Experiment 1 A SILLY POLYMER In the course of performing this experiment the student will learn to cross-link a polymer and

d observe the changes in physical properties as a result of this cross-linking observe the changes in a cross-linked polymer at varying temperatures learn concepts of molecular motion and intermolecular bond strength PRINCIPLES: If a substance springs back to its original shape after being twisted, pulled or compressed, it is most likely a polymer called an elastomer. The elastomer has elastic properties (i.e., it will recover its original size and shape after being deformed . !xamples of elastomers are rubber bands and car tires. The li"uid latex (!lmer#s glue which you will use in this experiment is a solution consisting of the polymer named polyvinyl acetate ($%& . The silly putty is formed by 'oining the globules of $%& using sodium borate ( a cross-linker . This cross-linking causes the mixture to undergo an irreversible gelation reaction. The silly putty is held together by weak intermolecular bonds that provide flexibility and rotation about the chain of the cross-linked polymer. MATERIALS (( ) **+ !lmer#s glue solution in water, ,+ borax solution, food colors (- ) -tyrofoam cups, plastic bags SAFETY PRECAUTIONS .orax (as solid or solution can burn your eyes/ it is absolutely necessary to wear safety goggles and lab aprons. 0ash hands thoroughly after handling the silly putty.

PROCEDURE 1. 2. 5. ,. $our 23 m( of !lmer#s glue solution into a -tyrofoam cup. &dd 4.* m( of the cross-linker (borax solution to each cup. Immediately begin stirring the solutions together using a wooden stick. &fter a couple of minutes of mixing, the silly putty should be taken out of the cup and kneaded in the hands. 6ontinue to knead until the desired consistency is reached. *. 7rop the ball from a height of 53 centimeter. 8easure (using a ruler the height to which the ball rebounds. 9. -tretch the silly putty slowly from each side. :. 6ompress the silly putty back into a ball. 4. $ull the silly putty "uickly from each side and compare the results. ;. $lace the silly putty on regular newsprint paper and press down firmly. 13. <emove the silly putty from the newsprint and make observations. 11. $lace the silly putty in a bag and keep in the refrigerator for 13 minutes. 12. <epeat step * and compare results. =uestions) 1. >ow do the physical properties of the glue-water mixture change as a result of adding sodium borate? 2. 0hat would be the effect of increasing the concentration of sodium borate in the mixture? 5. In this experiment, how did you measure the elasticity of the polymer you prepared?

Experiment 1 A SILLY POLYMER @roup Ao. Aame) BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB @roupmates) BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB Cb'ective(s ) 1. 7escribe results (steps 1-, ) 2. >eight of the rebound (step * ) Cbservation (step 9 ,. Cbservation (step 4 *. Cbservation (step ;-13 9. >eight of the rebound (cold silly putty, step 11-12 ) BBBBBB BBBBBB 7ate) BBBBBBBBBBBB -ection)

&nswers to =uestions) (use a separate sheet if necessary 1. >ow do the physical properties of the glue-water mixture change as a result of adding sodium borate?

2. 0hat would be the effect of increasing the concentration of sodium borate in the mixture?

5. In this experiment, how did you measure the elasticity of the polymer you prepared?

Experiment 2 (Demonstr tion! CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON PLASTICS Dou will use four tests to aid in the classification and identification of the six types of plastics. The first will be to determine the relative densities of the plastics by checking to see whether the samples float or sink in three li"uids of differing densities. The second will be to melt the plastic. &ll six of these plastics melt reversibly (when they are cooled, they harden and may regain their original properties . If a plastic does not melt, it is a thermosetting plastic (which does not melt cleanly and reversibly but tends to char instead . The third test will involve burning the plastic (to be done in a fume hood . The vapors given off from the burning plastic may have different properties depending on the plastic. The last, the copper wire test, will be used to determine if the polymer contains a halogen. MATERIALS Enown samples of all six types of plastics 1)1 mixture of ;*+ ethanol and water 13+ a"ueous Aa6l solution 9-inch piece of copper wire and a cork blue litmus paper test tubes .unsen burner and matches -cissors @lass stirring rod 8etal spatula Forceps or tongs PROCEDURE I. 7ensity Three li"uids of differing densities will be used. (i"uid 1)1 ethanol (;*+ G water 0ater 13+ a"ueous Aa6l 1. 2. 5. 7ensity gGcm5 3.;, 1.3 1.34

$our about * m( of li"uid into each of three labeled test tubes. Cbtain two narrow strips of each of the six types of plastic. 6ut one strip of each plastic into 5 small pieces. For each plastic, place a piece into each of the three test tubes containing the test li"uids. $ush each piece under the li"uid surface with a stirring rod. If the sample

,. *.

floats, it has a density lower than that of the li"uid/ if it sinks, its density is greater than that of the li"uid. Test each of the other plastics in the same way. &sk students to sort the six plastics by their densities, filling in the table and the ranking list on the data sheet.

