CHAPTER 1 FUNCtIONS

Focus on Exam 1
2 1 (a) g(x) = 16 x For g(x) to be defined, 16 x2 0 (4 + x)(4 x) 0

(b)

y y = x2 9

3 x

(c) The range is {y | y 0, y P }.

3 First, consider only g(x) = x 2. The 1 2

Hence, the domain of g is {x | 4 x 4, x P }.

y The graph of g(x) is actually part of a circle with the equation y 2 = 16 - x 2 x 2 + y 2 = 42.

graph of g(x) is as shown below.

y y= 1x+2 2 2 y = 16 - x
2

(b)

y= 1x2 2 x

-4

O 2

(c) The range is {y | 0 y 4, y P 2 (a) f : x x2 9 f(x) = x2 9 For f(x) to be defined, x2 9 0 (x + 3)(x 3) 0

}.

1 x 2, x 4. 2 1 Next, consider only h(x) = x + 2 . The 2 graph of h(x) is as shown below.

Thus, g(x) =

1 x + 2, x < 4, 2

y y= 1x2 2 2 4 O

y= 1x+2 2

Hence, the domain of f is {x | x 3 or x 3, x P

}.

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Updated Edition

Thus, h(x) =

1 x 2, x < 4, 2 1 x + 2, x 4. 2

The domain of f(x) is {x | x }. The range of f(x) is {y | y 2, y P }. 1 (ii) g(x) = x2

y

Therefore, for x < 4, 1 1 f(x) = x + 2 x 2 2 2

2
1 2 O 2

y=

=4 1 1 for 4 x < 4, f(x) = x + 2 x + 2 2 2 = x

1 x2 x

for x 4,

1 1 f(x) = x 2 x + 2 2 2

= 4

The domain of g(x) is {x | x , x 2}. The range of g(x) is {y | y , y 0}. (b) g f = g[f(x)] = g[(x + 1)2 + 2] 1 = (x 1)2 2 2 + + 1 = (x 1)2 , x 1 + The domain of g f is {x | x , x 1}.
y

Hence, f(x) = x, 4 x < 4, 4,x 4. (a) The graph of f(x) is as shown below.
y y=4

4, x < 4,

y = x 4 4 O x

y = g f(x) = 1 O 1 (x + 1)2 x

y = 4

5 (a) (i) f(x) = x 2

y

(b)  Thel range of f(x) is {y | 4 y 4, y P 4 (a) (i) f(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2

}.

y= x2

O y y = (x + 1)2 + 2 3

(1, 2)
O x

The domain of f(x) is {x | x 2, x P }. The range of f(x) is {y | y 0, y P }.

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

Fully Worked Solution

(ii) g(x) = x2 3
y

The domain of g is {x | x }. The range of g is { y | y 5, y P }. (b) f g does not exist because Rg # Df.
x y = x2 3

O 3

The domain of g(x) is {x | x }. The range of g(x) is {y | y 3, y P }. (b) g f exists because Rf # Dg. g f = g[f(x)] = g1 x 2 2 = 1 x 2 22 3 =x5 (c) For f g to be defined, Rg # Df. Df Rg

5 x2 5 5 0 x2 10 Hence, the required set of values of x is {x | 10 x 10 , x P }. 7 (a) (i) f(x) =

}
y

(c) For f g to be defined, Rg # Df. Df Rg Df

1 x2

x2 3 2

1 2

x2 5 0 1x + 5 21x 5 2 0 Hence, the required set of values of x is {x | x 5 or x 5 , x P }. 6 (a) (i) f(x) = 25 x2

y

5 y = 25 x 2 5 O 5 x 4 O

The domain of f is {x | 5 x 5, x P }. The range of f is {y | 0 y 5, y P }. (ii) g(x) = x2 5

y

O y = x2 5 5

The domain of f is {x | x , x 2}. The range of f is {y | y , y 0}. 2 (ii) g(x) = x+4

y

1 2

The domain of g(x) is {x | x , x 4}. j The range of g is {y | y , y 0}. (b) f g = f[g(x)] 2 = f x 4 + 1 = 2 2 x+4 x+4 = 2 2(x 4) +

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Updated Edition

x + 4 , x 3 k 6 2x Combining j and k, the domain of f g is {x | x , x 4, x 3}.

= 8 (a) For f : x a {x | x x , the domain is x+1
2 3

y h(x) = 3 + 3 x 2 x

, x 1}. x 2 For g : x a + , the domain is x {x | x , x 0}.

(b) g f = gf(x) = g

1x x 12

(d) h g f because the domain and the range of g f are not the same as the domain and the range of h. 1 P ,x x
A\B means A B or A B9.

x +2 x+1 = x x+1 x + 2(x + 1) = x 3x + 2 = x 2 =3+ ,x0 x Other than x 0, the domain of g f also has to follow the domain of f, i.e. x , x 1. Hence, the domain of g f is {x | x , x 0, x 1}. 2 , i.e. If x 1, then gf(x) 3 + (1) gf(x) 1. Thus, the range of g f cannot take the value 1. Other than that, based on the graph in (c), the range of g f also cannot take the value 3. Hence, the range of g f is { y | y , y 1, y 3}. 2 (c) For h : x 3 + , x the domain is {x | x P , x 0} and the range is {y | y P , y 3}.

