Steady-State, One-Dimensional, Conduction

Chapter Three Sections 3.1 through 3.4

Methodology of a Conduction Analysis

Specify appropriate form of the heat equation. Solve for the temperature distribution. Apply Fouriers law to determine the heat flux. Simplest Case: One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction with No Thermal Energy (Heat) Generation.

Common Geometries: The Plane Wall: Described in rectangular (x) coordinate. Area perpendicular to direction of heat transfer is constant (independent of x). The Tube Wall: Radial conduction through tube wall. The Spherical Shell: Radial conduction through shell wall.

3.1
Consider a plane wall

The Plane Wall

between two fluids of different temperature:

Heat Equation:

d dT k dx dx

=0

(3.1)

Implications (): Heat flux ( q x ) is independent of x. Boundary Conditions:

T ( 0 ) = Ts ,1, T ( L ) = Ts ,2

Temperature Distribution for constant k:

x T ( x ) = Ts,1 + (Ts,2 Ts,1 ) L

(3.3)

 Heat Rate and Heat Flux:

qx dT kA = kA = Ts ,1 Ts ,2 ) ( dx L
dT k = (Ts ,1 Ts ,2 ) dx L
(3.4)

q x = k

(3.5)

Thermal Resistances

T R = t q

and Thermal Circuits:

L = kA
(3.6) (3.9)

Conduction in a plane wall: Convection:

Rt , cond

Rt ,conv =

1 hA

Thermal circuit for plane wall with adjoining fluids:

Rtot

1 L 1 = + + h1 A kA h 2 A

(3.12)

qx =

T,1 T,2 Rtot

(3.11)

Thermal Resistance for Unit Surface Area:

Rt,cond

L = k

Rt,conv =

1 h

Units: Rt K/W

Rt m 2 K/W

 Radiation Resistance:
Rt , rad = 1 hr A

Rt, rad =

1 hr

2 hr = (Ts + Tsur ) Ts2 + Tsur

(1.9)

Contact Resistance:
Rt ,c = TA TB q x

Rt ,c =

Rt,c Ac

Values depend on: Materials A and B, surface finishes, interstitial conditions, and contact pressure (Tables 3.1 and 3.2)

 Composite Wall with

Negligible Contact Resistance:

qx = T,1 T,4 Rt
(3.14)

Rt = Rtot 1 1 L A LB LC 1 + + + + A h1 k A k B kC h4 R = tot A =

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) :

A modified form of Newtons Law of Cooling to encompass multiple resistances to heat transfer.

qx = UAToverall
Rtot 1 = UA

(3.17) (3.19)

 Series Parallel Composite Wall:

Note departure from one-

dimensional conditions for k F kG .

Circuits based on assumption of isothermal surfaces normal to

x direction or adiabatic surfaces parallel to x direction provide approximations for q x .

Example 3.1 A person wearing a sporting gear made of a nanostructured silica aeogel insulation

100 Watts metabolic heat generation rate q = 100

Rtotal

Lins = + +[ k sf A kins A

Lsf

1 1 1 + 1/(hA) 1/(hr A)

A = = 1.8 m 2 Hence Rtotal Ti T Lins 1 Lsf 1 ) = [ )] = ( + + ( q A ksf kins h + hr Lins = kins [ Rtotal A Lsf ksf 1 ) ( h + hr Lsf ksf 1 ( )] h

(i) Exposed in air:

(ii) Exposed in water (no radiation heat): Lins = kins [ Rtotal A

2 h r = (Ts ,o + Tsur )(Ts2 ,o + Tsur )

estimating the h r (as Ex. 1.6), h r 5.9 W/m 2 successive approximation method

Successive approximation solution

Example 3.2 Thin silicon chip

= q1 + q2 = qc Solve

Tc T Tc T + + ( L / k ) + (1/ h) (1/ h) Rt ,c

Tc = 75.3o C

Example 3.3 Carbon nanotube

3.2 An Alternative Conduction Analysis

steady-state, one-dimensional heat transfer with no heat generation

Fourier's law:

q x = k A(x) qx

dT dx

or

q x dx = k dT A(x)

If q x is a constant,

x
o

T(x) dx k(T) dT = T A(x) o

A k

Example 3.4 Circular conical section (steady-state one-dimensional heat transfer without heat generation) D(x) = ax ()

qx and k are constants,

T(x) dx qx k(T) dT = x1 A(x) T1 = k (T T1 ) x

Since A = (ax) 2 / 4, ( 4 qx

4 qx

dx x1 x 2 = k (T T1 ),
x

a2

)[

1 1 ] = k (T T1 ) x1 x T(x) = T1 ( k a 2 4 qx 4 qx )[ 1 1 ] x1 x 1 1 ] x1 x 2

Hence, as x = x 2 , or,

T2 = T1 (

k a 2

)[

k a 2 (T1 T2 ) qx = 1 1 4[ ] x1 x 2 T(x) = T1

[(1/x1 ) (1/x)] (T1 T2 ) [(1/x1 ) (1/ x 2 )]

3.3 Radial System

Heat Equation for

cylinder:
1 d dT kr r dr dr =0
(3.23)

What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the variation of qr with r in the wall? Is the foregoing conclusion consistent with the energy conservation requirement? vary with r ? How does qr

Temperature Distribution for Constant k:

r T (r ) = ln + Ts ,2 ln ( r1 / r2 ) r2 Ts ,1 Ts ,2

(3.26)

 Heat Flux and Heat Rate:

= k qr dT k = Ts ,1 Ts ,2 ) ( dr r ln ( r2 / r1 ) 2 k Ts ,1 Ts ,2 ) ( ln ( r2 / r1 ) 2 Lk Ts ,1 Ts ,2 ) ( ln ( r2 / r1 )
(3.27)

= 2 rqr = qr = qr = 2 rLqr

Conduction Resistance:
Rt ,cond = Rt,cond = ln ( r2 / r1 ) 2 Lk ln ( r2 / r1 ) 2 k Units K/W Units m K/W
(3.28)

Why is it inappropriate to base the thermal resistance on a unit surface area?

