitat.

he !est answer is A. he a""ositive terms breed and treasure, !oth singular, agree in num!erC !oth also agree with the singular "ossessive "ronoun its.

%%%"6rom the start, the <oo(s funding was provided, for the most part, by the istrict of Columbia when it might have been e%pected for it to be provided by the federal government.

A. it might have !een e("ected for it to !e "rovided !y the federal government. B. it might have !een e("ected to !e "rovided !y the federal government. C. it might have !een e("ected that it should !e "rovided !y the federal government. D. its funding might have !een e("ected to !e "rovided for !y the federal government.

E. there might have !een and e("ectation it would !e "rovided !y the federal government. he !est answer is B. In English, x JisK expected to y is idiomatic usage.

5n the 0! Corporation, a larger percentage of the resources is spent on building data than is spent on the ,icrobial -enome 'rogram in -eneti% 5nc. A. 5n the 0! Corporation, a larger percentage of the resources is spent on building data than is spent on the ,icrobial -enome 'rogram in -eneti% 5nc.

B. 5n 0! they spend a larger percentage of their resources on building data than -eneti% 5nc. spends on the ,icrobial -enome 'rogram. C. A larger percentage of 0! Corporation/s resources are spent on building data than -eneti% 5nc. spends on the ,icrobial -enome 'rogram. . 0! spends a larger percentage of resources on building data than spending on the ,icrobial -enome 'rogram by -eneti% 5nc. 0! spends a larger percentage of resources on building data than -eneti% 5nc. spends on the ,icrobial -enome 'rogram.

!.

he !est answer is E. 5arallel "hrasing in choice E allows a logical com"arison to !e made !etween what D2E s"ends and what 8eneti( does.

(((& he loggers railway road!ed, with its narrow s"urs )utting fingerli'e into the swam", had turned into a ha*ard for tourists visiting the area requiring that government officials agree to have the area ra*ed. A. that government officials agree to have the area ra*ed. B. that government officials agree for to have the area ra*ed. C. the agreeing !y government officials to have the area ra*ed. D. government officials agreeing to have the area ra*ed. E. government officials to agree to have the area ra*ed.

he !est answer is E. In English, the idiom is re uiring x to y or re uiring that x y with ( as the noun su!)ect and y the uncon)ugated form of the ver!. Choice E follows the first "aradigm.

)he greater the bandwidth requirements of an application, the higher speed network link you need to get adequate performance.

A. he greater the !andwidth requirements of an a""lication, the higher s"eed networ' lin' you need to get adequate "erformance. B. he greater the !andwidth requirements of an a""lication, the s"eed of the networ' lin' you need to get adequate "erformance must !e higher. C. he greater the !andwidth requirements of an a""lication, the highest s"eed networ' lin' you need to get adequate "erformance. D. As the !andwidth requirements of an a""lication !ecomes greater, the higher s"eed networ' lin' you need to get adequate "erformance. E. As the !andwidth requirements of an a""lication !ecomes greater, the s"eed of networ' lin' you need to get adequate "erformance !ecomes higher.

he !est answer is A. 2nly choice A em"loys the grammatically correct construction the greater the ! the higher the . :((LIn a move that sur"rised many "olitical analysts, %e"u!licans were forced to yield to conservative Christians demanding that they should modify their "arty "latform to reflect "u!lic concerns a!out social issues, including a!ortion. A. demanding that they should B. demanding it to C. and their demand to D. who demanded that it E. who demanded it to he !est answer is D. Choice D uses the grammatically correct e("ression demanded that it reflect in which demanded that it is followed !y the su!)unctive ver! reflect.

Helium atoms never form stable molecules, as other inert gases, by chemically bonding with other atoms.

A. #elium atoms never form sta!le molecules, as other inert gases, !y chemically !onding with other atoms. B. As other inert gases, #elium atoms never form sta!le molecules !y chemically !onding with other atoms. C. #elium atoms, same as other inert gases, never form sta!le molecules !y chemically !onding with other atoms. D. #elium atoms never form sta!le molecules !y chemically !onding with other atoms, as other inert gases. E. #elium atoms, li'e other inert gases, never form sta!le molecules !y chemically !onding with other atoms. he !est answer is E. In choice E, the modifying "hrase !egun !y like immediately follows the noun it modifies, #elium atoms.

:((LIndus civili*ation was either in decline when it was destroyed !y Aryan invaders from the northwest s"ea'ing an Indo&Euro"ean language from which most of the languages of 5a'istan, 3orthern India, and Bangladesh descend or that it was militarily vulnera!le. A. that it was militarily vulnera!le. B. had militarily vulnera!ility. C. was militarily vulnera!le. D. militarily vulnera!le. E. was it militarily vulnera!le. he !est answer is C. Choice C is the only one that maintains grammatical "arallelism with the either or construction.

In early 7>>M, +ichael 8ovan, the director of the Dia Art .oundation, has flown a!out =6 miles north of 3ew ;or' City loo'ing for a new "ermanent home for his museum when he s"otted a faded factory sign along the !an's of the #udson %iver. A. has flown a!out =6 miles north of 3ew ;or' City loo'ing for a new "ermanent home for his museum when he s"otted B. was flying a!out =6 miles north of 3ew ;or' City loo'ing for a new "ermanent home for his museum when he has s"otted C. has flown a!out =6 miles north of 3ew ;or' City loo'ing for a new "ermanent home for his museum when he has s"otted

D. was flying a!out =6 miles north of 3ew ;or' City loo'ing for a new "ermanent home for his museum when he s"otted E. was flying a!out =6 miles north from 3ew ;or' City loo'ing for a new "ermanent home for his museum when he s"otted he !est answer is D. Choice correctly uses the "ast "rogressive and "ast sim"le ver! forms was flying and spotted. Choice D uses the form north from which is not idiomatic.

((( he s"ecies with the greatest sustained commercial catch in the Chesa"ea'e is the !lue cra!, long a sym!ol of the !ay and a source of livelihood for many inha!itants of the region as well as for regular visitors. A. as well as for regular visitors. B. as well as the regular visitors. C. and regular visitors too. D. and regular visitors as well. E. and also regular visitors.

he !est answer is A. wo elements connected !y a coordinate con)unction should !e e("ressed in "arallel for. 2nly A correctly o!serves this rule. Choices B, C, D, and E omit the necessary for in the second element.

5n an interview with the 6inancial )imes last week, #olomon ,aah accused the government of a campaign against his family business interests because it wanted to discredit his brother )imothy.

A. on account of wanting to discredit his !rother imothy B. on account of its wanting to discredit his !rother imothy C. !ecause it wanted to discredit his !rother imothy D. !ecause of wanting to discredit his !rother imothy E. !eing it wanted to discredit his !rother imothy

he !est answer is C. As used in choices A, B and D, the "hrase on account of and because of are unidiomaticC because, which a""ears in C and E, is "refera!le here since !ecause can introduce a com"lete su!ordinate clause e("laining the reason why accused the government.

(((& he +usic .oundation .und is de!ating on a "ro"osal requiring certain orchestras "rovide musicians with un"aid leave so as to care for sic' family mem!ers.
A. provide musicians with unpaid leave so as to

B. to "rovide musicians with un"aid leave so as to C. "rovide musicians with un"aid leave so as to D. to "rovide musicians with un"aid leave so that they can E. "rovide musicians un"aid leave and he !est answer is D. After re uiring orchestras the infinitive to provide is needed. /o as to in choices A and B fail to s"ecify that the musicians receiving the leave will !e the "eo"le caring for the sic' family mem!ers.

Bryant, a noted humorist, ;ournalist, playwright and raconteur, is both the author of *= previous books and the editor of )he Book of Wayward Humor.

A. Bryant, a noted humorist, )ournalist, "laywright and raconteur, is !oth the author of 71 "revious !oo's and the editor of #he $ook of Wayward "umor. B. Bryant, a noted humorist, )ournalist, "laywright and raconteur, is !oth the author of 71 "revious !oo's and the editor of #he $ook of Wayward "umor. C. Bryant, a noted humorist, )ournalist, "laywright and raconteur, is the author of !oth 71 "revious !oo's and the editor of #he $ook of Wayward "umor. D. Bryant, a noted humorist, )ournalist, "laywright and raconteur, !oth wrote 71 "revious !oo's and edited #he $ook of Wayward "umor. E. Bryant, a noted humorist, )ournalist, "laywright and raconteur, is !oth the author of 71 "revious !oo's and the editor of #he $ook of Wayward "umor too.

he !est answer is A. $oth must come !efore the author if it is to lin' author and editor.

As a photo;ournalist, commercial photographer, artist and filmmaker, he has ventured everywhere from the remote highlands of 1ew -uinea to the glit4y beaches of #aint")rope4 and saw many outstanding sites, many of which are depicted in his latest book.

A. saw many outstanding sites, many of which are depicted in his latest book. B. saw many outstanding sites, many of whom are depicted in his latest book. C. saw many outstanding sites, many of them are depicted in his latest book. . seen many outstanding sites, many of which are depicted in his latest book. !. seen many outstanding sites, in which many are depicted in his latest book.

he !est answer is D. he "arallel construction, has ventured has seen is required in "lace of has saw.

5t was not until the late *>th, century, that the city of ?ouisville, 7entucky, and the Commonwealth of ,assachusetts adopted the secret ballot system, but the system was accepted only after Henry Winslow returned from 1ew #outh Wales, then a territory in Australia and reported on how secret ballots were used there. A. but the system was accepted only after when Henry Winslow returned from 1ew #outh Wales, then a territory in Australia and reported on how secret ballots were used there. B. but the system was accepted only after when Henry Winslow returned from 1ew #outh Wales, then a territory in Australia and reporting on how secret ballots were used there. C. but the system was accepted only after Henry Winslow returned from 1ew #outh Wales, then a territory in Australia and reported on how secret ballots were used there. . but the system was accepted only at a time after Henry Winslow returned from 1ew #outh Wales, then a territory in Australia and reported on how secret ballots were used there.

!. but the system was accepted only subsequent to Henry Winslow returning from 1ew #outh Wales, then a territory in Australia and reported on how secret ballots were used there.

he !est answer is C. he "hrase after when is unidiomatic. Choice E is aw'ward. Choice C, grammatical and idiomatic, is the !est answer.

his "ast 3ew ;ear/s, along %oute MM in the -ierra 3evada, 4oel Allen ordered his winter maintenance crew should wor' through the night and into 3ew ;ear/s Day, clearing the "avement at Carson 5ass, the highway/s summit. A. should wor' through the night and into 3ew ;ear/s Day, clearing the "avement at Carson 5ass, the highway/s summit. B. would do the wor' through the night and into 3ew ;ear/s Day, clearing the "avement at Carson 5ass, the highway/s summit. C. wor'ing through the night and into 3ew ;ear/s Day, clearing the "avement at Carson 5ass, the highway/s summit. D. the wor' through the night and into 3ew ;ear/s Day of clearing the "avement at Carson 5ass, the highway/s summit. E. to wor' through the night and into 3ew ;ear/s Day, clearing the "avement at Carson 5ass, the highway/s summit.
)he best answer is !. )he infinitive to work correctly follows the verb ordered, producing the grammatical and idiomatic sequence x ordered y to do z.

E(tending a!out 716 miles from -edan in the west to !eyond Wissem!ourg in the east, the +aginot Aine !ristled with some 16 large fortifications, each within cannon range of another. A. all the cannons within range of another. B. every within cannon range of another.
C. each cannon within cannon range of the others.

D. each within cannon range of another. E. all of them within cannon range of the others.

he !est answer is D. 2nly choices C and D correctly use each to refer to the fortifications se"arately. -imilarly, another is correctly used to refer to the other fortifications individually instead of collectively.

-ome ancient societies mistoo' tides, which are a natural "henomenon involving the alternating rise and fall in the large fluid !odies of the earth caused !y the com!ined gravitational attraction of the sun and moon, as a magical "henomenon controlled !y invisi!le water nym"hs. A. as a magical "henomenon controlled !y invisi!le water nym"hs. B. for a magical "henomenon controlled !y invisi!le water nym"hs. C. to a magical "henomenon controlled !y invisi!le water nym"hs. D. with a magical "henomena controlled !y invisi!le water nym"hs. E. for a magical "henomena controlled !y invisi!le water nym"hs.

he !est answer is B. Choice B is !est !ecause it alone correctly handles the idiom to mistake x for y. ;henomena is the "lural form of phenomenon and therefore is ina""ro"riate in choice E.

2utlined in the new -mall Business 8uide, these "lans require !usiness owners to ma'e assum"tions a!out the ta( and regulatory environment or that they "ay the ma(imum ta(es u" front and request reim!ursement at the end of the year.
A. that they pay the ma%imum ta%es up front and request reimbursement at the end of the year.

B. for "aying the ma(imum ta(es u" front and request reim!ursement at the end of the year.

C. they should "ay the ma(imum ta(es u" front and request reim!ursement at the end of the year. D. that they should "ay the ma(imum ta(es u" front and request reim!ursement at the end of the year. E. to "ay the ma(imum ta(es u" front and request reim!ursement at the end of the year. he !est answer is E. Choice E is the only one that maintains grammatical "arallelism !y using an infinitive, to pay! to com"lete the construction either to approve or

.rom the start, the fluorosco"e invo'ed the authority of modern science and technology to sell more shoes, and functioned so fast, and in some cases even faster than the old&fashioned manual fitting. A. so fast, and in some cases even faster than the old&fashioned manual fitting. B. so fast, and in some cases even faster than, how the old&fashioned manual fitting did. C. as fast, and in some cases even faster than the old&fashioned manual fitting. D. as fast as, and in some cases even faster than, the old&fashioned manual fitting. E. so fast as, and in some cases even faster than the old&fashioned manual fitting.

he !est answer is D. he "ro"erly com"leted sentence here must 97< use the "ro"er form of the com"arative con)unction, as fast as and 90< enclose the "arenthetical statement and even faster than in commas.

As he follows Feneely/s Weather Channel team through Bonnie/s "ath, writer David Aas'in discovers that the Weather Channel/s a""eal lies in a "articular mi( of wor'ing "rofessionally, live field re"orting, and !ehind&the&scenes technical wi*ardry. A. wor'ing "rofessionally, live field re"orting, and !ehind&the&scenes technical wi*ardry. B. wor'ing "rofessionally, dramatically live field re"orts, and !ehind&the&scenes technical wi*ardry. C. "rofessionalism, dramatically live field re"orts, and a wi*ard technically wor'ing from !ehind&the&scenes. D. "rofessionalism, re"orting live from the field, and !ehind&the&scenes technical wi*ardry. E. "rofessionalism, live field re"orting, and technical wi*ardry from !ehind&the& scenes. he !est answer is E. 2nly choice E has a correctly "ut together "arallel construction.

(((&After having wintered in what is now 'nown as 4ames Bay, the southern "oc'et of the huge !ay that would !e named for #enry #udson, some of his crew mandated for #udson to leave the shi". A. some of his crew mandated for #udson to leave the shi". B. some of his crew mandated that #udson !e forced to leave the shi". C. some of his crew mandated for forcing #udson to leave the shi". D. some of his crew had a mandate that #udson !e forced to leave the shi". E. some of his crew mandated to #udson !e forced to leave the shi".

he !est answer is B. When mandate is used as a ver! to mean Gma'e it mandatory,H it must !e followed !y that and a ver! in the su!)unctive mood.

During their years on the frontier, they had numerous "itched !attles against Ai"ans, Fic'a"oos, Fiowas, Comanches ? and their most determined foe, the A"aches, including ferocious encounters with the great war chief Dictorio, "ossi!ly the most s'illful enemy in frontier history.

A. the A"aches, including ferocious encounters with the great war chief Dictorio, "ossi!ly the most s'illful enemy in frontier history. B. the A"aches, including ferocious encounters with the great war chief Dictorio, the "ossi!ly most s'illful enemy in frontier history. C. the A"aches, including ferocious encounters with the great war chief Dictorio, the most s'illful enemy, "ossi!ly, in frontier history. D. the A"aches, including ferocious encounters with the great war chief Dictorio, "ossi!ly a most s'illful enemy in frontier history. E. the A"aches, including ferocious encounters with the great war chief Dictorio, "ossi!ly the more s'illful enemy in frontier history.

he !est answer is A. Choice A "laces the word possibly !efore the "hrase that it modifies and correctly uses the su"erlative form.

$%%&Warsaw began to rebuild not only with brand"new structures, in;ecting a much"needed boost to the local economy, and also painstaking reconstructions of the old ones that had been demolished.

A. with !rand&new structures, in)ecting a much&needed !oost to the local economy, and also "ainsta'ing reconstructions of the old ones B. with !rand&new structures, in)ecting a much&needed !oost to the local economy, as well as "ainsta'ing reconstructions of the old ones

C. !rand&new structures, in)ecting a much&needed !oost to the local economy, !ut also "ainsta'ing reconstructions of the old ones D. !rand&new structures, in)ecting a much&needed !oost to the local economy, !ut also "ainsta'ingly reconstructing the old ones E. !rand&new structures, in)ecting a much&needed !oost to the local economy, !ut they also "ainsta'ingly reconstructing the old ones he !est answer is C. Choice C correctly em"loys the correlative construction not only x but also y! where ( and y are grammatically "arallel.

