1981 University, Nations @ TheUnited Printed in Japan tstsN92-808-0326-3 tssN 0379-57il

HSDRGPID-61/UNUP-326

AND ECOLOGY HOLISM

and DaniloDolci Arne Naess Arne Naess Professor, Institute of Philosophy of Oslo University Oslo3, Norway DaniloDolci CentroStudi Iniziatve Partinico Palermo, ltaly

uM"

."'Ap

These two papers by Arne Naess and DaniloDolciwereoriginallypresented to the EDA (Environment, Debate,Action) Conference on the Environment,Beatenberg, Switzerland, 28 September to I October 1978. GPIDcontributed to the conference throughthe participation {e.9., and cooperationof George Aseniero,Michel Chevalier, Johan Galtung,and MonicaWemegahl which, unfortunately,did not result in a publication. Deepgratitudeis expressed to the EDA Foundation's General Secretary,Kaj Dessau, and to the two authorsfor givingpermission to reproduce their papers in this fsrm as a contribution to the GPID thinking on ecology,whereholism would be the key concept. Geneva, January1981 JohanGaltung

This paperis beingcirculatedin a pre-publication form to elicit commentsfrom readers and generate dialogueon the subjectat this stageof the research.

CONTENTS

The Primacy I. II. III.

of

the i,Jhole -

Arne Naess Points

I t

From the Whole Towards Five The Five Points Conclusion

Taken Seoarately

2 1C

Ttre World

as a Creature

of

Creatures

Danilo

Dolci

IJ

THE PRIMACY OF TTIE VIIIOIE

Arn'e N a e s s

FROI{ T'llE r,',HOLE TOi,/ARDS FIVE POINTS

In the ind.ustlia"l being felt

states

envlronnental

concerns are increasingl.y

as threat,s to enployment and economic g.'owth. Rsen some have annor-rnced. envilonmentalists that 'rthe ecological- waver? is spent. say that such waves are growing, r,,Ihen fighting but that the ccntj-nu-

I would rather ed- pclicy resistance

of econom:-c growth generates irrcreasing against thcse waves. this

toughness of resistance cne of

the many assets woul-d.be a cl-ear grasp of the philoscphical involved. priorities. tried Cira;l{e of economic policy requires

issues

change of vafue I have reached and pubications and ex-

\,Ihat foll"ows are some conclusions ther-,retically in various in various

to substantjate

pressec. practically

environrqentaf minority.

actions.

The conclusions

are shared by a smail but active

In what fol-lcws is implicit problems. rather

I try

to outline

a fundamental- r+ay of thinking

which

in some of the contemporarlr approaches to environmental First, a tendency to think and. atoms. in terrns of forms or field-s to rrnderstand. the

than things

Second, an effort

particuiars

of more comprehensive particulars or -rrholes (not the sane as generalities). Third., there is arr tranjmal liberain the light an increase of solid,arity with cur planet nith as a in

ti-onrr movement, orrmore generally, cther whole. species and l-ife Fourth,

as a r+hol-e, ultimately respect

an increased

and love of Nature resulting

reinvestment

of s,rme of the religious societies.

marr1r non-industrial or faturef

feel-ings which characterLze Spinozar s thinking in terus of "Goc[ the tend.ency to act through in social and.

is here relevant. style

Fifth,

change of life political

and. through of basic

participaticn

nork in favour

environment val-ues.

1.

IT.