9 f : x

\{0}

g : x a 2x 1, x P f g = fg(x) = f(2x 1) 1 1 ,x = 2x 1 2 The domain of f g is x | x 10 (a) Let

,x

1 . 2

y = f1(x) f(y) = x y 1 =x 2+ y1 =x2 y 1 = (x 2)2 y 1 = x2 4x + 4 y = x2 4x + 5 1 [ f (x) = x2 4x + 5 The domain of f1 is the same as the range of f, i.e. {x | x 2, x P }. The range of f1 is the same as the domain of f, i.e. {y | y 1, y P }. (b)  The graphs of y = f(x) and y = f1(x) are as shown below.
y y = f 1(x) 5 4 3 2 1 O1 2 3 4 5
y = x

y = f (x) The graph of y = f 1(x) is the reflection of the graph of y = f (x) in the straight line y = x. x

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

Fully Worked Solution

The point of intersection of the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f1(x) is the same as the point of intersection of the curve y = f1(x) = x2 4x + 5 and the straight line y = x. y = x2 4x + 5 j y = x k x2 4x + 5 = x x2 5x + 5 = 0 (5) (5)2 4(1)(5) x= 2(1) 5 5 x= 2 x = 1.38 or 3.62 x = 1.38 is not accepted x = 3.62 y = x = 3.62 Hence, the required point of intersection is (3.62, 3.62). 11 (a)  The graph of y = f(x) = x2 3x is as shown below.
y y = f (x) = x 2 3x O 3 , 2 1 (11 2 4) x

12 Since (x 2) is a factor of p(x) = qx3 rx2 + x 2, p(2) = 0 q(2)3 r(2)2 + 2 2 = 0 8q 4r = 0 2q r = 0 j p(x) has a remainder of 12 when it is divided by (x + 1). p(1) = 12 q(1)3 r(1)2 1 2 = 0 q r = 3 k j k: 2q r = 0 q r = 3 3q = 3 q = 1 From j, 2(1) r = 0 r = 2 p(x) = x3 + 2x2 + x 2 x2 + 1 x 2 2 x3 + 2x2 + x 2 x3 + 2x2 x2 x2 0 p(x) = (x 2)(x2 + 1) = (x 2)(1 + x)(1 x) Hence, the zeroes of p(x) are 2, 1 and 1. 13 Since q(x) is divisible by x2 + x 6 = (x 2)(x + 3), then it is also divisible by (x 2) and (x + 3). q(2) = 0 m(2)3 5(2)2 + k(2) + 54 = 0 8m + 2k = 34 4m + k = 17 j q(3) = 0 m(3)3 5(3)2 + k(3) + 54 = 0 27m 3k = 9 9m + k = 3 k k j: 5m = 20 m = 4 From j, 4(4) + k = 17 k = 33 14 Since (x + 2) is a factor of p(x), then p(2) = 0 (2)3 + 4(2)2 h(2) + k = 0 2h + k = 8 k = 2h 8 j

f1 does not exist because f is not a oneto-one function. (b)  In order for f1 to exist, the domain of f must be restricted to only 1 x | x 1 , x P . 2 Let y = f1(x) f(y) = x 2 y 3y = x y2 3y x = 0 (3) + (3)2 4(1)(x) y= 2(1) 3 + 9 + 4x y= 2 9 + 4x 3 [ f 1(x) = + 2 1 The domain of f is the same as the 1 range of f, i.e. x | x 2 , x P . 4

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Updated Edition

When p(x) is divided by (x h), the remainder is h3. p(h) = h3 3 2 2 h + 4h h + k = h3 3h2 + k = 0 k Substituting j into k, 3h2 2h 8 = 0 (3h + 4)(h 2) = 0 4 h = or 2 3 16 When h = 4 , k = 2 4 8 = 3 3 3 When h = 2, k = 2(2) 8 = 12 15 When a polynomial p(x) of degree n 2 is divided by 2x2 + 3x 2 = (2x 1)(x + 2), the remainder is an expression in the form ax + b, where a and b are constants. i.e. p(x) = (2x 1)(x + 2) q(x) + (ax + b) When p(x) is divided by (2x 1), the 3 remainder is . 2 1 1 1 3 a+b= p 2 = (0) + 2 q(x) + 2 2 2 a + 2b = 3 j

1 2

p(x) = (x2 4)(x3 + x 2) Let q(x) = x3 + x 2. If x = 1, q(x) = 13 + 1 2 = 0 (x 1) is a factor of q(x). p(x) = (x2 4)(x 1)(x2 + x + 2) When p(x) = 0, x2 4 = 0 or x 1 = 0 or x2 + x + 2 = 0 x = 2, x = 1, No real solutions because  b2 4ac = 12 4(1)(2) = 7 (< 0) The roots of p(x) = 0 are 2 and 1. 17 (a) x2 1 = (x 1)(x + 1) p(1) = 12n (m + 2)(1)2 + m + 1 =1m2+m+1=0 Thus, (x 1) is a factor of p(x). p(1) = (1)2n (m + 2)(1)2 + m + 1 =1m2+m+1=0 Thus, (x + 1) is a factor of p(x). Since (x 1) and (x + 1) are factors of p(x), then (x 1)(x + 1) = x2 1 is a factor of p(x). (b) When m = 8, p(x) = x2n (8 + 2)x2 + 8 + 1 = x2n 10x2 + 9 Since (x 3) is a factor, then p(3) = 0 32n 10(3)2 + 9 = 0 32n = 81 32n = 34 2n = 4 n=2 Hence, p(x) = x 4 10x2 + 9 = (x2 9) (x2 1) = (x + 3)(x 3)(x + 1) (x 1) 18 (a) p(x) = x4 + ax3 7x2 4ax + b Since (x + 3) is a factor of p(x), p(3) = 0. (3)4 + a(3)3 7(3)2 4a(3) + b = 0 81 27a 63 + 12a + b = 0 15a + b = 18 j When p(x) is divided by (x 3), the remainder is 60. Therefore, p(3) = 60 34 + a(3)3 7(3)2 4a(3) + b = 60 81 + 27a 63 12a + b = 60 15a + b = 42 k

1 2

When p(x) is divided by (x + 2), the remainder is 1. p(2) = [2 (2) 1](0) q(x) + (2a + b) = 1 2a + b = 1 k Solving j and k, a = 1, b = 1 Hence, the remainder when p(x) is divided by 2x2 + 3x 2 is ax + b = x + 1. 16 x3 + x 2 x 4 2 x5 3x3 2x2 4x + 8 x5 4x3 x3 2x2 4x + 8 x3 4x 2 2x +8 2x2 +8 0
2

The remainder is 0. Since the remainder is 0, (x2 4) is a factor of p(x).

