THERMODYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER 1. Define the term thermal engineering.

Ans: Thermal engineering is the science that deals with the energy transfer to practical applications such as energy transfer power generation, refrigeration, gas compression and its effect on the properties of working substance. . What i! meant "# therm$%#nami& !#!tem' H$( %$ #$) &la!!if# it' *MU + O&t,--. A/r, 0001 2RU + A/r,-34 MSU + A/r,-35 Ans: Thermodynamic system is defined as the any space or matter or group of matter where the energy transfer or energy conversions are studied. It may be classified into three types. (a) pen system (b) !losed system (c) Isolated system 6. What i! meant "# &l$!e% !#!tem' 7i8e an e9am/le.*2NU + N$8,-:5 Ans: "hen a system has only heat and work transfer, but there is no mass transfer, it is called as closed system. #$ample: %iston and cylinder arrangement. ;. Define a $/en !#!tem. 7i8e an e9am/le. Ans: "hen a system has both mass and energy transfer it is called as open system. #$ample: Air !ompressor. :. Differentiate &l$!e% an% $/en !#!tem. *MU + A/r,-<. MKU + N$8,-:5 Cl$!e% S#!tem &. There is no mass transfer. nly heat and work will transfer. (. )ystem boundary is fi$ed one *. #$: %iston + cylinder arrangement, Thermal power plant O/en S#!tem &. 'ass transfer will take place, in addition to the heat and work transfer. (. )ystem boundary may or may not change. *. Air compressor, boiler

3. Define an i!$late% !#!tem Ans: Isolated system is not affected by surroundings. There is no heat, work and mass transfer take place. In this system total energy remains constant. #$ample: #ntire ,niverse

=. Define1 S/e&ifi& heat &a/a&it# at &$n!tant /re!!)re. *MU + O&t,--5

Ans: It isdefined as the amount of heat energy re-uired to raise or lower the temperature of unit mass of the substance through one degree when the pressure kept constant. It is denoted by !p. <. Define1 S/e&ifi& heat &a/a&it# at &$n!tant 8$l)me. Ans: it is defined as the amount of heat energy re-uired to raise or lower the temperature of unit mass of the substance through one degree when volume kept constant. -. What i! meant "# !)rr$)n%ing!' Ans: Any other matter out side the system boundary is called as surroundings. 10. What i! "$)n%ar#' Ans: )ystem and surroundings are separated by an imaginary line is called boundary. 11. What i! meant "# therm$%#nami& /r$/ert#' *MU + A/r, 0014 2RU + N$8,-34 2NU + N$8,-;5 Ans: Thermodynamic property is any characteristic of a substance which is used to identify the state of the system and can be measured, when the system remains in an e-uilibrium state. 1 . H$( %$ #$) &la!!if# the /r$/ert#' Ans: Thermodynamic property can be classified into two types. &. Intensive or Intrinsic and (. #$tensive and #$trinsic property. 16. Define Inten!i8e an% E9ten!i8e /r$/ertie!. *MU + O&t,-3.-<4 MKU + A/r,-35 Ans: The properties which are independent on the mass of the system is called intensive properties. e.g., %ressure, Temperature, )pecific .olume etc., The properties which are dependent on the mass of the system is called e$tensive properties. e.g., Total energy, Total volume, weight etc. 1;. Differentiate Inten!i8e an% E9ten!i8e /r$/ertie! *MU + A/r,--. A/r, 0014 MSU + N$8,-35 Inten!i8e >r$/ertie! E9ten!i8e >r$/ertie! &. Independent on the mass of the system /ependent on the mass of the system. (. If we consider part of the system these If we consider part of the system it will properties remain same. have a lesser value. e.g. pressure, Temperature specific volume e.g., Total energy, Total volume, weight etc., etc., *. #$tensive property0mass is known as 11 intensive property 1:. What %$ #$) )n%er!tan% "# e?)ili"ri)m $f a !#!tem'

