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Democracy
Overview
Chapter 7
As we begin to wind up our tour of democracy, it is time to move
beyond our discussion of specific themes and ask a general set of
questions: What does democracy do? Or, what outcomes can we
reasonably expect of democracy? Also, does democracy fulfil these
expectations in real life? We begin by thinking about how to assess
the outcomes of democracy. After some clarity on how to think on
this subject, we proceed to look at the expected and actual outcomes
of democracy in various respects: quality of government, economic
well-being, inequality, social differences and conflict and finally
freedom and dignity. Our final verdict – positive but qualified –
leads us to think about the challenges to democracy in the next
and final chapter.
Outcomes of Democracy
89
How do we assess democracy’s outcomes?
Do you remember how students in in principle, but felt to be not so good in
Madam Lyngdoh’s class argued about its practice. This dilemma invites us to
democracy? This was in Chapter 2 of think hard about the outcomes of
Class IX textbook. It emerged from that democracy. Do we prefer democracy
conversation that democracy is a better only for moral reasons? Or are there
form of government when compared some prudential reasons to support
with dictatorship or any other alternative. democracy too?
Did we reach We felt that democracy was better Over a hundred countries of the
these because it: world today claim and practice some
conclusions in z Promotes equality among citizens; kind of democratic politics: they have
Madam Lyngdoh’s z Enhances the dignity of the formal constitutions, they hold elections,
class? I loved individual; they have parties and they guarantee rights
that class z Improves the quality of decision- of citizens. While these features are
because making; common to most of them, these
students were
z Provides a method to resolve democracies are very much different
not being
conflicts; and from each other in terms of their social
dictated any
z Allows room to correct mistakes. situations, their economic achievements
conclusions.
Are these expectations realised under and their cultures. Clearly, what may be
democracies? When we talk to people achieved or not achieved under each of
around us, most of them support these democracies will be very different.
democracy against other alternatives, But is there something that we can expect
such as rule by a monarch or military or from every democracy, just because it is
religious leaders. But not so many of democracy?
them would be satisfied with the Our interest in and fascination for
democracy in practice. So we face a democracy often pushes us into taking a
dilemma: democracy is seen to be good position that democracy can address all
socio-economic and political problems.
If some of our expectations are not met,
we start blaming the idea of democracy.
Or, we start doubting if we are living in
a democracy. The first step towards
thinking carefully about the outcomes
© RK Laxman - Brushing up the years
90
Accountable, responsive and legitimate government
There are some things that democracy Governmental Secrecy
must provide. In a democracy, we are
most concerned with ensuring that
people will have the right to choose their
rulers and people will have control over
people and may therefore face problems. the government accountable and
In contrast, the democratic government mechanisms for citizens to take part in
will take more time to follow decision making whenever they think fit.
procedures before arriving at a decision. If you wanted to measure
But because it has followed procedures, democracies on the basis of this
its decisions may be both more expected outcome, you would look for
acceptable to the people and more the following practices and institutions:
effective. So, the cost of time that regular, free and fair elections; open
democracy pays is perhaps worth it. public debate on major policies and
91
legislations; and citizens’ right to population. The routine tales of
So, the best
information about the government and corruption are enough to convince us that
outcome of
democracy is
its functioning. The actual performance democracy is not free of this evil. At the
that it is a of democracies shows a mixed record same time, there is nothing to show that
democracy! That on this. Democracies have had greater non-democracies are less corrupt or
is what we have success in setting up regular and free more sensitive to the people.
discovered after elections and in setting up conditions for There is one respect in which
all this mental open public debate. But most democratic government is certainly
gymnastics? democracies fall short of elections that better than its alternatives: democratic
provide a fair chance to everyone and in government is legitimate government.
subjecting every decision to public debate. It may be slow, less efficient, not always
Democratic governments do not have a very responsive or clean. But a
very good record when it comes to democratic government is people’s own
sharing information with citizens. All one government. That is why there is an
can say in favour of democratic regimes overwhelming support for the idea of
is that they are much better than any democracy all over the world. As the
non-democratic regime in these respects. accompanying evidence from South
In substantive terms it may be Asia shows, the support exists in
reasonable to expect from democracy a countries with democratic regimes as
government that is attentive to the needs well as countries without democratic
and demands of the people and is largely regimes. People wish to be ruled by
free of corruption. The record of representatives elected by them. They
democracies is not impressive on these also believe that democracy is suitable
two counts. Democracies often frustrate for their country. Democracy’s ability
the needs of the people and often ignore to generate its own support is itself an
the demands of a majority of its outcome that cannot be ignored.