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

Fully Worked Solution

j + k, 2b = 24 b = 12 From j, 15a + 12 = 18 a=2 [ p(x) = x4 + 2x3 7x2 8x + 12 (b) x3 x2 4x + 4 x + 3 2x4 + 2x3 7x2 8x + 12 (x4 + 3x3) x3 7x2 (x3 3x2) 4x2 8x (4x2 12x) 4x + 12 (4x + 12) 0 3 2 Let f(x) = x x 4x + 4 f(1) = 13 12 4(1) + 4 = 0 Therefore, (x 1) is another factor of p(x). x2 4 x 1 2x3 x2 4x + 4 (x3 x2) 4x + 4 (4x + 4) 0 Hence, p(x) = (x + 3)(x 1)(x2 4) = (x + 3)(x 1)(x + 2)(x 2) 12y4 8y3 7y2 + 2y + 1 = 0 12 1 1 1 1 1x 2 81x 2 71x 2 + 21x 2+ 1 = 0
4 3 2

1 2(1)3 + 4(1)2 + (1) k = 0 2 1 2 + 4 k = 0 2 3 k=0 2 3 k= 2 1 3 (b) p(x) = 2x 3 + 4x 2 + x 2 2 3 2 1 3 x + 12 2x 3 + 4x 2 + x 2 2 (2x 3 + 2x 2) 2x 2 + 2x 1 2x 2 + x 2 (2x 2 + 2x) 3 3 x 2 2 3 3 x 2 2

2 2 2

0 Hence, p(x) = (x + 1) 2x 2 + 2x

1 4x = (x + 1)1
=

3 2 2 + 4x 3 2

1 (x + 1)(2x + 3)(2x 1) 2

12 8x 7x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 0 (x + 3)(x 1)(x + 2)(x 2) = 0 x = 3, 1, 2 or 2 Letting y = 1 x 1 3, 1, 2 or 2 y= 1 1 1 y = , 1, or 3 2 2 1 19 (a) p(x) = 2 x 3 + 4 x 2 + x k 2 Since (x + 1) is a factor of p(x), then p(1) = 0

20 (a) Since (x + 2) is a factor, then p(2) = 0 6(2)4 a(2)3 b(2)2 + 28(2) + 12 = 0 96 + 8a 4b 56 + 12 = 0 8a 4b = 52 2a b = 13 j Since (x 2) is a factor, then p(2) = 0 4 3 2 6(2) a(2) b(2) + 28(2) + 12 = 0 96 8a 4b + 56 + 12 = 0 8a 4b = 164 2a + b = 41 k j + k : 4a = 28 a=7 From j, 2(7) b = 13 b = 27 p(x) = (x + 2)(x 2)g(x)
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Updated Edition

6x2 7x 3 x2 4 26x4 7x3 27x2 + 28x + 12 () 6x4 24x2 7x3 3x2 + 28x + 12 () 7x3 + 28x 3x2 () 3x2 + 12 + 12 0

3=2C C = 1 Letting x = 1, 8 = A + (B + C)(2) 8 = 2 + (B 1)(2) 8 = 2 + 2B + 2 2B = 4 B=2 2x 1 2 4x2 x + 3 + 2 = x +x+1 x1 x3 1 22 Since the remainders when p(x) is divided by (x + 1) is 0, p(1) = 0. p(1) = 0 (1)3 + m(1)2 + 15(1) + k = 0 1 + m 15 + k = 0 m + k = 16 j Since the remainders when p(x) is divided by (x + 2) is (4), p(2) = 4. p(2) = 4 3 2 (2) + m(2) + 15(2) + k = 4 8 + 4m 30 + k = 4 4m + k = 34 k k j: 3m = 18 m = 6 From j: 6 + k = 16 k = 10 p(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 15x + 10 Since the remainders when p(x) is divided by (x + 1) is 0, (x + 1) is a factor of p(x). x2 + 5x + 10 x + 12 x3 + 6x2 + 15x + 10 x3 + x2 5x2 + 15x 5x2 + 5x 10x + 10 10x + 10 0 2 p(x) = (x + 1)(x + 5x + 10) x+7 x+7 = (x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 10) p(x) Bx + C A + 2 x + 5x + 10 x+1 x + 7 A(x2 + 5x + 10) + (Bx + C)(x + 1) Letting x = 1, 6 = 6A A = 1 Letting x = 0, 7 = 10A + C 7 = 10(1) + C C = 3 Letting x = 1, 8 = 16A + 2B + 2C 8 = 16(1) + 2B + 2(3)

p(x) = (x + 2)(x 2)(6x2 7x 3) = (x + 2)(x 2)(2x 3)(3x + 1) (b) p(x) = (x + 2)(x 2)(2x 3)(3x + 1) = (2x 3)[(x + 2)(x 2)(3x + 1)] = (2x 3)[(x2 4)(3x + 1)] = (2x 3)(3x3 + x2 12x 4) = (2x 3)(3x3 41 + 37 + x2 12x) q(x) q(x) = x2 12x + 37 = x2 12x + (6)2 (6)2 + 37 = (x 6)2 + 1 The minimum point is (6, 1). When x = 2, y = q(2) = (2)2 12(2) + 37 = 65 When x = 10, y = q(10) = 10 2 12(10) + 37 = 17 The graph of y = q(x) for x [2, 10] is as shown below.
y (2, 65)

