Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Alan W. Meerow
Amaryllis
Hippeastrum, about 50 species native to South America. 200 year breeding history. Dutch cultivars dominate market. Henry Nehrling and Theodore Mead hybrids developed in Florida in early part of the 20th century.
Much of this germplasm was lost, but some has featured in Dutch cultivars.
After initial flurry of interspecific hybridization in Europe, most breeding was concentrated among the [mostly tetraploid] hybrids.
Why?
1) Desirable characteristics of flower size, scape number, and plant vigor are already stabilized in the hybrid races. 2) Sterile triploid progeny result when diploid species are crossed with tetraploid hybrids. 3) Many of the diploid species are not readily available. 4) Self-incompatibility, which occurs in most diploid species and diploid hybrids, generally breaks down in the tetraploid hybrids.
Hippeastrum cybister
Secondary Objectives:
Development of landscape cultivars.
Good foliage quality, high number of offsets.
Breeding Strategy
Establish F1 populations of the target species. Selective inter-hybrid crosses. Selective sibling crosses. Introgress selected commercial tetraploid cultivars into diploid hybrid populations.
Target Species
Hippeastrum papilio
H. brasilianum
Initial F1 Hybrids
H-1: papilio x lapacense H-2: lapacense x papilio H-4: vittatum var. tweedianum x papilio H-5: papilio x vittatum var. tweedianum H-7: cardenasianum x papilio
Cultivar Maternal Parent Paternal Parent _______________________________________________________________________ Rio H. papilio (Rav.) Van Scheepen H. x hybridum Dutch Belle x H. ambiguum (LHer.) Herb. Tweedianum H. papilio x H. lapacense (Card.) H. x hybridum Apple Sampa Van Scheepen Blossom H. pardinum (Hook. F.) Lem. H. x hybridum Bahia x H. papilio White Christmas
Flowering performance of Hippeastrum x hybridum Rio, Sampa, and Bahia under ambient south Florida conditions.
Cultivar Year Mean Number of Mean Flowers Scapes per Bulb Per Scape (SD) (SD) __________________________________________________________ Rio 1994 2 2.0 (0.0) 3.5 (0.7) 1995 3 2.0 (0.0) 3.6 (0.6) 1996 5 2.0 (0.0) 4.0 (0.0) 1997 5 2.0 (0.0) 4.0 (0.0) Sampa 1994 2 3.0 (0.0) 5.2 (0.8) 1995 4 3.5 (0.6) 5.8 (0.8) 1996 6 3.5 (0.5) 6.6 (0.4) 1997 8 3.5 (0.5) 6.8 (0.3) Bahia 1994 2 2.5 (0.7) 3.5 (0.7) 1995 3 2.7 (0.7) 3.7 (0.5) 1996 5 2.8 (0.4) 3.7 (0.5) 1997 5 3.0 (0.0) 3.8 (0.4) n
Table 3. Flowering performance of Hippeastrum Bahia, Rio, and Sampa treated according to the forcing protocols of Okubo (1993). ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Cultivar Yearz n Mean number of scapes per bulb (SD) Mean number of flowers per scape (SD) Days to 1st scape emergence after treatment Days to 1st scape anthesis after treatment
___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Bahia 1996 2 1997 3 Rio 1996 2 1997 3 Sampa 1996 2 1997 3 2.8 (0.4) 3.0 (0.0) 2.0 (0.0) 2.0 (0.0) 3.0 (0.0) 3.3 (0.6) 3.7 (0.5) 3.7 (0.5) 3.8 (0.5) 3.7 (0.5) 5.2 (0.8) 5.6 (0.8) 21, 22, 26 23, 23, 25 18, 21 20, 20, 24 19, 23 21, 21, 25 38, 40, 44 43, 41, 43 35, 41 38, 39, 45 40, 43 39, 41, 43
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z
Most of the current commercial varieties are not particularly well-adapted to Florida conditions.
Roofed shade house advisable as well. Sandy soils must be amended with organic matter.
Greenhouse Production
Most environmental control, but not necessarily less pest problems.
But different pests more likely.
Problems: Disease
Red Scorch: Staganospora curtisii. Cerscospora leaf spot. Control: broad spectrum foliar fungicides.
Keep foliage dry; sanitation.
Problems: Disease
Bulb rots:
Fusarium: Truban. Bacterial bulb rot: no treatment, destroy bulbs.
Problems: Pests
Generalized pests (greenhouse and shadehouse production): thrips, mealybugs, scales. Field production (and shadehouse): lubber grasshoppers, caterpillars, sometimes snails and slugs.
Semaspore, a parasitic protozoan in bait worked great on these monsters.
Problems: Pests
A new weevil, as yet unidentifed, possibly new genus (according to Dr. Charlie OBrien of FAMU) which first entered the US in Louisiana and has moved into Florida in recent years.
Successfully controlled with imidacloprid.
Propagation
Seed (3 or more years). Twin scale cuttage (2 years). Tissue culture (2 years).
Bulb is sectioned.
Each wedge is then divided longitudinally into a cutting of 2 concentric bulb scales with a small part of the basal plate left attached. These are then inserted into propagating mix, covering just slightly above the basal plate.
Kept warm, moist and shaded, bulblets should form on the cuttings in 6-8 weeks.
Alstroemeria
Alstroemeria
Most of the commercial cutflower varieties are bred from Chilean species with no heat tolerance. Over half the genus occurs in Brazil in a variety of ecological zones. Brazilian species, not well understood taxonomically, are the only source of heat tolerance in the genus.
A. pulchella has been a successful (some say too successful) perennial in Florida for decades.
PPAF
PPAF
A selection from open-pollinated seed of the grex known informally as Meyers Hybrid strain. The original hybrids between A. pelegrina L. (Chilean origin) and A. pulchella L. f. (Brazilian origin) were made by in the early 1980s via embryo rescue and subsequent tetraploidization (to restore fertility) with colchicine. Las Olas was selected from several hundred plants subsequently grown and field-tested in south Florida.
PPAF
Table 2. Container performance of Alstroemeria Las Olas, 1993, 1996. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________
Year
Average no. of
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 1995 1996 14 12 147 95 10.5 (5.2) 7.9 (3.5) 6.8 (2.7) 7.2 (1.6)
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Table 1. Field performance of Alstroemeria Las Olas, 1995-1996. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Year No. plants Percent cover of 9 m2 test plot at flowering Total flowering Average no. of Average no. of florets per inflorescence (+ SD)
________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1995 1996 14 14 50% 75% 150 288 11.5 (9.6) 20.6 (12.5) 6.3 (2.4) 7.4 (1.4)
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Use
Las Olas Cutflower for local sale. Landscape or patio perennial for 30-50% shade (marketed in 8-10 containers).
Inodora hybrids
Winter/spring potted plants. Landscape (not yet trialed).
Problems
Pests
Whitefly (wellcontrolled by Encarsia formosa) As yet unidentified tortricid moth that feeds on shoot tips (imidacloprid).
Inquiries about licensing should be addressed to: Florida Foundation Seed Producers P. O. Box 309 Greenwood, FL 32443-0309 (850) 594-4721 FAX (850) 594-1068