0 50 100
Source: SDSA Team, State of Democracy in South Asia, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007
92
Economic growth and development
If democracies are expected to produce cooperation from other countries,
good governments, then is it not fair to economic priorities adopted by the
expect that they would also produce country, etc. However, the difference in
development? Evidence shows that in the rates of economic development
practice many democracies did not fulfil between less developed countries with
this expectation. dictatorships and democracies is
If you consider all democracies and negligible. Overall, we cannot say that
all dictatorships for the fifty years between democracy is a guarantee of economic
1950 and 2000, dictatorships have slightly development. But we can expect
higher rate of economic growth. The democracy not to lag behind
inability of democracy to achieve higher dictatorships in this respect.
economic development worries us. But When we find such significant Cartoon on this page
this alone cannot be reason to reject difference in the rates of economic and next three pages tell
us about the disparities
democracy. As you have already studied growth between countries under between the rich and
in economics, economic development dictatorship and democracy, it is better poor. Should the gains
of economic growth be
depends on several factors: country’s to prefer democracy as it has several
evenly distributed? How
population size, global situation, other positive outcomes. can the poor get a voice
for a better share in a
nation? What can the
poor countries do to
The Rich Get Buff receive a greater share
in the world’s wealth?
Outcomes of Democracy
© RJ Matson - Cagle Cartoons Inc.
93
Economic outcomes
ofdemocracy
Arguments about democracy tend to Poor Kids
be very passionate. This is how it
should be, for democracy appeals to
some of our deep values. These
debates cannot be resolved in a
Table 2
Inequality of income in selected countries
Table 1
Name of the % share of national
Rates of economic growth for different countries,
Countries income
1950-2000
Top 20 % Bottom 20 %
Democratic Politics
Type of regimes and countries Growth Rate South Africa 64.8 2.9
All democratic regimes 3.95 Brazil 63.0 2.6
All dictatorial regimes 4.42 Russia 53.7 4.4
Poor countries under dictatorship 4.34 USA 50.0 4.0
Poor countries under democracy 4.28 United Kingdom 45.0 6.0
Source: A Przeworski, M E Alvarez, J A Cheibub and F Limongi, Democracy and Denmark 34.5 9.6
Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000. Hungary 34.4 10.0
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Reduction of inequality and poverty
Perhaps more than development, it is Democracies are based on political
reasonable to expect democracies to equality. All individuals have equal weight
reduce economic disparities. Even when in electing representatives. Parallel to the
a country achieves economic growth, will process of bringing individuals into the
wealth be distributed in such a way that political arena on an equal footing, we
all citizens of the country will have a find growing economic inequalities. A
share and lead a better life? Is economic small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly
growth in democracies accompanied by disproportionate share of wealth and Democracy is a
increased inequalities among the people? incomes. Not only that, their share in the rule of the
Or do democracies lead to a just total income of the country has been majority. The
distribution of goods and opportunities? increasing. Those at the bottom of the poor are in
majority. So
society have very little to depend upon.
Voice of the Poor democracy must
Their incomes have been declining.
be a rule of the
Sometimes they find it difficult to meet
poor. How can
their basic needs of life, such as food,
this not be the
clothing, house, education and health. case?
In actual life, democracies do not
appear to be very successful in reducing
economic inequalities. In Class IX
Economics textbook, you have already
studied about poverty in India. The
poor constitute a large proportion
of our voters and no party will
like to lose their votes. Yet
democratically elected
governments do not
appear to be as keen to
address the question of
poverty as you would
expect them to. The
© Ares - Best of Latin America, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
95
World’s Wealth Owned by a Few
96
can form a majority. Democracy remains from being in majority on the basis of
democracy only as long as every citizen birth, then the democratic rule ceases
has a chance of being in majority at some to be accommodative for that person
point of time. If someone is barred or group.