Cold weather causes surface waters to become dense and sink, displacing lower layers upward@ in spring, the process reverses.

A. dis"lacing lower layers u"wardC in s"ring, the "rocess reverses B. a method to dis"lace lower layers u"wardC reversing, in s"ring, the "rocess C. as a dis"lacement of lower layers u"wardC in s"ring, the "rocess reverses D. to dis"lace lower layers u"wardC in s"ring, the "rocess reverses E. to dis"lace lower layers u"wardsC reversing, in s"ring, the "rocess he !est answer is A. Choice A is !est !ecause the "artici"le displacing !egins a "hrase that e("lains what the surface waters did.

he first consideration for most "atients undergoing !eing o"erated on is if to sign a waver form. A. !eing o"erated on is if to sign
B. being operated on is whether they should be signing

C. !eing o"erated on is whether or not they sign D. an o"eration is if to sign E. an o"eration is whether to sign he !est answer is E. Choice E idiomatically com"letes whether with an infinitive, to sign.

:((LIn addition to having more engineers than Brunswic' Inc. does, the qualifications of the engineers are !etter than those of 3ewton 8rou".

A. the qualifications of the engineers are !etter than those of B. the engineers have qualifications !etter than those of C. the qualifications of the engineers are !etter than they are of D. the quality engineers are !etter than those of E. the engineers have qualifications !etter than
)he best answer is B. Choice B logically compares the qualifications of the engineers in Brunswick 5nc. to those of 1ewton -roup.

Each of the fallen soldiers N #enry 4ohnson, 5aul %ider, Brent #all and Bo! +cCay & were hard wor'ers, very different from the soldiers that remained to guard the hos"ital. A. Each of the fallen soldiers N #enry 4ohnson, 5aul %ider, Brent #all and Bo! +cCay & were hard wor'ers
B. Henry 8ohnson, 'aul 3ider, Brent Hall and Bob ,cCay " each of them fallen soldiers A were hard workers

C. he fallen soldiers N #enry 4ohnson, 5aul %ider, Brent #all and Bo! +cCay & were all hard wor'ers D. #ard wor'ers & #enry 4ohnson, 5aul %ider, Brent #all and Bo! +cCay & each a fallen soldier E. #ard wor'ers & #enry 4ohnson, 5aul %ider, Brent #all and Bo! +cCay & every one a fallen soldier he !est answer is C. Each choice !ut C contains errors of agreement. Choice C correctly lin's soldiers with were, eliminates the unnecessary "ronouns, and "rovides a clearer structure.

)he carvers who turned whale bone and teeth into cane handles rich with scrimshaw for the folks back in 1ew Bedford or 1antucket, were part of a widespread culture of colonial artists.

A. were "art of a wides"read culture of colonial artists B. had !een "art of a wides"read culture of colonial artists C. were "eo"le who were "art of a wides"read culture of colonial artists D. had !een "eo"le who were "art of a wides"read culture of colonial artists E. were a "eo"le which had !een "art of a wides"read culture of colonial artists
)he best answer is A. Choice A is best because it correctly uses the simple past tense and because it is the most concise.

Bases on accounts of various researchers, Colstrom scientists have 'nown for decades that for every 'ind of "article&&whether the familiar electrons, neutrons or "rotons, or the more recently discovered quar's and neutrinos&&there e(ists a "article that is its mirror image, identical in mass and amount of charge, !ut different in at least one crucial way. A. Bases on accounts of various researchers B. Basing it on various researchers accounts C. With accounts of various researchers used for a !asis D. By the accounts of various researchers they used E. ,sing accounts of various researchers
)he best answer is !. Choice ! is clear and concise@ it correctly uses a present participle to introduce the modifier describing how the scientists worked.

Its collection includes such treasures as a woven funerary headdress, one that they !elieve is a ty"e unique to ancient he!es. A. that they !elieve is B. that they !elieve it to !e C. they !elieve it is of D. they !elieve that is E. they !elieve to !e he !est answer is E. he "ronoun that is redundant since one is sufficient to introduce the modifier. Choice E follows the idiomatic construction G!elieve : to !e ;H.

(((&-tudies conducted in the 7>>6s indicate that even after fifty years, "atients are still suffering the long term effects of "olio occurring when a child. A. contracted when a child B. contracted when children C. that was contracted when a child D. contracted when they were children E. that has !een contracted as each was a child

he !est answer is D. he "hrasing polio contracted when they were children correctly uses contracted to modify polio and includes a "ronoun and a ver! that refer unam!iguously to their antecedent, patients.

he granddaddy of manufacturers, the -hutters Com"any, headquartered in +ilton, is nearly 16 yeas as old as any of their su""osed "redecessors. A. as old as any of their su""osed B. older than any of their su""osed C. as old as their su""osed D. older than any of their su""osedly E. as old as their su""osedly he !est answer is B. Choices A, C and E do not state the com"arison logically. e("ression as old as indicates equality of age, !ut the sentence indicates that the -hutters com"any "redates other com"anies. =lder than ma'es the "oint of com"arison clear. he

(((,nli'e #. 8. Wells, who wrote more than 766 !oo's, and countless essays and articles, the novel written !y #enry Williams in 7>0E would "rove to !e his only one.
A. .nlike H. -. Wells, who wrote more than *++ books, and countless essays and articles, the novel written by Henry Williams in *>9B

B. ,nli'e #. 8. Wells oeuvre, with more than 766 !oo's, and countless essays and articles, the novel written !y #enry Williams in 7>0E C. ,nli'e those of #. 8. Wells, who wrote more than 766, and countless essays and articles, the novel written !y #enry Williams in 7>0E D. In com"arison with #. 8. Wells, who wrote more than 766 !oo's, and countless essays and articles, the novel written !y #enry Williams in 7>0E E. #. 8. Wells wrote over 766 !oo's and countless essays and articles, !ut #enry Williams wrote a novel in 7>0E which he !est answer is E. In com"arative structures, the things !eing com"ared must !e !oth logically and grammatically "arallel. Choice E solves the "ro!lem !y using two inde"endent clauses lin'ed !y but.

%ecent commercial offshoots of +anson/s imagination are toys, one which is a colorful foam tu!e with variously sha"ed "ieces that children can !end and fit together to ma'e otherworldly creatures. A. one which B. one of them which C. and one of them which D. one of them E. one of which he !est answer is E. #oys! must !e followed !y a limiting a""ositive, such as one of which! that identifies and individual from among a larger grou".

When Crawford has !egun farming with his wife, %osemary, in the early 7>I6s, it was a time when sturdy wooden fruit !o(es were !eing "hased out among local farmers in favor of lighter&weight !as'ets for "ic'ing, and dressy card!oard !o(es for shi""ing. A. When Crawford has !egun farming with his wife, %osemary, in the early 7>I6s B. When Crawford had !egun farming with his wife, %osemary, in the early 7>I6s C. When Crawford has !egun farming with his wife, %osemary, early in the 7>I6s D. When Crawford !egan farming with his wife, %osemary, in the early 7>I6s E. When Crawford !egan farming with his wife, %osemary, early in the 7>I6s he !est answer is D. Choice D correctly uses the "ast tense ver! form of began to refer to an action com"leted in the "ast. It also uses the idiomatic in the early 2>?@s.

6or almost ** years after having its inception in *>>9, #mith housed some :++ rescued orangutans before returning them to the wild, adding to a population estimated at between *=,+++ and 9+,+++.

A. .or almost 77 years after having its ince"tion in 7>>0, B. Beginning in 7>>0 for a "eriod of almost 77 years, C. Beginning a "eriod of almost 77 years, in 7>>0 D. During 77 years, a "eriod !eginning in 7>>0, E. 2ver a "eriod of 77 years !eginning in 7>>0,

he !est answer is E. In choices A and B, it is -mith who illogically has his ince"tion in 7>>0. Choices C and D are aw'ward and im"recise. Choice E is logical, "recise and idiomatic.

he district manager claimed that "roviding on&site child care hel"s to reduce sic' leave, !ut also enhances )o! satisfaction. A. hel"s to reduce sic' leave, !ut also B. hel"s the reduction of sic' leave, and also C. not only hel"s to reduce sic' leave, !ut also D. hel"s to reduce not only sic' leave, !ut E. not only hel"s to reduce sic' leave, and also he !est answer is C. o convey the idea that "roviding on&site child care has two !enefits, the correct sentence must lin' grammatically "arallel statements of these effects with and also or with not only but also. Choices B and C do this, !ut B introduces a construction which is not "arallel.

he World .orestry Association has "redicted that the rate of addition to wooded lands will dro" while those of loss rise. A. those of loss rise B. it rises for loss C. those of losses rise D. the rate of loss rises E. there are rises for the rate of loss he !est answer is D. Choice D uses the idiomatic and clear construction the rate of addition will drop while the rate of loss rises. Choice E su""lies the idiomatic e("ression !ut introduces it with the unidiomatic and wordy there are rises for.

2f +ar' wain/s many fans, none could feel more "leased?or more vindicated?!y the renewed interest than the steadfast editors of the +ar' wain 5ro)ect at the ,niversity of California at Ber'eley, who have !een at wor' for E= years on a scholarly underta'ing of almost inconceiva!le "ro"ortions$ to hunt down, organi*e

and inter"ret every scra" of writing that issued from -am Clemens during his IB years on earth.
A. to hunt down, organi4e and every scrap of writing that issued from #am Clemens during his C: years on earth was interpreted.

B. to hunt down, to organi*e and every scra" of writing that issued from -am Clemens during his IB years on earth was inter"reted. C. to hunt down, organi*e and inter"ret every scra" of writing that issued from -am Clemens during his IB years on earth. D. to hunt down, organi*e and inter"ret every scra" of writing that issued from -am Clemens while on earth IB years. E. to hunt down, organi*e and every scra" of writing that issued from -am Clemens while on earth for IB years. he !est answer is C. Choice C had a grammatically correct "arallel construction and uses the idiomatic during his ?A years.

By ena!ling him to demonstrate the correctness of his fitting, it "ermitted him to significantly reduce the num!er of com"laints and also aid for customers in finding the configuration that !est suited them. A. significantly reduce the num!er of com"laints and also aid for B. !e significantly reduce the num!er of com"laints and aid for C. significantly reduce the num!er of com"laints and aid D. cause a significant reduction in the num!er of com"laints and also aid to E. significantly reduce the num!er of com"laints as well as aiding he !est answer is C. Choice C avoids the "re"osition for and to! instead using aid as a ver! that is "arallel with reduce.

In his article, #offman "rofiles the rivalry !etween 00&year&old ;vonne +eadows, chesss new fresh face with Brian #anson, winner of numerous cham"ionshi"s. A. rivalry !etween 00&year&old ;vonne +eadows, chesss new fresh face with Brian #anson B. rival 00&year&old ;vonne +eadows, chesss new fresh face against her com"etitor Brian #anson
C. rivalry that has developed between 99"year"old 2vonne ,eadows, chess/s new fresh face and Brian Hanson

D. develo"ing rivalry !etween 00&year&old ;vonne +eadows, chesss new fresh face with Brian #anson E. 00&year&old ;vonne +eadows, chesss new fresh face and the rivalry with Brian #anson he !est answer is C. he enumeration of the rivals requires the con)unction and* either the rivalry between x and y or the rivals x and y.

+oody, who manages the 3ational 3umismatics Collection at the 3ational +useum of American #istory, started !uying un"ainted miniature soldiers and to do it soon got swe"t into the field of military history, researching not only the !attles themselves !ut the uniforms worn at the time. A. and to do it soon got swe"t B. and doing it soon got swe"t C. and to do this soon got him swe"t D. and doing so soon got swe"t E. and to do it would soon got swe"t he !est answer is D. Choice D a""ro"riately uses the adver! so to refer !ac' to the ver! buying.

Ai'e 4ohnson, the mutant instruments of -amuel +eadow are Othum!ing their noses at eons of musical tradition, ma'ing music that can !e merely weird, !ut is more often whimsical, even mystifying. A. Ai'e 4ohnson, the mutant instruments of -amuel +eadow B. Ai'e 4ohnson, -amuel +eadows mutant instruments C. Ai'e 4ohnsons, -amuel +eadows mutant instruments D. As with 4ohnson, -amuel +eadows mutant instruments E. As is 4ohnsons the mutant instruments of -amuel +eadow he !est answer is C. At issue is a com"arison of 4ohnsons instruments with +eadows. 2nly C, the !est choice, uses the elli"tical like Bohnson8s 9instrument !eing understood<, to com"are 4ohnsons instruments with +eadows instruments.

(((A dedication !y Colin 5owell, given in the same year as his a""ointment as chairman of the 4oint Chiefs of -taff, commemorated the !uffalo soldiers at .ort Aeavenworth, Fansas, the !irth"lace of one of the regiments. A. A dedication !y Colin 5owell, given in the same year as his a""ointment as chairman of the 4oint Chiefs of -taff B. A dedication !y Colin 5owell, given in the same year as his a""ointment to chairman of the 4oint Chiefs of -taff C. A dedication !y Colin 5owell, given in the same year that he was a""ointed chairman of the 4oint Chiefs of -taff D. Colin 5owell gave a dedication in the same year as his a""ointment as chairman of the 4oint Chiefs of -taff that E. Colin 5owell gave a dedication in the same year of a""ointment as chairman of the 4oint Chiefs of -taff that he !est answer is C. In this sentence, the relative "ronoun that should introduce the clause he was appointed commemorated to ma'e a relative clause modifying year.

.or three decades, Waterman carried a Aeica or 3i'on camera and committed thousands of musicians to film, catching the magical and the mundane in order to 'ee" from !eing forgotten. A. 'ee" from !eing forgotten. B. 'ee" them from !eing forgotten. C. avoid !eing forgotten. D. avoid them from !eing forgotten. E. avoid from their forgetting.

he !est answer is B. Choice B is the !est !ecause it use the "ronoun them which refers to the musicians. It also uses the more "recise keep rather than avoid.

If -am homas was right, any a""arent connections of modern ta" and Aancashire clogging is "urely coincidental.

A. If -am homas was right, any a""arent connections of modern ta" and B. -hould -am homas !e right, any a""arent connections of modern ta" and C. If -am homas is right, any a""arent connections of modern ta" and D. If -am homas is right, any a""arent connections !etween modern ta" and E. -hould -am homas have !een right, any a""arent connections of modern ta" and he !est answer is D. Choice D uses the "resent indicative ver! form in the conditional clause, 0f /am #homas is right, in order to agree with the ver! in the main clause, any connection is coincidental. It also "resents the coordinate o!)ects of the "re"osition between x and y.

here were concerns that the nation/s new center for the contem"orary arts ? a com"le( of 0I !uildings totaling more than I06,666 square feet ? might !e successful and it would eventually !ring a!out the closing of the +assy Art Com"le(. A. it would eventually !ring a!out the closing of the +assy Art Com"le(. B. it might eventually over a!out the closing of the +assy Art Com"le(. C. eventually !ring a!out the closing of the +assy Art Com"le(. D. eventually !ring over the closing of the +assy Art Com"le(. E. it will eventually !ring a!out the closing of the +assy Art Com"le(.

he !est answer is C. his sentence requires "arallel ver! forms be successful bring about.

(((.ound only in -ichuan, the giant "anda roams the mountainous government& "rotected reserves and eats two s"ecies of !am!oo that grow in the mi(ed forests, they feed for 70 to 7= hours a day. A. giant "andas roam the mountainous government&"rotected reserves and eat two s"ecies of !am!oo that grow in the mi(ed forests, feeding for 70 to 7= hours a day.

B. the giant "anda roams the mountainous government&"rotected reserves, they eat two s"ecies of !am!oo that grow in the mi(ed forests, and with so much feeding, u" to 70 to 7= hours a day. C. giant "andas roam the mountainous government&"rotected reserves eat two s"ecies of !am!oo that grow in the mi(ed forests, and feed for 70 to 7= hours a day. D. the giant "anda roams the mountainous government&"rotected reserves eating two s"ecies of !am!oo that grow in the mi(ed forests and feeding for 70 to 7= hours a day. E. the giant "anda roams the mountainous government&"rotected reserves eats two s"ecies of !am!oo that grow in the mi(ed forests, and it feeds for 70 to 7= hours a day. he !est answer is D. Choice D clearly su!ordinates eating and feeding to roams.

In the 7>MB case && 5rice Cor". versus ,niversal Industries && the -u"reme Court ruled that 5rice owed restitution to ,niversal for su!stantial noninfringing uses. A. that 5rice owed restitution to ,niversal for su!stantial noninfringing uses. B. that 5rice owed restitution to ,niversal !ecause of su!stantial noninfringing uses. C. 5rice to owe restitution to ,niversal for su!stantial noninfringing uses. D. on 5rice owed restitution to ,niversal for su!stantial noninfringing uses. E. on the restitution 5rice owed to ,niversal for su!stantial noninfringing uses. he !est answer is A. Choice A uses that a""ro"riately to introduce a clause that descri!es the -u"reme Courts ruling. Choice A also em"loys the idiomatic "hrase restitution for.