THE FIVE PO]NTS TAKn{ SEPARATELY

GestaJ-t-thinking. life'as gestalts

no*t atomisni rather

The most elenentary among things

ilfustration is that

of

than as things

of the

three points together

on the bl-ackboard- or in the land-scape: we see the three with properties that a triangle, ve try to I'eddrr the properties of each wholeness of the J-pointan environment, or a

as a form, a structure, if

carnot be reconstructed, point abstracted

from the inrned.iately-given

gestalt. spirit

A human being is not an organisrn with imprisoned in a material such concents.

worl-d., but an everchanging whole from

which we abstract

The gestalt

is not a thing, gestalts

and. the rel_ation between higher-ord.er, sonplex is not that of a bigger

more complex container

and. the lsss

or heap to the smal-ler

A melod-y which,

atomically

consid.ered., consists

of 6 tones in

succession changes significantly Of the l1! is possible alterations,

if the order of succession is altered-. nearly all d-estroy the melody, that constituting the melod-y

the whole, .

or more exactl-y the gestaJt,

itself

On the other hand, the melody can be piayed by huad.red_sof and. orchestrations. of other variables, The pitch without that can be a1tered., and. a altering is, the id.entity of

instruments great variety the nelod.y.

But as a piece of music,

as a l-or*er ord-er

gestalt contained- in definite higher ord.er gestalts, _t changes. The rrparts'r of the richer or more semplex gestalt are determined. by the vhole - to a r.rcrtcr or smrl ler extent (Wertheiner). If the 1.
c

The te::n rfgestalttt is not any longer written with good, sign that gestalt thinking geb to be faniliar.

capital

G: a

piece of music is qualities

a national

anthem, it

acquires very d.istinct of still higher

new order,

due to being contained in a gestalt synbols and- rites.

those of national of life

These again are parts

of ways

and of total- cultures.

Applied- to environrnental
recosizes the
a[rl/vr

problems,
vf

gestalt
arn 4 ud.

thinking

inrnediately
fi ,n fI

; - * ^ - + ^ *u ^4^r v E

^f

l jfe r!f

b uc ei h r oa vViO r vU u !f

q n^ac Pdvg

a n n*r uu II u2 I gf,

to physicaf fron gestalts

arrd geog:raphical space. comprising their

Human beings carurot be separated. physical environment.

body and its

The genesis of selfhood- and self-respect d-epends upon formation of gestalts such as tthomettas contrasted. with mere I'houset', "foresttt and "fiel-d-rras contrasted. with mere multiplicity r?brid-ge in landscape" as beautiful gladly of trees and- grass.

The gestalts experienced

artd 'rland-scape with

brid.gerf may be which

and having other positive

qualities

environmentafists scape without

acknowled.ge, but the gestalt

of the land.is that exthe

any brid-ge or formid.able technical One of ou-T concerns is

structure

treme-lw different. latter

the banal fact cor:ntries.

kind. tend- to be exti-nct

in our ind.ustrial

"To get deep into

a wood-'ris

a gestalt

that

vanishes with

roads and

mechanical transportation. in kil-oneters.

-A.tonistic reasoning measures d,eepness anthropocentric all utilitariankind,s of "facilities?'

Conbined with narrovly

ism rre get the wood- full

and Itservicestt.

of big road-s with

The ad.vent of agriculture over vast

changed landscape gestalts

consid.erably vith the

a"Teas of the earth. way.

But people worked- and. lived comprised r,'ork relations. of gestalts conplexity

land. in an intimate Characteristic ism is

Gestalts

of the d.estruction

d.ue to commercial tourarrd ord.er until Life mere

the d.own-grad,ng of their and, entertainment and gatherers

esthetica as hr:lters

aspects renain.

degenerated. into

in the mountains t'conquests" anthropocentric

of mor:ntaj-ns. stultifying

Sherpa feasts of their

in honour of mountains cha.nged into subd.uers.

acclain

one of the great sane llays of life

ains of tod-ay is in nature,

the establishment

of ecological-]y

which again implies or sport,

the reestabishnent

of work, not nere recuperation

in complex natu-ral settings.