(6, 1) O x

Hence, the corresponding range for x [2, 10] is [1, 65]. 21 4x2 x + 3 4x2 x + 3 = 3 x 1 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1)

Bx + C A + x2 x 1 + + x1 2 2 4x x + 3 A(x + x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x 1) Letting x = 1, 6 = 3A A = 2 Letting x = 0, 3 = A + C(1)

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

5
(10, 17)

Fully Worked Solution

x+7 x 3 1 + = (x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 10) x + 1 x2 + 5x + 10 x+3 1 = 2 x + 1 x + 5x + 10

2B = 2 B = 1

+ +

+ + +

x5 0 x1 0 x > 0 x

0 + 1 5

23 16 x3 4x2 + 4x 16 0 When 16 x3 4x2 + 4x 16, x3 4x2 + 4x 0 x(x2 4x + 4) 0 x (x 2)2 0 Since (x 2)2 0, in order that x(x 2)2 0, then x 0 j When x3 4x2 + 4x 16 0, we let f(x) = x3 4x2 + 4x 16. f(4) = 43 4(4)2 + 4(4) 16 = 0 Thus, (x 4) is a factor of f(x). x2 + 4 x 42 x3 4x2 + 4x 16 x3 4x2 4x 16 4x 16 0 x3 4x2 + 4x 16 0 (x 4)(x2 + 4) 0 Since x2 + 4 > 0, in order that (x 4)(x2 + 4) 0, then x 4 0 x 4 k Combining j and k, the required set of values of x is {x | 0 x 4}. 24 3x 5 x3 x 3x 5 x+30 x 3x 5 x2 + 3x 0 x x2 + 6x 5 0 x x2 6x + 5 0 x (x 1)(x 5) 0 x

The required set of values of x is {x | x < 0 or 1 x 5}.

We write < and not because x 0.

25

x3<4

|x| <4 |x 3| |x| < 4|x 3| x2 < 16(x 3)2 x2 < 16x2 96x + 144 0 < 15x2 96x + 144 0 < 5x2 32x + 48 0 < (x 4)(5x 12)
+ 12 5 + 4 + + 5x 12 0 x4 0 x +

Hence, the required set of values of x is 12 or x > 4 . x | x < 5

Alternative method x 4 < <4 x3 For the left-end For the right-end inequality, inequality, x x 4 < <4 x3 x3 x x 4<0 4 0 x3 + > x3 x + 4(x 3) x 3 > 0 x 4(x 3) <0 x3 3x + 12 x3 <0 3(x + 4) x3 <0

x + 4x 12 > 0 x3 5x 12 0 x3 >

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

10

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Updated Edition

12 5

+ 3

+ +

x30 5x 12 0 x +

+ 3

+ + 4

x + 4 0 x30 x

x < 1 or x >

3 + 5 . 2

x<

12 or x > 3 j x < 3 or x > 4 k 5 Combining j and k:

x < 3 or x > 4 x < 12 or x > 3 5 x

This is the set of values of x where the graph of y = | x + 2| is above the graph of 1 y= . x+1

27

The required set of values of x is 12 or x > 4 . x | x < 5

12 5

y = x 1 1 1 O 1 1

y=x1 y= x +1 A 3 x

1 is 26 The graphs of y = |x + 2| and y = x+1 as shown below.

y y=x+2 y = x 2 A 2 1 O 2 y= 1 x+1 x

To determine the x-coordinate of point A, solve y = x 1 j y = x + 1 k Substituting j into k, x1= x+1 (x 1)2 = x + 1 x2 2x + 1 = x + 1 x2 3x = 0 x(x 3) = 0 Thus, the x-coordinate of point A is x = 3. The part of the x-axis where the graph of y = x + 1 is above the graph of y = |x| 1 is 1 x 3. Hence, the required set of values of x is {x | 1 x 3}. 28 p(x) = 2x3 + hx2 + kx + 36 Since (x 3) is a factor, then p(3) = 0 2(3)3 + h(3)2 + k(3) + 36 = 0 9h + 3k = 90 3h + k = 30 j p(x) = (x + 2)f(x) 30 means that the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x + 2) is 30. p(2) = 30 2(2)3 + h(2)2 + k(2) + 36 = 30 4h 2k = 50 2h k = 25 k

y = x + 2 j 1 k y= x+1 Substituting j into k, 1 x + 2 = x+1 x2 + 3x + 2 = 1 x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 3 32 4(1)(1) x = 2(1) 3 5 x = 2 The x-coordinate of point A is 3 + 5 . x = 2 Based on the graphs, the solution set of x 1 is for which |x + 2| > x+1

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

Fully Worked Solution

11

j + k: 5h = 55 h = 11 From j: 3(11) + k = 30 k=3 Therefore, p(x) = 2x3 11x2 + 3x + 36. 2x2 5x 12 x 32 2x3 11x2 + 3x + 36 2x3 6x2 5x2 + 3x 5x2 + 15x 12x + 36 12x + 36 0 Therefore, p(x) = (x 3)(2x2 5x 12) = (x 3)(2x + 3)(x 4)

x2 + 4x + 6 2x + 12 2x3 + 9x2 + 16x + 6 2x3 + x2 8x2 + 16x 8x2 + 4x 12x + 6 12x + 6 0 Let q(x) = x2 + 4x + 6 4 2 4 2 +6 = x2 + 4x + 2 2 [Shown] = (x + 2)2 + 2 [> 0]