:((LAi'e many successful authors, -alman %ushdies first novel, Crimus! a!out a 3ative American who receives the gift of immortality, was an a!)ect failure. A. Ai'e many successful authors, -alman %ushdies first novel, Crimus! a!out B. As have many successful authors, the first of -alman %ushdies novels, Crimus! a!out C. 4ust as with many successful authors, the first of -alman %ushdies novels, Crimus! a!out D. 4ust li'e many successful authors, -alman %ushdies first novel, Crimus! on E. As did many successful authors, -alman %ushdies first novel, Crimus! on

he !est answer is A. Choice A is concise and grammatically correct, using the com"arative "re"osition, like! to e("ress the com"arison !etween many successful authors and /alman Rushdie.

(((&2ne of the "oints the thera"ist stressed was the reali*ation that as a child grows, their a!ility to share and com"rehend time, ena!les them to ta'e turns, al!eit reluctantly. A. the reali*ation that as a child grows, their B. the reali*ation that as children grow, their C. to reali*e that that when a child grows, his or her D. to reali*e that as a children grow, their E. reali*ing that as children grow, their he !est answer is B. In choice A, the "lural "ronoun their does not agree in num!er with the singular noun child. In C, D, and D to realize and realizing are not an a""ro"riate continuations of$ one of the points the therapist stressed.

5lanners in 5yongyang are also !an'ing on wonder cro"s that will offer an esca"e route for a country where the land area of only 7B "ercent of it is ara!le. A. where the land area of only 7B "ercent of it is ara!le. B. where they have 7B "ercent of the land area ara!le. C. where only 7B "ercent of the land area is ara!le. D. which has 7B "ercent of the land area ara!le. E. in which 7B "ercent of it has ara!le land area. he !est answer is C. Choice C uses a clear, direct, and economical ad)ective clause to indicate the "ercentage of land that is ara!le in the country in question.

5igments, "roduced from natural sources ? slateC metals, such as iron, and various ty"es of earth ? starts off as "owders that are "ounded, ground, sieved, then refined and finally one must heat them. A. starts off as "owders that are "ounded, ground, sieved, then refined and finally one must heat them. B. start off as "owders that are "ounded, ground, sieved, then refined and heated. C. are starting off as "owders that are "ounded, ground, sieved, then refined and finally one must heat them. D. had started off as "owders that are "ounded, ground, sieved, then refined and heated. E. start off as "owders that are "ounded, ground, sieved, then you refine and heat them. he !est answer is B. Choice B uses the sim"le "ast tense to descri!e a "ast condition. It also correctly uses a "arallel construction$ pounded! ground sieved! then refined and heated.

When we loo' at the star Al"ha Centauri, we see it as it was a little over four years ago, for it too' the light that long to get here. A. we see it as it was a little over four years ago B. we see it as it had !een a little over four years ago C. we see it as if it was a little over four years ago D. it a""ears to us as it did in a little over four years ago E. it a""ears to us as though a little over four years ago
)he best answer is A. past condition. Choice A employs the simple past verb tense to describe a

(((&Because of the recent growth in e&commerce required to survive in the glo!al mar'et"lace, a mar'et"lace characteri*ed !y a constant reinventing of the medium, such com"anies have had to re&thin' their "ace of e("ansion. A. Because of the recent growth in e&commerce required to survive B. Because of the recent growth in e&commerce required of traditional com"anies to survive C. Because of the growth, recently, of e&commerce required for surviving D. Because of the recently growth in e&commerce required for survival E. Because the recent growth in e&commerce required for com"anies survival

he !est answer is B. he su!)ect of the main clause 9such companies3 "resumes a "rior reference to the com"anies in question. .urthermore, the logical su!)ect of to survive and the logical com"lement of re uired should !e made e("licit.

I. .or the last fifteen years, 5en!roo' ,niversity has had the smallest tenured and tenure&trac' faculty in the state with only si( full "rofessors, one whom is now retiring. A. one whom is now retiring B. one of them who is now retiring C. and one of them who he is now retiring D. one of whom now retires E. one which is now retires he !est answer is D. he su!)ect, full professors, must !e followed !y a limiting a""ositive, such as one of whom! that identifies an individual from among a larger grou".

M. he tragedian -eneca, tutor to the insane em"eror 3ero, was as controversial to his own time as he is com"elling in ours. A. were as controversial to his own time as he is B. was as controversial in his own time as he is C. has !een as controversial to his own time as he is D. had !een as controversial in his own time as he is E. have !een as controversial in his own time as he is he !est answer is B. Choice B e(hi!its correct su!)ect&ver! agreement and uses a""ro"riate ver! tenses. Additionally, it uses the idiomatic in his own time.

Ai'e .oucault, Derrida shows the "ower of discourse and language and attem"ts to deconstruct how meaning is made. A. Ai'e .oucault, Derrida shows

B. Ai'e .oucault, Derrida is showing C. As .oucault, Derrida shows D. As did .oucault, Derridas showing E. Derrida shows, as does .oucault, he !est answer is A. In choice A, a clear and logical com"arison is made !etween .oucault and Derrida.

2ver the "ast three decades the "oems of W. -. +erwin have a""eared in these "ages more frequently than any "oet.
A. have been appearing in these pages more frequently than any poet. B. have appeared in these pages more frequently than any other poet. C. appeared in these pages more frequently than are any poet. . have appeared in these pages more frequently than those of any other poet. !. appeared in these pages more frequently as are those of any other poet. )he best answer is of other poets. . Choice correctly compares ,erwin/s works to the works

%%%5n *>>D, resulting from the diligence in capturing photographs on sub;ects as diverse as the cosmopolitan cafEs of 'aris and the impoverished villages of Cambodia, he received the 0utstanding 'hotographic Achievement Award. A. resulting from his diligence in capturing photographs on sub;ects as diverse as the cosmopolitan cafEs of 'aris and the impoverished villages of Cambodia

B. his diligence in ca"turing "hotogra"hs on su!)ects as diverse as the cosmo"olitan cafPs of 5aris and the im"overished villages of Cam!odia resulted and
C. because of the result of his diligence in capturing photographs on sub;ects as diverse as the cosmopolitan cafEs of 'aris and the impoverished villages of Cambodia

D. as a result of his diligence in ca"turing "hotogra"hs on su!)ects as diverse as the cosmo"olitan cafPs of 5aris and the im"overished villages of Cam!odia

E. as a result of his diligence in ca"turing "hotogra"hs on su!)ects so diverse as the cosmo"olitan cafPs of 5aris and the im"overished villages of Cam!odia he !est answer is D. Choice D uses the idiomatic as a result of and conveys information unam!iguously.

Being a Canadian citi*en since 7>1M and !orn in C*ernowit* in 7>EM, artist -arah Willens'y has since lived in the ,. -. and England, and first came to Canada in 7>1I to study at ;or' ,niversity. A. Being a Canadian citi*en since 7>1M and !orn in C*ernowit* in 7>EM, artist -arah Willens'y has B. #aving !een a Canadian citi*en since 7>1M, she was !orn in C*ernowit* in 7>EMC artist -arah Willens'y C. Born in C*ernowit* in 7>EM, artist -arah Willens'y !ecame a Canadian citi*en in 7>1MC she has D. Being !orn in C*ernowit* in 7>EM and having !een a Canadian citi*en since 7>1M, artist -arah Willens'y E. #aving !een !orn in C*ernowit* in 7>EM and !eing a Canadian citi*en since 7>1M, artist -arah Willens'y he !est answer is C. he first clause "resents its information clearly and in logical sequence. he use of a semicolon to set a"art the remaining information further assists the clarity of the sentence. 7E. he way in which aylor and the other the "artici"ants, +ason, Adams and 4ones, moved were determined from their own re"orted levels of involvement in school& !ased s"orts activities li'e soccer and trac', e(tramural classes and activities li'e swimming, hi'ing, running, and tennis.
A. moved were determined from

B. moved were determined !ecause of C. moved was determined through D. moved was determined !y E. moved was determined as a result of
)he best answer is . Choice is clear and concise, and uses correct sub;ect" verb agreement. Choices A and B are incorrect because they use the plural verb were to refer to the singular sub;ect The way.

)he wife of the poet #helly wrote the world"famous and increasingly relevant -othic horror tale, 6rankenstein, in response to a challenge to create a ghost story.

A. he wife of the "oet -helly wrote the world&famous and increasingly relevant 8othic horror tale, .ran'enstein, in res"onse to a challenge to create a ghost story. B. o create a ghost story, the wife of the "oet -helly wrote the world&famous and increasingly relevant 8othic horror tale, .ran'enstein, in res"onse to a challenge. C. he world&famous and increasingly relevant 8othic horror tale, .ran'enstein, the wife of the "oet -helly wrote in res"onse to a challenge to create a ghost story.

. Writing in response to a challenge to create a ghost story, the wife of the poet #helly made the world"famous and increasingly relevant -othic horror tale, 6rankenstein.

E. In res"onse to a challenge to create a ghost story, the wife of the "oet -helly wrote the world&famous and increasingly relevant 8othic horror tale, .ran'enstein.
)he best answer is !. Choice ! conveys its meaning clearly, without ambiguity, and uses straightforward synta%. STOP

Two out of every four participants in the Earth Day rallies also attend our annual conference on biodiversity and endan ered species. A. )wo out of every four participants in the !arth ay rallies also attend our annual conference on biodiversity and endangered species.

B. wo out of every four "artici"ants in the Earth Day rallies also they attend our annual conference on !iodiversity and endangered s"ecies. C. 2ur annual conference on !iodiversity and endangered s"ecies is attended !y two out of every four "artici"ants in the Earth Day rallies. D. 2ur annual conference, it is on !iodiversity and endangered s"ecies, is attended !y two out of every four "artici"ants in the Earth Day rallies. E. wo out of every four "artici"ants in the Earth Day rallies our annual conference on !iodiversity and endangered s"ecies is attended !y them.

he !est answer is A. Choice A is concise, idiomatic, and maintains su!)ect&ver! agreement. Additionally, choice A avoids "ro!lems with dou!led su!)ects found in B D and E.

7=. 5rior to the develo"ment of this vaccine, meningitis and "neumonia, due to #i! were much more common among 3ava)o and A"ache children than other children in the ,nited -tates. A. than other children in the ,nited -tates. B. than among other children in the ,nited -tates. C. than is so of other children of the ,nited -tates. D. com"ared to other children in the ,nited -tates. E. in com"arison with other children of the ,nited -tates. he !est answer is B. Choice B correctly uses the idiomatic construction more common among x than among y.

7I. 5rendhurst 5u!lic Ai!rary recently calculated that it has loaned B6 items that they do not e("ect return when due. A. they do not e("ect return when
B. it does not e%pect return when it is

C. it does not e("ect will !e returned when they are D. returns are not e("ected to !e made when E. returns are not e("ected to !e made when they will !e he !est answer is C. Choice C has su!)ect ver! agreement throughout, using it as a "ronoun to refer to the singular noun, library.

he Watsons, a "rominent -taten Island family, has survived a close !rush with financial ruinC its assets are now almost three times greater than what they were !efore their "ro!lems commenced.

A. financial ruinC its assets are now almost three times greater than B. financial ruinC its assets are now almost three times more than C. financial ruinC their assets are now almost threefold D. financial ruinC now with threefold the assets E. financial ruinC now with assets three times greater than he !est answer is A. Choice A uses a singular "ronoun, its! to refer to the singular antecedent, #he Watsons! and it "ro"erly uses the construction its assets are now greater than.

Ai'e their .rench counter"arts, Aatin flans are coated with a dar' carameli*ed sugar, !ut unli'e .rench flans, their Aatin counter"arts get their flavor and te(ture from egg yol's and from canned, condensed mil's that im"art a "articularly nutty caramel taste. A. their Aatin counter"arts get their flavor and te(ture from B. their flavor and te(ture is from C. one "lace they get their flavor and te(ture from is D. they get their flavor and Aatin te(ture from E. Aatin flans get their flavor and te(ture from he !est answer is E. he meaning is clear des"ite the relative com"le(ity of the sentence, the com"arison of Datin with :rench is logical.

As we now enter an era of !road!and communication, most analysts agree that no less than a new !rea'through is necessary to meet the need for higher data storage ca"acity and faster data transfer rate. A. that no less than a new !rea'through is necessary B. that nothing other than a new !rea'through is needed C. that a new !rea'through is necessary D. the necessity for a new !rea'through E. the necessity for a new !rea'through occurring he !est answer is C. he word that functions grammatically to introduce the clause that descri!es the "oint on which analysts agree. Choices A and B needlessly lengthen the statement !y e("ressing the idea through negation$ no less than and nothing other than.

As well as a fool and a liar, -hields was called !ad&smelling !ecause he only !athed once every month or so. A. As well as a fool and a liar, -hields was called !ad&smelling !ecause B. Besides a fool and a liar, also -hields was called !ad&smelling !ecause C. Besides a fool and a liar, they called -hields !ad&smelling !ecause D. -hields was called not only a fool and a liar, !ut also !ad&smelling !ecause E. -hields was not only called a fool and a liar, !ut also !ad&smelling !ecause he !est answer is D. Choice D has no modification errors and uses "arallel "hrases to com"lete the idiomatic construction not onlybut also.

According to a recent census, the num!er of high school students wor'ing "art time in sales has grown every decade since the I6s. A. the num!er of high school students wor'ing "art time in sales has grown B. the num!er of high school students who are wor'ing "art time in sales have grown C. there has !een growth in the num!er of high school students wor'ing "art time in sales D. a growing num!er of high school students have !een wor'ing "art time in sales E. high school students wor'ing "art time in sales have !een growing in num!er he !est answer is A. he singular ver! has agrees with the su!)ect of the clause, the number. +oreover, A conveys the intended meaning concisely and unam!iguously. ((( he 06&year alligator "rotection "rogram has !een declared a success, !ecause tra""ing is low and alligator !irths in the wild are high since ha!itats have !een restored to their natural state. A. low and alligator !irths in the wild are high as B. low and the !irths of the alligators in the wild are high since C. low with higher alligator !irths in the wild as D. low and alligator !irths in the wild are higher as E. low and alligator !irths in the wild are highest as he !est answer is A. Choice A correctly !alances the contrasting terms low and high in "arallel form 9ad)ectives in the "ositive degree<.

A cou"le of years later, he decided not to !uy +ary 4ane the .lorida retreat of her dreams !ecause he !elieved that to do it rewards her disres"ectful conduct. A. to do it rewards B. doing it rewards C. to do this would reward D. doing so would reward E. to do it would reward

he !est answer is D. Choice D a""ro"riately uses the adver! so to refer !ac' to the ver! buy. he other choices ina""ro"riately use "ronouns 9it or this3 to refer !ac' to the ver!. In !rief and halting remar's after the service at the church, the mayor remem!ered those who lost their lives, and the heroism, decency and com"assion shown !y all on that sad and terri!le day.

!ecorded in "ew #ork city, the son writer and sin er of )he -ift were two teena ed sin ers, $elissa %ooth and Darlene %er&an, who would later &ake her reputation as an actress.

A. %ecorded in 3ew ;or' city, the songwriter and singer of #he Cift were two teenaged singers, +elissa Booth and Darlene Berman, who would later ma'e her re"utation as an actress. B. %ecorded in 3ew ;or' city, two teenaged singers, +elissa Booth and Darlene Berman, who would later ma'e her re"utation as an actress, were the songwriter and singer of #he Cift. C. %ecorded in 3ew ;or' city, #he Cift was written and sung !y two teenaged singers, Darlene Berman, who would later ma'e her re"utation as an actress, and +elissa Booth. D. #he Cift was written and sung !y two teenaged singers, +elissa Booth and Darlene Berman, who would later ma'e her re"utation as an actress, and recorded in 3ew ;or' city. E. he songwriter and singer !eing two teenaged singers, +elissa Booth and Darlene Berman, who would later ma'e her re"utation as an actress, #he Cift was recorded in 3ew ;or' city.

he !est answer is C. 2nly in C is Recorded in Eew -ork city followed immediately !y the gift. Also, C ma'es it clear that the clause !eginning who refers to Darlene.

he first decision for most "eo"le which consider the use of an irrevoca!le trust is if or not to ma'e the gift outright or in trust. A. he first decision for most "eo"le which consider the use of an irrevoca!le trust is if or not to ma'e the gift outright or in trust. B. he first decision for most "eo"le who consider the use of an irrevoca!le trust is if or not to ma'e the gift outright or in trust. C. he first decision for most "eo"le considering the use of an irrevoca!le trust is if to ma'e the gift outright or in trust. D. he first decision for most "eo"le which consider the use of an irrevoca!le trust is whether or not they ma'e the gift outright or in trust. E. he first decision for most "eo"le considering the use of an irrevoca!le trust is whether to ma'e the gift outright or in trust.
)he best answer is !. 0nly ! idiomatically completes whether with an infinitive to &ake.

,nli'e traditional +BA "rograms, which aim to convey !road&!ased !usiness and management conce"ts, the students are encouraged, in the 4-W, "rogram, to !uild on their technical !ac'grounds and e("erience, and the "rogram em"hasi*es "lanning and design s'ills that are s"ecifically required in "ro)ect&!ased organi*ations.
A. in the 8#W. program, to build on their technical backgrounds and e%perience, and the program emphasi4es planning and design skills that are specifically required in pro;ect"based organi4ations the students are encouraged,.