The wcrd.s for

the highest

ord-er, most inclusive

be said to be somethrng like that, whole", rtNature?with capital N.

gestat, if there ca-n - "cosmosrr, "the ultinate are mJry

Thinking hrvironrnental bui action

from the more comprehensive to the less. real-istic assessment of facts the better. and. forces, The

requires

the more comprehensive fra.rnework of action, huaan being / environment or society

gestalts

/ envronment belorig to

the l-crrr order gestalts a.nd" d.eep perspectives. ment sustain?"

i+hich rnay block the way to more comprehensive 'tHow much further d.evelopment can the envronquestions of the narrow kiird. The proper

exenplifies

framework, as fal'as ItNature vith capital resou-rces for every kind-.

f can uad-erstand, is al-ways the whole, cosmos or N". As a point of depalture resources are not l-iving beings of a farmer,

h-rrman consurnpiion, but r:esources for A pollution s a resource

at a lrr.ong place for

possibl-y at the r:ight place for accepts a general right human interests, some morbid-. others to live are not.

a rat. - Bit-r-spherical and blossom.

egalitarianism are

some interests

Contrad.ictions

abound-, some heathy,

H'.:man nature we identify not only talk resources interests

is

such thatrgiven

favourabl-e cond-itions vith all l-ife forns.

and. feel- solid,arty

of development, 'rherefore r,re

of human natura.l resources

but d.istj-nguish between The conflicting fucure

of each species of aninal-s and. pi-alts. are of course legion arrd at feast

in the foreseeable

most are irreducible. bird"s are severely disposal area is ing that

The basic reso-rces of naarqr kind,s of wad.i_ng red"uced if the plan to build. a centre for the The consid.eris

of nucl-ear vaste at Gorreben (Gernany) is realized. on northern Europers most imporbant wet land.s.

the consumption of enerry in the overd.eveloped. countries policy implies

out of touch with basic need.s, some ecological tion of the plan. rn areas of human fanine

rejec-

arrd. enerry

shortage,

confl icting tenporarily

rescurce interests - in favour

necessitaie

sol-utions - at least

of the hunan species.

in the North sea f'cremation?' of living because of' the attraction Here again sanity tion implies "nressing" with more of the fire

bird-s goes on on a vast scal-e from gas cutlets during nights.

a change of tectrrology,

but the preoccupatoward. d.oes

problems ead.s to inhurnan poiicies of an enerry

fel-low beings.

And in the service

consumption that

not serve basic human, or other, lhe age of 'twa-r'against certain contra:ar, it might be intensj-fiec1 cattl-e,

values.

insects

is not over.

On the suffering The nearkilling of

consid.ering the vast from certain parasites.

of mammalsofor instance

ness to us antl the sensitivity insects on a large sca.le tod,ay.

of the mammalsjustifies rn the distant future

such war:s can intel-lectual crude

perhaps be avoid.ed, bui the vays humans make use of their resorrrces suggest and. wasteful ihat ecol-ogical policies will

remain cruel,

for: a l-onE tirne.

Narr:or+jng d.own the perspective

we acknowled.ge the special

rights

and d.uties of hr:mans: each of us has more d.uties towards ou-r nearesr fanily duties than toward-s felf ow humans in general , ancl more towards our oldn society than toward.s others. hrtreme sufferin distribution of resources may, however, force or in terms of speci-es. and friends

ing or inequality us to reach far

out , far al/ay geographically

We have a d-uty not io indrrce rats to nultp1y spherical in a way detrimentaf egaiitarianis::o

through stupid. allocation of vaste to "us". The principle of bioimplications the egaliCul_tures

has as one of its

tariani-sm of cultures

an soc-Leties, humans and- non-hunan. of respect

axe nor^/destr:oyed through lack

and und.erstanding - and by at the t.ime of

means of what today corresponds to the gtass-pearls Livingstone, easy mcney, industrialization,

commercial tourism.

Nature with important

capital

N and bio-spherical within

egalitarianism

are tod.ay by

sections

the lead.ership of the workersr rrnions con-

sid-ered- to be romantic

moonshine, or rather, But this is

beieved

to be so . I,r/hat l_s
d

consid-ered" arnong the workers. more conect life is

a fal-se belief

to say that workers on the whole try and. therefore

to adapt to try to keep

in an environment of poor quality, and feelings

such thoughts

at safe distance.