12 12

p(x) = (2x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 6) Since x2 + 4x + 6 is positive for all real values of x, then p(x) < 0 only if 1 2x + 1 < 0 x < . 2 1 . Hence, the solution set is x | x < 2

3 2

The sets of values of x such that p(x) 0 3 x 3 or x 46. is 5x | 2 29 p(x) = 2x3 + px2 + qx + 6 Since (2x + 1) is a factor of p(x), then 1 p = 0 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 + p + q + 6 = 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 + p q + 6 = 0 4 4 2 1 + p 2q + 24 = 0 p 2q = 23 j When p(x) is divided by (x + 3), the remainder is 15. p(3) = 15 2(3)3 + p(3)2 + q(3) + 6 = 15 9p 3q = 33 3p q = 11 k p 2q = 23 j 6p 2q = 22 k 2

30 Sketch the graphs of y = | x 2| and y =

y 1 x y=x2 P Q O y= 1 x 1 2 1+ 2 x

1 . x

1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2

y= y = x + 2 2

5p = 45 p= 9 From j: 9 2q = 23 q = 16 p(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + 16x + 6

To determine the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the graphs of 1 y = | x 2| and y = , solve the following x simultaneous equations. Case 1 (for point P) 1 y = j x y = x + 2 k

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

12

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Updated Edition

Substituting j into k: 1 x + 2 x = 1 = x2 + 2x 2 x 2x + 1 = 0 (x 1)2 = 0 x=1 Case 2 (for point Q) 1 y = x j y = x 2 l Substituting j into l: 1 x2 x = 1 = x2 2x x2 2x 1 = 0 (2) (2)2 4(1)(1) x= 2(1) 2 8 2 2 2 = 2 2 =1 2 = x = 1 2 is not accepted because x must be positive. [x=1+ 2 Hence, the solution set for the inequality | x 2| < 1 is {x | 0 < x < 1 + 2 , x 1}. x
This is the range of values of x where the graph of y = | x 2| is below 1 the graph of y = . x

As y `, x 0.

Thus, x = 0 (the y-axis) is the asymptote. As x `, y 3. Thus, y = 3 is the asymptote.

y y= 3 x 4 4 x1

y=3

y=

4 x1

y=3

3 x

The x-coordinate of point A is obtained by solving the following equations simultaneously. 4 y= j x1 3 y = 3 k x 4 3 =3 x x1 4 3x 3 = x x1 (3x 3)(x 1) = 4x 3x2 6x + 3 4x = 0 3x2 10x + 3 = 0 (3x 1)(x 3) = 0 1 x = or 3 3 1 x = is not accepted. 3 Thus, x = 3 The solution set for which 3 >3 *x 4 x 1*

31 y =

4 x 1)

4 , x > 1, x1 y= 4 , x < 1. x1

5 1

As y `, x 1 0 x1 Thus, x = 1 is the asymptote. As x `, y 0. 3 y=3 x

is given by the part of the graph where the 4 is above the curve curve y = * x 1* 3 y = 3 , that is, {x | 0 < x < 1 or 1 < x < 3}. x

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

Fully Worked Solution

13

32

x 1 > x+1 x+1 + x10 x 1 + + >0 x+10 x+1 x+1 x 1 1 x1 + + > 0 x+1 Hence, the required set of values of x is {x | x < 1 or x > 1}.
y

y = f (x) = ln (x + 1) x

33
y = e x 2 1

y = 2e x x y = e x 1

1 O 2 y = e x

34 (a)

y = |ln x | O 1 x

(b)
y = ln (x)

f1 exists because f is a one-to-one and an onto function. (b) Let y = f1(x) f(y) = x ln (y + 1) = x y + 1 = ex y = ex 1 1 f (x) = ex 1  The domain of f1 is the same as the range of f, i.e. {x | x P }.  The range of f1 is the same as the domain of f, i.e. {y | y 1, y P }. (c) g f1 = g[f1(x)] = g(ex 1) = ex 1 + 1 = e 2 The domain of g f1 is the same as the domain of f1, i.e. {x | x P }. The range of g f1 is {y | y > 0, y P }.
y y = e2 1
1

y = ln x x

1 O

(c)

y = ln (x)

36 (a) f g = f[g(x)] x1 = f ln 2

3 1

24 2

35 (a)  The graph of y = f(x) = ln (x + 1) is as shown below.

= 1 + 2e x1 =1+2 2 =x Since it is known that ff 1(x) = x, by

ln 1 x 1 2 2

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

14

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Updated Edition

comparison f1(x) = g(x) = ln

x1 . 2

Let

(b)  The domain of f1 is the same as the range of f, i.e. {x | x > 1, x P }. The range of f 1 is the same as the domain of f, i.e. {y | y }. (c) The graphs of y = f(x) and y = f1(x) are as shown below.
y