Enemies
promoting dignity and freedom of the For societies which have been built for
individual. Every individual wants to long on the basis of subordination and
receive respect from fellow beings. domination, it is not a simple matter to
Often conflicts arise among individuals recognize that all individuals are equal.
because some feel that they are not Take the case of dignity of women.
treated with due respect. The passion for Most societies across the world were
respect and freedom are the basis of historically male dominated societies.
democracy. Democracies throughout the Long struggles by women have created
world have recognised this, at least in some sensitivity today that respect to and
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equal treatment of women are necessary distinctive about democracy is that its
I am anxious ingredients of a democratic society. That examination never gets over. As
about my board does not mean that women are actually democracy passes one test, it produces
exams. But always treated with respect. But once the another test. As people get some benefits
democracy has
principle is recognised, it becomes easier of democracy, they ask for more and
so many exams.
for women to wage a struggle against want to make democracy even better.
And millions of
what is now unacceptable legally and That is why when we ask people about
examiners!
morally. In a non-democratic set up, this the way democracy functions, they will
unacceptability would not have legal basis always come up with more expectations,
because the principle of individual and many complaints. The fact that
freedom and dignity would not have the people are complaining is itself a
legal and moral force there. The same is testimony to the success of democracy:
true of caste inequalities. Democracy in it shows that people have developed
India has strengthened the claims of the awareness and the ability to expect and
disadvantaged and discriminated castes to look critically at power holders and
for equal status and equal opportunity. the high and the mighty. A public
There are instances still of caste-based expression of dissatisfaction with
inequalities and atrocities, but these lack democracy shows the success of the
the moral and legal foundations. Perhaps democratic project: it transforms people
it is the recognition that makes ordinary from the status of a subject into that of
citizens value their democratic rights. a citizen. Most individuals today believe
Expectations from democracy also that their vote makes a difference to the
function as the criteria for judging any way the government is run and to their
democratic country. What is most own self-interest.
South Asia 65
Bangladesh 66
India 67
Democratic Politics
Nepal 75
Pakistan 50
Sri Lanka 65
0 80
Source: SDSA Team, State of Democracy in South
Asia, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007.
The above cartoon and graph. Illustrates a point made in this section
(Dignity and freedom of the citizens). Underline the sentences from
this section which connect to the cartoon or graph.
98
1. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and
legitimate government?
2. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate
social diversities?
3. Give arguments to support or oppose the following assertions:
z Industrialised countries can afford democracy but the poor
need dictatorship to become rich.
z Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between
different citizens.
z Government in poor countries should spend less on poverty
reduction, health, education and spend more on industries and
Exercises
infrastructure.
z In democracy all citizens have one vote, which means that
there is absence of any domination and conflict.
4. Identify the challenges to democracy in the following descriptions.
Also suggest policy/institutional mechanism to deepen democracy
in the given situations:
z Following a High Court directive a temple in Orissa that had
separate entry doors for dalits and non-dalits allowed entry
for all from the same door.
z A large number of farmers are committing suicide in different
states of India.
z Following allegation of killing of three civilians in Gandwara in a
fake encounter by Jammu and Kashmir police, an enquiry has
been ordered.
5. In the context of democracies, which of the following ideas is
correct – democracies have successfully eliminated:
A. conflicts among people
B. economic inequalities among people
C. differences of opinion about how marginalised sections
are to be treated
D. the idea of political inequality
6. In the context of assessing democracy which among the following
is odd one out. Democracies need to ensure:
Outcomes of Democracy
99
8. Read the passage below:
Nannu is a daily wage earner. He lives in Welcome Mazdoor
Colony, a slum habitation in East Delhi. He lost his ration
card and applied for a duplicate one in January 2004. He
made several rounds to the local Food & Civil Supplies office
for the next three months. But the clerks and officials would
not even look at him, leave alone do his job or bother to tell
him the status of his application. Ultimately, he filed an
application under the Right to Information Act asking for the
daily progress made on his application, names of the
officials, who were supposed to act on his application and
what action would be taken against these officials for their
inaction. Within a week of filing application under the Right to
Information Act, he was visited by an inspector from the
Exercises
Food Department, who informed him that the card had been
made and he could collect it from the office. When Nannu
went to collect his card next day, he was given a very warm
treatment by the Food & Supply Officer (FSO), who is the
head of a Circle. The FSO offered him tea and requested him
to withdraw his application under the Right to Information,
since his work had already been done.
What does Nannu’s example show? What impact did Nannu’s
action have on officials? Ask your parents their experiences
when they approach government officials to attend to their
problems.
Democratic Politics
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