Tmninjf

-n +h nolieies

of

moflern welfare

communities

\,fe find

the

utilitarian

principle sentient

rrihe greatest

Applied. to all smallest

happiness of the greatest m:mberrt. beings a more realistic maxim is "the number'r. The largely uncontrolled nas of

suffering

to the smallest

expansion of the hurnan species created. a movement in favour

(nuch to the detriment the intense

of itself) sufferings

of minimizing

fell-ow beings, whatever the species.

Against

the

rrenera]-i-zed" utilitaria.n

nri neinle

an,l

tho

nlnqolrr

-olated-

bio-spherical

egalitarianism

two objections their

are raised. by those who exact meaning:

have not yet acquainted. themselves with

They lead. to absurd, consequences: for instance, that we should, let every species nultiply whatever the consequences to humans and to other species. rtmanagementtt Wild. life would- be prohibited. That only the nost fanatj-ca1 nature r+orshippers r+ould- agree to such principles.

Answering the fir:st utilitarian policies

objection

it

is most convenient to point

to

since Bentharn: they have been complex and. fu1l and vill be, in the case of the more in priorities:

of conpromises.

The sarne is,

general principles. the near have priority suffering

The ofd. ru}es imply differences over the distant. over suffering

Family over frienils, j-n other nations. Sone wil-1 rules

in own nation

ad,d.own race over other races. carr be justified" most potentialities better their

Ethically

most of the priority

in terms of power to help: in our intimate life

rrre axe supposed. to have our nearest. \,Ie lcnov In short:

with

needs, our duties abstract principles

are clearer

and stronger.

the general, social 6.

do not wcrk in a vacuum, but in a introd-uce wid.ening concepts

framework.

The general. principles

of society" of wofves,

fhis bears,

is

the clear

tendency in the moclern rrmanagementil other high status mammals and-

eagles arrd. certain bird-s of Scand-inavia. Their "rights" extent

eu:e safeguarded to a large of humans, sheep car-

- sometines tc the d.etriment of interests other species.

and certain nivores

(fne sheepovners fu11y agree that

should. not be externinated!)

As to the second. objection, at the first

all- abstract

and general principles if folloved strictly.

seem But

glance to l-ead-to fanaticism,

the very fi:nction

rrith a of such maxims is to operate in conjulction I'Do not d.o to others rrhat you nould. system of norms and. hypotheses. to do to yo':rsel-f'r is a good mle If of thrmt', but high up in the

not l-ike others operating

al-one it

would- lead to absurdities.

mountains we need to find, a place to the north help, srep. but not if rre only use its ind.ication

of us, a compass may

when we take the next

Humans still-

try

to exte::rninate

rats

through

poison

and other

means

which sometimes are highly Experts tell locality while. people that

painful

to these sensitive

marnmals. at a certain a short

the erad.ication

of 9fl" of rats

does not prevent

the place from being overrun after

The way to approach the problem is minimum precautions rats into

to change garbage policy houses. Wise On the is the

and take certain rat

when build-ing

management turns

interesting

fel-lorr beings. vith life forns

vho1e, genuine interest

based on solidarity

fi::m basis of getting rid- of pests and unnecessaJ1r, intense sufferj-rrtrr; d1^+< ^-^inst human rrri. rLtLu natu.rert is one of the most ill-conceived 1,tia slogans. On the rihol-e, what is good for rats is good for us.

,7

one must remember, ho'*ever, that the word" ttnaturetrhas, at least, half a dozen different corrnotations. one, in the terrninolog_ca] tradition of lesca'tes-Bacon-Hege1-Marxrconcentrates on the obptacles erperienced. when hr:-nans try to utiLize rnaterials for sati-sfying basic need.s. To transport lrater from a wet to an arid. zone is a fight against "nature" accord,ing to this way of speaking. The wond-erful amount cf water in ilre vet zone anc the ,n".o"llor." fertility of soil in the arid do of course not count as a. ricirness and- gift of "naturer in this sense.
"leus

spinozats.

sive

Natura',

a:rd active

rrnd.erstand.ing.