8x = u 6 u+ =5 u u2 + 6 = 5u 2 u 5u + 6 = 0 (u 2)(u 3) = 0 u = 2 or u=3 8x = 2 8x = 3 23x = 21 x lg 8 = lg 3 lg 3 3x = 1 x= lg 8 1 x = x = 0.528 3

y
3 1 O 1 3

y = f (x) = 1 + 2e x

39 log2 x logx 8 + 2log2h + h logx 4 = 0 log2 4 log2 8 log2 x + h + h log x = 0 log2 x 2 log2 22 log2 23 h h y =0 y y + +

y = f 1(x) = ln x 1 2

3 2 +h+h =0 y y y2 3 + hy + 2h = 0

1 2

y2 + hy + 2h 3 = 0 [Shown] 37 x
2

x
1

1 2

+ 2x1 = 15
2

+ 2 1x 2 = 15

12

Let

x 2=u u + 2u2 = 15 2 2u + u 15 = 0 (2u 5)(u + 3) = 0 5 u= or u = 3 2 5 When u = , When u = 3, 2 1 1 5 x 2 = 3 x2= 2 [Not possible because 5 2 1 1 x = 2 x 2 > 0 for all real 1 25 values of x.] x = 4 4 x= 25

1 2 1 1 , y y + 2 3 = 0 4 4 4 4y 2 y 14 = 0 (4y + 7)(y 2) = 0 y = 7 or 2 4 Given y = log2 x, then x = 2y. 7 7 When y = , x = 2 4 = 0.297. 4 When y = 2, x = 22 = 4. When h =

1 2

40

1 2

2 logc x 3 logx c = 5 logc c 2 logc x 3 =5 logc x

2 logc x 3

1 log x 2 = 5
c

38

8x + 6(8x) = 5 6 8x + x = 5 8

Let logc x = u 1 2u 3 =5 u 2u2 3 = 5u 2 2u 5u 3 = 0 (2u + 1)(u 3) = 0

1 2

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

Fully Worked Solution

15

1 u=3 u = or 2 1 logc x = logc x = 3 2 1 1 x = c3 x=c 2= c 41 loga loga loga x 1a 2 = 3 log 2 log (x 2a) x 1a 2 = log 2 log (x 2a) x 1a 2 + log (x 2a) = log 8 x log 31 2(x 2a)4 = log 8 a
2 a a 2 a 3 a 2 a a a 2 a

= =

12a (12a 12)2 18

12a (12a 12) 18 24a 12 12 or = 18 18 4a 2 2 or = 3 3

x (x 2a) = 8 a2 x(x 2a) = 8a2 2 x 2ax 8a2 = 0 (x + 2a)(x 4a) = 0 x = 2a or 4a x = 2a (is not accepted) [ x = 4a 42 Simplify 2 first. log2 a 2 2 = log2 a 1 loga 2 2 = loga 2 = loga 22 = loga 4

1 4a 2 For 0 < a < , x = is not accepted 2 3 because when it is substituted into the given equation, it produces loga (ve) which is undefined. 2 [ x = 3 43 (a)  The graph of y = |sin x| is as shown below.
y y = sin x 1 y = sin x In the non-modulus form, y = |sin x| is f (x) = sin x, -sin x, 0 x , x 2.

3 2

The graph of y = sin x for 0 < x < 2p is as shown below.

y

loga (3x 4a) + loga 3x =

2 log2 a + loga (1 2a) loga (3x 4a) + loga 3x = loga 4 + loga (1 2a) loga 3x(3x 4a) = loga 4(l 2a) 3x(3x 4a) = 4(1 2a) 2 9x 12ax + 8a 4 = 0 x= = (12a) (12a)2 4(9)(8a 4) 2(9) 12a 144a 288a + 144 18
2

3 2

Hence, the function f(x) = |sin x| sin x in the non-modulus form is: f(x) = f(x) =

{ {

sin x sin x, 0 < x < p sin x sin x, p < x < 2p

0, 0 < x < p 2 sin x, p < x < 2p

(b)  Hence, the graph of y = f(x) = |sin x| sin x for 0 < x < 2p is as shown below.

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

16

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Updated Edition

y 2 y = f(x )

45 LHS =

sin q tan q tan q sin q sin q

=
x

1 cos q 2

sin q

sin q sin q cos q

3 2

sin2 q = sin q sin q cos q 1 cos2 q = sin q(1 cos q)

The range of f(x) is { y | 0 < y < 2, y P }. (c)  By using the horizontal-line test, there are two intersection points between the horizontal line and the graph of y = f(x) = |sin x| sin x. Hence, f(x) is not a one-to-one function.
y 2 Two intersection points

= = RHS =

(1 + cos q)(1 cos q) sin q(1 cos q) 1 + cos q sin q tan q + sin q sin q tan q sin q sin q cos q + sin q

=
y = f(x ) O 2 3 2 2 x

1 cos q 2

sin q

44 (a) LHS = cos4 q + sin2 q 2 2 = 1cos q2 + sin2 q

2 2 = 11 sin q2 + sin2 q 2 = 1 2 sin q + sin4 q + sin2 q = sin4 q + 1 sin2 q = sin4 q + cos2 q = RHS [ cos4 q + sin2 q sin4 q + cos2 q [Proven] (b) LHS = sin (q + a) + cos (q a) = sin q cos a + cos q sin a + cos q cos a + sin q sin a

sin q + sin q cos q sin2 q sin q(1 + cos q) = sin2 q

1 + cos q sin q

= LHS [
tan q + sin q sin q tan q [Proven] sin q tan q tan q sin q

46 LHS = tan (P + Q) tan P sin (P + Q) sin P = cos (P Q) cos P + =

cos P sin (P + Q) sin P cos (P + Q)

= sin q cos a + cos q cos a + sin q sin a + cos q sin a = cos a(sin q + cos q) + sin a(sin q + cos q) = (sin q + cos q)(cos a + sin a) = RHS [ sin (q + a) + cos(q a) (sin q + cos q)(cos a + sin a) [Proven]

cos P cos (P + Q)

cos P (sin P cos Q + cos P sin Q) sin P (cos P cos Q sin P sin Q) = cos P cos (P + Q) cos P sin P cos Q + cos2 P sin Q sin P cos P cos Q + sin2 P sin Q = cos P cos (P + Q) 2 cos P sin Q + sin2 P sin Q = cos P cos (P + Q)

