Characteristics and Formation Sudden and Intense Movement>Stress>Build Up>Rocks Sudden Shift>Energy Released (Seismic Waves) Fractures in rocks

(Fault Lines), Energy Released (Focus), Point directly above Focus (Epicenter) Seismic Waves 1) Body Waves P Wave (Primary/Pressure) >Rock particles alternately squished together and pulled apart. (Compressions and Dilatations) > Liquid and Solid > Fastest 5.5Km/s through granite. S Wave (Secondary/Shear) > Rock particles slides past one another shear motion. >Solid only> 3Km/s through granite. 2) Surface Waves L Wave (Love) >Shake ground right angles to direction of movement>Liquid Only>Faster than R-Waves R Waves (Rayleigh) >Rolling motion producing both horizontal and vertical movement Scales (Magnitude, Energy, Intensity) 1) Richter Scale Measures amount of energy released during earthquake Earthquake magnitude measured based on amplitude of lines made on a seismogram using largest wave amplitude recorded. Logarithmic (1-10) , Every increase 1 pt in magnitude, amplitude on seismogram increase by factor of 10. Energy Released proportional to magnitude, but for each increase in Richter scale energy increases about 30 times. (Larger area, Longer time) 2) Mercalli Scale How much damage, how it affected people Very subjective (perceived by people) . But can produce descriptive scale. 3) Aftershocks Minor earthquakes that follow major earthquake representing redistribution of stress on fault plane.

Types 1) Tensional Stress (Divergent), Constructive: (tensional stresses) Shallow foci + Low Richter Magnitude 2) Compressional Stress (Convergent), Destructive: Subduction (Intermediate and Deep earthquakes occurring in Narrow Benioff zoneindicating Subducting plate) OR Collision (Shallow earthquakes Broad zone) 3) Shear Stress (Transform), Conservative: lateral crust movementShallow foci + High Richter Magnitude. 4) Intra-Plate > Occurs in relatively stable continental crust> Stresses in crustal rocks (eg. Reactivation of ancient faults)

Factors contributing to earthquake hazards 1) Earthquake Magnitude (??) 2) Depth of Focus (Shallow more devastatingDeep lose energy travelling within Earths crust) 3) Infrastructure of buildings (USA $$ - Transamerica pyramidbase platform, steel reinforced) (Sichuan Earthquake 2008 Tofu Buildings) 4) Nature of underlying geology (1985 Mexico City vs Acapulco) 5) Population distribution and density (2002, Central Alaska 7.9 but 0 fatality1976 Tangshan 7.5 kill over 200,000) 6) Wealth of a country (Taiwan $$ - Taipei 101Mass damper ,shock absorber) 7) Level of Preparedness (Time of day?) Effect of earthquakes 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Loss of lives and homelessness Buildings Collapse, trapping, burying inhabitants (Direct impact or Soil Liquefaction) Water, gas sewage pipes erupt > Fires 1995 Kobe Landslides Tsunami >2004 Asian Tsunami earthquake near Sumatra

Management