II. 8elt Test 1. $lace each sample of each plastic, one at a time, on the end of a metal spatula and hold the end of the spatula over a light blue burner flame. 2. >eat slowly and observe the plastic as it warms and finally melts. 7o not heat strongly enough for the plastic to catch fire. 5. 6ool the sample and examine it for appearance and flexibility by bending it. ,. The melted sample can still be used for the tests that follow. III. Ignition Test (7o this in the fume hood 2. $lace a burner in a fume hood. 5. $lace a large beaker of water in the hood. ,. >old one end of a small strip of plastic in a pair of tongs and place it directly in a flame. Cbserve the color of the flame and its characteristics. (Is a lot of smoke or visible vapor given off? 7oes the plastic continue to burn after it is removed from the flame? *. Test the vapors given off for acidic properties by holding a piece of wet litmus paper in the vapors from the burning plastic. 9. !xtinguish the burning plastic by dropping it into the beaker of water. :. <epeat steps , H 9 for the other plastics. I%. 6opper 0ire Test (7o this in the fume hood 1. $ush the end of a 9-inch length of copper wire into a small cork. 2. Ise the cork as a handle and heat the free end of the wire in a burner flame until the flame has no green color. 5. Touch the hot copper wire to the plastic you are testing and then return the wire end to the flame. & tiny bit of plastic should be picked up by the hot wire. <eturn the wire end to the flame and watch for a slight flash of luminous flame. This indicates that you have correctly picked up a little bit of plastic on the wire. ,. 0atch for the appearance of a green flame or green color in the flame (indicating the presence of chlorine when the plastic is heated.

Experiment 2 CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON PLASTICS @roup Ao. BBBB Aame) 6aryl .lanche .aguilod @roupmates) Jasper Tanhueco (ouie Dupangco Cb'ective(s ) To identify the properties of common plastics I. 7ensity (write in either KsinksL, KfloatsL or Kcan#t tellL Type of plastic 1)1 ethanolG>2C water $!T -inks -inks >7$! -inks Floats $%6 -inks -inks (7$! Floats Floats $$ Floats Floats $-inks -inks 7ensity 6ategories (place each plastic into one of these categories (ess than 3.;, gGcm5 (7$!, $$ <anking of densities (lowest BB$!BB II. B(7$!B B>7$!B BB$-BB BB$%6BB BB$!TBB (highest (ess than 1.3 gGcm5 >7$!, (7$!, $$ (ess than 1.34 gGcm5 >7$!, (7$!, $$, $8ore than 1.34 gGcm5 $!T, $%6 7ate) February :, 2315 -ection) %2,.

13+ Aa6l -inks Floats -inks Floats Floats Floats

8elting and Ignition Tests $lastic 8elting test Ignition test (also indicate if acidic smoke was obtained <etained the color of the litmus paper (non acidic <etained the color of the litmus paper (non acidic Turned the blue litmus paper red 6opper-wire test

$!T >7$! $%6

$roduced orange smoke (non acidic $roduced orange smoke (non acidic $roduced green smoke (acidic 9

(7$! $$ $-

(acidic <etained the color of the litmus paper (non acidic <etained the color of the litmus paper (non acidic <etained the color of the litmus paper (non acidic

$roduced orange smoke (non acidic $roduced orange smoke (non acidic $roduced orange smoke (non acidic