B. "lanning and design s'ills are em"hasi*ed in the 4-W, "rogram em"hasi*es, that are s"ecifically required in "ro)ect&!ased organi*ations and encourages students to !uild on their technical !ac'grounds and e("erience. C. "lanning and design s'ills that are s"ecifically required in "ro)ect&!ased organi*ations are em"hasi*ed !y the 4-W, "rogram, and the "rogram encourages students to !uild on their technical !ac'grounds and e("erience.

D. "lanning and design s'ills that are s"ecifically required in "ro)ect&!ased organi*ations are em"hasi*ed !y the 4-W, "rogram, as well, the "rogram encourages students to !uild on their technical !ac'grounds and e("erience. E. the 4-W, "rogram em"hasi*es "lanning and design s'ills that are s"ecifically required in "ro)ect&!ased organi*ations and encourages students to !uild on their technical !ac'grounds and e("erience. he !est answer is E. Choice E correctly uses a "arallel construction to draw a logical com"arison$ &nlike traditional )$A programs the B/W& program

:((L he ,3 distinguishes two sorts of -ecurity Council resolution, those that deal with the "eaceful resolution of dis"utes and entitle the council to ma'e non&!inding recommendations, and those that give the council !road "owers to ta'e action. A. he ,3 distinguishes two sorts of -ecurity Council resolution, those that deal with the "eaceful resolution of dis"utes and entitle the council to ma'e non&!inding recommendations, and B. he ,3 distinguishes two sorts of -ecurity Council resolutions, some that deal with the "eaceful resolution of dis"utes and entitle the council to ma'e non& !inding recommendations, and C. he ,3 distinguishes two sorts of -ecurity Council resolutions, there are those that deal with the "eaceful resolution of dis"utes and entitle the council to ma'e non& !inding recommendations, and D. he ,3 distinguishes !etween two sorts of -ecurity Council resolutions, those that deal on the "eaceful resolution of dis"utes and entitle the council to ma'e non& !inding recommendations, and E. he ,3 distinguishes !etween two sorts of -ecurity Council resolution, those that deal with the "eaceful resolution to dis"utes and entitle the council to ma'e non& !inding recommendations, and he !est answer is E. he !est choice is E !ecause it used the idiomatically correct e("ression distinguishes between x and y. In addition, choice C uses the idiomatic deal with construction.
By licensing technologies to private companies and awarding grants for innovative research, the pro;ect is cataly4ing the multibillion"dollar ..#. biotechnology industry, fostering the development of new medical applications, and to make their applications known world"wide. A. fostering the development of new medical applications, and to make their applications known world"wide

B. fostering the develo"ment of new medical a""lications, and ma'ing their a""lications 'nown world&wide C. to foster the develo"ment of new medical a""lications, and ma'e their a""lications 'nown world&wide D. to foster the develo"ment of new medical a""lications, and to ma'e their a""lications 'nown world&wide E. to foster the develo"ment of new medical a""lications, and ma'ing their a""lications 'nown world&wide he !est answer is B. Choices A, C, D and E all violate "arallelism !y em"loying infinitive in "lace of "artici"ial "hrases$ catalyzing! fostering and making.

(((According to a recent study "erformed at -tanford ,niversity, the more time "eo"le s"end using the Internet, their contact with their social environment the lost. A. the more time "eo"le s"end using the Internet, the more the contact with their social environment is lost
B. the more time people spend using the 5nternet, their contact with their social environment the lost

C. the more time "eo"le s"end using the Internet the more they lose contact with their social environment
. the more time it is that people spend using the 5nternet, their contact with their social environment the lost

E. the longer time "eo"le s"end using the Internet, the more they lose contact with their social environment he !est answer is C. he "hrase the more time people spend should !e com"leted a "arallel "hrase that !egins with a com"arative ad)ective and a noun "hrase, as in the more they lose.

Des"ite o!)ection to the ta( "olicies of town auditor, the yearly e("enses have increased from 166,666 to two million, an amount that is a!out the si*e of the entire education !udget. A. have increased from 166,666 to two million, an amount that is a!out the si*e of the entire education !udget B. have increased from 166,666 to two million, a!out the si*e of the entire education !udget C. have increased from 166,666 to two million, an amount a!out the si*e of the entire education !udget D. has increased from 166,666 to two million, an amount which has a!out the si*e of the entire education !udget E. has increased from 166,666 to two million, a!out the entire education !udgets si*e he !est answer is C. In choice C, an amount about the size of the entire education budget clearly descri!es an equivalence !etween the !udget and the savings.

#owever much doctors would li'e medicine to !e a science & !ecause life would !e sim"ler that way & the fact is that with its human element, it is not. A. #owever much doctors would li'e medicine to !e a science & !ecause life would !e sim"ler that way & the fact is that with its human element, it is not. B. Des"ite agreement among doctors that to the fact that they would li'e medicine to !e a science & !ecause life would !e sim"ler that way & the fact is than's to its human element, it is not. C. Although doctors agree they would li'e medicine to !e a science & !ecause life would !e sim"ler that way & the fact is that with its human element, it is not. D. Although doctors agree they would li'e medicine to !e a science & !ecause life would !e sim"ler that way & the fact is that with its human element, it is not. E. here is agreement among doctors that they would li'e medicine to !e a science & !ecause life would !e sim"ler that way & the fact is that owing to its human element, it is not. he !est answer is A. In choice B, agreement to the fact is unidiomatic. Choices C and D omit the word that after agree. Choice E is unnecessarily wordy.

Based on an account from a survivor who tal's a!out her own history of a!use in childhood and in adulthood, the author weaves a story a!out the e("erience of multi"le selves, and its im"act on other family mem!ers. A. Based on an account from a survivor who tal's on her own history of a!use in childhood and in adulthood B. Basing it on an account from a survivor who tal's a!out her own history of a!use in childhood and in adulthood C. With an account from a survivor who tal's a!out her own history of a!use !oth in childhood and in adulthood D. By the account from a survivor who tal's a!out her own history of a!use in childhood and in adulthood E. ,sing the account of a survivor who tal's a!out her own history of a!use in !oth childhood and adulthood he !est answer is E. Choice E is clear and conciseC it correctly uses a "resent "artici"le, using! to introduce the modifier descri!ing how the author gathered information. (((&2f those 0 "ercent of needle&stic' in)uries where #ID&infected !lood is 'nown to !e "resent, the chance of #ID transmission is estimated at !etween 6.E and 6.B1 "ercent. A. the chance of #ID transmission is estimated at !etween 6.E and 6.B1 "ercent B. the chance of #ID transmission is estimated as !eing !etween 6.E and 6.B1 "ercent C. the chance for #ID transmission is estimated that it is !etween 6.E to 6.B1 "ercent D. the chance of #ID transmission is estimated to !e !etween 6.E and 6.B1 "ercent E. the chance for #ID transmission is estimated as !etween 6.E to 6.B1 "ercent he !est answer is D. D, the !est choice, follows estimated with to be. In addition, choice D uses the idiomatic the chance of.

Eager to "rove a "oint, it was decided !y the !rothers to em"loy the medieval )ustice of trial !y com!at, using !oth sword and "istol to wi"e out the insult. A. it was decided !y the !rothers to em"loy the medieval )ustice of trial !y com!at, using !oth sword and "istol to wi"e out the insult B. the decision of the !rothers was to em"loy the medieval )ustice of trial !y com!at, using !oth sword and "istol to wi"e out the insult C. the !rothers decided to em"loy the medieval )ustice of trial !y com!at, using !oth sword and "istol to wi"e out the insult D. the medieval )ustice of trial !y com!at, using !oth sword and "istol to wi"e out the insult was decided u"on !y the !rothers E. and using !oth sword and "istol to wi"e out the insult, the medieval )ustice of trial !y com!at was decided u"on !y the !rothers

he !est answer is C. 8rammatically, the "artici"ial "hrase !eginning <ager must modify the su!)ect of the main clause. Because it is the !rothers who were eager, choice C, in which the !rothers a""ears as the su!)ect, is the !est answer.

(((At the height of +anchu "ower, the situation was not unli'e that which can e(ist !etween a su"er"ower and a satellite or "rotectorate, and therefore one which, though "olitically significant, does not e(tinguish the inde"endent e(istence of the wea'er state.
A. the situation was not unlike that which can e%ist between a superpower and a satellite or protectorate B. the situation was not unlike between a superpower to a satellite or protectorate

C. the situation was li'e !etween a su"er"ower to a satellite or "rotectorate D. there was a situation which was li'e that which can e(ist !etween a su"er"ower and a satellite or "rotectorate E. the situation was as that which can e(ist !etween a su"er"ower to a satellite or "rotectorate he !est answer is A. In B and C there are faulty com"arisons. Choice D is unnecessarily wordy. Choice E incorrectly uses as rather than like to com"are two noun "hrases.

In England, a larger "ercentage of the students ta'e their A Aevel e(ams in college than is the case in 3orthern Ireland.

A. In England, a larger "ercentage of the students ta'e their A Aevel e(ams in college than is the case in 3orthern Ireland. B. In England, a larger "ercentage of students ta'e their A Aevel e(ams in college than do so in 3orthern Ireland. C. A larger "ercentage of students in England than is the case in 3orthern Ireland, ta'e their A Aevel e(ams in college. D. A larger "ercentage of the students in England than do so in 3orthern Ireland, ta'e their A Aevel e(ams in college. E. In England, a larger "ercentage of the students ta'e their A Aevel e(ams in college than the 3orthern Ireland students do.

he !est answer is B. Choice B is clear and concise. 'o so is correctly used to refer !ac' to take their A level exams.

(((Des"ite !eing a carnivore, the diet of the !ear is largely vegetarian N fresh leaves, fruits, !erries, nuts, roots, and tu!ers & and animal carcasses rarely. A. and animal carcasses rarely. B. and animal carcasses is rare. C. with animal carcasses as rare. D. animal carcasses a rarity. E. with animal carcasses a rarity.

he !est answer is E. he !est answer here must qualify the statement made in the main clause, the diet of the bear is largely vegetarianF it cannot !e treated as "art of the list of vegetarian foods. In other words, the !est answer must logically and grammatically attach to the main clause when the list is omitted.

he newly a""ointed "rinci"al, !eing worried a!out the "resence of drugs in her school and the failing of her students to im"rove on the state tests, revam"ed school "olicy.C A. !eing worried over the "resence of drugs in her school and the failing B. worrying over the "resence of drugs in her school and the failure C. worried a!out the "resence of drugs in her school and the failure D. in that they were worried over the "resence of drugs in her school, also the failing E. !ecause of her worry concerning the "resence of drugs in her school as well as the failing he !est answer is C. Choice C is !est !ecause its "hrasing is "arallel and concise. A, D and E !egin with unnecessarily wordy "hrases. Choice C also uses the idiomatic worried about. o ma'e negotiations successful, one must loo' at the interests of the "arties, instead of a series of "ositions, in order to ma'e it easier to reach a com"romise on the "articulars. A. instead of a series of "ositions, in order to ma'e it easier B. as o""osed to a series of "ositions, in order to ma'e it easier C. in contrast with a series of "ositions, in order to ma'e it easier D. rather than at a series of "ositions, in order to ma'e it easier E. as against !eing at a series of "ositions, in order to ma'e it easier he !est answer is D. #aving no word such as at to indicate location, choices A, B and C fail to com"lete the "arallel construction at the interests of the parties rather than at Choice E is wordy and unidiomatic.

he only way for seamstresses to salvage leftover material is to transform them into "atchwor' quilts once enough of them have !een collected. A. to transform them into "atchwor' quilts once enough of them have !een collected. B. if they are transformed into "atchwor' quilts once enough of them have !een collected. C. for them to !e transformed into "atchwor' quilts once the collection is !ig enough.

D. if the "ieces are transformed into "atchwor' quilts once enough of them have !een collected. E. to have it transformed into "atchwor' quilts once enough "ieces have !een collected.

he !est answer is E. Choice E has "arallel infinitives and uses pieces to refer unam!iguously to material.

A re"ort !y the 3ational %efiners Association has concluded that much of the unta""ed oil reserves they had counted on will remain inaccessi!le for the foreseea!le future. A. much of the unta""ed oil reserves they had counted on will remain inaccessi!le for the foreseea!le future B. much of the unta""ed oil reserves that they had counted on will remain inaccessi!le for the foreseea!le future C. much of the unta""ed oil reserves they would have !een counting on will remain inaccessi!le for the foreseea!le future D. many of the reserves that are currently unta""ed oil they had counted on will remain inaccessi!le for the foreseea!le future E. many of the unta""ed oil reserves they had counted on will remain inaccessi!le for the foreseea!le future he !est answer is E. Choice E is !oth grammatically correct and concise. It uses many with the word reserves which is a count noun.

.sing a laparoscopy, ovaries can be removed without opening the abdomen, which allows the procedure to be done on an outpatient basis.

A. ,sing a la"arosco"y, ovaries can !e removed without o"ening the a!domen, which allows the "rocedure to !e done on an out"atient !asis. B. 2varies can !e removed without o"ening the a!domen, using a la"arosco"y, which allows the "rocedure to !e done on an out"atient !asis. C. %emoving the ovaries without o"ening the a!domen, the doctor can use a la"arosco"y, which allows the "rocedure to !e done on an out"atient !asis.

D. ,sing a la"arosco"y, a doctor can remove ovaries without o"ening the a!domen, allowing the "rocedure to !e done on an out"atient !asis. E. By !eing done on an out"atient !asis using a la"arosco"y, ovaries can !e removed !y a doctor without o"ening the a!domen.

he !est answer is D. Choice A "resents a dangling modifier. Choice B contains the same main clause and dangling modifier, now at the end. Choice C suggest that doctors can use a la"arosco"y after they remove the ovaries. In choice E, by being done! is aw'ward.

(((&,ndercover "olice detectives have o!served large concentrations of gang mem!ers in the west end of the +eadowvale district, which is consistent to the growth of crime there. A. the +eadowvale district, which is consistent to the growth of crime there B. the +eadowvale district, where the crimes growth is consistent with these findings C. the +eadowvale district, findings consistent to its growth of crime D. the district of +eadowvale, findings consistent with the growth of crime in the area E. the district of +eadowvale, consistent with the growth of the crime there he !est answer is D. Choices A and C use the unidiomatic consistent to. In choice B, the e("ression crime8s growth instead of growth of crime is aw'ward. In choice E, the use of the definite article !efore crime is unwarranted.

What was as remar'a!le as the develo"ment of his distinctive !rush stro'es in the many s'etches and watercolors van 8ogh "roduced in his ten short years as an artist, has !een the continued "o"ularity of his letter s'etches. A. What was as remar'a!le as the develo"ment of his distinctive !rush stro'es B. he thing that was as remar'a!le as develo" his distinctive !rush stro'es C. 3o less remar'a!le than the develo"ment of his distinctive !rush stro'es

D. Develo"ing his distinctive !rush stro'es has !een none the less remar'a!le than E. Develo"ment of his distinctive !rush stro'es has !een no less remar'a!le as he !est answer is C. Besides !eing wordy, the clauses !eginning with What was and #he thing that was cause inconsistencies in ver! tense. In C, the noun development is "arallel to popularity.

;ou can co"y and "aste te(t from we! "ages )ust as you would co"y and "aste te(t in a word "rocessing document, which is may!e the most easy way to co"y sam"le te(t to your com"uter. A. is may!e the most easy way to co"y sam"le te(t to your com"uter. B. is "ro!a!ly the easiest way to co"y sam"le te(t to your com"uter. C. is may!e the easiest way to co"y sam"le te(t to your com"uter. D. is "ro!a!ly the more easy way to co"y sam"le te(t to your com"uter. E. is, it may !e, the way that is easiest to co"y sam"le te(t to your com"uter. he !est answer is B. In choices A and C the use of maybe is unidiomatic. he "hrase more easy used in D is incorrect. Choice E is aw'wardly "hrased. B is therefore the !est answer. If he was to decide to ta'e military action, no dou!t they would choose the !est "ath to achieve their o!)ectives, !ut I e("ect they would not !e announcing those "lans "u!licly, es"ecially not to the ,nited -tates Congress. A. If he was to decide to ta'e military action, no dou!t he would choose the !est "ath for to achieve their o!)ectives, B. If he were to decide to ta'e military action, no dou!t he would choose the !est "ath to achieve their o!)ectives, C. #ad he decided to ta'e military action, no dou!t he would choose the !est "ath to achieve their o!)ectives, D. In the event that he decides to ta'e military action, no dou!t he would choose the !est "ath for achieving their o!)ectives, E. -u""osing he was to decide to ta'e military action, no dou!t he would choose a !est "ath to achieve their o!)ectives, he !est answer is B. Choice B correct the misuse of the su!)ective, and correctly chooses the infinitive to achieve ollowing would choose the best path.

he !lister rust fungus is native to Asia !ut was introduced to British Colum!ia via Euro"e on a shi"ment of seedlings in 7>76, and has since quic'ly s"read throughout most of the range of five&needle "ines in the West. A. he !lister rust fungus is native to Asia !ut was introduced to British Colum!ia via Euro"e on a shi"ment of seedlings in 7>76 B. he !lister rust fungus is a native in Asia !ut was introduced to British Colum!ia via Euro"e on a shi"ment of seedlings in 7>76 C. he !lister rust fungus are natives to Asia !ut were introduced to British Colum!ia via Euro"e on a shi"ment of seedlings in 7>76 D. he !lister rust fungus had !een native of Asia and were introduced to British Colum!ia via Euro"e on a shi"ment of seedlings in 7>76 E. he !lister rust fungus had !een natives to Asia !ut was introduced at British Colum!ia via Euro"e on a shi"ment of seedlings in 7>76 he !est answer is A. he "hrasing are native to correctly suggest that the rust is indigenous to, and still e(ists in, British Colom!ia. he e("ression native to is idiomatic. (((&E(ce"t for the !an that the "resident announced last wee', his career has !een characteri*ed !y "rogressive "olicy decisions, es"ecially in the area of welfare. A. E(ce"t for the !an that the "resident announced B. E(ce"t for the !an with the "resident announcing it C. Besides a !an !eing announced !y the "resident himself D. E(ce"ting a !an that the "resident announced E. With the e(ce"tion of a !an that the "resident announced he !est answer is A. In choice B, the "artici"le announcing ina""ro"riately e("resses ongoing rather than com"leted action. Choice C uses the "artici"le being ina""ro"riately. In D, the use of excepting is unidiomatic. Choice E is aw'ward and wordy.