Ans: "hen a system remains in e-uilibrium state, it should not undergo any charges to its own accord. 13. What i! meant "# therm$%#nami& e?)ili"ri)m' *MU + A/r,-<4 MSU + A/r,-35 Ans: "hen a system is in thermodynamic e-uilibrium, it should satisfy the following three conditions. (a) 'echanical #-uilibrium :1 %ressure remains constant (b) Thermal e-uilibrium :1 Temperature remains constant (c) !hemical e-uilibrium : There is no chemical reaction. 1=. State the @ir!t la( $f therm$%#nami&! *MU + A/r,-:5 Ans:2irst of thermodynamics states that when system undergoes a cyclic process the net heat transfer is e-ual to work transfer. 1<. Define1 >MM $f fir!t Ain% Ans: %'' of first kind delivers work continuously without any input. It violates first law of thermodynamics, It is impossible to construct an engine working with this principle. 1-. Define the term /r$&e!! *MKU + N$8,-35 Ans: It is defined as the change of state undergone by a gas due to energy flow. 0. Define the term C#&le1 *MKU + N$8,-35 Ans: "hen a system undergoes a series of processes and return to its initial condition, it is known as cycle. 1. What i! meant "# $/en an% &l$!e% &#&le. Ans: In a closed cycle, the same working substance will recirculate again and again. In a open cycle, the same working substance will be e$hausted to the surroundings after e$pansion. . What i! meant "# re8er!i"le an% irre8er!i"le /r$&e!!. *MU + A/r, 0014 2NU + N$8,-;5 Ans: A process is said to be reversible, it should trace the same path in the reverse direction when the process is reversed. It is possible only when the system passes through a continuous series of e-uilibrium state. If a system does not pass through continuous e-uilibrium state, then the process is said to be irreversible. 6. What i! meant "# >$int an% >ath f)n&ti$n' *M) + O&t, 0004 MKU + N$8,-;5 Ans: The -uantities which is independent on the process or path followed by the system is known as point functions. #$ample: %ressure, volume, temperature, etc.,

The -uantities which are dependent on the process or path followed by the system is known as path functions. #$ample: 3eat transfer, work transfer. ;. What i! Q)a!i + Stati& /r$&e!!' *MU + O&t,-<. A/r, 000 B 0014 2NU + N$8,-:5 Ans: The process is said to be -uasi 4 static, it should proceed infinitesimally slow and follows continuous series of e-uilibrium states. Therefore, the -uasi static, it should proceed infinitesimally slow and follows continuous series of e-uilibrium states. Therefore, the -uasi static process may be an reversible process. :. E9/lain Cer$th Da( $f therm$%#nami&!' *MU + N$8,-;. A/r, 0014 2RU + A/r,-35 Ans: 5eroth law of thermodynamics states that when two systems are separately in thermal e-uilibrium with a third system, then they themselves are in thermal e-uilibrium with each other. 3. Define the term enthal/#' *MU + O&t,--5 Ans: The !ombination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy of the system. It may also be defined as the total heat of the substance. 'athematically, enthalpy (3) 6 , 7 pv 89) "here, , 4 internal energy p 4 pressure v 4 volume In terms of !p + T : 3 6 m!p (T(1T&)89 =. Define the term internal energ# *MKU + A/r,-35 Ans: Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions. It is also defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature. <. What i! meant "# therm$%#nami& ($rA' Ans: It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of the system. It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and surroundings. -. Define Heat. Ans: 3eat is the energy crossing the boundary due to the temperature difference between the system and surroundings. 60. 7i8e the general ga! energ# e?)ati$n!. *MU + A/r,-: B -<5 Ans: d3 6 d# 7 d". 61. State the la( $f &$n!er8ati$n $f energ# *2RU + N$8,-:5 Ans: #nergy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transferred from one form to another.

