MODULESCL

MTH3501
(SEM12013/14)

SOLUTIONOFNONLINEAREQUATION

LearningResources
1. NumericalAnalysis7
th
Edition.FairesandBurden.
2. http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~cs577/handouts/nonlineareqn.pdf
3. http://www.ee.ucla.edu/~vandenbe/103/lectures/nonlineqs.pdf

BackgroundKnowledge
1. Taylorpolynomial
2. Solvinglinearandquadraticequationanalytically
3. Findingtherootoftheequationusingformula
4. LagrangeandNewtoninterpolationpolynomial

TermstoKnow
Realroot
Zerosofpolynomial
Multipleroot
Convergence
Initialguess
Bracketing

LearningObjective
Afterstudyingthematerialsinthesetopics,studentsshouldbeableto:
1. Describethegraphicalinterpretationofaroot
2. Findtheapproximatelocationoftherootforagivenequation
3. Differentiatebetweenbracketingandopenmethodforrootlocation
4. Know how the Bisection method work and be able to derive an expression for the
formulatosolvetheproblem
5. DerivetheiterativeformulaforSecantandNewtonmethodandusetheformulato
solvetheproblem
6. Comparetheperformanceofthemethodsdiscuss
7. Writeapseudocodealgorithmforeachmethod

Content

Activity1(objective1and2)

1. YouaretoreadFares&Burdenthatexplainthedifferencebetweennonlinearalgebraic
equations and transcendental equation. List down a few equations and determine
whethertheequationscanbesolvedanalytically.
2. Understandthemeaningoftherootoftheequationorthezeroofthefunction.Plot
oneoftheequationsanddeterminewhereitcrossesthexaxis.Usegraphingtool(eg:
Matlab,Mapleetc).Identifytheparametertobesolved.
3. The graphical approach involves the construction of graphs and perhaps a table of
values of the function to perform the information obtained from the graph. You
shouldhavesomeideaabouttheapproximatelocationoftherootofthefunction.You
can then tabulate the function around the root. Illustrate this approach by several
examples.
4. Attheendofactivity1,youshouldbeabletoanswerthequestionbelow:
a. Whyarenumericalmethodsusedinsolvingnonlinearequations?
b. Howdoesatranscendentalequationdifferfromanalgebraicequation?
c. Whatkindofinformationisusedwhensketchingcurvesforlocationofroots?

Activity2(objective3and4)

1. StatetheintermediateValueTeoremandunderstandtheconceptofthetheorem.
2. Explainthebracketingandopenmethodconcept.
3. ChooseonecontinuousfunctionandusedBisectionmethodtofindtheroot.

ProcedureofBisectionmethod:
Step1: Determinetheintervalcontainingarealroot. Graphical tool(eg: Maple,Matlab)
canhelptofindtheinterval.
Step2:Bisectintervalrepeatedlyuntilrootisdeterminetodesiredaccuracy.
Step3: Identify the midpoint (approximate root) of the interval for each iteration using
followingcondition:
If(x - lct)and(x -miJ)haveoppositesigns,rootisinlefthalfofinterval.
If(x - lct)and(x -miJ)havesamesigns,rootisinrightofinterval.
Whatcanweconcludeifabisectionvalueiszero?
Step4:Continuesubdividinguntiltherootisobtainedtothedesiredaccuracywherethe
intervalwidthhasbeenreducedtoasize ewheree=selectedtolerance.

4. Attheendofactivity2,youshouldbeabletoanswerthequestionbelow:
a. Whenmaythebisectionmethodbeusedtofindarootoftheequation?
b. What happen when bisection starts with the same sign of function on each end of
theinterval?

Activity3(objective5)

1. Letx
0
andx
1
betworealnumbers.Incontrasttothebisectionmethod,nowwedonot
insist that (x
0
) and (x
1
) have different signs. Construct an approximate function
p(x) of (x) by a linear interpolating polynomial with interpolating points x
0
and x
1

[p(x) = (x
0
)z
0
+ (x
1
)z
1
].Thesecantlinefor(x)atx
0
andx
1
.
2. You are asked to derive an explicit formula for the next secant points. By solving the
interpolatingpolynomialp(x) = u,showthatx = x
1
-
](x
1
)(x
1
-x
0
)
](x
1
)-](x
0
)
.Writethegeneral
stepfortheSecantmethod.

X2
X0 X1
p(x)
f(x)
a
b
xleft xmid xright
f(xleft)
f(xmid)
0
3. GiventheseconddegreeterminatedTaylorexpansionx
0
,

(x) = (x
0
) +
i
(x
0
)(x -x
0
) = u

Showthatx = x
0
-
](x
0
)
]
|
(x
0
)
.Converttheequationintoiterativeform.
(ThisisNewtonmethod)

4. Attheendofactivity3,youshouldbeabletoanswerthequestionbelow:
a. WhatisthegeometricalinterpretationofSecantandNewtoniterativeprocedure?
b. WhatmajoradvantagehastheNewtonmethodoverothermethod?

Activity4(objective6and7)

1. Write an algorithm for each method. Choose one example to be applied to the
algorithmforeachmethodusinghandcalculation(orrunaprogramforeachmethod).
Comparetheperformanceofthemethod.

X1
X0