Experiment " IDENTIFICATION OF ANAL#ESIC DRU#S $Y T%IN&LAYER C%ROMATO#RAP%Y In the course of performing this experiment, the student will perform thin-layer chromatography and calculate <f values utilize thin-layer chromatography to identify the analgesic compound(s present in an unknown sample of an over-the-counter painkiller preparation learn concepts of chromatography, polarity of molecules and intermolecular forces of attraction PRINCIPLES) 6hromatography is a techni"ue used to separate and identify individual components in a mixture. 6omponents of a mixture tend to move at different speeds along a coated tube or flat surface. The different rates of movement are the result of differing attractions of the components to the coating material compared to the tendency of the components to remain in the moving fluid. Thin-layer chromatography (T(6 is one of the easiest chromatographic techni"ues. & thin layer of a suitable solid substance is coated on a sheet of glass or plastic. .y immersing one edge of the sheet in an appropriate li"uid solvent, the solvent is drawn up the sheet by capillary action, and the compounds of interest are carried along at differing rates. In this experiment, thin-layer chromatography will be used to identify the analgesic compound(s present in an over-the-counter (CT6 painkiller preparation. CT6 preparations can be easily ac"uired and are widely used. &lthough extremely useful and effective, they are also powerful drugs that can be very harmful if misused. .ecause such analgesics are so commonly available in homes, there is a danger of accidental overdose by young children who discover the innocuous-looking white pills. In cases of accidental poisoning, there may be need for "uick identification of what is in an unknown tablet. This experiment demonstrates one such method. MATERIALS) (- ) ruler and pencil (( ) solutions of analgesics in methanol (aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen, caffeine , unknown CT6 analgesic tablet, methanol, solvent mixture (2* parts ethyl acetate) 1 part ethanol) 1 part acetic acid , large beaker, ,33 H 933 m(, aluminum foil or plastic wrap to cover beaker, test tubes, stirring rod, glass capillary tubes for spotting, plastic T(6 sheet, about * cm 13 cm, mortar and pestle, ultraviolet lamp

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS) $oisoning may occur from ingestion, inhalation or percutaneous absorption of methanol. &cute effects include visual impairment or complete blindness, convulsion, respiratory failure, death. It is absolutely necessary to wear safety goggles and lab aprons. &ll solvents (methanol and solvent mixture in this experiment are highly flammable, do not handle near open flames. 7o not stare directly into the source of ultraviolet radiation. 0ash hands thoroughly after performing the experiment. PROCEDURE) 1. Cbtain a large beaker (,33 - 933 m( and a piece of plastic wrap or aluminum foil to cover it. &lternatively, a wide-mouthed 'ar may be used. The beaker or 'ar should be large enough so that the chromatographic sheet can lean against one side (see Figure 2 . 2. &dd enough of the solvent mixture (containing 2* parts ethyl acetate, 1 part ethanol, and 1 part acetic acid to give a thin layer of solvent in the bottom of the container. To provide an atmosphere saturated with solvent inside the container, place a piece of filter paper around the inside surface of the container, extending into the solvent. Then cover the container with the plastic wrap, foil or screw cap and set it aside while preparing the chromatographic sheet (steps 5 H 9 . 5. Cbtain an unknown analgesic tablet (or a portion of one . Ising a mortar and pestle, crush a portion of a tablet to a fine powder. Transfer the pulverized analgesic into a test tube, add a few milliliters of methanol to the powder and stir. &llow the mixture to settle for a few minutes. ,. Cbtain a piece of plastic-backed chromatographic sheet. The white coating may flake off if the sheet is not handled carefully. >andle it only on the edges. The backing is flexible, but the sheet should not be bent excessively. Ising a pencil (not a pen , draw a very light line across the sheet, about 1 cm from one end (see Figure 1 . Then make five small light marks at 1-cm intervals along the line. These are the points at which the samples will be spotted. (abel each point with a penciled number or abbreviation and record this code on the data sheet.
1 cm

Figure 1) (ayout of T(6 -heet

Unk

Caf

Ibu

Par

Asp

*.

-amples will be spotted onto the chromatographic sheet, using glass capillary tubes drawn down to a very small opening. (The tubes are "uite fragile. .efore spotting the sheet, you should practice putting very small spots of solution on a piece of scrap paper. To do this, dip the tip of a capillary tube into a solution, then, very gently touch the tip to the paper for a brief moment. The spots should be as small as possible in order to minimize tailing and overlapping when the chromatographic sheet is KdevelopedL. (If a more intense spot is desired, it is preferable to let the spot dry and re-spot in the same location. 9. -olutions of the three analgesic compounds plus caffeine will be available in the lab. 6arefully place small spots of the four solutions at four pencil marks (Caution: Use separate capillary tubes for each sample solution). Finally, spot a sample of the solution of your unknown tablet onto the chromatographic plate. &llow the solvent to evaporate. :. 0hen the spots are dry, place the sheet in the developing container (Figure 2 . 6heck to be sure that the bottom edge (near the spots is in the solvent but that the spots are above the solvent surface. Then cover with plastic wrap, foil or screw-cap lid and watch carefully. The li"uid will slowly move up the T(6 sheet by capillary action. 4. 0hen the front edge of the li"uid has moved 43-;3+ of the way to the top of the sheet, carefully take the sheet out of the developing the chamber. Immediately, while the sheet is still wet, draw a pencil line to show the top edge of the li"uid. Then lay the sheet on a clean surface in a fume hood or well-ventilated area and allow the solvent to evaporate until the sheet appears dry. ;. The spots are unlikely to be visible to the naked eye, but they should be "uite visible when viewed under an ultraviolet (I% lamp. 0hile observing under the I% lamp, draw a light pencil mark around each spot. Caution: UV radiation is harmful to your eyes. Do not stare directly at the UV lamp. 13. -tudy the chromatogram and record your observations. a 7id the analgesics and caffeine produce a single spot? b 0hat distances did the spots travel? c >ow many spots did the unknown analgesic produce? d 6an you identify the compound(s present in the unknown tablet? 11. Cne way of interpreting chromatogram results is to calculate a retention factor, <f, for each spot. The retention factor is the ratio of the distances traveled by the component and the solvent. <f M distance traveled by the substance M distance to center of spot distance traveled by the solvent distance to solvent front a. Cbtain a short ruler marked in centimeters and millimeters. For each spot, carefully measure the distance (in mm from the starting line to the solvent front and also from the starting line to the middle of the spot. -ome 'udgment may be necessary in choosing the middle of the spot. <ecord these numbers on the work sheet. If more than one spot is present from the unknown, make these measurements for each spot. b. 6alculate the <f value for each spot, dividing the distance to the center of the spot by the distance to the solvent front. The "uotient must be less than 1.