Goethe

arid

Nature in a large and" d-eep sense tenc to aclcrowled-ge spinoza as the supreme articufa_ tion of that e4lerience. spinoza, in turn, has some roots in the Near East and. Far East trad-ton of 'roneness vith the whole,r and of soft interaction with everything: fellow humans, animalsrplalts, and. the gestalts they are abstracted. from. and. acti-vistic Rut spinoza has also roots

others within

the European trad.ition

vho erperience

in the ind-ivid-ualistic natural

sci-ence trad.i-tion.

renaissance, and. in the western His basic notion of -understand.inE and knowled.ge as a 'nity. \dr:at we word.

(lntelligere)

presupposes action itself

und-erstand. reveafs is

only in and. through actlon scientific growt]r s,

when this

taken in a broail sense.

to take 4n s;1ample; ind.ivid.-

on-y grol'rth of uld-erstand.ing if

and as ma:rifested- in action,

ual- or col-l-ective. There is no lcrowled-ge in archives and. libraries. I'und-erstanding Hi-s love of Goo" (@) is througn "God hi-s famous equation or Nature" (leus sive ltratura), und.ersiand,_ ing of Na.bure through active interaction with particulars, not vague genera] understarrding. He points to the possibitity of regainng some of the holiness is greater this inplies and integrity in our dealings'wi_th that which and its than oursel-ves. that we rift He in a way puts God into the usuar concept of nature a'cr conquest of,

nature (with

nature") up to a l-evei, the all-embracing nhole, Nature with capital- N. His notion cf rLove of God.r'is equ.ivalent to his notion of 'God.rs l_ove,, "Nature" for lrGod' of us. substituting we arrive at a noticn of Naturers love of us utterly incompatible r+ith the il]usion of higher opposition of cultr:re and nature and of the "fighi' against natr:.re.

coro1lary,

the'rfight

against,

So much about Spinoza. articulat:-on inportant,

There are of cor:rse other Articulation

d.eep sources of

of basic intuitions.

is not the most and real_l_y do not need.

however: marrJr who never heard" of nevertheless a^ndseriously

to hear abouL Spinoza conception with it. of Nature.

share his kind of intuitive vish io a.ct nore in conformity for tiris to be

IIow can cond.iticns

be rna.d.e more favorable

practicable? 'Jnf'ori.unately',

To f ind ou-l pl-ace on the l-ong front is a suspicion incompatible front that global thinking,

of a.ctton.

there

in the way sugges+"edabovL', is

vith

doing a concrete action.

of environmental

job sonewhere aiong the immense But the slogan I'Gl-obal tLrinking, but even the whose

local- action" necessity life style

expresses not only the compatibilrty,

of a combination. is

We have in our inid-st colieagues that slogan.

formet. in harmony with meeting just

Others were not local preoccupabe d_raurr

abl-e to come to this tions. If

because of their

they came, their

a'btention r+oul-d. irresistibJ-y

toward.s the grave envi-ronmental

problems facj-ng the morrntain peasants conference build.ing.

working outsid.e the wind.ows of o'+r comfortable

One place along the front to connect more closely environmental actions. thinking

may perhaps be characterized. the philosophicai, artistic

by efforts

and religious campaigns and

irith

concrete

environmental

I]I .

CONCLUSION

The above suggests that

unecological

thinking

is

thinking

in terms of wholes.

of sectors and aspects rather The notto

than in terms of hierarchies

of rny address might therefore have been ,The primacy of wholest' rather than ?'fhe primacy of the wholerr. But the basic sentiment in the environrLental struggle, r think, is that of respeci for an ul-timate whol-e or reafity more. embracing all of us here, and infinitely

10.