6 . Define entr$/# $f a /)re !)"!tan&e. *MU + O&t, 0004 MKU + N$8,-34 2RU + N$8,-:5 Ans: #ntropy is an important thermodynamic property, which increases with addition of heat and decreases with its removal. #ntropy is a function of temperature only. It is an unavailability of energy during energy transfer. 66. Define an i!entr$/i& /r$&e!!. *MU + O&t,--5 Ans: Isentropic process is also called as reversible adiabatic process. It is a process which follows the law of p.y 6 ! is known as isentropic process. /uring this process entropy remains constant and no heat enters or leaves the gas. 6;. E9/lain the thr$ttling /r$&e!!. Ans: "hen a gas or vapour e$pands and flows through an aperture of small si;e, the process is called as throttling process. 6:. W$rA %$ne in a free e9/an!i$n /r$&e!! i! EEEEEEEEE *MU + A/r,-=5 Ans: 5ero 63. Define free e9/an!i$n /r$&e!!. Ans: "hen a gas e$pands suddenly into a vacuum through a large orifice is known as free e$pansion process. 6=. Whi&h /r$/ert# i! &$n!tant %)ring thr$ttling' *MU + O&t,-<. O&t, 0005 Ans: #nthalpy 6<. If in the e?)ati$n >Fn G C. the 8al)e $f n G then the /r$&e!! i! &alle% EEEEEEE Ans: !onstant .olume process 6-. The /$l#tr$/i& in%e9 *n5 i! gi8en "# EEEEEEEE *MU + A/r,-: B -35 Ans: n 6 log (%(0%&)0 log (.&0.() ;0. W$rA tran!fer i! e?)al t$ heat tran!fer in &a!e $f EEEEEEEE /r$&e!!.MU +N$8,-;5 Ans: Isothermal process. ;1. Write %$(n the &hara&teri!ti& ga! e?)ati$n. Ans: !haracteristic gas e-uation is p. 6 m<T "here, p 6 pressure . 6 .olume < 6 !haracteristic gas constant T 6 Temperature. ; . What i! meant "# !tea%# fl$( /r$&e!!' *2NU + N$8,-35 Ans: /uring the process the rate of flow of mass and energy across the boundary remains constant, is known as steady flow process.

;6. What i! the %ifferen&e "et(een !tea%# fl$( an% n$n + fl$( /r$&e!!' Ans: /uring the steady flow process the rate of flow of mass and energy across the boundary remains constant. In case of non 4 flow across the system and boundary. ;;. State the Kel8in + >lanA !tatement $f !e&$n% la( $f therm$%#nami&! Ans: 8elvin 4 %lank states that it is impossible to construct a heat engine working on cyclic process, whose only purpose is to convert all the heat energy given to it into an e-ual amount of work. ;:. State Cla)!i)! !tatement $f !e&$n% la( $f therm$%#nami&!. Ans: It states that heat can flow from hot body to cold without any e$ternal aid but heat cannot flow from cold body to hot body without any e$ternal aid. ;3. State Carn$t,! the$rem. Ans: =o heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two fi$ed temperature, can be more efficient than a reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits. ;=. What are the C$r$llarie! $f Carn$t the$rem. Ans: (i) In all the reversible engine operating between the two given thermal reservoirs with fi$ed temperature, have the same efficiency. (ii) The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is independent of the nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of the reservoirs. ;<. Define + >MM $f !e&$n% Ain%. Ans: %erpetual motion machine of second kind draws heat continuously from single reservoir and converts it into e-uivalent amount of work. Thus it gives &>>? efficiency. ;-. What i! the %ifferen&e "et(een a heat /)m/ an% a refrigerat$r' Ans: 3eat pump is a device which operating in cyclic process, maintains the temperature of a hot body at a temperature higher than the temperature of surroundings. A refrigerator is a device which operating in a cyclic process, maintains the temperature of a cold body at a temperature lower than the temperature of the surroundings. :0. What i! meant "# heat engine' Ans: A heat engine is a device which is used to convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy.

:1. Define the term CO>' Ans: !o1efficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat e$tracted or re@ected to work input. 3eat e$tracted or re@ected ! % 6 11111111111111111111111111111111 "ork input : . Write the e9/re!!i$n f$r CO> $f a heat /)m/ an% a refrigerat$r' Ans: ! % of heat pump ! % 3% 6 3eat )upplied T( 1111111111111111111 6 11111111 "ork input T(1T&

! % of <efrigerator ! % 3% 6 3eat e$trated 111111111111111 6 "ork input T& 11111111 T(1T&

