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Sunlight is made up of all the colors of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. The gas molecules in the atmosphere interact with the sunlight before the light reaches our eyes. The gas molecules in the atmosphere scatter the higher-energy (high frequency) blue portion of the sunlight more than they scatter the lower-energy red portion of the sunlight (this is called Rayleigh scattering, named for the physicist Lord John Rayleigh). The Sun appears reddishyellow and the sky surrounding the Sun is colored by the scattered blue waves. When the Sun is lower in the horizon (near sunrise or sunset), the sunlight must travel through a greater thickness of atmosphere than it does when it is overhead, and even more light is scattered (not just blue, but also green, yellow, and orange) before the light reaches your eyes. This makes the sun look much redder. Rayleigh scattering: When scatterering particles are much smaller than the wavelength of light the process is known as Rayleigh scattering after Lord Rayleigh, John William Strutt, (1842 - 1919) who first described it mathematically. The scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength. For example, blue light of 450nm wavelength is scattered 4.4X more strongly than 650nm red light. The wavelength dependence come from the extent of coupling between the frequencies associated with bound electrons within the atoms and the oscillating electric field of the light waves. Coupling increases as the oscillation frequencies get more similar. Rayleigh scattering requires that there be no coherence between the individual scatterers. In dense gases when molecules are closer together this condition is not satisfied and light is predominantly scattered forwards rather than in all directions. In dense gases and liquids another process can operate, EinsteinSmoluchowski scattering. Molecular motion and collisions produce exceedingly transient local density and refractive index fluctuations that act as scattering centres. The wavelength dependence is the same as for Rayleigh scattering. Violet sky? Violet is shorter wavelength than blue and is scattered more strongly. The sky is not violet because sunlight is weaker in violet compared to blue and the eye is less sensitive to it. Dust, aerosol, moisture: All these desaturate the sky's blue to give in the limit a milky white. These scatterers are of comparable size or larger than light wavelengths and they scatter all colours more or less equally (Mie scattering).
What Makes a Red Sunset? As the Sun gets lower in the sky, its light is passing through more of the atmosphere to reach you. Even more of the blue light is scattered, allowing the reds and yellows to pass straight through to your eyes. Sometimes the whole western sky seems to glow. The sky appears red because larger particles of dust, pollution, and water vapor in the atmosphere reflect and scatter more of the reds and yellows. Why does scattering matter? How much of the Sun's light gets bounced around in Earth's atmosphere and how much gets reflected back into space? How much light gets soaked up by land and water, asphalt freeways and sunburned surfers? How much light do water and clouds reflect back into space? And why do we care? Sunlight carries the energy that heats Earth and powers all life on Earth. Our climate is affected by how sunlight is scattered by forests, deserts, snow- and ice-covered surfaces, different types of clouds, smoke from forest fires, and other pollutants in the air.
Why is the sunset red? Awesome question. The most basic answer is that light is refracted by particles in the atmosphere and the red end of the spectrum is what is visible. To better understand that you have to have a basic understanding of how light behaves in the air, the atmospheres composition, the color of light, wavelengths, and Rayleigh scattering and here is all of the information that you need to understand those things.