OF CREATUF.ES THE WORLDAS A CREATURE

Danilo Dol-ci

The earth

is

becoming one city; are not

its

continents

are neighborhoods. than

h 4I r lr' n r fl d ru -i nn ulvr t

But most human beings develop

n {c

aware of this, city,

*e .h r rJ ro ru la -o ou ny lu

and rather
qnrr.m-inm uyawrlrll

an organic
rn 'i irr

terrestial

n nmmr

L trrrm^nc rwr.''i + h + 1 ^ i r i m n n--..^y rrori nurLals, r,Jr r,re,,

eho

'im-min.l-'i nn .nA n -Lilragl-rraLroru lnollslrous dJlu

presumpin the

tion,

cannot

see or ulderstand vertically, allows ways.

how flower

upon flower in

evolves

fields--horizontally, cornbinations--and thrive in infinite

spherically, smallest

the most variegated. to breathe a city, is and not more

even the We ihink arrange

fl-ower

Chicago is their

reall-y

real-i.zing
'in{-ol l-i sont

the iray flowers

ihrn

t'urban centers'r

^..r n i *uJ r r n l ilr-urrng. onn-ir , uua' ur. IJI

Anbience, environment: what does it mean? We say it is what "surrounds" us--but who is it rnade for? Devoid of inragination presumptuous, man thinks one of the measures. he is therrmeasure of all things"--not

and just

Trrrincr

tn

nnnrto-irr r'e

? -l i *rrJ rr r .r'na76 rea-L-L wrre_ a

1rr1/

onroqq

nn

nf

I f o*,*

n rn -*-

< JIow

to be plentr-u1 , where the unripe is rrot devoured. and parasitism eliminated., meditating and excavating more profoundly, rnreca^r perhaDs see the whole world as one unique creature, as a creature (Creaturus means "what can be created-r" but our of creatures. la-nguagehas lost
nneqilr'i o frrfrrra

is

this
orral

sense, impl-icit
^-*o-t \

in the root-worcl ,'of

Essential

orr-r conception of a world that suicid-a1 . a"re what I would cafl "meditative frontsrr: -fhis

to our sights,

is not

creature

of creatures

is hard.ly aware of existing: the birth

the new

process of conceiving means to suffer vertiEo of the newborn.

pangs and the

'tz

a certain sense, it is not possible to conceive an absolute rrthou'r: we shoul-d.not have skin that is a wa1l. -There is no life

-rn

without

breathing

in and. out:

together.

-Uhat lihat

is far

can be near.

is near can be far.

-worse than machine-guns or bombs, the instruments have given up totally, our imagination, -fhe is the externination

of those who

d.one when we impoverish

resi5gr ourselves to waste, ciespair.

creatr.re must never yield

to the flood

of events,

never l-et

hinsel-f

be erod-ed-and. swept away.

- Do not be a corrnterfeit initatins.

of the past:

you cannot resist

by

-Cosmic caruribalism shocks us only in plain -Cosmic incest -The creature

view.

shocks us only in plain

vier,r.

blossoms generating

a new creatr:re.

-Do not be a tick: -lfe must learn

conjoin,

confecund.ate.

how to see time:

paths through

the living

earth,

forked, and. intersecting,

ar:e full

of bound.less pitfalls.

-Fragmented visj-on makes things vivisections, it kil-ls.

crunbl-e: if

sight

performs

-The fragnentrs

search for vays to resist (some have cal-led" it

fragnenting

is

attempt

to become creature

love).

l-4.

-To integrate

is unity:

but which unity?

lJhat way of integrating?

-f,ooking d"isintegrates
c as o nc eE r ri r6 oo
v

into
danths-

infinite

eyes: sometimes the vaves of

dva u

ovn o&r ye

inin

-Listening

is

fra4nented

i-n end-less islands d.epths.

of ears:

sornetimes the

waves of hearing -It

go deeper into

is too late

to be attendant

to the infinite

births:

invent

new creature

by sowing breath:

by changing the matrices

of h.istory.