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

Fully Worked Solution

17

sin Q (cos2 P + sin2 P) cos P cos (P + Q) sin Q ? (l) = cos P cos (P + Q) sin Q = cos P cos (P + Q) = RHS [ tan (P + Q) tan P sin Q  cos P cos (P + Q) = 47 LHS = csc 2q cot 2q 1 cos 2q = sin 2q sin 2q 1 cos 2q = sin 2q 1 (1 2 sin2 q) = sin 2q 2 sin2 q = 2 sin q cos q sin q = cos q = tan q = RHS [ csc 2q cot 2q tan q

= = = [Proven]

cos C [sin (180 C)] + sin C cos A cos B cos A cos B cos C cos C sin C + sin C cos A cos B cos A cos B cos C sin C (cos C + cos A cos B) cos A cos B cos C sin C {cos [180 (A + B)] + cos A cos B} cos A cos B cos C sin C {cos (A + B) + cos A cos B} cos A cos B cos C

= =

sin C (sin A sin B cos A cos B + cos A cos B) = cos A cos B cos C sin A sin B sin C = cos A cos B cos C [Shown] = tan A tan B tan C (b) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = sin 2A + sin 2C + sin 2B 2A 2C 2A + 2C cos = 2 sin + sin 2B 2 2 = 2 sin (A + C ) cos (A C ) + sin 2B = 2 sin (180 B) cos (A C ) + sin 2B = 2 sin B cos (A C) + sin 2B = 2 sin B cos (A C ) + 2 sin B cos B = 2 sin B [cos (A C ) + cos B] AC+B = 2 sin B 2 cos 2

[Proven]

2 1

tan 22.5 = cosec 2(22.5) cot 2(22.5) 1 1 = tan 45 sin 45 1 1 = 1 1 2 = 2 1[Shown] 48 Since A, B and C are angles of a triangle, then A + B + C = 180. (a) tan A + tan B + tan C sin A sin B sin C + = + cos A cos B cos C sin A cos B cos C + sin B cos A cos C + sin C cos A cos B = cos A cos B cos C cos C (sin A cos B + sin B cos A) + sin C cos A cos B = cos A cos B cos C = cos C [sin (A + B)] + sin C cos A cos B cos A cos B cos C

1 1 1

ACB 2 A+BC = 2 sin B 2 cos 2 A (B + C) cos 2 180 C C = 2 sin B 2 cos 2 A (180 A) cos 2 180 2C = 2 sin B 2 cos 2 2A 180 cos 2 = 4 sin B [cos (90 C) cos (A 90)] = 4 sin B [sin C sin A] [Shown] = 4 sin A sin B sin C cos

1 1 1 1

24

3 3

2 24

2 24

24

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

18

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Updated Edition

49 (a) LHS = 2 sin A +

p p cos A + 4 4 p = sin 2 A + 4 p = sin 2A + 2 p p = sin 2A cos 2 + cos 2A sin 2 = (sin 2A)(0) + (cos 2A)(1) = cos 2A = RHS p p cos A + cos 2A [ 2 sin A + 4 4 ; [Proven]

1 1

2 2 2

51 sin 3q + sin2 q = 2
sin 3q = 3 sin q 4 sin3 q

4 sin3 q sin2 q 3 sin q + 2 = 0 (sin q + 1)(4 sin2 q 5 sin q + 2) = 0 sin q + 1 = 0 or 4 sin2 q 5 sin q + 2 = 0 When sin q + 1 = 0 sin q = 1 q = 270 For 4 sin2 q 5 sin q + 2 = 0, there are no real roots because b2 4ac = (5)2 4(4)(2) = 7 (< 0) [ q = 270 4 sin2 q 5 sin q + 2 sin q + 1 24 sin3 q sin2 q 3 sin q + 2 4 sin3 q + 4 sin2 q 5 sin2 q 3 sin q 5 sin2 q 5 sin q 2 sin q + 2 2 sin q + 2 0 52 tan x + cot x = 8 cos 2x

(3 sin q 4 sin3 q) + sin2 q 2 = 0

p p (b) LHS = 2 cos B + cos B 4 4 p p = cos B + 4 + B 4 + p p cos B + B 4 4 p = cos 2B + cos 2 = cos 2B + 0 = cos 2B = RHS p p cos B ; cos 2B [ 2 cos B + 4 4 [Proven]

1 3

2 24

sin x cos x 8 cos 2x cos x + sin x =

sin2 x + cos2 x = 8 cos 2x sin x cos x 1 = 8 cos 2x sin x cos x 2 = 8 cos 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 = 8 cos 2x sin 2x 1 = 4 sin 2x cos 2x 1 = 2(2 sin 2x cos 2x) 1 = 2 sin 4x 1 sin 4x = 2 If 0 < x < p, then p 0 < 4x < 4p. Basic =  6 1 5 13 17 4x = p, p, p, p 6 6 6 6 1 5 13 17 x = p, p, p, p 24 24 24 24

50

cos 3x = cos2 x 4 cos x 3 cos x = cos2 x 4 cos3 x cos2 x 3 cos x = 0 cos x (4 cos2 x cos x 3) = 0 cos x (4 cos x + 3)(cos x 1) = 0 3 cos x = 0, , 1 4 When cos x = 0, x = 90, 270
3