Composite Wall with Negligible Contact Resistance

qr = T,1 T,4 Rtot

= UA (T,1 T,4 )
(3.30)

Note that

UA = Rtot 1 is a constant independent of radius.

But, U itself is tied to specification of an interface.

U i = ( Ai Rtot )

(3.32)

Spherical Shell
Heat Equation

1 d 2 dT r 2 dr r dr

=0

What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the variation of qr with r ? Is this result consistent with conservation of energy?

vary with r ? How does qr

Temperature Distribution for Constant k:

T ( r ) = Ts ,1 (Ts ,1 Ts ,2 )

1 r1/ r

1 r1 / r 2

( )

 Heat flux, Heat Rate and Thermal Resistance:

= k qr dT k = 2 Ts ,1 Ts ,2 ) ( dr r (1/ r1 ) (1/ r2 )

= qr = 4 r 2 qr

4 k Ts ,1 Ts ,2 ) ( (1/ r1 ) (1/ r2 )

(3.35)

Rt ,cond =

(1/ r1 ) (1/ r2 )
4 k

(3.36)

Composite Shell:

UA = Rtot 1 Constant
U i = ( Ai Rtot )
1

Toverall qr = = UAToverall Rtot

Depends on Ai

Example 3.5 Critical insulation radius

Example 3.6 A spherical container for storing nitrogen

Rt ,cond =

(1/ r1 ) (1/ r2 )
4 k

Rt ,conv

1 = (4 r22 )h

3.4 Summary of One-Dimensional Conduction Result

Problem 3.23: Assessment of thermal barrier coating (TBC) for protection of turbine blades. Determine maximum blade temperature with and without TBC. Schematic:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional, steady-state conduction in a composite plane wall, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible radiation

ANALYSIS: For a unit area, the total thermal resistance with the TBC is
1 1 R tot, w = h o + ( L k ) Zr + R t,c + ( L k )In + h i

3 4 4 4 3 2 R 10 3.85 10 10 2 10 2 10 m = + + + + K W tot,w

= 3.69 103 m 2 K W

With a heat flux of

T,o T,i 1300 K 5 2 = = = q 3.52 10 W m w R tot, w 3.69 103 m 2 K W

the inner and outer surface temperatures of the Inconel are

Ts,i(w) = T,i + ( q w h i ) = 400 K + 3.52 105 W m 2 500 W m 2 K / W = 1104 K
Ts,o(w) = T ,i + w (1 h i ) + ( L k )In q

= 400 K + 2 10

+ 2 10

m K W 3.52 10 W m

) = 1174 K

Without the TBC,

Rtot ,wo = ho + ( L k ) In + hi

= 3.20 10

= T ,o T ,i qwo

,wo = 4.06105 W/m2 Rtot

The inner and outer surface temperatures of the Inconel are then

hi ) = 1212 K Ts,i( wo ) = T ,i + ( qwo

Ts ,o( wo ) = T ,i +

[(1 hi ) + ( L

= 1293 K k ) In qwo

Use of the TBC facilitates operation of the Inconel below Tmax = 1250 K.

COMMENTS: Since the durability of the TBC decreases with increasing temperature, which increases with increasing thickness, limits to its thickness are associated with reliability considerations.

Problem 3.62: Suitability of a composite spherical shell for storing radioactive wastes in oceanic waters.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction, (2) Steady-state conditions, (3) Constant properties at 300K, (4) Negligible contact resistance.

PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Lead: k = 35.3 W/mK, MP = 601K;Stainless Steel : k=15.1 W/mK.
ANALYSIS: From the thermal circuit, it follows that

T1 T 4 3 =q q= r R tot 3 1

The thermal resistances are:

1 1 R Pb = 1/ 4 35.3 W/m K ( ) 0.25m 0.30m = 0.00150 K/W
1 1 R St.St. = 1/ 4 15.1 W/m K ( ) 0.30m 0.31m = 0.000567 K/W
R conv = 1/ 4 0.312 m 2 500 W/m 2 K = 0.00166 K/W

R tot = 0.00372 K/W.

The heat rate is then

q=5 105 W/m3 ( 4 / 3)( 0.25m ) = 32, 725 W

3

and the inner surface temperature is

T1 = T + R tot q=283K+0.00372K/W ( 32,725 W ) = 405 K < MP = 601K.

Hence, from the thermal standpoint, the proposal is adequate.
COMMENTS: In fabrication, attention should be given to maintaining a good thermal contact. A protective outer coating should be applied to prevent long term corrosion of the stainless steel.