13

<ecord this ratio on the work sheet, express it up to two digits after the decimal point. =I!-TICA-) 1. -uggest possible advantages and disadvantages of using a longer (taller T(6 sheet? 2. 0hy do you think it was important to use a very small amount of sample when spotting the plate? 5. The relative movement of components is controlled partially by the polarity of the molecules. The T(6 sheet is coated with a highly polar substance, whereas the solvent mixture has a much lower polarity. From your chromatographic results, predict the relative polarities of aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen and caffeine by arranging them in order of increasing polarity. !xplain your reasoning.

11

Experiment " IDENTIFICATION OF ANAL#ESIC DRU#S $Y T%IN&LAYER C%ROMATO#RAP%Y @roup Ao. Aames) 7ate) -ection)

Cb'ectives) L 'e( on TLC s)eet Dist n*e to *enter o+ spot Dist n*e to so(,ent +ront

Sample &spirin $aracetamol Ibuprofen 6affeine Inknown

C (*-( te. R+

@II7! =I!-TICA-) 1. 0hat compounds are present in the unknown tablet?

2. Tape the T(6 sheet here or copyGillustrate the chromatogram. 6over the whole sheet with clear tape to protect it.

12

5. -uggest possible advantages and disadvantages of using a longer (taller T(6 sheet? &dvantages)

7isadvantages)

,. 0hy do you think it was important to use a very small amount of sample when spotting the plate?

*. The relative movement of components is controlled partially by the polarity of the molecules. The T(6 sheet is coated with a highly polar substance, whereas the solvent mixture has a much lower polarity. From your chromatographic results, predict the relative polarities of aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen and caffeine by arranging them in order of increasing polarity. !xplain your reasoning.

15

Experiment / SYNT%ESIS OF ASPIRIN In this experiment, the student will -ynthesize aspirin inside the laboratory. Cbserve proper laboratory skills in the preparation of aspirin

DISCUSSION The compound that we know as aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, actually does more than simply relieve pain. &spirin can be synthesized in the laboratory through a simple reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. &n esterification reaction usually combines an organic alcohol and an organic acid. To synthesize aspirin, salicylic acid will be combined with acetic anhydride. The acetic anhydride (which is actually two acetic acid molecules with a water molecule removed will act as the acid part of the reaction SAFETY PRECAUTIONS .e very CAREFUL in handling $hosphoric &cid and &cetic anhydride. 6ontact with the body of any of these chemicals result in rapid destruction of tissue and can cause severe burns. Ise the lowest setting of the hotplate when heating. Turn the hotplate off immediately after use. PROCEDURE 1. &dd 154 mg of salicyclic acid, a boiling chip, and one small drop of 4*+ phosphoric acid followed by 3.5 m( of acetic anhydride to a reaction tube 2. 8ix the reactants thoroughly using a stirring rod, and then heat the reaction in a beaker of ;3N6 water for * min 5. 6autiously add 3.2 m( of water to the reaction mixture ,. 0hen the reaction is over, add 3.5 m( more water and allow the tube to cool slowly to room temperature *. -cratch the inside of the tube with a glass of stirring rod if crystallization haven#t started at this point. 9. 6ool the tube in ice until crystallization is complete. (at least 13 min , and then remove the solvent with a $asteur pipette. If the crystals are too fine for this procedure, collect the product by vacuum filtration on the >irsch funnel :. 6omplete the transfer of the product to the funnel using a very small "uantity of ice water 4. &llow the product to dry thoroughly in air before determining the weight and calculating the percentage yield.