#um"hry Davy was one of the most cele!rated British chemists of the early 7>th century, credited as having discovered several elements through electrolysis. A. credited as having discovered several elements through electrolysis B. credited with having discovered several elements through electrolysis C. credited to have discovered several elements through electrolysis

D. and he is credited as the one who discovered several elements through electrolysis E. credited for !eing the one who has discovered several elements through electrolysis he !est answer is B. In English it is idiomatic usage to credit someone with having done something. #ence, only choice B is idiomatic.

(((In a "ress conference given last wee', the +ills Com"any s"o'esman e("lained that although other machines are chea"er, the com"etitors "roduct costs twice as much as maintaining the new +ills machine. A. the com"etitors "roduct costs twice as much as maintaining the new +ills machine B. the com"etitors "roduct costs twice as much to maintain as the new +ills machine C. maintaining the com"etitors "roduct costs twice as much as the new +ills machine does D. maintaining the com"etitors "roduct costs twice as much as it does for maintaining the new +ills machine E. to maintain the com"etitors "roduct costs twice as much as for the new +ills machine he !est answer is B. his sentence com"ares the costs required to maintain two machines. Choice B is a!le to maintain "arallelism in the com"arison as well.

2ver the last decade, salaries in most ty"es of technological "rofessions rose almost so fast, and in some areas even faster than what they did outside the field. A. so fast, and in some areas even faster than what they did B. so fast, and in some areas even faster than, those C. so much faster, and in some areas even faster than, those D. as fast as, and in some areas even faster than, those E. as fast as, and in some areas even faster than what they did he !est answer is D. he "ro"erly com"leted sentence here must 97< use the "ro"er form of the com"arative con)unction, as fast as* 90< enclose the "arenthetical statement and even faster than in commasC and 9E< "reserve "arallel structure, clarity of reference, and economy !y using those.

Aiterary critics have often said that all of the thousands of stories written !y the worlds authors are essentially variations of si( !asic "lot themes. A. that all of the thousands of stories written !y the worlds authors are essentially variations of B. that the worlds thousands of stories written !y authors of which all are essentially variations of C. that the worlds thousands of stories written !y the authors are essentially variations of D. all of the thousands of stories written !y the worlds authors to !e essentially variations of E. that the worlds authors have written thousands of stories which are essentially variations of he !est answer is A. Choice A correctly uses a noun clause introduced !y that after said* 'ee"s the contention clear !y ma'ing all of the thousands of stories the su!)ect of the noun clause, and "recisely indicates the relationshi" of the thousands of stories to the six basic plot themes.

(((&+r. orres, whose sturdy a""earance conceals a sur"rising sensitivity, descri!ed how his "atient use to rain e"ithets u"on all the doctors and nurses treating her so frail that none dared to "ut her in her "lace.

A. treating her so frail B. treating her !eing so frail C. treating her yet !eing so frail D. treating her, and so frail E. treating her yet was so frail he !est answer is E. Choice E states that although the "atient rained e"ithets she was frail. #ere, the con)unction yet is a""ro"riately and correctly used to lin' the two ver! "hrases. #aving the com"any of one of his four !rothers, =&year&old Au'e would ram!le through the !ayous along the +ississi""i %iver near his home in Donaldsonville, s"orting a Daisy %ed %yder air rifle.

A. #aving the com"any of one of his four !rothers

B. With four !rothers, having the com"any of one C. Because one of his four !rothers accom"anied him D. 2ne of his four !rothers !eing his com"any E. Accom"anied !y one of his four !rothers he !est answer is E. he construction Accompanied by clearly and grammatically modifies the su!)ect of the sentence, G%year%old Duke.

.sing a diagnostic tool called the A)"9+9+, hard data can be yielded that reveals why one/s heating and air conditioning system is not delivering better comfort and efficiency.

A. ,sing a diagnostic tool called the A &0606, hard data can !e yielded that reveals why ones heating and air conditioning system is not delivering !etter comfort and efficiency. B. ,sing a diagnostic tool called the A &0606, the testing "rocess yields hard data that reveals why ones heating and air conditioning system has not delivered !etter comfort and efficiency. C. Called the A &0606, using a diagnostic tool, the testing "rocess yields hard data that reveals why ones heating and air conditioning system is not delivering !etter comfort and efficiency. D. By use of a diagnostic tool called the A &0606, the testing "rocess yields hard data that reveals why ones heating and air conditioning system is not delivering !etter comfort and also efficiency. E. ,sing a diagnostic tool called the A &0606, a technician can o!tain hard data that reveals why ones heating and air conditioning system is not delivering !etter comfort and efficiency. he !est answer is E. &sing a diagnostic tool called the A#%4@4@ clearly modifies the su!)ect of the sentence, a technician.

Before closing, one should note that, as to certain elected "ositions, the "rinci"le would !e the same for a "erson who is a""ointed and su!sequently elected, as a "erson who is elected to an une("ired term, without having first !een a""ointed to fill the vacancy. A. as a "erson who is elected to an une("ired term B. as for a "erson who is elected to an une("ired term C. )ust as it would to a "erson who is !eing elected to an une("ired term D. as it would to the "erson who is elected to an une("ired term E. )ust as to the "erson who is elected in an une("ired term he !est answer is B. Choice B uses the idiomatic and grammatically "arallel form the same for x as for y.

his "attern of genetic inheritance has not !een studied, "rimarily on account of the late onset and relatively !enign course of the trait. A. on account of the late onset B. on account of their having a late onset C. !ecause of the late onset D. it is !ecause of the late onset E. it is !ecause they have a late onset he !est answer is C. =n account of and because of as used in A, B and D are unidiomaticC because! which a""ears in C and E is "refera!le since because can introduce a com"lete su!ordinate clause e("laining the reason why the "attern of inheritance has not !een studied.

With an average age of more than B6 years, houses in the ,nited Fingdom are nearly 76 years as old as any of the average military home in the ,nited -tates, concluded ,nited -tates Air .orces civil engineer officials. A. houses in the ,nited Fingdom are nearly 76 years as old as any of the average military home B. houses in the ,nited Fingdom are nearly 76 years older than the average military home C. houses in the ,nited Fingdom are nearly 76 years as old as of the military homes on average

D. houses in the ,nited Fingdom are nearly 76 years older than any of the military homes on average E. houses in the ,nited Fingdom are nearly 76 years as old as military home on average
)he best answer is B. 5n choice B, older than makes the point of comparison between homes in the .nited 7ingdom and the .# clear.

,nli'e a ty"ical high&tech )o!, which requires a 16 or =6 hour&"er&wee' commitment, the "erson acce"ting our "osition is not required to ma'e an agreement to wor' so e(cessively. A. the "erson acce"ting our "osition is not required to ma'e B. with our "osition there is no requirement to ma'e C. )o! a""licants are not required to ma'e D. for the "erson acce"ting our "osition there is no requirement to ma'e E. our "osition does not require the "ros"ective em"loyee to ma'e he !est answer is E. Choice E correctly uses a "arallel construction to draw a logical com"arison$ &nlike a typical high%tech +ob. our position. Additionally, choice E is the only o"tion that su""lies an active ver! form, does not re uire, to "arallel re uires. ((( he clu!/s dis"lay !oard was newly adorned with many long lost "hotogra"hs of events gone !y and al!ums, recalling stories of years "ast, and created enormous interest, with guests hovering around them, li'e !ees around a honey "ot. A. and created enormous interest B. and it created interest enormously C. and creating enormous interest D. and would create enormous interest E. and it had created enormous interests he !est answer is C. he second ver! "hrase descri!ing the dis"lay !oard should have the same grammatical form as the first one. 2nly choice C has a "resent "artici"le 9or Ning form< that is "arallel with recalling.

According to the manual, once a !rowser meets an a""ro"riate tag on the "age, the "icture should !e dis"layed instantly, others claim that the command will function only if the !rowser would !e is set u" to automatically load images. A. only if the !rowser would !e set u" to automatically load images B. only if the !rowser is set u" to automatically load images. C. if the !rowser is set u" only to automatically load images D. if the !rowser was set u" only to automatically load images E. if the !rowser would !e set u" to automatically load images only he !est answer is B. In sentences e("ressing a conditional result 9x will happen if y happens3 the ver! of the main clause should !e in the future tense and the ver! of the if clause should !e in the "resent indicative.

here is no agreement on what role, if any, is "layed !y diet in slowing the growth or destroying "re&cancerous cells in a !enign !rain tumor. A. slowing the growth or destroying B. the damage or the slowing of the growth of C. the damage to or the slowing of the growth of D. destroyed or slow growth of E. destroying or slowing the growth of he !est answer is E he correct sentence must ma'e clear that !oth destroying and slowing the growth of refer to pre%cancerous cells. E is the only choice that does so without introducing errors.

Aocal state regulations require that a com"any disclose to its associates when a security !reach may have allowed someone to steal a "erson/s name and social security num!er, driver/s license num!er or customer account num!ers from their files or com"uter systems. A. that a com"any disclose to its associates when a security !reach may have allowed someone to steal a "erson/s name and social security num!er, driver/s license num!er or customer account num!ers from their files or com"uter systems

B. a com"any disclosing to its associates when a security !reach may have allowed someone to steal a "erson/s name and social security num!er, driver/s license num!er or customer account num!ers from their files or com"uter systems C. that a com"any disclose to its associates when a security !reach may have allowed someone to steal a "erson/s name and social security num!er, driver/s license num!er or customer account num!ers from its files or com"uter systems D. a com"any that it should disclose to its associates whether a security !reach may have allowed someone to steal a "erson/s name and social security num!er, driver/s license num!er or customer account num!ers from their files or com"uter systems E. that a com"any !e disclosing to its associates when a security !reach may have allowed someone to steal a "erson/s name and social security num!er, driver/s license num!er or customer account num!ers from its files or com"uter systems he !est answer is C. In A, B and C the "lural "ronoun their does not agree with the singular noun company. In D, re uires a company that it should is ungrammatical, as is be disclosing in choice E.

(((&Any ca!le modem will occasionally fail to signal that there is a connection when it is "resent and mar' that there is one when there is not. A. that there is a connection when it is "resent and mar' that there is one B. when a connection is "resent and mar' that there is one C. a connection when it is "resent and mar' that there is one D. when a connection is "resent and mar' that there is one E. the "resence of a connection when it is there and mar' its "resence he !est answer is C. Choice C is the !est answer, "roduces a sentence in which every "ronoun refers clearly and logically to the noun connection.

(((&When studying the origin of written language, one should not overloo' the demand for written law that develo"ed at the same time as the organi*ation of cities.

A. that develo"ed at the same time as the organi*ation of cities B. that had develo"ed at the same time as had the organi*ation of cities C. that develo"ed at the same time as the organi*ation of cities had D. develo"ing at the same time as the organi*ation of cities did E. develo"ing at the same time as the organi*ation of cities were he !est answer is A. Choice A uses the sim"le "ast tense developed to descri!e the written law that develo"ed at the same time as the organi*ation of cities.

he rain was caused !y a com!ination of lower level moist, maritime air flowing onshore from the south&east, a high "ressure cell and the southward flowing of moist tro"ical air. A. the southward flowing of moist tro"ical air B. moist tro"ical air flowing southward C. the flowing southward of moist tro"ical air D. the southward flowing of moist tro"ical air E. moist tro"ical air that flows southward he !est answer is B. 2nly choice B maintains a "arallel structure !y listing$ 97< maritime air flowing onshore and 143 moist tropical air flowing southward.

he Celestial Choir has !een an im"ortant local cultural icon since the 7>th century, and they are in demand as a to" act, "artici"ating in several gala events at concert halls throughout the ,nited -tates. A. they are still in demand as a to" act B. they are still in demand as a to" act C. it is still in demand as a to" act D. it are still in demand as !eing a to" act E. !eing still in demand as a to" act he !est answer is C. All nouns and "ronouns grammatically referring !ac' to the singular noun choir must !e singular.

(((&A recent study has discovered that during the "ast few wee's, many consumers had chosen o""s -u"ermar'et rather than face the long drive to -avemore. A. had chosen o""s -u"ermar'et rather than face B. had chosen o""s -u"ermar'et instead of facing C. have chosen o""s -u"ermar'et instead of facing D. have chosen o""s -u"ermar'et rather than facing E. have chosen o""s -u"ermar'et rather than face he !est answer is E. 2nly E correct em"loys the "resent "erfect tense and is idiomatic.

%ichardson, widely considered the first novelist, was also one of the first English writers to consider a servant girl to !e a legitimate su!)ect for literature and "ortray her sym"athetically. A. to !e a legitimate su!)ect for literature and B. should !e a legitimate su!)ect for literature and C. as !eing a legitimate su!)ect for literature and D. as if she was a legitimate su!)ect for literature and E. a legitimate su!)ect for literature and to he !est answer is E. When the ver! consider is used to mean GregardH or Gdeem,H it can !e used more economically without the to be of choice AC should be in choice B, as being in choice C, and as it in choice D is used unidiomatically with this sense of consider.

In the 7>06s, clothing made u" 77 "ercent of an average "arents monthly e("enditureC and 7I "ercent in the 7>M6s. A. e("enditureC and 7I "ercent in the 7>M6s B. e("enditureC in the 7>M6s the figure was 7I "ercent C. e("enditure, and in the 7>M6s 7I "ercent

D. e("enditure, 7I "ercent in the 7>M6s was the figure E. e("enditure that rose to 7I "ercent in the 7>M6s
)he best answer is B. )o establish the clearest comparison between circumstances in the *>9+/s and those in the *>D+/s, a separate clause is needed to describe each decade. 5n choice B, two properly constructed clauses that clearly e%press the comparison are separated by a semicolon.

3ever !efore had the musicians faced so many challenges at once as they had in "laying -chu!erts #rout 9ariations. A. so many challenges at once as they had in B. at once as many challenges as C. at once as many challenges that they were when D. as many challenges at once as they confronted in E. so many challenges at once that confronted them in he !est answer is D. Choice D is the !est answer, stating grammatically and clearly that, with the rout Dariations, the musicians faced more simultaneous challenges than ever !efore.

A "erson who had no 'nowledge of the situation would have wal'ed into the room and saw a wounded man slee"ing on the sofa, whose clothes were torn as if he had !een attac'ed. A. saw a wounded man slee"ing on the sofa, whose clothes were torn B. saw a wounded man slee"ing on the sofa, whose clothes torn C. saw a wounded man slee"ing on the sofa, with clothes torn D. seen a wounded man slee"ing on the sofa, whose clothes were torn E. seen a wounded man slee"ing on the sofa, whose clothes have torn he !est answer is D. Choices A, B and C use have saw where haveseen is required. (((&In one of the most tragic incidents in +illtowns history, on +ay 7B, 7>10, three times as many concert goers were hurt as would later !e hurt at the infamous +ason %oc' .estival tragedy.