15.

Darrilo Dolci futuretin fession,

was born in }lorthern

rtaly,

n L)2Q.

with

a 'promising

ahead of him, he d.ecidecl to l-eave the pro_ a.d become inr,'olved in work more basic than urban plarrning d-esign. After participating to ?rappeto, with in cornmr:nity living experi_ (bcttr then on to partinico

architecture

or buifding

ments, he moved', in r9i2, towns in western sicily). with

the ]ocal

and fishermenr he helped initiate a view to a'alyzing courses of action.

popr.rration, mostly peasants a series of communal ,,reseachesrr possible

the real need.s cf the area and its

rn 1957, the center for Having conceived- it energr a'd reso,rces

stu.d-ies and. fnitiatives

was set into

motion.

through in-d-epth discussions and the vital issue

about waste of

of r.memplo;rment, the focal

people decided- together not to adopt external models but to d-iscover living roots of dever-opment in the ind-igenous culture. with a prograrn of non-violent actons, they exerted press.ure on the rtalian government to build a large dam on the Jato River, dan provid-ed- leverage for structuraf change. The peopie j-nvolved- were calreful to have the water distributed d"emocratically-not as the Mafia d-ictated,. peasants gradually native organized, Tc get water at a fair price, the makj-ng themselves the democratic alterto the old Mafia power-block. (lrter this dam lras operatrng, of llestern siciJ-y proposed the building lras accepted. by regional this of ereven This first

the inhabitants

more d-ams. Their proposal authorities ridden city". ) as part

and federar_

earthquakearea and to d.evelop the new conception of a ,rterritorial_

of the rgTB plan to reclaim

peop-e were al-so successful in blocking the constnrction of an oil -refinery i,n casterr-ama-re Bay--inspite of heavy pressrlres of near-sighted' power-gf:oups (poriticaf parties and unions incrud.ed) to have it built.

The local

The ongoing work to d-evelop the area involves tion

+ ^V U

the stud.y and utilizaonce burnecl

i c r n r^ r I In U W n.rt PUU

of the most d-iversified.

I A oIn 'l J U, , ,w . rU nU nd u l..l irra \UlIvEt

natrrral
a lfm A r ln rvA llu,

and. human resources:

nr -r hU t v i l^V 'i a lm f,E l .^ n I, ^-L ol v) W do lo io

^ -Il g a nIr U @

to cther uses by skilled" arti.sans;

nrcserved :nd rovitalizcrl:

the musical- trad"itions

methoc|s in

are being
are

noLr oxnerimentrl

education

" /" , \ being applied (by the Training Center at Trappeto and Mirto); arid ^ ^ ^ - ^ - ^ + " ^ ^ ^ - ' r - ^ ^ ^ ^ - ^ L ^ ^ - . + ^ - s a r e c o n r n i t t e d -t o e v a l r r a t i n r a n d
uvvPg!u!vgD 4fq rgg(ilurl ugttucrD lag vvltuttauugu

putting

to

good use aspects

of

l-oca.l cl-ima.te and culture.

pLt.i
!f

wrrv!@}/frJ.

^,-^-1"-,.

Justin Vitiello
-,.Ll-i
PuvIi

i s r e s n n n s i r ' le f n r
+ 1 I,9 .^
Uf

tlr c fnrihnnmi nc" Ameri-can of

qal

^ ^ + .U if ^vA
Vf

J:

^l

following
/L.o -o..1

vorks
oI q

lanilo
f-avnroqqi

Dolcj-:
nn .qr ' \

-Sicilian -Creature

Stories of

*1o

analysl-s/

Crea tr:re s lnoet-vl " .tY ":1

-n"pe"iences

"na Hefl*

(documentation

and- theory)

1'7