When cos x =

3 , 4 x = 138.6, 221.4

When cos x = 1, x = 0, 360 [ x = 0, 90, 138.6, 221.4, 270, 360

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

Fully Worked Solution

19

53 sin3 x sec x = 2 tan x 1 sin2 x sin x 2 tan x cos x = sin2 x tan x = 2 tan x 2 sin x tan x 2 tan x = 0 tan x (sin2 x 2) = 0 tan x = 0 or sin2 x = 2

cos 2A 2 cos 4A + cos 6A 55 LHS = cos 2A 2 cos 4A cos 6A + + cos 6A + cos 2A 2 cos 4A = cos 6A cos 2A 2 cos 4A + + 6A + 2A 6A 2A 2 cos cos 2 2 2 cos 4A = 6A 2A 6A + 2A 2 cos cos 2 2 2 cos 4 A + 2 cos 4A cos 2A 2 cos 4A = 2 cos 4A cos 2A 2 cos 4A + 2 cos 4A (cos 2A 1) = 2 cos 4A (cos 2A + 1) cos 2A 1 = cos 2A 1 + 1 2 sin2 A 1 = 2 cos2 A 1 1 + 2 sin2 A = 2 cos2 A sin2 A = cos2 A = tan2 A = RHS cos 2A 2 cos 4A + cos 6A [ tan2 A cos 2A + 2 cos 4A + cos 6A [Proven]

When tan x = 0, x = 0 or p When sin2 x = 2, sin x = 2 [sin x = 2 is not possible because it is out of the range of 1 < sin x < 1]. Hence, x = 0 or p. 3 5 A + cos A 2 2 54 LHS = 3 A sin A sin 2 + 2 3 1 5 1 2 cos 2 A + 2A cos 2 2 = 1 3 1 1 A + A cos 2 sin 2 2 2 2 cos

1 1

2 2

12A 2A2 1 A A2 13 2 2

1 2 cos 2A cos A 2 = 1 2 sin A cos A 2 cos 2A = sin A cos2 A sin2 A = sin A cos2 A sin2 A = sin A sin A cos A cos A sin A = sin A = cot A cos A sin A = RHS 5 3 cos A + cos A 2 2 [ ; cot A cos A sin A 3 1 sin A + sin A [Proven] 2 2

56

sin x sin 3x + sin 5x = 0

sin 5x + sin x sin 3x = 0 5x + x 5x x cos sin 3x = 0 2 sin 2 2 2 sin 3x cos 2x sin 3x = 0 sin 3x (2 cos 2x 1) = 0 1 sin 3x = or cos 2x = 2 When sin 3x = 0 3x = 0, 180, 360, 540 x = 0, 60, 120, 180 1 When cos 2x = 2 2x = 60, 300 x = 30, 150 [ x = 0, 30, 60, 120 150, 180 1 1 2 5 [ x = 0, p, p, p, p, p 2 3 3 6 rad. x = x 180 p

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

20

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) First Term Updated Edition

57
1+t
2

First quadrant.
2t

q p q q p q or = p + = 4 2 2 4 2 2

q
1 t2

(a) LHS = csc q cot q 1 + t2 1 t2 = 2t 2t 1 + t2 1 + t2 = 2t 2t2 = 2t =t q = tan 2 = RHS q [ csc q cot q ; tan 2 (b) LHS = sec q tan q 1 + t2 2t = 1 t2 1 t2 1 t 2 2t = + 1 t2 t 2 2t + 1 = 1 t2 (t 1)2 = (1 + t)(1 t ) (1 t)2 = (1 + t)(1 t ) 1t 1+t p q tan tan 4 2 = p q 1 + tan tan 4 2 p q = tan 4 2 = RHS pq [ sec q tan q ; tan 4 2 =

p q= 4

Third quadrant. 5 or q = p 4

58 8 sin q 3 cos q = r sin (q a) = r (sin q cos a cos q sin a) = r sin q cos a r cos q sin a By comparison, r cos a = 8 j r sin a = 3 k Squaring and adding j and k: r 2 (cos2 a + sin2 a) = 82 + 32 r 2(1) = 73 r = 73 3 k r sin a : r cos a = 8 j 3 tan a = 8 a = tan1

182

= 20.56 [ 8 sin q 3 cos q = 73 sin (q 20.56) = 73 sin (q 20.6) [Correct to the nearest 0.1] The maximum value of 8 sin q 3 cos q is 73 . The minimum value of 8 sin q 3 cos q is 73 . 73 8 sin q 3 cos q = 4 73 sin (q 20.56) = 73 4 1 sin (q 20.56) = 4 q 20.56 = 14.48, 165.52 q = 35.0, 168.1 [Correct to the nearest 0.1]

+ 2

csc q cot q = sec q tan q q p q tan = tan 4 2 2

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

Fully Worked Solution

21

59 Let 4 sin q 3 cos q ; r sin (q a) r = 42 + (3)2 = 5 3 a = tan1 = 36.87 4 [ 4 sin q 3 cos q = 5 sin (q 36.9)

cos 2x = 2 cos2x 1 2 cos2 x = 1 + cos 2x

12

2 2 cos2 x = 2 + 2 cos 2x 2 2 cos2 x 1 + 2 becomes 2 + 2 cos 2x 1 + 2 1 cos 2x 2 1 when cos 2x = 2 p p 2x = , 2p 4 4 p 7p x= , 8 8 p 7p , x p} 8 8

4 sin q 3 cos q = 3 5 sin (q 36.87) = 3 3 sin (q 36.87) = 5 q 36.87 = 36.87, 143.13 q = 73.7, 180.0 60
y

[ Solution set is {x | 0 x
1 y = cos 2x y= 1 2 8 4 2 3 7 4 8 x

O 1

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013