1,

1*

Experiment /

SYNT%ESIS OF ASPIRIN
@roup Ao. Aames) 7ate) -ection)

@II7! =I!-TICA-) 1. 7raw the molecular structure of acetylsalicylic acid, encircle and identify the functional groups present.

2. (ook for Infrared -pectrum of &cetylsalicylic acid, and tabulate the significant peaks. 6ompare the peaks in the I< spectrum you obtained from the synthesized aspirin. &ssign functional groups to each of the experimental peaks you obtained according to I< correlation table. T)eoreti* ( pe 0s o+ spirin Experiment ( pe 0s (+rom t)e s1nt)esi2e. spirin! F-n*tion ( 3ro-ps

5. 6onclusion.

19

Experiment 4 PROPERTIES OF 5ATER p% o+ 5 ter n. P-ri+i* tion -ource) !IA $artnership aisbl. (2313 . @lobal !xperiment for the International Dear of 6hemistry. International Year of Chemistry 20 . <etrieved on January :, 2312 from the 0orld 0ide 0eb) http)GGwww.chemistry2311.orgG. In this experiment the students will) 8easure the p> of a local water sample using 2 different indicators. 6ompare which indicator is best to use for a given water sample. $urify and remove the solids from KdirtyL water from natural resources. Cbserve the difference between untreated and treated water after carrying out a clarification procedure. DISCUSSION &cidity (p> measurement is widely performed since it is an indication of water "uality. The p> of water can vary differently from one place to another depending on the area that it was collected. Factors such as pollutants (sulfur dioxide from car and coal and illegal chemical disposal can greatly affect the p> of water. 0hen slight change in p> occurs, it can cause health problems or even death to living organisms since they can only tolerate a certain p> level. The acidity of water can be measured using naturally occurring substances that change in color in the presence of an acid or a base, like a litmus paper. In this experiment, bromothymol blue and phenol red are another set of indicator that are usually used in acid-base titrations. These indicators changes in color from yellow to blue (bromothymol blue and yellow to purple (phenol red as the solution goes from acidic to basic. The "uality of water does not only depend on its p> level it must also be purified. In this experiment, the purification of water will be done in , stages mainly, aeration, coagulation, sedimentation and filtration. The first step in purification is aeration wherein oxygen is being added to the water and at the same time allows trapped gases in the water to escape. The second step is coagulation, wherein dirt and other solid particles are chemically bonded together (clumping so that it can easily be removed from the water. -edimentation is a process that occurs when the clumped particles are being pulled by gravity and being left at the bottom once the water is being poured from one container to another. (astly, the process of filtration removes the remaining impurities that are present in water after coagulation and sedimentation. MATERIALS: (( ) 5.3cc disposable syringe, cotton, sand, beakers, graduated cylinder, bromothymol blue, phenol red, color chart (- ) water sample, dirty water sample, alum crystals PROCEDURE: I6 p% o+ 7 ter 1. $lace 9m( of water sample in 5 containers (5 trials . 1

2. &dd 5 drops of bromothymol blue indicator in each container and swirl. 5. 6ompare the color of the mixture with those in the color chart and record the p>. ,. <epeat steps 1-5 using phenol red as the indicator. II6 P-ri+i* tion &. &eration 1. Aote the appearance and smell of dirty water sample. 2. Cbtain 1*m( of dirty water sample and placed it in a container. 5. $lace the lid on the container and vigorously shake the container for 53 sec. ,. $our the water sample into the second container and continue transferring it back and forth between the containers about 13 times. *. Cnce aerated, any bubbles should be gone. .. 6oagulation and -edimentation 1. &dd one or two crystals of alum to the aerated water. 2. -tir the mixture slowly for * min. 5. 7escribe the appearance and smell of the water. ,. &llow the water to stand undisturbed and observed the water at * min. intervals for a total of 13 min. This water with alum sample is needed for the filtration stage. 0rite down your observations 6. Filtration 1. <emove the plunger from the syringe. 2. $ull a small piece of cotton apart to make a thin layer of cotton wool. 5. $ut a small piece of cotton wool in the bottom of the syringe. (ightly tap the cotton wool into position using pen or pencil. If the cotton layer is too thick, the filter would not work properly. ,. $our the sand on top of the cotton wool until 2G5 of the syringe is filled. *. 6lean the filter by slowly adding 6(!&A water. Throw away the water that has passed through the filter. 9. $our the waterGalum mixture to the filter in the syringe. .e careful not to disturb the sediment. Dou may use a dropper. :. 6ollect the filtered water and compare the appearance and smell with the untreatedGunfiltered water.