:6. What i! the relati$n "et(een CO>H> an% CO> ref' Ans: ! %3% 6 ! %ref 7& :;. Wh# Carn$t &#&le &ann$t "e realiHe% in /ra&ti&al' Ans: (i) In a !arnot cycle all the four process are reversible but in actual practice there is no process is reversible. (ii) There are two processes to be carried out during compression and e$pansion. 2or isothermal process the piston moves very slowly and for adiabatic process the piston moves as fast as possible. This speed variation during the same stroke of the piston is not possible. (iii) It is not possible to avoid friction moving parts completely. ::. Name t($ alternati8e meth$%! "# (hi&h the effi&ien&# $f a Carn$t &#&le &an "e increased. Ans: (i) #fficiency can be increased as the higher temperature T( increases. (ii) #fficiency can be increased as the lower temperature T& decreases. :3. Wh# a heat engine &ann$t ha8e 100I effi&ien&#' Ans: 2or all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings. Therefore we canAt convert all the heat input into useful work. :=. When (ill "e the Carn$t &#&le effi&ien&# i! ma9im)m' Ans: !arnot cycle efficiency is ma$imum when the initial temperature is >K.

:<. What are the /r$&e!!e! in8$l8e% in Carn$t &#&le. Ans: !arnot cycle consist of i) <eversible isothermal compression ii) isentropic compression iii) reversible isothermal e$pansion iv) isentropic e$pansion :-. Write the e9/re!!i$n f$r effi&ien&# $f the &arn$t &#&le. T( 4 T& Ans: n 6 111111111 T( 30. Define1 Therm$%#nami& &#&le!. Ans: Thermodynamic cycle is defined as the series of processes performed on the system, so that the system attains to its original state. 31. Define the term &$m/re!!i$n rati$. Ans: !ompression ratio is the ratio between total cylinder volume to clearance volume. It is denoted by the letter BrA 3 . What i! the range $f &$m/re!!i$n rati$ f$r SI an% %ie!el engine' Ans: 2or petrol of )I engine C to D 2or diesel engine &( to &D. 36. Whi&h &#&le i! m$re effi&ient f$r the !ame &$m/re!!i$n rati$ an% heat in/)t. Ott$ &#&le $r Die!el &#&le' Ans: tto cycle is more efficient than diesel cycle 3;. Write the e9/re!!i$n f$r effi&ien&# $f the $tt$ &#&le' Ans: & #fficiency n 6& 1 111111111 (r)r1& 3:. The effi&ien&# $f the %ie!el &#&le a//r$a&he! the $tt$ &#&le effi&ien&# (hen the &)t $ff rati$ i! EEEEEE Ans: reduced 33. Whi&h %e8i&e i! )!e% t$ &$ntr$l the Air + f)el rati$ in the /etr$l engine' Ans: !arburettor 3=. Whi&h %e8i&e i! )!e% t$ &$ntr$l the Air f)el rati$ in the %ie!el engine' Ans: In@ection no;;le

3<. The !/ee% $f a f$)r !tr$Ae I.C. engine i! 1:00r/m. What (ill "e the !/ee% $f the &am !haft' Ans: EF> rpm. 3-. All the f$)r $/erati$n! in t($ !tr$Ae engine are /erf$rme% in EEEEEEEE n)m"er $f re8$l)ti$n $f &ranA !haft. Ans: one =0. All the f$)r $/erati$n! in f$)r !tr$Ae engine are /erf$rme% in EEEEEEE n)m"er $f $/erati$n!' Ans: Two =1. In $tt$ &#&le the &$m/re!!i$n rati$ i! EEEEEEE t$ e9/an!i$n rati$. Ans: #-ual = . In %ie!el engine. the &$m/re!!i$n rati$ i! EEEEEEEEEE than e9/an!i$n rati$' Ans: Greater =6. What i! meant "# &)t$ff rati$' Ans: !utoff ratio is defined as the ratio of volume after the heat addition to before the heat addition. It is denoted by the letter BpA =;. What are the a!!)m/ti$n! ma%e f$r air !tan%ar% &#&le. Ans: &. Air is the working substance. (. Throughout the cycle, air behaves as a perfect gas and obeys all the gas laws. *. =o chemical reaction takes place in the cylinder H. Ioth e$pansion and compression are strictly isentropic F. The values of specific heats of the air remain constant throughout the cycle. =:. What i! the %ifferen&e "et(een $tt$ an% Die!el &#&le. Ott$ C#&le &. tto cycle consist of two adiabatic and two constant volume process. (. !ompression ratio is e-ual to e$pansion ratio *. 3eat addition takes place at constant volume. H. !ompression ratio is less. It is varies from C to D. Die!el C#&le &. It consists of two adiabatic, one constant volume and one constant pressure processes. (. !ompression ratio is greater than e$pansion ratio. *. 3eat addition takes place at constant pressure H. !ompression ratio is more. It varies from &( to &D.