A. concert goers were hurt as B. concert goers were hurt than C. concert goers were hurt than those who D. more concert goers were hurt as there E. more concert goers were hurt as those who he !est answer is A. Choice A is the only o"tion that accurately e("resses the com"arison !y using the idiomatic form as manyas. In B and C, as many .than is unidiomatic, and in C and E, those who is a wordy intrusion. In D and E, more is redundant. he faculty suggested that su""ort for the "hysics la!oratorys e("ansion, which could !e o"ened ne(t year, is o!tained through the universitys alumni association. A. that su""ort for the "hysics la!oratorys e("ansion, which could !e o"ened ne(t year, is B. that su""ort for the e("ansion of the "hysics la!oratory, which could !e o"ened ne(t year, !e C. su""ort for the e("ansion of the "hysics la!oratory, "erha"s o"ening ne(t year, to !e D. su""ort for the "hysics la!oratorys e("ansion, "erha"s o"ening ne(t year, is E. e("ansion su""ort for the "hysics la!oratorys, which could !e o"ened ne(t year, is to !e he !est answer is B. Choice A attaches the relative clause which could be opened... to the noun expansion when, in fact, it is the la! that could !e o"ened. Choice C omits that. Choice D uses perhaps opening next year to modify expansion instead of laboratory. Choice < seriously distorts meaning.

he recent de"letion of stratos"heric o*one has resulted in greater e("osure to ultra violet rays, to lead to an increase in the incidence of s'in cancer in light s'inned "eo"le and dou!les the num!er of "eo"le suffering from eye diseases such as cataracts. A. to lead to 70 "ercent more incidence of s'in cancer in light s'inned "eo"le and dou!les B. leading to 70 "ercent more of incidence of s'in cancer in light s'inned "eo"le and dou!ling C. to lead to a 70&"ercent increase in the incidence of s'in cancer in light s'inned "eo"le and dou!le

D. to lead to an increase of 70 "ercent in incidence of s'in cancer in light s'inned "eo"le and dou!led E. leading to a 70&"ercent increase in the incidence of s'in cancer in light s'inned "eo"le and dou!ling he !est answer is E. In choice E, "arallel structure is maintained in the "artici"ial "hrases introduced !y leading and doubling! and the "hrase 24%percent increase in incidence conveys the meaning more accurately than does the "hrase 70 "ercent more incidence.

(((-ome "arents have a very difficult time coming to gri"s with the fact that their offs"ring have !ecome adultsC consequently, they see their children as they were during their adolescence. A. they see their children as they were during B. they see their children as they had !een during C. they see their children as if during D. their children a""ear to them as they did in E. their children a""ear to them as though in he !est answer is A. Choice A correctly em"loys the sim"le "ast ver! tense to descri!e a "ast condition. Choice B ina""ro"riately switches to the "ast "erfect 9had been3C the "ast "erfect "ro"erly descri!es action that is com"leted "rior to some other even descri!ed with the sim"le "ast tense. In this case, the other action is descri!ed in the "resent tense 9see<.

Assi*e courts differ from other .rench courts !ecause they are com"osed of a "residing )udge and two )udges additionally coming from either that court or one sitting with nine )urors & ordinary citi*ens whose names are drawn !y lot from the electoral rolls. A. !ecause they are com"osed of a "residing )udge and two )udges additionally B. !ecause they are com"osed of a "residing )udge and also two other )udges C. !ecause they are com"osed of a "residing )udge and also of two other )udges D. in that their com"osition is of a "residing )udge and two other )udges E. in that they are com"osed of a "residing )udge and two other )udges he !est answer is E. Choice E clearly states that Assi*e courts consist of a "residing )udge and two other )udges in contrast to the .rench courts.

Investors in the "ro)ect, one who is %ussian, will ta'e "art in more than E6 "ro)ects in the .ederal Develo"ment 5rogramme of the Faliningrad %egion, which is to continue until 0676. A. one who is %ussian, will ta'e a "art in B. one of them who is %ussian, will ta'e "art in C. and one of them who is %ussian, will !e ta'ing "art in D. one of whom is %ussian, will ta'e "art in E. one of which is %ussian, will ta'e "art in he !est answer is D. he su!)ect, investors! must !e followed !y a limiting a""ositive N such as one of whom! that identifies an individual from among a larger grou".

Currently, there is an increasing interest in multi"le autonomous mo!ile ro!ot systems due to their a""lica!ility to various tas's such as s"ace missions, o"erating in ha*ardous environments, and military o"erations. A. o"erating in ha*ardous environments, and military o"erations. B. o"erations in ha*ardous environments, and in military o"erations. C. and o"erations in military or ha*ardous environments. D. o"erations in ha*ardous environments, and o"erations that are military. E. military and ha*ardous environments o"erations.

he !est answer is C. 2nly choice C e("lains clearly and concisely what the various tas's are. Choice A violates "arallelism. Choice B is misleading, while operations that are military in choice D is unidiomatic. Choice E is unclear.

4oc' +cDougalls mi(ed media wor's com"ile images from our cultural landsca"e on "icture&thic' canvases that are the artists trying to visuali*e time, memory and "erce"tion. A. trying to visuali*e time, memory and "erce"tion B. trying that it visuali*es time, memory and "erce"tion

C. attem"t to try to visuali*e time, memory as well as "erce"tion D. attem"t to try and visuali*e time, memory and "erce"tion E. attem"t to visuali*e time, memory and "erce"tion he !est answer is E. Although a gerund such as trying can sometimes !e used as a noun, the "hrase the artist8s trying is unidiomatic !ecause trying is used as the o!)ect of artists. In C and D attem"t to try is redundant. In addition to having a greater num!er of students than Ae(ington Community College, the students in Daughn College are academically stronger than those in Ae(ington, with more national achievement award winners among their ran's. A. the students in Daughn College are academically stronger than those in B. Daughn College is home to students who are academically stronger than those in C. the students in Daughn College are academically stronger than they are in D. Daughn Colleges students are academically stronger than they are in E. Daughn College has students stronger academically than he !est answer is B. In this sentence, the initial clause modifies the nearest noun, identifying it as the thing !eing com"ared with Dexington Community College. A, C and D illogically com"are Dexington Community College with students. Choice B logically com"ares Dexington College with 9aughn !y "lacing the noun immediately after the initial clause. B also uses those to refer to the students in Ae(ington college.

Wor'"laces are often either dramatically restructured, which results in increasing rates of in)ury, and wor'load related stress, and left unchanged, creating an inefficient wor'"lace environment. A. which results in increasing rates of in)ury, and wor'load related stress, and left B. resulting in increasing rates of in)ury, and wor'load related stress, or leaving C. with the result of increasing rates of in)ury, and wor'load related stress, or leaving D. resulting in increasing rates of in)ury, and wor'load related stress, or left E. with a resulting in increasing rates of in)ury, and wor'load related stress, and left he !est answer is D. Choice D is concise, idiomatic and "arallel with the rest of the sentence. Choice A misuses which as a relative "ronoun, which should refer to a s"ecific noun rather than to the action of an entire clause.

E(ce"t for a reading that the author herself staged three years ago, +ary Withertrees insightful "oetry has not !een made "u!lic to this very day. A. E(ce"t for a reading that the author herself staged B. E(ce"t for a reading with the author herself staging it C. Besides a reading !eing staged !y the author herself D. E(ce"ting for a reading that the author herself staged E. With the e(ce"tion of a reading with the staging done !y the author herself

he !est answer is A. In B, the "artici"le staging ina""ro"riately e("resses ongoing rather than com"leted action, and the "re"ositional "hrase containing this "artici"le 9withit< is unidiomatic. Ai'ewise, C uses the "artici"le being ina""ro"riately. In D, the use of <xcepting in "lace of the "re"osition <xcept for if unidiomatic. Choice E is aw'ward and wordy.

Base flood elevations are the !asis for the flood"lain management measures that each community is required either to ado"t or to show evidence of !eing already in effect in order to qualify for "artici"ation in the 3ational .lood Insurance 5rogram. A. ado"t or that they show evidence of !eing already B. ado"t or for showing evidence already of !eing C. ado"t or they should show evidence of already !eing D. ado"t or it should show its evidence of !eing already E. ado"t or to show evidence of !eing already he !est answer is E. Choice E is the only one that maintains grammatical "arallelism !y using an infinitive, to show! to com"lete the construction either to

adopt or All of the other choices offer syntactic structures that are not "arallel to the infinitive "hrase to adopt.

(((Although the term GsegueH has come into "o"ular use in the last few years, es"ecially in )ournalism, in musicology it is when one "roceeds to what follows without "ause. A. it is when one "roceeds to B. it is "roceeding to C. it is when one is "roceeding to D. it refers to a direction to "roceed to E. it is in reference to "roceeding with he !est answer is D. In choice A, B and C, the "ronoun it simultaneously refers forward to when or proceeding and !ac'ward to the term GsegueH. As a result, the sentence asserts illogically that the term is actually a time rather than a word referring to a musical direction. 3o funds o!tained through .DB "roceedings should !e utili*ed for the "ayment of "ayroll ta(es, unless the funds o!tained through these actions s"ecifically includes an amount designated for the "ur"ose, or unless the amounts far e(ceeds those that are necessary to fully satisfy all remedial requirements. A. far e(ceeds those that are necessary to fully satisfy B. e(ceeds !y far those necessary to fully satisfy C. far e(ceeds those necessary to fully satisfy D. e(ceeds !y far those necessary to the full satisfaction of E. far e(ceed those that are necessary to fully satisfy he !est answer is E. 2nly in choice E does the "lural ver! exceed agrees in num!er with its su!)ect, amounts. (((&.aced with increased welfare s"ending, the government "ro"osed a reduction in the amount allocated the "revious year to su""ort the Endangered -"ecies 5rogram and to e("and the Walla!y 5ro)ect.

A. "ro"osed a reduction in the amount allocated the "revious year to su""ort the Endangered -"ecies 5rogram and to e("and B. "ro"osed a reduction from the "revious year in the amount allocated to su""ort the Endangered -"ecies 5rogram and for e("anding C. "ro"osed to reduce the amount from the "revious year allocated for the su""ort of the Endangered -"ecies 5rogram and to e("and D. has "ro"osed a reduction from the "revious year in the amount allocated for su""orting the Endangered -"ecies 5rogram and to e("and E. was "ro"osing that the amount they allocate !e reduced from the "revious year for su""orting the Endangered -"ecies 5rogram and for the e("ansion he !est answer is A. he construction the amount allocated to support and to expand is "arallel, while the "hrase a reduction in the amount allocated the previous year is !oth clear and concise.

As a result of modern D3A testing, many "eo"le that might at one time have !een found guilty of crimes they did not commit, such as ra"e and murder, now wal' out of the courtroom innocent individuals. A. that might at one time have !een found as guilty B. who might once have !een found guilty C. that at one time might have !een found guilty D. who at one time might have !een found to !e guilty E. who, at one time, might then have !een found guilty he !est answer is B. Choice B uses the "referred relative "ronoun, who, to refer to many people. It o!serves formal and logical "arallelism in the wording of the relative clause and the main clause$ once and now* as well as, guilty and innocent.

(((& heologian +artin Auther changed his a""earance so as to travel around Worms without !eing recogni*ed. A. so as to travel B. and so could travel C. to travel D. so that he could travel E. in order that he would travel

he !est answer is D. he sentence calls for an adver!ial clause of "ur"ose to e("lain why +artin Auther changed his a""earance. Choice D does this clearly and correctly. It is introduced !y an a""ro"riate con)unction, so that! and contains a logically a""ro"riate ver! form, could travel.

Although Aarson 5ass is not often !loc'ed, it is so difficult to navigate that is considered a serious safety ha*ard !y the local mountaineers. A. it is so difficult to navigate that is considered a serious safety ha*ard B. it is of such difficulty to navigate that is seriously considered a safety ha*ard C. so difficult is it to navigate as to !e considered a serious safety ha*ard D. such is its difficulty to navigate, it is considered a serious safety ha*ard E. there is so much difficulty in navigation that is considered a serious ha*ard in safety he !est answer is A. he "ronoun it lin's the noun Darson ;ass with its modifier difficult! and so difficult that idiomatically introduces a clause that "rovides a further e("lanation of difficult.

,na!le to come u" with a definitive diagnosis, one "hysician suggested that a rare African virus may have caused the low&grade fever, the difficulty swallowing, his !ody to sha'e violently, and the dar'ening of his fingernail !eds. A. his !ody to sha'e violently B. the violent sha'ing of his !ody C. sha'e the !ody violently D. his !ody sha'ing violently E. a !ody that shoo' violently he !est answer is B. he wor' shaking must function as a noun to "arallel the other items in the noun series of which it is "artF fever! difficulty, and darkening. Efforts made !y ;or' Aa!oratories to study how the atoms in metal crystals or other collections of tiny "articles interact with one another, without having to move around individual atoms, has yielded interesting results and attracted the attention of several ma)or research centers.

A. has yielded interesting results and attracted the attention B. has yielded results of interest and has attracted the attention C. has yielded interesting results and have attracted the attention D. have yielded interesting results and attracted the attention E. have yielded results of interest and have attracted the attention he !est answer is D. In A, B and C, the singular au(iliary ver! has does not agree with the "lural su!)ect of the sentence, <fforts. Choice E is wordy. 3ever !efore had circus&goers confronted so much e(citement at once as they had in 7MI7, when the %ingling !rothers first o"ened their circus. A. so much e(citement at once as they had in B. at once as much e(citement as C. at once as much e(citement that there were with D. as much e(citement at once as they confronted in E. so much e(citement at once that confronted them in he !est answer is D. Choice D states grammatically and clearly that, with the o"ening in 7MI7, circus&goers confronted more simultaneous e(citement than ever !efore.

-ince it came to "ower in 3ovem!er, the Fashmir government, headed !y Chief +inister +ufti +ohammed -ayeed, has followed a "olicy aimed at healing the "hysical, "sychological and emotional wounds of the "eo"le, and easing the suffering of Fashmirs sic' and homeless. A. aimed at healing the "hysical, "sychological and emotional wounds of the "eo"le, and easing B. aimed at the healing of the "hysical, "sychological and emotional wounds of the "eo"le, and to ease C. aiming at the healing the "hysical, "sychological and emotional wounds of the "eo"le, and easing D. the aim of which is the healing of the "hysical, "sychological and emotional wounds of the "eo"le, and easing E. with the aim to heal the "hysical, "sychological and emotional wounds of the "eo"le, and to ease

he !est answer is A. Choice A offers an ad)ective "hrase unequivocally modifying policy and e(hi!iting grammatical "arallelism 9healing! easing3.

After these sym"toms !egan to affect the quality of her wor', +s. 8reene re"eatedly as'ed her em"loyer to relieve her of the additional assignment, as she !elieved that to do it ena!les her to "erform her regular )o! functions satisfactorily. A. that to do it ena!les B. doing it ena!les C. to do this would ena!le D. doing so would ena!le E. to do it would ena!le he !est answer is D. Choice D a""ro"riately uses the adver! so to refer !ac' to the ver! relieve. he other choices ina""ro"riately use "ronouns 9it or this3 to refer !ac' to the ver!. -am Barr, and "ostdoctoral scholar, 8reg #ill, are conducting e("eriments to see whether o*one can alter "otassium channels in guard cells using an electro"hysiological tool called "atch clam"ing. A. to see whether o*one can alter "otassium channels in guard cells using B. to see whether o*one can alter "otassium channels in guard cells !y the use of C. to see if o*one can alter "otassium channels in guard cells with using D. that see that o*one is a!le to alter "otassium channels in guard cells using E. that see whether o*one are a!le to alter "otassium channels in guard cells using he !est answer is A. Choice B, which uses by the use of! is wordy. In choice C, with using! is unidiomatic. In D and E, experiments that see is im"recise, !ecause it is the e("erimenters that do the seeing, not the e("eriments themselves.

%%%)he 9++B !arth #ciences Award recipient was 8acob !lls, whose contributions to our understanding of the earth were influential on the petroleum industry, and through his many years of teaching and academic administration was also an inspiration to generations of e%ploration geologists.

A. were influential on the "etroleum industry, and through his many years of teaching and academic administration was also an ins"iration to generations B. influenced the "etroleum industry, and through his many years of teaching and academic administration also ins"ired generations

C. was influential to the "etroleum industryC and through his many years of teaching and academic administration was also ins"irational to generations D. was influential to the "etroleum industry, and through his many years of teaching and academic administration also ins"ired generations E. were an influence on the "etroleum industry, and through his many years of teaching and academic administration was also an ins"iration for generations he !est answer is B. Choice B is idiomatic, clear and without agreement errors or redundancy. In A and E, the "hrases were influential on and were an influence on are not idiomatic. Both C and D !egin with the singular was which does not agree with contributions. esticular cancer is much more common among Caucasian men than afro&American, #is"anic, Asian and native American men, with >EQ of testicular cancers occurring in white males. A. than afro&American, #is"anic, Asian and native American men, with B. than among afro&American, #is"anic, Asian and native American men, with C. than is so of afro&American, #is"anic, Asian and native American men, having D. com"ared to afro&American, #is"anic, Asian and native American men, having E. in com"arison with afro&American, #is"anic, Asian and native American men, with he !est answer is B. Choice B correctly uses the idiomatic construction more common among x than among y.
#even out of every ten school"age children years in -hana suffer from anemia, the head of the nutrition unit of the -hana Health #ervice has disclosed.

A. -even out of every ten school&age children in 8hana suffer from anemia, the head of the nutrition unit of the 8hana #ealth -ervice has disclosed. B. 2ut of every ten, seven children in the school age years in 8hana suffers from anemia, the head of the nutrition unit of the 8hana #ealth -ervice has disclosed. C. Anemia is suffered !y seven out of every ten children in the school age years in 8hana, the head of the nutrition unit of the 8hana #ealth -ervice has disclosed. D. In 8hana, seven out of every ten school&age children suffers from anemia, the head of the nutrition unit of the 8hana #ealth -ervice has disclosed. E. 2ut of every ten children in the school age years in 8hana, seven suffer from anemia, disclosed the head of the nutrition unit of the 8hana #ealth -ervice.

he !est answer is A. Choice A is concise, idiomatic and maintains su!)ect&ver! agreement !etween the noun "hrase seven out of every ten and suffer. (((3-D scholars testify frequently !efore congressional committees and "rovide e("ert re"orts to all !ranches of government, which are cited in the national media more often than any thin' tan'. A. "rovide e("ert re"orts to all !ranches of government, which are cited in the national media more often than any thin' tan'. B. "rovide e("ert re"orts to all government !ranches, which are cited in the national media more often than any other thin' tan' C. "rovide e("ert re"orts to all !ranches of government, and are cited in the nations media more often than are any thin' tan' D. "rovide all !ranches of government with e("ert re"orts, which are cited in the national media more often than those of any other thin' tan' E. "rovide all !ranches of government with e("ert re"orts, as well as cited in the national media more often as are those of any thin' tan' he !est answer is D. Choice D correctly com"ares 3-D scholars re"orts to the re"orts of other thin' tan's.