Experiment 4 PROPERTIES OF 5ATER @roup Ao. Aames) 7ate) -ection)

I6

p% o+ 5 ter 0ater -ample Aumber) Temperature of 0ater -ample) $romot)1mo( $(-e Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 5 &verage P)eno( Re.

II6

5 ter P-ri+i* tion 7ate of -ample 6ollection) Temperature of water when collected) Type of 0ater (fresh) pond, river, stream or swamp or estuarine ) 7escribe where you found the water) 5 ter Appe r n*e &ppearance and smell before the start of treatment

&ppearance after aeration

&ppearance of water * minutes after adding alum

&ppearance of water 13 minutes after adding alum

&ppearance and smell after filtration

@uide =uestions) 1. In the first part of the experiment (p> of water , which indicator is likely to have the best result? 0hy?

2. 0hat factors do you think affects the p> of water?

5. 6ompare the treated and untreated water. >as treatment changed the appearance and smell of the water?

,. 7o you think your clarified water is safe to drink? @ive at least 5 reasons for your answer.

Experiment 8 SOAP&MA9IN# In this experiment the student will prepare soap and determine its properties investigate the reactions and uses of organic molecules such as fats DISCUSSION -oaps are alkali salts of fatty acids formed from the reaction between triglycerides (fats or oils and a strong base such as potassium or sodium hydroxide. Fats and the fatty acids that constitute them represent one of the three main groups of organic biological molecules/ the others are proteins and carbohydrates. &part from their use as foods, fats and oils are used as raw materials for the manufacture of various household and industrial products. In the reaction known as saponification, a molecule of triglyceride is hydrolyzed into 5 molecules of soap (alkali salt of a fatty acid and glycerol. <## 6CC H 6>2 <# 6CC H 6> < 6CC H 6>2 Triglyceride (fat or oil base O 5 AaC> <##6CC-AaO O <# 6CC-AaO O < 6CC-AaO soap >C H 6>2 glycerol O >C - 6> >C - 6>2

-oap molecules contain chains of 19 to 23 carbon atoms. The most common types are salts of palmitic, stearic and oleic acid. -oap cleanses because the long 6 chain dissolves in grease and dirt, and the charged end dissolves in water causing dirt and grease to wash away during rinses. MATERIALS: (L!: coconut or vegetable oil, 52.*+ sodium hydroxide, stearic acid, kerosene, hot plate, 2*3-m( beaker, watch glass, thermometer, stirring rod, graduated cylinders, test tubes (S!: commercial soap (Ivory works best , molds of different shapes and sizes, perfume or cologne if desired

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 6oncentrated sodium hydroxide can cause alkali burns/ do not touch with bare hands. Ise the lowest setting of the hotplate when heating. Turn the hotplate off immediately after use. PROCEDURE 1. 0eigh 1:.*3 g of coconut or vegetable oil in a 2*3-m( beaker. 2. In a small watch glass, weigh 3.12* g of stearic acid. &dd the stearic acid into the oil in the beaker. 5. >eat the oil until the stearic acid dissolves. ,. 6ool the oil and stearic acid mixture to ,3 H ,* 6. *. &dd 52.3 m( of 52.*+ AaC> solution to the above mixture. 8aintain the temperature at ,36 and continue on stirring until the saponification process is complete. If a clear layer of li"uid appears at the bottom of the beaker even after a prolonged period of stirring, add a very small "uantity of stearic acid and continue on stirring and heating the mixture. 9. If you wish to add scent to your soap, add about 3.* m( of any essential oil or perfume. :. $our the solution into a mold and allow it to harden overnight. Some properties o+ so p (to be performed next meeting $erform the following experiments with commercial soap and with the soap you prepared in the lab. 1. Try washing your hands with each soap. 7escribe results (e.g. feel, lathering capacity . 2. &dd * m( of distilled water to each of 2 test tubes. &dd * to 13 drops of kerosene and shake the mixture. Cbserve what happens as the li"uid settles. Aow add a small portion of each soap (no more than 3.* g . -hake each tube again fairly vigorously. &gain observe what happens when the mixture settles. !xplain your observations. =uestions)
1. 0rite a balanced e"uation for the reaction involving the formation of the soap sodium stearate(61: >5* 6CC-AaO from the triglyceride tristearin.

2. >ow do drain cleaners (like li"uid -osa which is sodium hydroxide solution work to remove grease from the drain?