=3. What i! the $ther name gi8en t$ $tt$ &#&le' Ans: !onstant volume cycle.

==. What i! meant "# air !tan%ar% effi&ien&# $f the &#&le' Ans: It is defined as the ratio of work done by the cycle to the heat supplied to the cycle. "ork done #fficiency n 6 11111111111111 3eat supplied =<. Define1 Mean effe&ti8e /re!!)re $f an I.C. engine. Ans: 'ean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the piston during the working stroke. It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the stroke volume or piston displacement volume. =-. What (ill "e the effe&t $f &$m/re!!i$n rati$ $n effi&ien&# $f the %ie!el &#&le' Ans: #fficiency increases with the increase in compression ratio and vice 4 versa. <0. What (ill "e the effe&t $f &)t $ff rati$ $n effi&ien&# $f the %ie!el &#&le. Ans: #fficiency decreases with the increase of cut off ratio and vice 4 versa. <1. The thermal effi&ien&# $f a t($ !tr$Ae &#&le engine i! EEEEEEE than the f$)r !tr$Ae &#&le engine. Ans: Jesser. < . Define1 S/e&ifi& f)el &$n!)m/ti$n. Ans: )2! is defined as the amount of fuel consumed per brake power hour of work. <6. What i! meant "# &al$rifi& 8al)e $f a f)el. Ans: !alorific value of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat liberated by the compete combustion of unit -uantity of a fuel. <;. 7i8e the e9/re!!i$n f$r effi&ien&# $f the D)al &#&le. Ans: #fficiency n 6 & 1 where, r 4 !ompression ratio k 4 pressure or #$passion ratio p 4 cut off ratio and y 4 adiabatic inde$ <:. The effi&ien&# $f the D)al &#&le i! EEEEEEE than the %ie!el &#&le an% EEEEEE than the $tt$ &#&le f$r the !ame &$m/re!!i$n rati$. Ans: greater, less. & 1111111 (r)r1& 8pr 1 & 11111111111111111 (81&) 7 y8(p1&)

<3. What are the fa&t$r! infl)en&ing $f the D)al &#&le' Ans: &. !ompression ratio (.cut off ratio *. pressure ratio and H. heat supplied at constant volume and constant pressure. <=. The 2ra#t$n &#&le i! mainl# )!e% in EEEEEEE Ans: Gas turbine power plant. <<. 7i8e the e9/re!!i$n f$r effi&ien&# $f the 2ra#t$n &#&le. Ans: & #fficiency n 6 & 1 1111111111 where <p 4 pressure ratio. (<p)y1& <-. The t($ !tr$Ae &#&le engine gi8e! EEEEEE the n)m"er $f /$(er !tr$Ae! a! &$m/are% t$ the f$)r !tr$Ae &#&le engine. at the !ame engine !/ee%. Ans : double. -0. In /etr$l engine. the &harge i! ignite% (ith the hel/ $f EEEEEEEE Ans : )park plug -1. The %ie!el engine %ra(! the mi9t)re $f %ie!el an% air %)ring !)&ti$n !tr$Ae *Tr)e J @al!e5 Ans : 2alse. - . What i! the f)el inKe&t$r' Ans : 2uel in@ector is used in diesel engine to in@ect and atomi;e the diesel at the end of the compression stroke. -6. What i! meant "# SI engine ' Wh# it i! &alle% !$ ' Ans : )I engine means spark ignition engine. In )I engine air fuel mi$ture is ignited by spark plug hence it is called spark ignition engine. It is also called as petrol engine. -;. 7i8e f$)r maK$r %ifferen&e "et(een t($ !tr$Ae an% f$)r !tr$Ae IC engine. N$ & ( * H T($ !tr$Ae &#&le engine ne cycle is completed in two stroke of the piston or one revolution of the crank shaft. 2or the same speed, twice the number of power strokes are produced than H stroke engine. Turning moment is more uniform and hence lighter flywheel is used. It contains ports which is operated by the piston movement. @$)r Str$Ae &#&le engine ne cycle is completed in four stroke of the piston or two revolution of the crank shaft. 2or the same speed, half of the number of power strokes are produced than ( stroke engine. Turning moment is not uniform and hence bigger flywheel is used. It contains valves which is operated by valve mechanism.