-amuel %enton, the noted British economist, credited his high school history teacher with having had a "rofound influence on his wor' and his "ersonal life. A. credited his high school history teacher with having had a "rofound influence B. credited his high school history teacher for his having a "rofound influence C. credited his high school history teacher to have had a "rofound influence D. credited his high school history teacher for having a "rofoundly strong influence E. gave credit his high school history teacher in that he had a "rofound influence he !est answer is A. In this sentence, where credit1ed3 is used as a ver!, the idiom in English is to credit something with having had some effect. hus only choice A is idiomatic.

-inga"ore has !ecome one of the worlds most vi!rant financial centers, in "art that they have strategic location, and "artly due to government "olicy.

A. in "art that they have strategic location, B. in "art for its strategic location, C. "artly !ecause of their strategic location, D. "artly !ecause of their having a strategic location, E. "artly !ecause of its strategic location, he !est answer is E. Choice E !est indicates the reason -inga"ore has !ecome one of the worlds most vi!rant financial centers. It also correctly uses partly to set u" a construction of partly x and partly y.

+elomel is a fermented drin' "o"ular in ancient 8reeceC it is !asically a 'ind of mead to which has !een added a""le )uice or gra"e. A. to which has !een added a""le )uice or gra"e B. added to which is a""le or gra"e )uice C. to which a""le or gra"e )uice has !een added D. with a""le or gra"e )uice having !een added to it E. and, in addition, a""le or gra"e )uice are added he !est answer is C. he underlined section must modify the noun mead !y noting addition. Choice C does this clearly, directly and correctly in the form of a relative clause. .rom the !eginning of the meeting until it recessed seven hours later, the !oard was shar"ly divided !etween those who wanted to acce"t the merger with those who o""osed. A. !etween those who wanted to acce"t the merger with those who o""osed B. !etween those who wanted to acce"t the merger and those who o""osed C. !etween those wanting to acce"t the merger with those o""osing D. among those who wanted to acce"t the merger with those who o""osed E. !etween those wanting to acce"t the merger with those o""osing he !est answer is B. Choice B correctly uses the construction between x and y to descri!e the conflict !etween two o""osing grou"s.

he influence of El 3ino in the late 7>>6s demonstrated that glo!al weather conditions are lin'ed more closely than never !efore and events in one "art of the world have a direct influence on event in other "arts of the world. A. lin'ed more closely than never !efore and B. closely lin'ed more than ever !efore so C. more closely lin'ed as never !efore while D. more closely lin'ed than ever !efore and that E. more than ever !efore closely lin'ed as he !est answer is D. Choice D "roduces a clear sentence in which "arallel structures 9two clauses introduced !y that3 underscores meaning. he other choices lac' this "arallel construction and contain additional faults.

2ver the years, #udson 3et has develo"ed several we!sites that range from standard we! "resence sites and e&commerce sites. A. and e&commerce sites B. to e&commerce sites C. and to e&commerce sites D. with sites of e&commerce E. in addition to sites of e&commerce he !est answer is B. choice B. he construction range from x must !e com"leted !y to y! as in

5n their meticulous search for the ideal person to replace the retiring administration assistant, they not only received a large number of applications from suitable candidates, but the high quality of applicants.

A. not only received a large num!er of a""lications from suita!le candidates, !ut the B. not only received a large num!er of a""lications from suita!le candidates, !ut also the C. not only received a large num!er of a""lications from suita!le candidates, !ut also the D. received not only a large num!er of a""lications from suita!le candidates, !ut also a E. received a large num!er of a""lications from suita!le candidates, and also the

he !est answer is D. he words not also must come after the ver! received the ma'e clear that they received not only x but also y! and not that they not only received x but also Hy%edI it.

With a renewal rate of less than =1 "ercent and fewer new su!scri!ers than last year, the .lash fashion )ournal is in danger of folding !y the end of the ne(t quarter. A. of less than =1 "ercent and fewer B. lower than =1 "ercent and less C. lesser than =1 "ercent and fewer D. fewer than =1 "ercent and less E. of fewer than =1 "ercent and fewer he !est answer is A. Choice A a""ro"riately uses less to tal' a!out "ercent and fewer to tal' a!out the counta!le num!er of new su!scri!ers.

(((According to ancient Egy"tian !elief, when mortals died, whether no!le or common, they, first of all, )oined %e on his nocturnal )ourney through the underworldC and secondarily, emerged immortal at dawn.

A. secondarily, emerged immortal at dawn. B. secondly, emerged immortal at dawn. C. secondly, at dawn emerged as immortal. D. second, at dawn they emerged immortal. E. second, emerged immortal at dawn. he !est answer is E. Choice E follows first of all correctly with second! and maintains "arallel construction. ((( he recessed economy may hurt some cor"orations, !ut it is "otentially devastating for small !usinesses, whose ca"ital N often re"resenting a lifes savings N can disa""ear in a short "eriod of time. A. it is "otentially devastating for small !usinesses, whose

B. it can "otentially devastate small !usinesses, in that their C. for small !usinesses it is "otentially devastating, !ecause their D. for small !usinesses, it is "otentially devastating, in that their E. they can "otentially devastate small !usinesses, whose he !est answer is A. he "ronoun whose clearly refers to small businesses and efficiently connects them with the idea of lost ca"ital. With only seven "ercent of the )o!s, finance, insurance, and real estate com"rise the largest sector of the todays economy. A. With only seven "ercent of the )o!s B. As only seven "ercent of )o!s C. Being only seven "ercent of the )o!s D. Des"ite having only seven "ercent of )o!s E. Although accounting for only seven "ercent of the )o!s he !est answer is E. he word or "hrase that !egins this sentence should esta!lish the contrast !etween the "ercentage of )o!s and how much of the economy the sector com"rises. Choice D and E are the only ones that esta!lish the contrast, and only E e("resses meaning accurately with the "hrase Although accounting for. Willows Aa'e was used !y David +eadows as the setting for his solitary retreat from civili*ation !efore 7>==, when it was !ought !y the .inchcrest %ailroad, who esta!lished an e(cursion "ar' on the shore and used the land as a "rivate sanctuary. A. who esta!lished an e(cursion "ar' on the shore and used the land as a B. who, esta!lishing an e(cursion "ar' on the shore, used the land li'e a C. who, when he esta!lished an e(cursion "ar' on the shore, used the land li'e a D. who had esta!lished an e(cursion "ar' on the shore, using the land to !e E. esta!lishing an e(cursion "ar' on the shore and using the land as a he !est answer is A. Choice A correctly su""lies the "ast tense ver!s established and used to descri!e two actions "erformed in 7>==C also, it idiomatically em"loys the "hrase used the land as.

(((&An interior decorator that s"eciali*es in color claims from a one&hour interview with her clients that he can determine which colors will create the !est atmos"here for the inha!itants of the s"ace. A. from a one&hour interview with her clients that he can determine B. from a one&hour interview with her clients he has the a!ility of determining C. the a!ility, from a one&hour interview with her clients, of determining D. to !e a!le, from a one&hour interview with her clients, to determine E. !eing a!le to access, from a one&hour interview with her clients, he !est answer is D. Choice D correctly uses an infinitive to connect the ver! claims with the decorators assertion$ claims to be able to access . he committee stressed the urgency to find a method to reveal the radiation&induced mutations since corrective treatments can !e found only after when such a method is develo"ed. A. found only after when such a method is develo"ed B. found only after when such a method is has !een develo"ed C. found only after such a method has !een develo"ed D. found only at the time after such a method is develo"ed E. found only after their !eing such a method develo"ed he !est answer is C. In choice A and B after when is unidiomatic. In D, the "hrase at the time after is aw'ward. In E, the construction after their being is ungrammatical.

-tudents generally feel that the atmos"here !oth inside and outside the classroom is quite "ositive, though overall re"orts of the climate outside the classroom are slightly more negative than the climate inside the classroom. A. than the climate inside of the classroom B. than those of the climate inside the classroom

C. than is so of the climate inside the classroom D. than com"ared to the climate inside the classroom E. com"ared to those of the climate inside of the classroom he !est answer is B. Choice B correctly uses the construction more negative than to com"are the climate inside and outside of the classroom. 5aranthro"us 5aranthtro"us are a grou" of hominids that e(isted at the same time as the Australo"ithecines and some other s"ecies of the #omo genus. A. that e(isted at the same time as the Australo"ithecines B. that had e(isted at the same time as had the Australo"ithecines C. that e(isted at the same time as had the Australo"ithecines D. e(isting at the same time as the Australo"ithecines E. e(isting at the same time as were the Australo"ithecines he !est answer is A. Choice A uses the sim"le "ast tense existed to descri!e s"ecies e(isting simultaneously in the "ast.

,nli'e the Chester #ouse 2rgani*ation, where the wor' is carried out !y a team of dedicated volunteers, a "aid&em"loyee a""roach is the foundation of the -afe&home -helter. A. a "aid&em"loyee a""roach is the foundation of the -afe&home -helter B. the foundation of the -afe&home -helter is a "aid&em"loyee a""roach C. the a""roach of the -afe&home -helter is !ased on "aid&em"loyees D. a "aid&em"loyee a""roach is the foundation of the -afe&home -helter E. the -afe&home -helter is founded on a "aid&em"loyee a""roach he !est answer is E. In this sentence, the noun of the main clause grammatically identifies what is !eing com"ared with the Chester "ouse =rganization* to !e logical, the com"arison must !e made !etween com"ara!le things. 2nly E com"ares the system of one organi*ation with that of another.

As faculty "ushed to change financial "riorities, the administration, !eing worried over the mounting o"erating e("enses caused !y inflation, "layed a muted counter"oint on the financial issue. A. !eing worried over the mounting o"erating e("enses inflation has !een causing B. worrying over the mounting o"erating e("enses caused !y inflation C. worried a!out the mounting o"erating e("enses caused !y inflation D. in that they were worried over the mounting o"erating e("enses caused !y inflation E. !ecause of their worry concerning the mounting o"erating e("enses caused !y inflation he !est answer is C. he "hrasing of choice C is "arallel and concise. A, D and E !egin with unnecessarily wordy "hrases. Choice C also uses worried about rather than worried over or worrying over.

eveloped in the #ilicon Falley, the engineers of the revolutionary #tarlight program were three high"school dropouts, #andy Wilson, ,arc ?efevre and Chris Babcock, who would later break away to found his own company. A. eveloped in the #ilicon Falley, the engineers of the revolutionary #tarlight program were three high"school dropouts, #andy Wilson, ,arc ?efevre and Chris Babcock, who would later break away to found his own company.

B. Develo"ed in the -ilicon Dalley !y three high&school dro"outs, -andy Wilson, +arc Aefevre and Chris Ba!coc', who would later !rea' away to found his own com"any, were the engineers of the revolutionary -tarlight "rogram. C. Develo"ed in the -ilicon Dalley, the revolutionary -tarlight "rogram was created !y three high&school dro"outs, -andy Wilson, +arc Aefevre and Chris Ba!coc', who would later !rea' away to found his own com"any. D. he revolutionary -tarlight "rogram was created !y three high&school dro"outs, -andy Wilson, +arc Aefevre and Chris Ba!coc', who would later !rea' away to found his own com"any, and was develo"ed in the -ilicon Dalley. E. he engineers !eing three high&school dro"outs, -andy Wilson, +arc Aefevre and Chris Ba!coc', who would later !rea' away to found his own com"any, the revolutionary -tarlight "rogram was develo"ed in the -ilicon Dalley. he !est answer is C. Choices A and B "resent dangling modifiers that illogically suggest that the engineers were develo"ed in the -ilicon Dalley. 2nly in C is developed in the /ilicon 9alley followed immediately !y the revolutionary /tarlight program. Also, C ma'es it clear that the clause !eginning who refers to Chris Ba!coc'.

Although "leased with the success of the "rogram, it was recommended !y the !oard that the -DC ta'e additional ste"s to add new su!scri!ers and ensure that others will !e a!le to remain on the networ'.

A. it was recommended !y the !oard that the -DC ta'e additional ste"s to add new su!scri!ers and ensure that others will !e a!le to remain on the networ' B. the decision of the !oard was to ta'e additional ste"s to add new su!scri!ers and ensure that others will !e a!le to remain on the networ' C. the !oard recommended that -DC ta'e additional ste"s to add new su!scri!ers and ensure that others will !e a!le to remain on the networ'. D. new su!scri!ers were added and others were ensured that they will !e a!le to remain on the networ'. E. new su!scri!ers had !een added and others had !een ensured that they will !e a!le to remain on the networ'. he !est answer is C. 8rammatically, the "artici"le !eginning Although pleased must modify the su!)ect of the main clause. Because it is the !oard who was dis"leased, choice C, in which the board a""ears as the su!)ect, is the !est answer. In statistics the term validity denotes the e(tent to which an instrument is measuring what it is su""osed to measure. A. to which an instrument is measuring that which it is su""osed to measure B. to which an instrument measures what it is su""osed to measure C. that an instrument is measuring what it is su""osed to measure D. of instrument measuring what it is su""osed to measure E. of the measuring of an instrument is what it is su""osed to measure he !est answer is B. Choice B is !est !ecause to which is idiomatic. Choice A is unnecessarily wordy.

4acqueline Fennedy, the wife of 4ohn .. Fennedy who was !lessed with an unquencha!le sense of adventure, ins"ired collectors and "reservationists with her "assion for art and history and she encouraged writers with her wild imagination quiet grace and unwavering strength.

A. she encouraged writers with her wild imagination, quiet grace and unwavering strength
B. encouraged writers with the wildness of her imagination, quiet grace and unwavering strength

C. encouraging writers with her wild imagination, quiet grace and unwavering strength D. encouraged writers with her wild imagination, quiet grace and unwavering strength E. encouraging of writers with her wild imagination, quiet grace and unwavering strength he !est answer is D. Choice D correctly uses encouraged writers to "arallel inspired collectors Choice D is also idiomatic and concise.

((( he ancient %omans "i"ed hot water through the walls and under the floors so as to warm u" the rooms. A. so as to warm u" the rooms B. and so would !e a!le to warm u" the rooms C. to warm the rooms u" D. so that they could warm u" the rooms E. in order that they would warm u" the rooms he !est answer is D. he sentence calls for an adver!ial clause of "ur"ose to e("lain why the %omans "i"ed hot water through the walls and under the floors. Choice D does this clearly and correctly. It is introduced !y an a""ro"riate con)unction, so that.

A !allad !y -imon aylor, written in the same year as #he Colden /un were recorded, shows that aylor was a more diverse musician than is commonly !elieved. A. A !allad !y -imon aylor, written in the same year as #he Colden /un were recorded B. A !allad !y -imon aylor, written in the same year of recording as #he Colden /un C. A !allad !y -imon aylor, written in the same year that #he Colden /un was recorded D. -imon aylor wrote a !allad in the same year as he recorded #he Colden /un that E. -imon aylor wrote a !allad in the same year of recording as #he Colden /un that

he !est answer is C. In this sentence, the relative "ronoun that should introduce the clause #he Colden /un.. recorded to ma'e a relative clause modifying year. Also, the singular title of the song demands a singular ver!$ was. (((&.rom the 7Ith century to the 7>th century literacy rates all over western Euro"e increased at a relatively constant rate. A. .rom the 7Ith century to the 7>th century literacy rates all over western Euro"e increased at a relatively constant rate B. here was a relatively constant rate of increase from the 7Ith century to the 7>th century of literacy rates all over western Euro"e C. Aiteracy rates all over western Euro"e increased at a relatively constant rate from the 7Ith century to the 7>th century D. At a relatively constant rate from the 7Ith century to the 7>th century literacy rates increased all over western Euro"e E. .rom the 7Ith century to the 7>th century was an increase in literacy rates all over western Euro"e at a relatively constant rate he !est answer is A. Choice A conveys the relevant information clearly and directly. Because the focus of interest is the increase in literacy! that should !e the su!)ect of the sentence. he country in which the antique music !o( was fashioned has !een determined !y Walter Esse(, !ut what is much more difficult to determine are the com"any that "roduced it. A. has !een determined !y Walter Esse(, !ut what is much more difficult to determine are B. has !een determined !y Walter Esse(, !ut what is much more difficult to determine is C. have !een determined !y Walter Esse(, !ut what is much more difficult to determine is D. have !een determined !y Walter Esse(, !ut what is much more difficult to determine are E. has !een determined !y Walter Esse(, !ut that which is much more difficult to determine are
)he best answer is B. )wo instances of sub;ect"verb agreement must be observed in this sentenceG The country'has been deter&ined and what is &uch &ore difficult to deter&ine is.