Experiment 8 SOAP MA9IN# @roup Ao. Aame) @roupmates) 7ate) BBBBBBBBB -ection)

1. $roperties of soap (7escribe your results

Properties

Yo-r So p

Commer*i ( So p

a (athering capacity

b Feel

c >2C O kerosene O soap

!xplain your results in (c above. 0hat property of soap is illustrated in this experiment?

&A-0!< TC @II7! =I!-TICA-) 1. 0rite a balanced e"uation for the reaction involving the formation of the soap sodium stearate(61: >5* 6CC-AaO from the triglyceride tristearin.

2. >ow do drain cleaners (like li"uid -osa which is sodium hydroxide solution work to remove grease from the drain?

Experiment : %O5 MUC% FAT IS IN POTATO C%IPS; In performing this experiment, the student will learn how to determine the fat content of a food sample using one of the most common approaches learn and follow proper techni"ues in measuring weight and volume INTRODUCTION Fat, sugar and salt are three food components that worry nutritionists especially since Filipinos tend to consume too much of these food ingredients. In this experiment, one common method will be used to determine the fat content of foods. In fat-coated foods such as French fries, the fat can be dissolved out of the food using a solvent. Cther approaches must be used for products where the fat is bound up in other tissue molecules. The solvent, petroleum ether, will be mixed with ground-up chips to extract the fat. &fter separating the solvent mixture from the chips, the solvent is allowed to evaporate, leaving behind the fat that can then be weighed. MATERIALS (L analytical or triple-beam balance, mortar and pestle, glass funnel and funnel support, filter paper, beakers (*3 H m( , spatula, hot plate or steam bath, graduated cylinder (133 H m( , petroleum ether (*3 m( (S one small bag of chips SAFETY PRECAUTIONS $etroleum ether is extremely flammable. Therefore it is absolutely essential that no open flames be present anywhere in the laboratory during this experiment. Inder no circumstances should the heating be done with a .unsen burner or alcohol lamp. PROCEDURE 1. Cbtain two *3-m( beakers that are clean and dry. 2. &ccurately weigh out two samples of chips of about 5 grams each. This is done most conveniently by using small sheets of paper. <ecord the mass of the first paper, then add 2 H 5 grams of chips, and again record the mass. <epeat with the second sample. Eeep track of which sample is which. <eminder about weighing) It is important to check the balance each time it is used to be sure it reads 3.33 g when there is nothing on the balance pan. 5. &lso weigh the two *3-m( beakers and record their masses in the appropriate places in the data table (see the worksheet . ,. $ut chip sample P 1 in a clean mortar and pestle and grind the mixture thoroughly. *. &dd 1* m( of petroleum ether to the mortar and mix thoroughly. 9. $repare a glass funnel with folded filter paper. 8ount it over weighed beaker P 1. Ising a spatula, carefully transfer the ground chip mixture into the filter paper. Try to get all of the mixture into the filter.

:. In order to rinse out any remaining fat in the mortar and on the chip mixture, add * m( more petroleum ether to the mortar, stir it around with the pestle, then pour it onto the chip mixture in the filter. 4. <epeat with another * m( rinse of the mortar and the chip mixture in the filter. ;. <epeat steps , to 4 with the second sample of chips using the same mortar and pestle but a fresh piece of filter paper and weighed beaker P 2. 13. 0hen both mixtures have finished filtering, the next step is to remove all of the petroleum ether by evaporation. There are two ways this can be done. (a Dou can leave the beakers in the fume hood until the next day or lab period, by which time the solvent will have evaporated. (b & much faster way is to place the beakers on a steam bath or hot plate in a fume hood. (eave them for about 1* minutes or until all of the petroleum ether has evaporated. Then, remove the beakers from the steam bath or hot plate, carefully wipe the outsides to remove all water, and let them cool for a few minutes. 11. <eweigh the beakers and record the masses. 6lean Ip 7iscard the filter paper and chip mixtures in a designated container. The instructor will specify what to do with the mortar and pestle and the beakers. 6alculations For each sample, calculate by subtraction the mass of chips and mass of fat. Then, calculate the percent fat in the chips) + fat M mass of fat mass of chips x 133

-haring Dour <esults -hare your results with others in your class. It will probably be advantageous to report your two results separately rather than as an average. If others analyzed the same brand, you can check how closely you agree. !xamining the class data as a whole, you can look for differences and possible generalizations about different types of snack chips. =uestions 1. If your class analyzed any Klow fatL or Kno fatL products, do the results support this claim? If not, suggest a reasonable explanation. 2. & snack pack of potato chips holds 24 grams of chips. .ased on your data, how much fat is present in a snack pack? In such a bag of chips, there are about 1* grams of carbohydrate and about 1 gram of protein. @iven that carbohydrates and protein provide about , 6alories of energy per gram and fats provide about ; 6alories per gram, what is the total energy e"uivalent (in 6alories of a bag of chips? 0hat percent of 6alories are from fat?