-:. What i! meant "# CI Engine ' Wh# it i! &alle% !$ ' Ans : !I engine means compression ignition engine. In !I engine the fuel is in@ected by a fuel in@ector in atomi;ed form because of high compressed air it gets ignited automatically. 3ence it is called as compression ignition engine. -3. What i! a t($ !tr$Ae engine ' Ans : A two stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in two stroke of the piston or one revolution of the crank shaft. -=. What i! a f$)r !tr$Ae engine ' Ans : A four stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in four stroke of the piston or two revolution of the crank shaft. -<. Name the f$)r !tr$Ae! $f an IC engine' Ans : )uction, compression, power and e$haust stroke. --. Differentiate /etr$l an% Die!el engine!. >etr$l $r SI engine! &. !ombustion of air fuel mi$ture takes place by spark produced by sparkplug. (. !arburetor is used to mi$ the air fuel mi$ture. *. !ompression ratio varies from C to D. H.It works on tto cycle. Die!el $r CI engine &. !ombustion takes place by high compressed air. (. 2uel in@ector is used to in@ect the fuel in atomi;ed form. *. !ompression ratio varies from &( to &D. H. It works on /iesel or /ual cycle.

100. What i! a 7a! t)r"ine' H$( %$ #$) &la!!if#. Ans: Gas turbine is an a$ial flow rotary turbine in which working medium is gas. !lassification of gas turbine. &. According to the cycle of operation a) open cycle b) closed cycle and c) semi 4 closed cycle. (. According to the process a) constant volume and b) constant pressure process. 101. What i! meant "# &l$!e% &#&le ga! t)r"ine' Ans: In closed cycle gas turbine, the same working fluid is recirculated again and again. 10 . What i! meant "# $/en &#&le ga! t)r"ine' Ans: In open cycle gas turbine, the e$haust gas form turbine is e$hausted to the atmosphere and fresh air is taken in compressor for every cycle.

106. 7a! t)r"ine i! ($rAing $n LLLL&#&le Ans: Irayton or 9ules cycle. 10;. H$( &an (e in&rea!e the effi&ien&# $f the ga! t)r"ine' Ans: Iy providing inter cooler, re1heater along with heat e$changes. 10:. Differentiate $/en an% &l$!e% &#&le ga! t)r"ine!. O/en &#&le ga! t)r"ine &. "orking substance is e$hausted to the atmosphere after one cycle. (. %re1cooler is not re-uired *. 3igh -uality fuels are used H. 2or the same power developed si;e and weight of the plant is small Cl$!e% &#&le ga! t)r"ine &. The same working substance is recirculated again and again. (. %re1cooler is re-uired to cool the e$haust gas to the original temperature. *. Jow -uality fuels are used H. )i;e and weight are bigger.

103. What i! the f)n&ti$n $f inter&$$ler in ga! t)r"ine!' Where it i! /la&e%' Ans: The intercooler is placed between J.%. and 3.%. compressors. It is used to cool the gas coming form J.%. compressor to its original temperature. 10=. Wh# reLheater i! ne&e!!ar# in ga! t)r"ine' What are it! effe&t!' Ans: The e$pansion process is very often performed in two sperate turbine stages. The re1heater is placed between the 3.%. and J.%. turbines to increase the enthalpy of the e$haust gas coming from 3.%. turbine. #ffects: &. Turbine output is increased for the same compression ratio (. Thermal efficiency is less. 10<. What i! the f)n&ti$n $f regenerat$r in ga! t)r"ine' Ans: The main function of heat regenerator is to e$change the heat from e$haust gas to the compressed air for preheating before combustion chamber. It increases fuel economy and increase thermal efficiency. 10-. What i! meant "# !ingle a&ting &$m/re!!$r' In single acting compressor, the suction, compression and delivery of air take place on one side of the piston. 110. What i! meant "# %$)"le a&ting &$m/re!!$r' In double acting reciprocating compressor, the suction compressin and delivery of air take place on both side of the piston. 111. What i! meant "# !ingle !tage &$m/re!!$r' In single stage compressor, the compression of air from the initial pressure to the final pressure is carried out in one cylinder only.