Although the word Outility has other uses, in economics it is the measure of satisfaction received from consuming a good or service. A. in economics it is the measure of satisfaction received from consuming a good or service B. in economics it is the measurement of satisfaction received from consuming a good or service C. in economics it is referring to the measure of satisfaction received from consuming a good or service D. in economics it refers to the measure of satisfaction received from consuming a good or service E. in economics it refers to the measure of satisfaction received from the consuming of a good or of a service he !est answer is D. he answer must use the ver! refer so that the sentence does not illogically assert that the term itself is a measure of satisfaction. Choice E is unnecessarily wordy.

With the hel" of new technologies, Chile/s "roduction is so efficient that one hectare of land "roduces dou!le the gra"es that a similar "iece of land in .rance does. A. dou!le the gra"es that a similar "iece of land in .rance does B. twice as many gra"es as a similar "iece of land in .rance does C. as much as twice the gra"es that a similar "iece of .rench land does D. two times as many gra"es as there were a similar "iece of land in .rance does E. a dou!ling of the gra"es that a similar "iece of .rench land does he !est answer is B. Choice B correctly uses the adver!ial "hrase twice as many to modify the ver! produces.

1ew leaks caused by the torrential rain have damaged the historic Henson House, significantly compounding the effects of neglect, which already are a cost to the restoration fund of more than HC+,+++. A. significantly compounding the effects of neglect, which already are a cost to the restoration fund of

B. significantly com"ounding the effects of neglect, which already cost the restoration fund C. significantly com"ounding the effects of neglect, already the restoration fund costs of

D. significant in com"ounding the effects of neglect, and already costing to the restoration fund of E. significant in com"ounding the effects of neglect, and already costs the restoration fund of
)he best answer is B. Choice B uses clear and concise phrasing to state that it is the effects of ne lect that already cost the restoration fund the sum mentioned.

1ever in the history of the company had board members approved of so many dismissals at once as they had in the massive sweep of last April.

A. so many dismissals at once as they had in B. at once so many dismissals as C. at once so many dismissals that there were with D. as many dismissals at once as they did in E. so many dismissals at once that they did in he !est answer is D. Choice D states grammatically and clearly that, with the swee" of last A"ril, !oard mem!ers confronted more simultaneous change than ever !efore. %ecurring segment "rofit for the fourth quarter of 0667 is estimated at R7=>.> million versus R1BI million for the same "eriod last year. A. at R7=>.> million versus R1BI million for the same "eriod last year B. as !eing R7=>.> million versus R1BI million for the same "eriod last year C. that it is R7=>.> million versus R1BI million for the same "eriod of the last year D. to !e R7=>.> million versus R1BI million for the same "eriod last year E. as R7=>.> million versus R1BI million for the same "eriod of the last year he !est answer is D. Choice D correctly follows estimated with to be. choices are unidiomatic. he other

2f all the foot!all divisions, the outcome in the 3.C 3orth is may!e the easiest to "redict. A. is may!e the easiest to "redict B. is "ro!a!ly the easiest to "redict C. is may!e the easiest for "redicting D. is "ro!a!ly the easier to "redict E. is, it may !e, the one that is easier to "redict

he !est answer is B. he sentence com"ares one thing to all other things in its class N that is, to all the outcomes in all the foot!all divisions. herefore, the sentence requires the su"erlative form of the ad)ective$ easiest.
.nlike a typical biopsy, which requires an overnight hospital stay, a colonoscopy patient is not required to stay overnight.

A. a colonosco"y "atient is not required to stay B. with a colonosco"y there is no requirement that the "atient stay C. colonosco"y "atients are not required to stay D. for the colonosco"y "atient there is no requirement of E. a colonosco"y does not require the "atient to stay he !est answer is E. Choice E correctly uses a "arallel construction to draw a logical com"arisonF &nlike a typical biopsy a colonoscopy
'erhaps no one alive has known more ;a44 masters than Bert A. Waters who traveled with them, documented their personal lives and taking priceless photographs of them at work and rest.

A. ta'ing "riceless "hotogra"hs of them B. "riceless "hotogra"hs of them were ta'en C. too' "riceless "hotogra"hs of them D. too' of them "riceless "hotogra"hs E. was ta'ing "riceless "hotogra"hs of them he !est answer is C. he third ver! "hrase in the series descri!ing Bert Waters should have the same grammatical form as the first two, traveleddocumented took. Choice D incorrectly "laces the indirect o!)ect, of them, !efore the direct o!)ect, priceless photographs.

%%%#tudies indicate that even after twenty years, young men and women are reaping the benefits of the effects of breastfeeding received when an infant.

A. received when an infant B. received when infants

C. that was received when an infant D. that was received when they were infants E. that had !een received as each was an infant he !est answer is D. Choice C correctly uses the relative clause that was received to modify breastfeeding and included a "ronoun and ver! they were that refer unam!iguously to their antecedents.
A sudden improvement in the weather has been a boon to farmers in the south@ so plentiful has the rain been for growing crops that farmers on the verge of bankruptcy have been able to save their farms.

A. so "lentiful has the rain !een for growing cro"s that B. rain has !een so "lentiful for growing cro"s, so that C. the amount of rain for growing cro"s has !een such that D. such has the rain !een "lentiful for growing cro"s that E. such has !een "lentiful the rain for growing cro"s that
)he best answer is A. )he construction so plentiful has the rain been'that correctly and clearly e%presses the relationship between the abundance and the investors/ response.

6or members of the #amori tribe, ebony amulets were essential religious symbols, a method to protect family members against enemy curses.

A. a method to "rotect B. as a method "rotecting C. "rotecting D. as a "rotection of E. to "rotect he !est answer is C. is !est !ecause the "artici"le protecting !egins a "hrase that e("lains what the amulets did.

%%%"A recent article reports that many professors had elected early retirement rather than deal with the new rules in place at Hambleton College.

A. had elected early retirement rather than deal B. had elected early retirement instead of dealing C. have elected retiring early rather than dealing

D. have elected to retire early rather than dealing E. have elected to retire early rather than deal he !est answer is E. Because the sentence descri!es a situation that continues into the "resent, choice A and B are incorrect in using the "ast "erfect had elected! which denotes an action com"leted at a s"ecific time in the "ast. Also, x rather than y is the a""ro"riate form.
%%%At the last charity drive only ID percent of the pledges were paid up to the Heartbeats 6ederation@ at least as much as one hundred and more others had not made any payment whatsoever.

A. at least as much as one hundred and more others had not made any B. at least as much as more than one hundred others made no C. more than one hundred others had not made any D. more than one hundred others made no E. there was at least one hundred or more others without any he !est answer is D. Choice D is idiomatic, clear and concise. Both A and B incorrectly use much rather than many to descri!e the counta!le noun others.

%%%"5n a seven to four vote last week, Crane County officials decided to raise property ta%es when it might have been e%pected for it to be lowered.

A. it might have !een e("ected for it to !e reduced B. they might have !een e("ected to have reduced them C. they might have !een e("ected that it should !e reduced D. its reducing might have !een e("ected E. there might have !een an e("ectation for them to !e reduced he !est answer is B. In English, x 6is7 expected to y is idiomatic usage$ expected for it to in choice A and expected that it should in choice C are thus unidiomatic.
While some banks have trained its employees to do various tasks, most banks still prefer to have different clerks take on different duties such as dealing with foreign currency accounts, working with the public and to process checks written by clients.

A. wor'ing with the "u!lic and to "rocess chec's written !y clients B. wor'ing with the "u!lic and "rocessing chec's written !y clients C. to wor' with the "u!lic and "rocess chec's written !y clients

D. to wor' with the "u!lic and to "rocess chec's written !y clients E. to wor' with the "u!lic "rocessing chec's written !y clients he !est answer is B. Because the ver! "hrases used to descri!e the cler's duties are governed !y the "hrase different duties such as! they should each !e e("ressed in the "resent "artici"ial 9&ing< form to "arallel$ dealing.
5n addition to having more investors than #1, the investors in 1etfi% are more financially sound than that in #1, with more of them having scientific backgrounds.

A. the investors in 3etfi( are more financially sound than that in B. 3etfi( has investors which are more financially sound than that in C. the investors in 3etfi( are more financially sound than they are in D. 3etfi( investors are more sound financially than they are in E. 3etfi( has investors who are more financially sound than those in he !est answer is E. In this sentence, the initial clause modifies the nearest noun, identifying it as the thing !eing com"ared with '/E. By ma'ing the investors the noun modified, choices A and C illogically com"are '/E with investors. Choice E correctly uses the "ronoun those to refer !ac' to '/E investors. Dr. Wilsons research has shown that the more !usiness students wor' together and e(change ideas, their advantage is greater in the wor'"lace in s'ills involved in coo"eration. A. their advantage is greater in the wor'"lace in s'ills involved in coo"eration B. their advantage is the greater in the wor'"lace in s'ills involving coo"eration C. the greater their advantage in the wor'"lace in s'ills involving coo"eration D. in s'ills involved in coo"eration, their advantage is greater in the wor'"lace E. in s'ills involved in coo"eration, their greater advantage in the wor'"lace is theirs he !est answer is C. he "hrase the more business students work together and exchange ideas should !e com"leted !y a "arallel "hrase that !egins which a com"arative ad)ective and a noun "hrase, as in the greater their advantage.

Islands in the -tream 0660$ E("loring ,nderwater 2asesS consisted of four scientific investigations to study the continental shelf !rea' and slo"e from

-cientist e("loring the eastern coast of .lorida to 3orth Carolina, an area 'nown as the -outh Atlantic Bight, have come across a s"onge, one that they !elieve is a ty"e "reviously un'nown to science.
A. that they believe is

B. that they !elieve it to !e C. they !elieve that it is of D. they !elieve that is E. they !elieve to !e of he !est answer is E. he "ronoun that in A and B should !e deleted, since the "ronoun one is sufficient to introduce the modifier and the sentence is more fluid without it. In B and C it and that are intrusive and ungrammatical. Additionally, A, B and D lac' of.

Each of 4ohnsons children N& Cedric, Ethan and -elena && were wea' and ineffectual, very different from the great man himself. A. Each of 4ohnsons children N& Cedric, Ethan and -elena && were wea' and ineffectual B. Cedric, Ethan and -elena && each of them 4ohnsons children N& were wea' and ineffectual C. 4ohnsons children N& Cedric, Ethan and -elena && were all wea' and ineffectual D. Wea' and ineffectual children && Cedric, Ethan and -elena && each a child of 4ohnsons, was
!. Weak and ineffectual children "A Cedric, !than and #elena "" every one of 8ohnson/s children were

he !est answer is C. Each choice !ut C contains errors of agreement. Choice C correctly lin's children with were! eliminates the unnecessary "ronouns, and "rovides a clearer structure.

2f all the mentally ill "atients hos"itali*ed in the %aymond Institute, the mind of the "sycho"athic "atient is may!e the more difficult for analysis. A. is may!e the more difficult for analysis B. is "ro!a!ly the most difficult to analy*e C. is may!e the most difficult for analysis D. is "ro!a!ly the more difficult to analy*e

E. is, it may !e, the analysis that is most difficult he !est answer is B. he sentence com"ares one thing, the mind of the psychopath! to all other things in its class, namely all the mentally ill patients hospitalized in the Raymond 0nstitute! therefore, the sentence requires the su"erlative form$ most difficult.

(((&In the s"ring elections, 4udy Aronson, the democratic candidate received I1M,666 votes and it was the greatest num!er of votes ever received !y a democrat in a local election. A. the democratic candidate received I1M,666 votes and it was B. the democratic candidate, who received I1M,666 votes and it was C. the democratic candidate, received I1M,666 votes, D. the democratic candidate has received I1M,666 votes !eing E. the democratic candidate, received I1M,666 votes, and was he !est answer is C. A comma is needed after candidate. Choice B and E "roduce the illogical statement that the candidate was the greatest number of votes. Choice C avoids this "ro!lem !y using a noun "hrase in which number of votes clearly refers to I1M,666.

+ilitary security "ersonnel officers, !eing worried over lea's of military information through internet use, have decided to loo' !eyond the solutions currently in use. A. !eing worried over lea's of military information through internet use B. worrying over lea's of military information through internet use C. worried a!out lea's of military information through internet use D. in that they were worried over lea's of military information through the use of the internet E. !ecause of its worry concerning lea's of military information through the use of the internet he !est answer is C. Choice C uses the idiomatic e("ression worried about .

Dr. Cunninghan !elieved that the C.- treatment would a""ear the same to someone receiving a "lace!o as a "erson receiving an actual course of treatment.

A. "lace!o as a B. "lace!o as to a C. "lace!oC )ust as it would to a D. "lace!oC as it would to the E. "lace!oC )ust as to the he !est answer is B. Choice B uses the idiomatic and grammatically "arallel form the same to , as to -.

(((Dr. %ussels hy"othesis of the teeth !elonging to an e(tinct animal was verified !y com"aring the findings with large teeth and !one s"ecimens at the #unterian +useum of the %oyal College of -urgeons in England. A. of the teeth !elonging to an e(tinct animal was verified !y com"aring the findings with large teeth and !one s"ecimens at the #unterian +useum of the %oyal College of -urgeons in England B. of the teeth !elonging to an e(tinct animal was verified through a com"arison with findings with large teeth and !one s"ecimens at Englands #unterian +useum of the %oyal College of -urgeons. C. that the teeth they found !elonged to an e(tinct animal was verified !y com"aring the findings with large teeth and !one s"ecimens at the #unterian +useum of the %oyal College of -urgeons in England D. which was that the teeth !elonged to an e(tinct animal, was verified !y com"aring the findings with large teeth and !one s"ecimens at Englands #unterian +useum of the %oyal College of -urgeons. E. which was verified !y com"aring the findings with large teeth and !one s"ecimens at the #unterian +useum of the %oyal College of -urgeons in England, was that the teeth !elonged to an e(tinct animal

he !est answer is C. Choice A and B are faulty !ecause a relative clause !eginning with that is needed to state Dr. %ussels hy"othesis. D and E are aw'ward and wordy, and !oth use which where that would !e the "referred "ronoun for introducing a clause that states Dr. %ussels hy"othesis.

he tennis committee has finally decided that grass will !e the chosen surface for the final com"etition, li'e that when Australia lost to .rance two years ago. A. li'e that when Australia lost B. as that for Australias loss C. )ust as when Australia lost D. as it has !een the time that Australia lost E. as it was when Australia lost he !est answer is E. he intended com"arison should !e com"leted !y a clause !eginning with as and containing a su!)ect and ver! that corres"onds to the su!)ect and ver! of the main clause.

Although he dealt with a num!er of similar cases while !eing a lawyer, 4udge 8utterman had yet to "reside over an em!e**lement case, certainly not one as com"le( as the case at hand. A. while !eing a lawyer B. while in law C. at the time of his !eing a lawyer D. as !eing in law E. as a lawyer he !est answer is E. Choice A, B and D are unidiomatic and choice C is aw'ward and wordy. Choice E, idiomatic and "recise, is the !est answer.

Child "sychologists !elieve that as a child grows, their range of emotions and the way they e("resses those emotions mature as well.

A. !elieve that as a child grows, their B. !elieve that as children grow, their C. hold the !elief that when a child grows, his of her D. hold the !elief that when children grow, their E. !elieving that as a child grows, his he !est answer is B. In choice A, the "lural "ronoun their does not agree in num!er with the singular noun child. When! in C and D, is less "recise than as in characteri*ing a "rolonged and gradual "rocess such as growing. he ver!, believing! is used incorrectly in choice E.

hough not all the economists are in agreement, the valuation of the 4uly contracts seems li'e it is indicative that it may !e a good time sell the maturity. A. li'e it is indicative that B. as if to indicate C. to indicate that D. indicative of E. li'e an indication of he !est answer is C. Choice C offers a concise and idiomatic grammatical sequence$ the ver! seem is followed !y an infinitive 9to indicate3! which is in turn follow !y its direct o!)ect, a noun clause introduced !y the relative "ronoun that.

(((%e"orting that one of its many advisors had !een detained !y "olice, the organi*ation e("ressed its su""ort and reaffirmed its !elief that the advisor would soon !e released. A. its many advisors had !een detained !y "olice B. its many advisors has !een detained !y "olice C. its many advisors is the recently "olice&detained D. their many advisors is detained !y "olice E. their many advisors had !een detained !y "olice he !est answer is A. he singular "ronoun its agrees in num!er with the singular noun referent organization* the "ast "erfect ver! form had been is used a""ro"riately to refer to action com"leted "rior to the action of the sim"le "ast tense expressed.

(((&Disitors to oronto have often gone to the to" of the C3 tower, the worlds tallest freestanding structure, and see the entire city !eneath them. A. and saw the entire city !eneath them B. and saw all of the entire city !eneath them C. and saw !eneath them the entire city D. and seen !eneath them the entire city E. and seen the entire city !eneath them he !est answer is E. Choice A, B, and C use havesaw where haveseen is required. Choice D incorrectly "laces beneath them !etween the ver! and direct o!)ect.