CLE 214: HYDRAULICS STRUCTURES AND MACHINERY

Unit 4 Lecture 26
Prof. JANI FATHIMA JAMAL SMBS

How to harness the water potential of a river optimally?

Headworks : Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the off-taking canal

Headworks
Headwork 1. Storage headwork. 2. Diversion headwork. Storage headwork : the construction of a dam on the river.
to store water during the period of excess supplies

to releases it when demand overtakes available supplies

Diversion headwork :
serves to divert the required supply to canal from the river.

Storage headworks (Dams)

Impervious barrier the river to store water in the upstream side

(reservoir) the storage of water reduce the impact of a flood down stream to use the water beneficially in future Hydropower Irrigation Water for domestic consumption Drought control For navigational facilities capacity of reservoir : height of the dam and the shape of the river valley on the up stream Spillways: to discharge excess flood water

DAMS
Principal components of a storage dam : storage a structure to obstruct river flow, a spillway for discharging excess flood water outlets for allowing the storage water to be with drawn for

some useful purpose or to flow downstream at a regulated quantity

Dam engineering brings together a range of disciplines, like structural, hydraulics and hydrology, geotechnical, environmental etc

DAMS : Choosing a suitable location of dam

Topography:
i. ii.

a gorge which is most narrow, which would require minimum quantities of dam construction material. the volume of the water that may be able to store in the reservoir behind the dam

DAMS : Choosing a suitable location of dam

Geotechnical suitability (foundations)

foundation should be geo technically sound to sustain the high stresses due to i. the self weight of the structure, ii. water pressure of the reservoir iii. and earth quake vibration induced forces at the dam body and the water in the reservoir ii. No dams should be erected across a fault iii. Formations in which alternate hard and soft rocks may be avoided iv. Dams built on one uniform formation is preferred
i.

DAMS : Choosing a suitable location of dam

Submergence possibilities
Availability of a suitable spillway site Hydrologic adequacy : it should satisfy
1. 2. 3.

The average quantity of water available in the river through out year. The minimum flow of the river The maximum flow that has been recorded and estimates of what might occur in future.
to minimize cost of submerged land per unit capacity, evaporation losses

Reservoir : deep reservoir is preferred over shallow one

and weed growth

Possibility of river diversion during construction Sedimentation possibilities Communication Locality

DAMS : CLASSIFICATION
Based on use:

Storage dams ii. Diversion dams iii. Detention dams : Water spreading dams / dikes Debris dam
i.

DAMS : CLASSIFICATION
Based on hydraulic structure:
i. ii.

Non overflow dams Overflow dams

DAMS : CLASSIFICATION
Based on materials:

Rigid dams i. Gravity dam (masonry / concrete) ii. Arch dam (masonry / concrete) iii. Buttress dam (concrete) iv. Steel dam v. Timber dam ii. Non-rigid dams i. Earth fill dam ii. Rock fill dam iii. Combined earth and rock fill dam
i.

Embankment Dams
constructed of natural materials excavated or obtained from the

vicinity of the dam site The natural fill materials are placed and compacted without the addition of any binding agent Earth-fill or earthen embankments use compacted soil for constructing the bulk of the dam volume.

 Rock-fill embankments
impervious core of compacted earth fill or a slender concrete

or bituminous membrane bulk of the dam volume is made of coarse grained gravels, crushed rocks or boulders.

Gravity dams

External forces are resisted by weight of the dam

Masonry or concrete
Permanent Less maintenance

 The basic shape of a concrete gravity dam is triangular in section

A gravity dam should also have an appropriate spillway for

releasing excess flood water energy dissipating structure : stilling basin spillway is provided with a gate

Advantages (over earth dams)

Strong and stable than earth dams Suitable for across gorges having very steep side slope Can be used as an overflow spillway crest Suited for the areas having heavy downpour Least maintenance

No sudden failure
Deep-set sluices can be used to retard sedimentation in

reservoir

Disadvantages
Sound rock foundation, impermeable rock strata High initial cost More time to construct Skilled labour Difficult to allow subsequent rise in height

ARCH DAMS

Curved in plan Carries major part of the water load horizontally to the abutments (arch

action ) The balance of the water load is transferred to the foundation by cantilever action Strong side walls

Advantages (over gravity gravity dams)

Suited for gorges where length is small in proportion to

height Section is less when compared with gravity dam of same height Less material Less base width Limited problems due to uplift pressure Can be constructed on moderate foundations

Disadvantages
Skilled labour More time Very strong abutments

BUTTRESS DAM
buttresses dividing the space into a number of spansm Multiple arch type Deck type buttress dam

Advantages (over gravity dam)

Less massive Less material Less foundation pressure, can be constructed on moderate

foundations Water load acts normal to deck: vertical components stabilizes dam against overturning and sliding Subsequent raising of height is posiible

Disadvantage
Skilled labour Deterioration of upstream concrete surface is fatal More susceptible to damage

Gravity dam: Structure Upstream

MWL Max. level NWL Normal water level Free board Gallery

Crest

Down stream Spillway (inside dam)

Sluice way

Heel

Toe

 Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side

Toe: contact on the downstream side

Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the dam rest Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the dam for checking

operations. Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water before the construction of dam.This helps in keeping the river bed dry.

Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess water of the

reservoir to downstream side Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is used to clear the silt accumulation in the reservoir side.

GRAVITY DAM : Forces

Water pressure Weight of dam Uplift pressure Earth quake pressure Ice Pressure

Wave Pressure
Silt Pressure

GRAVITY DAM : Failure

Overturning Sliding Compression / crushing Tension

Safety against overturning

safety against sliding

FS against sliding = actual coeft of friction / sliding factor Sliding factor = tan = H/ (V U) FS = / tan Greater than 1

Safety against compression and tension

Normal stress =

Direct stress + Bending stress Direct stress = FV/b*1 Bending stress = 6 FV.e/b2