11 . Define &learan&e rati$ !learance ratio is defined as the ratio of clearance volume to swept volume (or) stroke volume. .c ! 6 11111111 .s .c 4 clearance volume .s 4 swept volume

116. What i! &$m/re!!i$n rati$' !ompression ratio is defined as the ratio between total volume and clearance volume. Total volume !ompression ratio 6 1111111111111111111 !learance .olume 11;. What are the fa&t$r! that effe&t the 8$l)metri& effi&ien&# $f a re&i/r$&ating &$m/re!!$r' &) !learance volume () !ompression ratio. 11:. C$m/re!!$r Ca/a&it# i! a) .olume of air delivered b) .olume of air sucked c) Ioth a and b d) =ine of the above Ans: (a) 113. C$m/re!!$r &a/a&it# i! highe!t. (hen the intaAe air tem/erat)re i! EEEEEEE Ans: Jowest 11=. C$m/re!!$r &a/a&it# i! e9/re!!e% in EEEEEEEEEEE Ans: m*0min 11<. A! the &$m/re!!i$n rati$ in&rea!e!. the 8$l)metri& effi&ien&# $f air &$m/re!!$r EEEEEEE Ans: /ecreases. 11-.A :0 m6Jmin &$m/re!!$r &an a) !ompress F>m*0min of free air b) !ompress F>m*0min of standard air c) /eliver F>m*0min of standard air d) /eliver F>m*0min of free air. Ans: a)

1 0. @$r %eli8ering large am$)nt $f air at l$( /re!!)re a) <otary compressors are used b) <eciprocating compressors are used c) All engines are used d) All the above Ans: (a) 1 1. In ga! t)r"ine. t#/e $f r$tar# &$m/re!!$r )!e% i! EEEEEEEEEE Ans: A$ial flow compressor. 1 . In Aer$/lane. t#/e $f r$tar# &$m/re!!$r )!e% i! EEEEEEEEEEE Ans: A$ial flow compressor. 1 6. What i! the %ifferen&e "et(een &$m/lete *$r5 /erfe&t inter &$$ling an% in&$m/lelte *$r5 im/erfe&t inter &$$ling. %erfect Inter cooling "hen the temperature of air leaving the intercooler (T*) is e-ual to the original atmospheric air temperature (T&), then the inter cooling is known as perfect inter cooling. Imperfect Inter cooling "hen the temperature of air leaving the inter cooler (T*) is more than original atmospheric air temperature (T&), then the inter cooling is known as Imperfect inter cooling. 1 ;. >$(er re?)irement $f a refrigerat$r i! EEEEEEEEE Ans: Inversely proportional to cop 1 :. In SI Unit!. $ne t$n $f refrigerati$n i! e?)al t$ EEEEEEEEEE Ans: (&>890min 1 3. The &a/a&it# $f a %$me!ti& refrigerat$r i! in the range $f EEEEEEEEEE Ans: >.& to >.* tonnes. 1 =. CO> $f a refrigerat$r ($rAing $n a re8er!e% &arn$t &$%e i! EEEEEEEEE Ans: T( 11111111111 T& 4 T( 1 <. The 8a/$)r &$m/re!!i$n refrigerat$r em/l$#! the EEEEEEEEEE&#&le Ans: <eversed carnot 1 -. In 8a/$)r &$m/re!!i$n &#&le the &$n%iti$n $f refrigerant i! %r# !at)rate% 8a/$)r EEEEEEEE Ans: Iefore entering the compressor.