Experiment : %O5 MUC% FAT IS IN POTATO C%IPS; @roup Ao. BBBB Aame) BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB @roupmate)

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Cb'ectives) .rand of chips) BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB Tri ( 1 8ass of dish O chips 8ass of empty dish 8ass of chips 8ass of beaker O fat 8ass of empty beaker 8ass of fat $ercent fat in chips &nswers to =uestions) 1. If your class analyzed any Klow fatL or Kno fatL products, do the results support this claim? If not, suggest a reasonable explanation. Tri ( 2

2. & snack pack of potato chips holds 24 grams of chips. .ased on your data, how much fat is present in a snack pack? In such a bag of chips, there are about 1* grams of carbohydrate and about 1 gram of protein. @iven that carbohydrates and protein provide about , 6alories of energy per gram and fats provide about ; 6alories per gram, what is the total energy e"uivalent (in 6alories of a bag of chips? 0hat percent of 6alories are from fat?

Experiment < CALORIMETRY

6alorimetry is used to determine the heat or energy involved in a chemical process. There are two types of process of calorimetry/ the constant pressure and constant volume calorimetry. 6onstant pressure calorimetry involves two -tyrofoam cups and a cover, thermometer and a stirrer. The e"uation involved in calorimetry is given by) q= msT q= ms(Tfinal-Tinitial) (1 - qwater Mqrxn (2 mwaterswaterTwater = -(msubstancessubstanceTsubstance) (5 0here q is the heat involved in the chemical process, m is the mass of the substance in the calorimeter, most commonly water, s is the specific heat of water or any substance inside the calorimeter and T (Tfinal H Tinitial is the change in temperature of water or any substance in the calorimeter. In this experiment the students need to confirm the value of the specific heat of the substance added to the calorimeter which is ,.14, JGg 6.

Fi3-re 16 Co++ee&*-p * (orimeter1 PROCEDURE 1. 8easure the weight of the calorimeter (except the cover and thermometer 2. &dd about 133 m( of water to the calorimeter using 133-m( graduated cylinder 5. 8easure the weight of the water in the calorimeter ,. 8easure the initial temperature of water in the calorimeter *. &dd about 13.33 g ice to the water in the calorimeter 9. 8easure the lowest temperature of water in the calorimeter after the addition of ice. :. <epeat the procedure for another trial.

Temperature changes and heat) constant pressure calorimetry. (https)GGwww.cdli.caGcoursesGchem5232Gunit35Borg31Bilo35GbBactivity.html

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7&T& TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

8ass of calorimeter (g 8ass of water O calorimeter (g 8ass of water in the calorimeter (g Initial temperature of water (6 8ass of ice (g Initial temperature of ice (6 Final temperature of water O ice (6 -pecific heat of ice (JGg 6 II.

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percent error e"uation.

6alculate the percent error of the experiment (for one trial only using

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Experiment = ICE CREAM MA9IN#

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Cb'ectives) In this activity students will learn and apply some concepts in food chemistry by preparing ice cream. 7iscussion) & mixture of oil and water is an example of an KimmiscibleL system. 0hen these substances are added together the tiny droplets of oil that form in water enlarge and eventually become a separate layer. >owever, the oil droplets can be prevented from coming together if a third substance, an emulsifying agent, is shaken together with the mixture. The emulsifying agent stabilizes the two immiscible li"uids in each other. The resulting mixture is called an emulsion. In the making of ice cream a mixture of milk and cream is added together with gelatin, the emulsifying agent. 6asein, the protein in milk, can also act as an emulsifier. 8aterials) (- ) 1 tetrabrick all purpose cream, one small can condensed milk, one small pack of powdered unflavored gelatin, vanilla andGor other flavoring. 6ontainer (1 pint for ice cream, wire whisk or blender $rocedure) 1. $our cream into a clean and dry bowl. Ising a wire whisk or blender, whip cream. 2. &dd condensed milk (enough to achieve desired sweetness . 0hip. 5. &dd 1 teaspoon of vanilla (or other flavor and two to three tablespoons of powdered unflavored gelatin. 0hip. ,. To basic ice cream mixture you may add the following ingredients to achieve the desired flavor) 6hocolate chocolate syrup Cptional) nuts, mallows, choco bars 6heese Q box cheese (half grated, half cut into cubes Fruity cannedGbottled fruit (e.g. pineapple, strawberry, mango etc. or fruit combination *. -eal container then put inside freezer for at least one day.

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