160. 7i8e the ; im/$rtant /arameter! that are t$ "e mea!)re% an% &$ntr$lle% $f an air &$n%iti$ning !#!tem. &. Temperature of air (. 3umidity of air *. %urity of air H. 'otion of air 161. Name the &#&le! $n (hi&h an Air refrigerati$n !#!tem ($rA!. Ans: &. <eversed carnot cycle (. Iell 4 coleman cycle 16 . Name f$)r im/$rtant /r$/ertie! $f a g$$% refrigerant Ans: &. Jow boiling point (. 3igh critical temperature + pressure *. Jow sp.heat of li-uid H. =on 4 flammable and non e$plosive. 166. Name !$me $f the e?)i/ment! )!e% in air &$n%iti$ning !#!tem Ans: &. 2ilter (. !ooling coil *. 3eating coil H. !ompressor F. !ondeser C. #vaporator 16;. Name an# f$)r &$mm$nl# )!e% refrigerant! AnsK &. Ammonia (=3*) (. !arbon di o$ide (! () *. )ulphur di o$ide () () H. 2reon 4 &(. 16:. What are the fa&t$r! t$ "e &$n!i%ere% in air &$n%iti$ning a r$$m' Ans: &. Temperature of air (. 3umidity of air *. %urity of air H. 'otion of air. 163. The %$$r $f a r)nning refrigerat$r in!i%e a r$$m (a! left $/en. What (ill ha//en' Ans: The room will be gradually warmed up. 16=. @$)rier,! Da( i! "a!e% $n a!!)m/ti$n that EEEEEEEE Ans: 3eat transfer in steady state 16<. A /erfe&t "la&A "$%# i! $ne (hi&h EEEEEEEEEE Ans: Absorb heat radiation of all wave lengths falling on it.

16-. The 8al8e $f the (a8e length f$r ma9im)m emi!!i8e /$(er i! gi8en "# EEEEEEEE Ans: "einAs Jaw 1;0. Thermal %iff)!i8it# $f a !)"!tan&e i! gi8en "# EEEEEEEEE Ans: k 111111111 p!p 1;1. The )nit f$r Stefan + 2$ltHman &$n!tant i! EEEEEEEEEEE Ans: "att0m(0kH 1; . T($ /late! !/a&e% 1:0mm a/art are maintaine% at 1000C an% 70c. The heat tran!fer (ill taAe /la&e mainl# "# EEEEEEEEE Ans: <adiation. 1;6. Heat &$n%)&te% thr$)gh )nit area an% )nit thi&A fa&e /er )nit time (hen tem/erat)re %ifferen&e "et(een $//$!ite fa&e! i! )nit# i! &alle% EEEEEEEEE Ans: Thermal conductivity 1;;. The am$)nt $f ra%iati$n mainl# %e/en%! $n EEEEEEEEEE Ans: =ature of body, temperature of body and type of surface of body 1;:. What i! meant "# ra%iati$n !ha/e fa&t$r' The space factor is defined as the fraction of the radiative energy that is diffused from one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflections. It is represented by 2i@i. ther names for the radiation shape factor are view factor, angle factor, and configuration factor. 1;3. 7i8e the 6 "a!i& e9/re!!i$n! g$8erning the 6 m$%e! $f heat tran!fer. &) 2ourier Jaw of conduction dT L 6 18A 1111111111 d$ where A 4 Area in m( dT 1111 1 Temperature gradient in 80m d$ 8 4 Therma conductivity "0m8 (. =ewtonAs Jaw of cooling L 6 hA(Ts 1 TM) "here 3 4 heat transfer co 4 eff in "0m(8

A 4 )urface Area in m( Ts 4 )urface Temperature in 8 TM 1 2luid Temperature in 8 *. )tefan 4 Iolt;man Jaw #b 6 N TH "here N 1 )tefan Iolt;man constant 6 F.CCO $ &>1D w0m( kH T 4 Temperature in 8 1;=. Define a "la&A "$%# Ilack body is on ideal surface having the following properties. &) A black body absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wave length and direction. () 2or a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than black body. 1;<. 7i8en t($ e9am/le! $f heat tran!fer (ith internal heat generati$n. &. !hemical <eaction (. =uclear <eaction *. !ombustion <eaction. 1;-. Name the la( (hi&h g$8ern! &$n8e&ti$n heat tran!fer Ans: =ewtonAs law of cooling 1:0. Write %$(n the Stefan 2$ltHman la( (ith it! Unit The total energy emitted by a black body at a particular temperature is given by #b 6 N TH "here N 4 )tefan Iolt;man constant 4 F.CCO $ &>1D w0m(kH